Give A GivowP A non—empy set Cr tagether with a binoy operation % ts called a ft are. satistied- group sf tHe tellowing conelitions wb wis assoualve, Ge) ate Lb*O = Carb) #6 For all abe €O. @ 1 such thok Giy Thee ents an eleman= 2 @ is callect ate =eRxa Se for Nae. cthe tdantity element of G- Ui) For every aE, Fhare east an KEG Suh tho agalcadlza=e. Examples bh Z,A,Rand C are groups ureler sual adblolion. 2 bb A= ft roy. Hs a grout ands aaa multiplication. 3. bbb G art, 204: Ga ts a group wanda use mulkiplication- pe fi a nrowP Pre oy lent ot a grep Cu, &? is a prot St possible, 1 Phar be 1090 idan elem in Te groep C9)» aoy &) anh 2g - eine. ey ident eae y e, een = ey #e) = es O Sime Sa 6 an pen BG Re e1Eu? L e, Fer aeg * er ee ee Fron O oma @ 1 w& have 2 2h a 2. The inverse of each lane: of Cy fe ) isuanight - pest ge. possible , dake andl ¢ be oo inverse of te element ae. Then ath 2bxo oe 2 a OHA =e @ we reeNow b= exh ® Cena) tb, @ it CH Cath), rine % 1 assovahve, =Cc#eze 3. The Conwllation laws are tren tn a group. Vitsy akboate => b=c (ME cancllation lao) and DHA HE CHA ah bac (wight Conellsion lao) Pests me ARS AHL ste (any = 8 CARO => cal aoe = (Alea) FE => ee bar teo => bec Assume bta= 6 #% —I > Gwe) pat HERD HF > pxaea = Cad) = bee =C#e => b ee he Camby a bla! for ang a,beG prot: = ooo qx eCblea= ae lbae) RE = axe xe) a aval =e. Also ,Cb7#@) Ca #b) =u" wala eb wag b= BT ab He Thus the inverse of Caxb) is blyal => Caarsy ab ae&. Tria vy grOep (ay KD, tha nk clamenk is Phas 7 only idampobrd= ele mink - ° prok: Tf possible , Lute a ba an idumpolnk ebamank of (4,X) otter Than 2. Thn axa ze a Now 2 = axa! a (aka) Uigcass ae Cychrc Group A group (Oi) ts sotd t be cgelic uh there every clement for ,some indzgey " - J) a ts callaol a exists an element ak Cr sath thok an of G Con be axpressel 02 see ot naan game ek Weres Here a” 9 Yor of Cl Properties ofa dic te A eget grep is a peek Lb Ca. bs a cyclic bolton . group with act a genmator. Lk b,c EU. Jhon be a™ and c =o" whee ™ anc n ave inbiges Mow -b#e = o™ Harn eigen ners ao lee ele a. Th a a genurador of aeylce 97°F CoA) vot Ch, *) Han &! js abo a generate prot te bed. Jun a i whwe m is om Irtcger- pom is abo Oo iWyer foo ba (XI) whet at is also genre of Ca, *). sro:® Subgroup A subse Hof a Sho forme g rahi Ctr, 3) is calleol a subg voup with vmpesk to : group pak f The bina Bprsalion in Or. Enomple 1-(.@,-7) isa subgroup of CR, +) CRD on ” Ct.n 2 Lt A ay a sub . , a subgroup of Cc%, «) 3B. AZ tsa subg voup of (z, +) > [Wok The recunory Z Salfrerenk vangtton fox a non —omnply soho Wo of o gp Cen Hines & sebgrerP e ape haar ee Cosets tt Wy be a subgroup of Gren? Ct, *) . ae ob Thun “the sek ap afarbl beMy We called Te 2 of Ho dha by ain. dhe md ya phaat end © cated HO seat: of akira by aint oer cure) . al 1a be subgr? » Troe @ tee 7 es otter idanGd) pe ae: hen ange cod 2. Every elimenk of beahoongs & on alt cose: ee fe The wntion otal Ths hake cose of His Oe ii Cort) . tii) Th map F: He => oh duagneck by FCh) = Or” Clearly ox bifetion. Hen ca. every dt tort hos he 2% otel:munt % H- hy be L ow R rospeboey dane be. He ae of Delt ond ight wok of H - i y)= he we num bor of Thun dhe warmer of dlistint At fay provions then Os a =0,% h jal = & 19%) [a . oNeduchon Xe 1 The ovday of ony aliment of a Rint group ira divisor d the odie Of the group. prof Le ae tr. @ Ju ofay=m. Than oMaoe. Lak bathe cyclic Subgroup genuetesl by 4. Then H = feaa ates 5 Ot h)=am. By Lagverse Thm = ofa) Oth) is a divisor of Ola) n " a. TE Crica Rave gp ob evden ny Tham at bxalnt pole m is the ord of a , Then am a Than m isa dolor of n dy nakm k Now a® nw wt _ kee 2- Evens gree