Circuit Variables

Assessment Problems
AP 1.1

To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from dollars/year to
dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in scientic notation:
$100 billion = $100 109
Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using a product of
ratios:
1 year
1 hour
1 min
1 sec
1 year
1 day

31.5576 109 ms
365.25 days 24 hours 60 mins 60 secs 1000 ms
Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a product
of ratios:
1 year
100
$100 109

=
= $3.17/ms
1 year
31.5576 109 ms
31.5576

AP 1.2

First, we recognize that 1 ns = 109 s. The question then asks how far a signal will
travel in 109 s if it is traveling at 80% of the speed of light. Remember that the
speed of light c = 3 108 m/s. Therefore, 80% of c is (0.8)(3 108 ) = 2.4 108
m/s. Now, we use a product of ratios to convert from meters/second to
inches/nanosecond:
100 cm
1 in
(2.4 108 )(100)
9.45 in
2.4 108 m
1s

=
=
9
1s
10 ns
1m
2.54 cm
(109 )(2.54)
1 ns
Thus, a signal traveling at 80% of the speed of light will travel 9.45

in a
nanosecond.

11

12
AP 1.3

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or i = dq
In
dt
this problem, we are given the current and asked to nd the total charge. To do this,
we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to nd an expression for charge in terms of current:
q(t) =

t
0

i(x) dx

We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the above
expression. To nd the total charge, we let t in the integral. Thus we have

qtotal =

20e

20 5000x 
20
e
(e e0 )
dx =
 =
5000
5000
0

20
20
(0 1) =
= 0.004 C = 4000 C
5000
5000

=
AP 1.4

5000x

Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or i = dq
. In
dt
this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to nd the
maximum current. First we will nd an expression for the current using Eq. (1.2):
i=

dq
d 1
1
t
=
+ 2 et

2
dt
dt



d 1
d t t
d 1 t
e
=

e
dt 2
dt
dt 2


1 t
t
1
= 0
et 2 et
e

1
1 t
= +t+
e

= tet
Now that we have an expression for the current, we can nd the maximum value of
the current by setting the rst derivative of the current to zero and solving for t:
d
di
= (tet ) = et + t()et = (1 t)et = 0
dt
dt
Since et never equals 0 for a nite value of t, the expression equals 0 only when
(1 t) = 0. Thus, t = 1/ will cause the current to be maximum. For this value
of t, the current is
i=

1 /
1
= e1
e

Remember in the problem statement, = 0.03679. Using this value for ,

i=

1
e1
= 10 A
0.03679

Problems
AP 1.5

13

Start by drawing a picture of the circuit described in the problem statement:

Also sketch the four gures from Fig. 1.6:

[a] Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the rst gure with the
polarities shown in Fig. 1.6. Remember that 4A of current entering Terminal 2
is the same as 4A of current leaving Terminal 1. We get
(a) v = 20 V,
(c) v = 20 V,

i = 4 A;
i = 4 A;

(b) v = 20 V,
(d) v = 20 V,

i = 4A
i = 4A

[b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sign convention,
p = vi = (20)(4) = 80 W. Since the power is greater than 0, the box is
absorbing power.
[c] From the calculation in part (b), the box is absorbing 80 W.
AP 1.6

Applying the passive sign convention to the power equation using the voltage and
current polarities shown in Fig. 1.5, p = vi. From Eq. (1.3), we know that power is
the time rate of change of energy, or p = dw
. If we know the power, we can nd the
dt
energy by integrating Eq. (1.3). To begin, nd the expression for power:
p = vi = (10,000e5000t )(20e5000t ) = 200,000e10,000t = 2 105 e10,000t W
Now nd the expression for energy by integrating Eq. (1.3):
w(t) =

t
0

p(x) dx

14

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

Substitute the expression for power, p, above. Note that to nd the total energy, we
let t in the integral. Thus we have
w=
=

AP 1.7

0

5 10,000x

2 10 e

2 105 10,000x 
e

dx =

10,000
0

2 105
2 105
2 105
(e
(0 1) =
= 20 J
e0 ) =
10,000
10,000
10,000

At the Oregon end of the line the current is leaving the upper terminal, and thus
entering the lower terminal where the polarity marking of the voltage is negative.
Thus, using the passive sign convention, p = vi. Substituting the values of voltage
and current given in the gure,
p = (800 103 )(1.8 103 ) = 1440 106 = 1440 MW
Thus, because the power associated with the Oregon end of the line is negative,
power is being generated at the Oregon end of the line and transmitted by the line to
be delivered to the California end of the line.

