Justifikasi masalah kajian ada perbedaan impak EM kepada market, iaitu EM untuk
tujuan informational vs untuk tujuan opportunistic.
Holthausen, R.W., and Leftwich, R.W. 1983. "The economics consequences of accounting choice." Journal of Accounting and Economics 5(2): 77-117. (pembahasan pertama mengenai informational vs opportunistic earnings management) Guay, Kothari, Watt. 1996. a market based evaluation of discretionary accrual model. Journal of accounting research. Supplement. 83-105.