of pam ovdur is cyte pod the a Cape) be any ebment of Or. 4 Oa) Is a divitor of oth) =p 4 rine meso LL OC =! oF p oF oCa=l ,7hen are p wbcekts ho J= ep eet. Hen oCa) =P 7 in ww yebte gP Novel Sebgrosp, A subgroop Hof a group Cov 4) Ted o& povmal subgroup of a = He fool ain Or. fs calGiroup Homomorphism @ FP Cu, #) amd CO’, A) be two groups | than Fhe poop ping Fro b! és called a groep homomorphism Sf PC ath) = Fea AFL) » for allabet Properh's 3} $2 Gi! is a group homomorphism Rom CO, %) t CG AD > then > Fler se’ whwe e ant 2! ove The anh hy eteenseda oh tramd Ui vetpertively « Gi) Pov any ney $0) 2 [Fea] tt, ebro ff homer olermunk oF amy) elewert of a g7e"P woot preven” a) fle xe) =Fce) b Fle), by fred = gre) bFte) te) is om tdam pote | Jum pote ~ fle) ae o 1) at! ekerl#) Thuy vohomver a,b Eker Ker CF) ism subgroup oF C Gh Claim kerlF te a normal subgroup oF Le Ke Ker ($= fae) gemsee! Y For any ger omt KEK, tH), axb ker LF) a Cot) a(alak eal = (al) # FCO) ela) a feed # £WO xe Fa) 2 pool” t ef ¥ Fear fal ! => 4 KEKa WC Kk, ® isa ae cubgroep oF ta,*)@ wes: The Necessary ancl Sufficient a el ae condikon for a ron—em| group Cry #) “e be a subgroup 1s a,beH=s axbleH reek : Tecessary Condition [95 HW is a Subgp of (Tht! oyb en => aab" eh] Assume Tt is a subgroup of bs; To prove. a, beh => 2#b- len. ht a, ben. Tren axp En by closure) Also bEH => plen Cby Snverse) abe eH of Soy ben =e 8 plen= , sorta Paik en, deen ; Salticient Condition Condition fare ue His a subg Assume } CG with a, ben => iy Ts prove. 1 ts a subg of G. dT Lb oct inray ear jr Ten & a pob b=a ey prea een. ek oa 6H Lpwe % ale Ww —O GipTnvese, Ry 0 thn 0 => oxo eH = aen | Gi) closure Lok ay be W Tran GH ple pok a= eb= ja@ Then ox? eR => (a* bye n ok From ti), ci) ana HID CH, a gree? b COs 0 hence a “subgroup o|ds. Prove that . : fi Aw interseukion of hoo Subgp4 a group is also a aubgp of Pool, Pence Onan Jet Ch, #) be a group & Hy and Hg be hoo subgps of Gi. Since CEH) and @ CNA 9 ee hnrg % f =>mona yO Ve p * ony a, bEHI NK 2) => axes e (na) bk a,b @ (ny nHa) 3 aber, and asbeHa => axblen, ard axe 6 Ha Cainve Wy ard BA Oe subgys of Cn) = axbl eta) NRad Hence by the suffidene vondilion forthe Aubgp > Winva iso subgp of G. &. The union of -hoo Aubgp4 of & grouplrs 2 need nok be a Anbgp of G. Example: Consider dhe g7°oP Cza,+) clearly Caz, +) and C3Z 4) oe haps of (Zs4) azejorts pbb, 5 +6 ‘J +43 = Now 2682 ont 3632 32 thn ge(aZV 3% ond 2 (AF v3) Buk 2+3 = a 2 G2 087) 2 @ZU3B) fs wee Aubgp of -3. Show that Hae a very subgp of a : - eyelic gp i's cyebr' a cyelie. proot: bs Cu, eae we gp gene ae *) b cg ated by Eu Lak Vi bea Subgp of G af t= Ca or fed, cleanly His cycle DF nok > the elemenk WH are Noh-7+10 inbigra) powers of a Cainte. Cris cydie & Hed) ~ m be The. Least te inbager Aaa Thos amen ow Sole ot EH with n= mo+ts 2 yohere o4XY EMG 6; (amjt en, by eloaure, property since a™ = o™t e 8 => (a) 2 Vy by Hee exsbine of inverse.» 02 HIS => ant ev at ginte ov EH and amten, a Reat en, 9 closure. prope 50 Hise sulyp gel = a en By @ ond @® , we ge T=0 one OL = a= ae ) Thus, every cloment at en 3s of The ae Ont yence HIS % eye gP genrobel by @Cae ee CR, +) and ( Ry ae) bh - bt f£:R —> R* be dehined bg flay= 2 eae Chock wheter Ff is a homomorphism . Find ker(£) Sah, R*— sok of all non—z9e geal no-d flatrh) = aa aot. a> | Re R—lo} = fCa)- FCb) Thus Ff presewes the opera. hion_ Hence. fis a homomorphism : Kerl f) = freR/($0=14 fiy=) =a%a] = u=0 \ ker($) = fo¥ & lane fs 1+) 2. Comider the. groups Crt, ) & Cr+) le fi RF —>IR be dobired by FO) = Jog ,% Chak 16 ts a homo. Fxg) = Ly, Cw) = og, 2 + dog ¢ = $00 + FY) f pe somes “Hho. operotions => Ff is ahomo-