Chapter Problems
P 1.1

To begin, we calculate the number of pixels that make up the display:

npixels = (1280)(1024) = 1,310,720 pixels
Each pixel requires 24 bits of information. Since 8 bits comprise a byte, each pixel
requires 3 bytes of information. We can calculate the number of bytes of
information required for the display by multiplying the number of pixels in the
display by 3 bytes per pixel:
nbytes =

1,310,720 pixels 3 bytes

= 3,932,160 bytes/display
1 display
1 pixel

Finally, we use the fact that there are 106 bytes per MB:
3,932,160 bytes
1 MB
= 3.93 MB/display
6
1 display
10 bytes

Problems
P 1.2

c = 3 108 m/s

so

1
c = 1.5 108 m/s
2

1.5 108 m
5 106 m
=
1s
xs
P 1.3

15

so

x=

5 106
= 33.3 ms
1.5 108

We can set up a ratio to determine how long it takes the bamboo to grow 10 m First,
recall that 1 mm = 103 m. Lets also express the rate of growth of bamboo using the
units mm/s instead of mm/day. Use a product of ratios to perform this conversion:
1 day
1 hour 1 min
250
10
250 mm

=
=
mm/s
1 day 24 hours 60 min 60 sec
(24)(60)(60)
3456
Use a ratio to determine the time it takes for the bamboo to grow 10 m:
10 106 m
10/3456 103 m
=
1s
xs

P 1.4

so

x=

10 106
= 3.456 s
10/3456 103

Volume = area thickness

106 = (10 106 )(thickness)
thickness =

P 1.5

106
= 0.10 mm
10 106

300 109 dollars 100 pennies

1 year
1 day 1 hr 1.5 mm
1m

1 year
1 dollar
365.25 days 24 hr 3600 s 1 penny 1000 mm
= 1426 m/s

P 1.6

Our approach is as follows: To determine the area of a bit on a track, we need to

know the height and width of the space needed to store the bit. The height of the
space used to store the bit can be determined from the width of each track on the
disk. The width of the space used to store the bit can be determined by calculating
the number of bits per track, calculating the circumference of the inner track, and
dividing the number of bits per track by the circumference of the track. The
calculations are shown below.
Width of track =

1 in 25,400m
= 329.87m/track
77 tracks
in

Bits on a track =

1.4 MB 8 bits 1 side

= 72,727.273 bits/track
2 sides byte 77 tracks

Circumference of inner track = 2(1/2

)(25,400m/in) = 79,796.453m

Width of bit on inner track =

79,796.453m
= 1.0972m/bit
72,727.273 bits

Area of bit on inner track = (1.0972)(329.87) = 361.934m2

16
P 1.7

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

C/m3 = 1.6022 1019 1029 = 1.6022 1010 C/m3
C/m = (1.6022 1010 )(5.4 104 ) = 8.652 106 C/m
Therefore, (8.652 106 )

Thus, average velocity =

P 1.8

m
C
=i
ave vel
m
s
1400
106 = 161.81 m/s
8.652

20 106 C/s
= 1.25 1014 elec/s
1.6022 1019 C/elec
5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 104 m

= 5.32 1012 m
[b] m = 3303 mi
1 mi
1 ft
1 in
1 cm
n
= 23.5
Therefore,
m
[a] n =

The number of electrons/second is approximately 23.5 times the number of

micrometers between Sydney and San Francisco.
P 1.9

First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge:

i=

dq
= 20 cos 5000t
dt

Therefore, dq = 20 cos 5000t dt

To nd the charge, we can integrate both sides of the last equation. Note that we
substitute x for q on the left side of the integral, and y for t on the right side of the
integral:

q(t)
q(0)

dx = 20

t
0

cos 5000y dy

We solve the integral and make the substitutions for the limits of the integral,
remembering that sin 0 = 0:

