Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
t or d
n
m
r
l
sh, ch, j
k
f or v
b or p
s or z
Mnemonics is a word that simply means 'A Memory Aid', and this System will enhance your
memory. It is a whole style of learning that is easy to use, because it is more natural to your brain
than the way that you have probably used consciously before
The three fundamental principles underlying the use of mnemonics are:
1. Association
2. Imagination
3. Location
Working together, these principles can be used to generate powerful mnemonic systems. Once
you have absorbed and applied these techniques you will understand how to design and apply
these principles to your field to design your own powerful, sophisticated recall systems.
Association
Association is the method by which you link a thing to be remembered to a method of
remembering it.
Things can be associated by:
* Being placed on top of the associated object
* Crashing or penetrating into each other
* Merging together
* Wrapping around each other
* Rotating around each other or dancing together
* Being the same color, smell, shape, or feeling
* Etc.
25
26
Idle Bee
Jagged Toes
Korean Tot
Loud Tin
Marble Tomb
New Tire
Old Towel
Plastic Dish
Quiet Tack
Red Dove
Solid Tub
Terrible Noise
Ugly Knot
Virtuous Nun
Wonderful Name
X-rayed Nero
Yellow Nail
Zigzag Notch
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers. Or Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
You have I nose. You have II eyes.
I - Olfactory; II -- Optic
27
28
29
30
1:
E
S
"True Virgins Make Dull Company" - Computing true course: True heading minus Variation
plus or minus Magnetic variation plus or minus Deviation equals Course.
"East is Least, West is Best" - Compass variation - subtract easterly variation, add westerly
variation.
"Can Dead Men Vote Twice?" - Compass-Deviation-Magnetic-Variance-True
For converting between True, Magnetic, and Compass direction applying variation and
deviation:
True virgins make dull company
Or backwards:
Can dead men vote twice?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Cary Grant eXpects Unanimous Votes In Movie Reviews Tonight
Cosmic Gamma X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio Television
Graphs
31
32
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
Kilo
mega
giga
tera
10*-18
10*-15
10*-12
10*-9
10*-6
10*-3
10*-2
10*3
10*6
10*9
10*12
Every
Person
That
Gave
Me
Kisses
Has
Diarea
Exta
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
10*18
10*15
10*12
10*9
10*6
10*3
10*2
10*1
diary
cows
make
milk
not
pink
fruit
asshole
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
10*-1
10*-2
10*-3
10*-6
10*-9
10*-12
10*-15
10*-18
Or
33
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Music
Fat Corpulent Germans Drink And Eat Badly
Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds
Freddy Can Get Drunk At Every Bar
Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle
The circle of fifths-- "C" is a fifth of "F," etc.
Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father
This Circle of Fifths mnemonic is cool because it works forwards and backwards (for the flats)
All Cows Eat Grass
The notes represented by the spaces on the bass clef, bottom to top.
Good Boys Do Fine Always
The lines on the bass clef
Father Charles goes down and ends battle.
The order of sharps; if a key has one sharp, it will be F, and if a key has two sharps, they will
be F and C.
For flat keys, the order is reversed:
Battle ends and down goes Charles' father.
FACE
The notes represented by the spaces on the treble clef, bottom to top
Every Good Boy Does Fine
Elephants Got Big Dirty Feet
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
Elvis' Guitar Broke Down Friday (the kids' favorite)
Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips
Every Girl Buys Dresses Friday (use sparingly)
Every Good Burger Deserves Fries
Eels Get Breakfast During February
The notes represented by the lines on the treble cleff, bottom to top
Order of Calculations in Algebra
34
He
Li
Be
O F
er, Ne
Mg
Al
Si P S
Cl
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
U T
4 7
x 4
16 28
^^
6 2
44
45
Find the place value you want (the "rounding digit") and look to the digit just to the
right of it.
If that digit is less than 5, do not change the "rounding digit" but change all digits to
the right of the "rounding digit" to zero
If that digit is greater than or equal to 5, add one to the rounding digit and change all
digits to the right of the rounding digit to zero.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
The percent of the variation that can be explained by the regression equation.
