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ABSTRACT
Recently, Skype has been receiving considerable attention as a peer-to-peer (P2P)
Internet telephony. In Skype, a voice connection is established via super nodes
chosen from among ordinary end-user nodes. User information such as an IP
address and port number of an on-line Skype node is managed by super nodes in a
decentralized manner where the number of super nodes changes dynamically
according to the number of online Skype nodes. In this paper, we analyze the
performance of this decentralized management system of user information. In our
analytical model, new nodes join the system according to a nonstationary Poisson
process, and the online-node process associated with the number of super nodes is
analyzed with a nonstationary Markov chain. We derive the system of differencedifferential equations for the probability distribution of the number of online nodes
to compute performance measures using the stationary peakedness approximation
method. Numerical examples show that the user-information management system
based on P2P can keep the quality of service (QoS) more stable than a client-server
system with a high-performance centralized server.
Keywords: decentralized system, nonstationary Markov chain, P2P, QoS, VoIP.
INTRODUCTION
RELATED WORK
ANALYSIS
OF
P2P-BASED
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
USER
t[ k ]
1
( t ) dt ,
[ k 1 ] t [ k 1 ]
t t
where t[k]s are chosen in such a way that [k] > 0 for
all k = 1, 2, ....
Let 0[0] = 1 and n [0] = 0 for all n = 1, 2, .... Let
[k]
(k = 1, 2,...; n = 0, 1,...) denote an
n
[ k ] =
[k ]
3.2
[k ]
[k ]
+ 11 ,
[k ]
n 1
[k ]
0=
(
n = 1,2,,
(1)
3.3
Analysis
Note that the process {N(t); t 0} is a
nonstationary birth-and-death process. Let n(t)
(t 0; n = 0, 1,...) denote Pr[N(t) = n]. It then
follows from the above assumptions that
d
(2)
0 (t ) = (t ) 0 (t ) + 11 (t ),
dt
d
n (t ) = (t ) n 1 (t ) ( (t ) + n ) n (t ) + n +1 n +1 (t ),
dt
n = 1,2,,
(3)
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
+ n +1
[k ]
n +1
(5)
[k ]
= n
[k ]
n < 1.
[k ]
= 0
[k ]
[k ]
i
i =1
N ( S ) (t ) = N (t ) / .
+ n ) n
(4)
[k ]
,n = 1,2,K,
(6)
[k ]
[k ]
= 1 + i .
n =1 i =1
(7)
3.4
Performance Measures
We consider the call setup time as a QoS
measure. Let S denote the call setup processing rate
of each super node. For simplicity, we assume that
the call setup processing rate for an ordinary node
is given by N(S)(t)S/N(t) when there are N(t) user
nodes and N(S)(t) super nodes at time t. We define
the call setup time TS(t) as
TS (t ) =
N (t )
.
N (t ) S
(8)
(S )
S N (t ) /
1 n
1
=
n (t )
S n=1 n /
CS
E[TS (t )] =
n /
n =1
[k ]
n
450
Approximation (1/mu(S) = 20)
Approximation (1/mu(S) = 2)
Approximation (1/mu(S) = 0.2)
Approximation (1/mu(S) = 0.02)
Simulation (1/mu(S) = 20)
Simulation (1/mu(S) = 2)
Simulation (1/mu(S) = 0.2)
Simulation (1/mu(S) = 0.02)
400
350
Number of User Nodes
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
16
20
24
4000
3500
[k ]
n
n
= ( S ) n (t ) ( S ) n ,
n =1
n =1
12
Time (hours)
C S (t ) = ( S ) N ( S ) (t ).
N (t )
E[C S (t )] = ( S ) E
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
[k]
500
0
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
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3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
35
Mean Number of Super Nodes
4.2
4000
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
96
94
92
90
Mean Sojourn Time of Super Nodes: 20 hours
Mean Sojourn Time of Super Nodes: 2 hours
Mean Sojourn Time of Super Nodes: 0.2 hours
Mean Sojourn Time of Super Nodes: 0.02 hours
88
86
0
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
1500
16
1400
15
1300
14
1200
13
User Nodes
Super Nodes
1100
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
1000
17
1600
12
15.8
96.8
Mean Call Setup Time
0.1
0.01
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
97
96.6
96.4
96.2
96
15.4
10
15.2
100
0.001
16
Time (hours)
15
15.6
15.8
16
Time (hours)
In order to examine the cause of this shortperiod fluctuation, we closely look into the
variations of the mean numbers of nodes. Figure 6
shows the mean number of user nodes and that of
super nodes for time interval from 15 to 16 when
1/ = 1/(S) = 2 [hours]. In this figure, the mean
number of super nodes is 14 at t = 15.2 and 15 at t =
15.7. Note that in this time interval, the mean
number of user nodes monotonically increases from
1320 to 1420.
Figure 7 shows the mean call setup time in the
same time interval. The mean call setup time
increases from t = 15.2 to 15.5, and then decreases
until t = 15.7. Note that the number of super nodes
changes from 14 to 15 around t = 15.5. These
observations imply that the mean call setup time is
significantly affected by the variation of super-node
population.
When the mean sojourn time of super nodes is
small, super nodes are likely to become offline,
resulting in frequent transitions from an ordinary
node to a super node. This makes the total number
of user nodes small. Remind that the call setup time
defined by (8) is proportional to N(t)/N(S)(t). Now
consider the transition of (N(t),N (S) (t)) and the
corresponding value of N(t)/N ( S ) (t). When
(N(t),N(S)(t)) transits from (1000, 10) to (999, 9),
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300
100000
10000
Mean Call Setup Time
150
100
1000
100
P2P
Client-Server, Processing Capacity of Server 1x
Client-Server, Processing Capacity of Server 10x
Client-Server, Processing Capacity of Server 50x
Client-Server, Processing Capacity of Server 100x
Client-Server, Processing Capacity of Server 150x
10
50
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
12
16
20
24
Time (hours)
100
10
0.1
0.01
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1
CS
n n (t )
n =1
1
CS
[k ]
n
n =1
CONCLUSIONS
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
REFERENCES