20
20
sin 5000y t
20
sin 5000t
sin 5000(0) =
sin 5000t
q(t) q(0) = 20
 =
5000
5000
5000
5000
0

But q(0) = 0 by hypothesis, i.e., the current passes through its maximum value at
t = 0, so q(t) = 4 103 sin 5000t C = 4 sin 5000t mC
P 1.10

w = qV = (1.6022 1019 )(9) = 14.42 1019 = 1.442 aJ

Problems
P 1.11

p = (6)(100 103 ) = 0.6 W;

w(t) =

P 1.12

t
0

p dt

w(10,800) =

10,800
0

3600 s
= 10,800 s
1 hr

0.6 dt = 0.6(10,800) = 6480 J

Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B. Then, using the passive
sign convention p = vi, since the current i is owing into the + terminal of the
voltage v. Now we just substitute the values for v and i into the equation for power.
Remember that if the power is positive, B is absorbing power, so the power must be
owing from A to B. If the power is negative, B is generating power so the power
must be owing from B to A.
[a] p = (20)(15) = 300 W
[b] p = (100)(5) = 500 W
[c] p = (50)(4) = 200 W
[d] p = (25)(16) = 400 W

P 1.13

3 hr

17

300 W from A to B
500 W from B to A
200 W from B to A
400 W from A to B

[a]

p = vi = (20)(5) = 100 W
Power is being delivered by the box.
[b] Leaving
[c] Gaining
P 1.14

[a] p = vi = (20)(5) = 100 W, so power is being absorbed by the box.

[b] Entering
[c] Losing

P 1.15

[a] In Car A, the current i is in the direction of the voltage drop across the 12 V
battery(the current i ows into the + terminal of the battery of Car A).
Therefore using the passive sign convention, p = vi = (40)(12) = 480
W.
Since the power is negative, the battery in Car A is generating power, so Car B
must have the dead battery.

18

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

[b] w(t) =

t
0

w(90) =

1.5 min = 1.5

p dx;

90
0

60 s
= 90 s
1 min

480 dx

w = 480(90 0) = 480(90) = 43,200 J = 43.2 kJ

P 1.16

p = vi;

w=

t
0

p dx

Since the energy is the area under the power vs. time plot, let us plot p vs. t.

Note that in constructing the plot above, we used the fact that 60 hr = 216,000 s =
216 ks
p(0) = (6)(15 103 ) = 90 103 W
p(216 ks) = (4)(15 103 ) = 60 103 W
1
w = (60 103 )(216 103 ) + (90 103 60 103 )(216 103 ) = 16.2 kJ
2
P 1.17

[a] To nd the power at 625 s, we substitute this value of time into both the
equations for v(t) and i(t) and multiply the resulting numbers to get p(625 s):
v(625 s) = 50e1600(62510

6 )

50e400(62510

i(625 s) = 5 103 e1600(62510

6 )

6 )

= 18.394 38.94 = 20.546 V

5 103 e400(62510

6 )

= 0.0018394 0.003894 = 0.0020546 A

p(625 s) = (20.546)(0.0020546) = 42.2 mW
[b] To nd the energy at 625 s, we need to integrate the equation for p(t) from 0 to
625 s. To start, we need an expression for p(t):
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = (50)(5 103 )(e1600t e400t )(e1600t e400t )

Problems

19

1
= (e3200t 2e2000t + e800t )
4
Now we integrate this expression for p(t) to get an expression for w(t). Note
we substitute x for t on the right side of the integral.
w(t) =

1
t 3200x
(e
2e2000x + e800x )dx
4 0


1 e3200x e2000x e800x

+

=
4 3200
1000
800


t





1
1
1
1 e3200t e2000t e800t
+

=
4 3200
1000
800
3200 1000 800


1 e3200t e2000t e800t

+

+ 5.625 104
=
4 3200
1000
800



Finally, substitute t = 625 s into the equation for w(t):