The explained variation divided by the total variation
The square of r
The percent of variation that is unexplained by the regression equation
The unexplained variation divided by the total variation
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Instructions
To start the Root Cause Analysis review all candidate problems from the consolidated lists
obtained during the interview process. Remove duplication and combine like problem statements
to synthesize the list into a manageable size. (Assign original problem numbers for tracking.)
Reprint the problem statements, cut them into individual strips and tape to a flip chart or board
for review. Construct an overall problem, main effect or customer satisfier statement.
Review each item in the consolidated problem list using brainstorming and facilitation and ask:
"...is this a cause or does this sound like an effect? Focusing on causes, trace the chain of causes
by asking the questions "why, why, why..." until a root set of causes are determined. Insure that
causes are separated from their effects and that problems are separated from symptoms. A
helpful way of determining if something is a cause or effect is to say the phrase, "CAUSE 1,
therefore, PROBLEM STATEMENT, therefore, EFFECT". If that phrase makes sense then you
are on the right track. Or, ask "How Come?" which will lead to a root cause, and "So What?"
which will lead to the effect of the problem.
83
84
85
Forecasters may err when they analyze and measure only surface factors while ignoring
important underlying forces. Long-range predictions often do not pay enough attention to
substitution effects. There is a wide range of expenditure-substitution possibilities, and the more
"advanced a society economically, technologically and in educational attainment," the greater the
number of substitution possibilities because "these developments increase the number of
branches in each person's lifetime decision tree". The importance of assumptions in forecasting.
He points out the problematic tendency for several independent forecasters to rely on the same
assumptions, or to employ outmoded assumptions, even when current data are available.
Time factors help contribute to errors in forecasting. For example, forecasters sometimes do not
account for time lags such as when a fully developed technology may be delayed due to political,
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
Characteristics
Level 1
Level 2
Structural Framework
Clockwork
Level 3
105
Definition
Input
The energy and raw material transformed by the system
Throughput The processes used by the system to convert raw materials or energy from
the environment into products that are usable by either the system itself or
the environment.
Output
The product or service which results from the system's throughput or
processing of technical, social, financial and human input.
Feedback
Information about some aspect of data or energy processing that can be
used to evaluate and monitor the system and to guide it to more effective
performance.
Subsystem A system which is a part of a larger system. They can work parallel to
each other or in a series with each other.
Static system neither system elements nor the system itself changes much over time in
relation to the environment
Dynamic system
the system constantly changes the environment and is changed by the
environment
Closed systems
fixed, automatic relationships among system components and no
give or take with the environment
Open systems interacts with the environment trading energy and raw materials for goods
and services produced by the system. They are self-regulating, and capable
of growth, development and adaptation.
Boundary
the line or point where a system or subsystem can be differentiated from
its environment or from other subsystems. Can be rigid or permeable or
some point in between. Systems or subsystems will engage in boundary
tending.
Goal
the overall purpose for existence or the desired outcomes. The reason for
being. Currently, many organizations put their goals into a mission
statement.
Entropy
The tendency for a system to develop order and energy over time. Rules
are made, policies and protocols are written,
Negentropy The tendency of a system to lose energy and dissolve into chaos
Control
the activities and processes used to evaluate input,
throughput and output in order to make corrections
106
1. A system is greater than the sum of its parts. Requires investigation of the whole situation
rather than one or two aspects of a problem. Mistakes can't be blamed on one person,
rather a systems analyst would investigate how the mistake occurred within a subsystem
and look for opportunities to make corrections in the processes used.
2. The portion of the system studied must exhibit some predictability.
3. Though each sub-system is a self-contained unit, it is part of a wider and higher order.
4. The central objective of a system can be identified by the fact that other objectives will be
sacrificed in order to attain the central objective.
5. Every system, living or mechanical, is an information system. Must analyze how suitable
the symbols used are for information transmission.
