2

2
3

$7.266 billion

RIFLE and AKIN classifications for acute kidney injury.

RiskInjuryFailureLossEndstage renal disease (RIFLE) and Acute Kidney Injury Network
(AKIN) classifications for acute kidney injury. ARF, acute renal failure; Cr, creatinine; GFR,
glomerular filtration rate.
Adapted from Figure 1: Cruz DN, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Clinical review: RIFLE and AKIN time for
reappraisal. Critical Care. 2009;13(3):211. doi:10.1186/cc7759.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin

r
SC

Figure 2) Time Course of Urinary Biomarkers versus Serum Creatinine (SCr, in purple)

Adapted from: Malyszko J, Lukaszyk E, Glowinska I, Durlik M. Biomarkers of delayed graft function as a
form of acute kidney injury in kidney transplantation. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:11684.
doi:10.1038/srep11684.

NGAL

KIM-1

FABP1

Weight

Under 0.25 kg

Well Size

<= 1cm^2

Number of biomarkers on a single chip

>= 2

Mean size of peak red shift

>= 2 nm

Standard Deviation of nm shift

<= 1nm

Fabrication time (from start to imprinting after becoming

familiar with the protocols)

< 12 hands-on hours (excludes overnight, and other waiting

steps)

Testing time (from sampling to results)

< 24 hours (includes waiting steps)

# of image samples for each well

<=10

Material

Glass, then paper-substrate

pH range for urine test

4.5 - 8.5

Urine specific gravity

1.005 to 1.030 g/ml

Lower limit of detection

25 ng/ml

1.
2.
3.

4.

Training on glass substrate and Gold nanorod

fabrication
Develop Protocol for paper substrate
Design 3 single well chips
a.
Fabricate
b.
Validate w/ Spectroscopy
Combine biomarkers and multiple wells
a.
Fabricate
b.
Validate w/ Spectroscopy

5.

6.

Develop a rinsing protocol

a.
determine biomarker interference
b.
Quantify nonspecific binding
Develop analysis protocol using MATLAB

Responsibilities

Anthony

Benjamin

Savannah

Report Writing

Correspondence with Client

Medical Literature Search and Clinical

Relevance

Fabrication Training

Materials and Supplies

In-lab fabrication point person

Point person for MATLAB Analysis

Fabrication

Imaging and Spectroscopy

Sample Prep

Market Research and Business Analysis

Cataloguing of Results

X
X

Validation

Web Page

Presentation