1
w(625 s) = [4.2292 105 + 2.865 104 7.5816 104 + 5.625 104 ]
4
= 12.137 J
[c] To nd the total energy, we let t in the above equation for w(t). Note that
this will cause all expressions of the form ent to go to zero, leaving only the
constant term 5.625 104 . Thus,
1
wtotal = [5.625 104 ] = 140.625 J
4
P 1.18

[a] v(20 ms) = 100e1 sin 3 = 5.19 V

i(20 ms) = 20e1 sin 3 = 1.04 A p(20 ms) = vi = 5.39 W
[b]

vi = 2000e100t sin.2 150t



1
100t 1
cos 300t
= 2000e
2 2
= 1000e100t 1000e100t cos 300t

1000e100t dt


e100t 

1000

100
0

0

1000e100t cos 300t dt

e100t
1000
[100 cos 300t + 300 sin 300t]
2 + (300)2
(100)


100
= 10 1000
= 10 1
1 104 + 9 104
= 9 J






0

110
P 1.19

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

[a] 0 s t < 1 s:
v = 5 V;

i = 20t A;

p = 100t W

i = 20 A;

p=0W

i = 20 A;

p=0W

i = 80 20t A;

p = 400 + 100t W

i = 80 20t A;

p = 400 + 100t W

i = 120 + 20t A;

p = 600 + 100t W

i = 120 + 20t A;

p = 600 + 100t W

i = 20 A;

p=0W

1 s < t 2 s:
v = 0 V;
2 s t < 3 s:
v = 0 V;
3 s < t 4 s:
v = 5 V;
4 s t < 5 s:
v = 5 V;
5 s < t 6 s:
v = 5 V;
6 s t < 7 s:
v = 5 V;
t > 7 s:
v = 0 V;

[b] Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time:

P 1.20

w(1) =

1
(1)(100)
2

= 50 J

w(6) =

1
(1)(100)
2

12 (1)(100) + 12 (1)(100) 12 (1)(100) = 0 J

w(10) =

1
(1)(100)
2

12 (1)(100) + 12 (1)(100) 12 (1)(100) + 12 (1)(100) = 50 J

[a] p = vi = (100e500t )(0.02 0.02e500t ) = (2e500t 2e1000t ) W

dp
= 1000e500t + 2000e1000t = 0
dt
2 = e500t

so

ln 2 = 500t

so
thus

2e1000t = e500t
p is maximum at t = 1.4 ms

Problems

111

pmax = p(1.4 ms) = 0.5 W

[b] w =

=
P 1.21

500t

[2e

1000t

2e

 


2 500t
2
e
e1000t 
] dt =

500
1000
0

2
4

= 2 mJ
1000 1000

[a] p = vi = 200 cos(500t)4.5 sin(500t) = 450 sin(1000t) W

Therefore, pmax = 450 W
[b] pmax (extracting) = 450 W
[c]

pavg

4103
1
cos 1000t
450
450 sin(1000x) dx =
3
3
4 10
4 10
1000
0

450
450
[cos 4 cos 0] =
[1 1] = 0 W
4
4
450
900
450
[cos 15 cos 0] =
[1 1] =
= 71.62 W
=
4
4
4
=

[d] pavg
P 1.22

[a] q

area under i vs. t plot

6(5000)
6(10,000)
8(5000)
=
+ 6(5000) +
+ 8(15,000) +
2
2
2
= 15,000 + 30,000 + 30,000 + 120,000 + 20,000 = 215,000 C

[b] w

pdt =

vi dt

0 t 20 ks
v = 0.2 103 t + 8
0 t 5000s
i = 20 1.2 103 t
p

=
=

w1

(8 + 0.2 103 t)(20 1.2 103 t)

160 5.6 103 t 2.4 107 t2

5000
0

(160 5.6 103 t 2.4 107 t2 ) dt

5.6 103 2 2.4 107 3

t
t
160t
=
2
3
5000 t 15,000s
i

17 0.6 103 t

(8 + 0.2 103 t)(17 0.6 103 t)