6. An open system and its environment are highly interrelated.
7. A highly complex system may have to be broken into subsystems so each can be
analyzed and understood before being reassembled into a whole.
8. A system consists of a set of objectives and their relationships.
9. A system is a dynamic network of interconnecting elements. A change in only one of the
elements must produce change in all the others.
10. When subsystems are arranged in a series, the output of one is the input for another;
therefore, process alterations in one requires alterations in other subsystems.
11. All systems tend toward equilibrium, which is a balance of various forces within and
outside of a system.
12. The boundary of a system can be redrawn at will by a system analyst.
13. To be viable, a system must be strongly goal-directed, governed by feedback, and have
the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.
A Bit More
"Modern science is characterized by its ever-increasing specialization, necessitated by the
enormous amount of data, the complexity of techniques and of theoretical structures within every
field. Thus science is split into innumerable disciplines continually generating new
subdisciplines. In consequence, the physicist, the biologist, the psychologist and the social
scientist are, so to speak, encapsulated in their private universes, and it is difficult to get word
from one cocoon to the other..."
"Entities of an essentially new sort are entering the sphere of scientific thought. Classical science
in its diverse disciplines, be it chemistry, biology, psychology or the social sciences, tried to
isolate the elements of the observed universe - chemical compounds and enzymes, cells,
elementary sensations, freely competing individuals, what not -- expecting that, by putting them
together again, conceptually or experimentally, the whole or system - cell, mind, society - would
result and be intelligible. Now we have learned that for an understanding not only the elements
but their interrelations as well are required..."
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Adjustment and Anchoring. Decision Maker selects a Datum and fits other data to
it improperly. Uses only freely available data. An event is believed to occur
frequently if it is easy to recall similar events
Conservatism. Failure to revise estimates as frequently as necessary
Data Saturation. Reaching premature decisions on too small a sample and then
ignoring further data
Self-fulfilling Prophecy. Values certain outcomes and acquires and analyses only
data that supports that outcome
Attribution Error. Associates success with inherent personal ability and failure
with bad luck.
Gambler's Fallacy. Assumes the occurrence of one set of events enhances the
probability of an event that has not yet occurred.
Habit. Familiarity with one rule results in its excessive use
Law of Small Numbers. Confidence in predictions based on small samples with
non-discomforting evidence, than in predictions based on large samples with
discomforting evidence
Order Effects. Order of information presentation affects retention and weighting
118
119
121
122
123
124
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
d.
e.
Sum the expected completion times and the variances for all activities on the critical path.
Denote the sum of the expected completion times as S, and the sum of the variances as V.
f.
Compute the probability of completing on time by computing where D is the desired
completion time. Use the normal distribution to determine the probability of completion.
Critical Path Methodology Analysis Steps
CPM analysis starts when you have a table showing each activity in your project. For each
activity, you need to know which other activities must be done before it starts, and how long the
activity takes.
Envision a network diagram of the project that shows which activities follow which other ones.
The analysis method the Mentat be using requires an "activity-on-arc" (AOA) diagram. An AOA
diagram has numbered "nodes" that represent stages of project completion. You make up the
nodes' numbers as you construct the diagram. You connect the nodes with arrows or "arcs" that
represent the activities that are listed in the above table.
Critical Path Methodology Steps Summary
CPM helps you identify a complex project's critical paths. You can find how long a project will
take and which activities must be on time. If you also have information about costs and crash
costs and times, CPM helps you determine how long the project should take, and which activities
should be sped up ("crashed"). The steps are:
1. Have a list of the activities.
2. Draw the network diagram.
3. Specify activity names, node numbers, times, and costs
4. Determine the path information.
5. Calculate the paths' times.
6. Identify the critical paths, and the activities in each path.
7. Calculate the project's total cost.
8. Solve, and fix errors, if any.
9. For an economic analysis, change the maximum time constraint and solve again. Repeat until
costs, including penalties and bonuses, start to go up.
Critical Action Path and its Analysis
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236