=
w2

=
=

5000





= 720 kJ

136 1.4 103 t 1.2 107 t2

15,000
5000

(136 1.4 103 t 1.2 107 t2 ) dt

1.4 103 2 1.2 107 3

t
t
136t
2
3

15,000




5000

= 1090 kJ

4103
0

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

112

15,000 t 20,000s
i

32 1.6 103 t

(8 + 0.2 103 t)(32 1.6 103 t)

256 6.4 103 t 3.2 107 t2

20,000

w3

15,000

6.4 103 2 3.2 107 3

t
256t
t
2
3

P 1.23

[a]

dp
dt

20,000





= 226,666.67 J

15,000

w1 + w2 + w3 = 720,000 + 1,090,000 + 226,666.67 = 2036.67 kJ

wT

(256 6.4 103 t 3.2 107 t2 ) dt

vi = [104 t + 5)e400t ][(40t + 0.05)e400t ]

400 103 t2 e800t + 700te800t + 0.25e800t

e800t [400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]

{e800t [800 103 t + 700] 800e800t [400,000t2 + 700t + 0.25]}

[3,200,000t2 + 2400t + 5]100e800t

dp
Therefore,
= 0 when 3,200,000t2 2400t 5 = 0
dt
so pmax occurs at t = 1.68 ms.
[b] pmax

[c] w

[400,000(.00168)2 + 700(.00168) + 0.25]e800(.00168)

666.34 mW

t

0t
0

pdx
400,000x2 e800x dx +

t
0

700xe800x dx +
t

t
0

0.25e800x dx


400,000e800x

4 2
 +
[64

10
x
+
1600x
+
2]
=
6

512 10
t
t 0
800x
800x


700e
e




(800x

1)
+
0.25
4

800 0
64 10
0
When t all the upper limits evaluate to zero, hence
(400,000)(2)
700
0.25
= 2.97 mJ.
w=
+
+
6
4
512 10
64 10
800

P 1.24

[a] We can nd the time at which the power is a maximum by writing an expression
for p(t) = v(t)i(t), taking the rst derivative
of p(t) and setting it to zero, then solving for t. The calculations are shown below:
p

0 t < 0,

p = 0 t > 40 s

p
dp
dt

vi = (t 0.025t2 )(4 0.2t) = 4t 0.3t2 + 0.005t3 W

4 0.6t + 0.015t2 = 0

0 < t < 40 s

Problems

113

Use a calculator to nd the two solutions to this quadratic equation:

t1 = 8.453 s;

t2 = 31.547 s

Now we must nd which of these two times gives the minimum power by
substituting each of these values for t into the equation for p(t):
p(t1 ) =

(8.453 0.025(8.453)2 )(4 0.2 8.453) = 15.396 W

p(t2 ) =

(31.547 0.025(31.547)2 )(4 0.2 31.547) = 15.396 W

Therefore, maximum power is being delivered at t = 8.453 s.

[b] The maximum power was calculated in part (a) to determine the time at which
the power is maximum: pmax = 15.396 W (delivered)
[c] As we saw in part (a), the other maximum power is actually a minimum, or
the maximum negative power. As we calculated in part (a), maximum power is
being extracted at t = 31.547 s.
[d] This maximum extracted power was calculated in part (a) to determine the time
at which power is maximum: pmaxext = 15.396 W (extracted)
[e] w =

t
0

pdx =

w(0) =
w(10) =

t
0

(4x 0.3x2 + 0.005x3 )dx = 2t2 0.1t3 + 0.00125t4

0J

w(30) =

112.50 J

112.50 J

w(40) =

0J

w(20) = 200 J
To give you a feel for the quantities of voltage, current, power, and energy and
their relationships among one another, they are plotted below:

114

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

Problems
P 1.25

[a]

p
dp
dt

vi = (8 104 te500t )(15te500t ) = 12 105 t2 e1000t W

12 105 [t2 (1000)e1000t + e1000t (2t)]

12 105 e1000t [t(2 1000t)]

115

dp
= 0 at t = 0,
t = 2 ms
dt
We know p is a minimum at t = 0 since v and i are zero at t = 0.
[b] pmax = 12 105 (2 103 )2 e2 = 649.61 mW
[c] w

=
=

P 1.26

12 105
12 105

0

t2 e1000t dt


e1000t

6 2

[10
t
+
2,000t
+
2]
3

(1000)
0

= 2400 J

We use the passive sign convention to determine whether the power equation is
p = vi or p = vi and substitute into the power equation the values for v and i, as
shown below:
pa

va ia = (18)(51) = 918 W

pb

vb ib = (18)(45) = 810 W

pc

vc ic = (2)(6) = 12 W

pd

vd id = (20)(20) = 400 W

pe

ve ie = (16)(14) = 224 W

pf = vf if = (36)(31) = 1116 W
Remember that if the power is positive, the circuit element is absorbing power,
whereas is the power is negative, the circuit element is developing power. We can
add the positive powers together and the negative powers together if the power
balances, these power sums should be equal:

Pdev = 918 + 810 + 12 = 1740 W;

Pabs = 400 + 224 + 1116 = 1740 W
Thus, the power balances and the total power developed in the circuit is 1740 W.

CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables

116
P 1.27

[a] From the diagram and the table we have

pa

va ia = (900)(22.5) = 20,250 W

pb

vb ib = (105)(52.5) = 5512.5 W

pc

vc ic = (600)(30) = 18,000 W

pd

vd id = (585)(52.5) = 30,712.5 W

pe

ve ie = (120)(30) = 3600 W

pf

vf if = (300)(60) = 18,000 W

pg

vg ig = (585)(82.5) = 48,262.5 W

ph

vh ih = (165)(82.5) = 13,612.5 W

Pdel

18,000 + 30,712.5 + 48,262.5 = 96,975 W

Pabs

20,250 + 5512.5 + 3600 + 18,000 + 13,612.5 = 60,975 W

Therefore,

Pdel =

Pabs and the subordinate engineer is correct.

[b] The difference between the power delivered to the circuit and the power
absorbed by the circuit is
96,975 60,975 = 36,000
One-half of this difference is 18,000W, so it is likely that pc or pf is in error.
Either the voltage or the current probably has the wrong sign. (In Chapter 2,
we will discover that using KCL at the top node, the current ic should be 30 A,
not 30 A!) If the sign of pc is changed from negative to positive, we can
recalculate the power delivered and the power absorbed as follows:

Pdel

30,712.5 + 48,262.5 = 78,975 W

Pabs = 20,250 + 5512.5 + 18,000 + 3600 + 18,000 + 13,612.5 = 78,975 W

Now the power delivered equals the power absorbed and the power balances
for the circuit.
P 1.28

pa

va ia = (9)(1.8) = 16.2 W

pb

vb ib = (15)(1.5) = 22.5 W

pc

vc ic = (45)(0.3) = 13.5 W

pd

vd id = (54)(2.7) = 145.8 W

pe

ve ie = (30)(1) = 30 W

pf

vf if = (240)(4) = 960 W

pg

vg ig = (294)(4.5) = 1323 W

ph

vh ih = (270)(0.5) = 135 W

Problems

117

Therefore,

Pabs = 16.2 + 22.5 + 13.5 + 145.8 + 3 +960 + 135 = 1323 W

Pdel = 1323 W
Pabs =

Pdel

Thus, the interconnection satises the power check

P 1.29

pa

va ia = (160)(10) = 1600 W

pb

vb ib = (100)(20) = 2000 W

pc

vc ic = (60)(6) = 360 W

pd

vd id = (800)(50) = 40,000 W

pe

ve ie = (800)(20) = 16,000 W

pf

vf if = (700)(14) = 9800 W

pg

vg ig = (640)(16) = 10,240 W

Pdel = 40,000 W
Pabs = 1600 + 2000 + 360 + 16,000 + 9800 + 10,000 = 40,000 W


Therefore, Pdel = Pabs = 40,000 W

P 1.30

[a] From an examination of reference polarities, the following elements employ the
passive convention: a, c, e, and f .
[b]

pa

56 W

pb

14 W

pc

150 W

pd

50 W

pe

18 W

pf

12 W

Pabs = 150 W;

Pdel = 56 + 14 + 50 + 18 + 12 = 150 W.