1.

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
. : A
.
.
.
2.
.
.
.
3.
.
.
.
.
. :
.
4.
.
.
.
5.

61

 ( ) .
. ,
.
1.
,
.
, :
(, , , , , ,
), (, , , , , ),
() ...
: (Artocarpus communis Forst., Moraceae), (
plantain) (Musa paradisiaca L., Musaceae), ..
- ,
Manihot ( -cassava) , (),
(Colocasia esculenta, taro dasheen),
, ,
Metroxylon sagu Rottb. (= M. rumphii Martius).
22,5 . ,
:
(.., , , ),
.
.
:
,
. -
- '
.
1.
Poaceae ( )
, ,
.
, (),
.
.
. Poaceae
( Bambusoideae)
, ,
. , ,
albumen. ,
62

 paleas
(, ).
:
-
-
-

- albumen .
( ).
10%. ,
.
, , .
(, , ) ,
2 5%.
8% () 15% (). ,
,
. : ,
, , , , , .
,
. ' ,
Poaceae
,
. , 80%
.
(Triticum sp.), (Oryza sp.), (Zea mais L.)

, (
), ( ) ( ),
(zein) ( ), o
( ), 1
(
, ,
), : , ,
,
. ,
.

(1997) ( (corn silk)

) 1.5% ,
.
7%.

63


( N . ,
).

:

:
(Avena sativa L. :
", (millets) ( Digitaria, Eleusine, Echinochloa,
64

Panicum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Setaria), (Secale cereale L.), (Sorghum bicolor L.),
(Zizania aquatica L., Z. latifolia [Griseb] Stapf).

,
Hordeum vulgare L.
(7.000 ) .
,
.
1. :

.
mg.
,
,
micromole
.
2. .
. , ,
, .
,
. .
( )

.
3. (Hordenine) ,-. ,
.
.
,
MAO.
2.
,
Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae
, ,
.
. 100 15 23 . -
: ,
. , , , ,
, .

65

 ,
, manihot, , .
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea (D. alata L., D. batatas
Decne, D. bulbifera L., D. x cayenensis Lam., D. esculenta [Lour.] Burkill., D.opposita Thumb.,
). (1-3% ) (<0.3%
). ( )
: 25-30% (80-90% ).
, , ,
. 95% 30
(.., , , ,
2).
Manihot, Manihot esculenta, Crantz (Euphorbiaceae),
. ,
, -
-
(gari [], farinha * +).
, ,
().
( : 165
, , , , ,
.)
35%, 0.5-1.5% 0.3% .

: (arrowroot),
Maranta arundinacea L.
(Marantaceae) St Vincent. Canna
edulis L. Ker-Gawler (Cannaceae) Queensland.
, (Zamia ssp, Cycadaceae),
( Tacca leontopetaloides [L.] Kuntze,
Taccaceae). Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. . H
(lpomea batatas [L.] Lam., Convolvulaceae),
, 90%
120 .
,
: , Araceae
Colocasia (C.esculenta [L.] Schott =taro), Xanthosoma (. sagittifolium [L.] Schott = tannia),
Cyrtosperma, Alocasia, Amorphophallus.
( > 6.5
: , , , ).
2

FAO (http://www.fao.org/). , http://apps.fao.org/lim500/ nph-wrap.pl;

=SUA&Language=francais Production.Crops.Primary&Domain

66

 15-30% 80%.

.
3. ()
Fabaceae, : (Pisum
sativum L.), (Cicer arietinum L.), (Vicia faba L.), (Lens culinaris Medikus),
3 (Phaseolus vulgaris L., P. acutifolius . Gray, P. coccineus L., P. lunatus L.), Cajanus cajan
[L.] Millsp.), . , ,
. , 45-70% .
, (25-45%),
:
, , ,
.
4.
. 3
:
, ,
.

( , .,

--
.

,
(

),
.

:
(2-45
m)
,
(2-23 m) (25-32 m)


, (30-100 m)
, (2-5 m, )

beans Phaseolus.
peas () Pisum Cicer:
.

67

 . ,
.
.
.
: , (,
: , , <0.1%), <15%,
<20%), <0.6%, <1%, <0.6%).
( 5%
250). (. , 3 .,
1998).
.
,
( . , ).
( ):
( , )
, 30 48
50C .
, , , , .

( ). ,
, (
).

,
, (germ),
o o
(corn germ oil).
,
,
,
( ) .
,
.

. 63 .
. :
, ( ,
)
: . -
, . , ,

68


( ).
(98-99%).
(0.1-0.7% ), (0.05-0.5%),
( 0.05 0.3%).
:
, , ,
. (16-17%
, 20% , 23-24% , 25-28% , 35% .
65-70% (, amylomaize),
1% o waxy corn ( ).
H D 4C1 ( )
-(1->4)
.
-(1->6)
.

500 6000.

,
, , 107 108

:
-(1->4)
15 60 ,

,
-(1->6)

5-6% .

:
( )

: , , C.

.
C-6 ,
69

 C. C
. ,
(
).

(.., , ).

( , ,
),
.
.
,
, ,
, , ,
70

.
.
,
, 4.
.
(.., ,
) (
), .
. ,
. 55-60C,
, , :
. ( 100C),
: , ,

. ,
: ,
.
(.., , ).
.
,
,
:
1.
2. : (
),
3. ,
:
- ,
- ( ), (
),
- ( ),
(),
,
- ,
( )
4. - (reticulation).
, , ,
,
. , .
4

:
, .

71

5. .
, .
( pullulanase isoamylase) -(1->6) ,
(-, -,

), (
1->4 , 1->6 , ).

(),
( ) ().
.
,
: , , , .
, , ,
gluconates, , (.., , xanthan).
,
: (
), , ,
, .
2.
.
.
, ,
() ().
.
,
(, , , ramie, ),
.
Acetobacter xylinum- , ,
.

( ) ( ).

. .
, ,
(, ).

, 200-250 C 35-40
bar .

72

 (DP), - ,
, .
. , D-
-(1->4) . D-
4C1. , ,
. .
180 ( cellobiose)

, C-3
.
X (
). 300
15.000 ( 5 x 104 2.5 x 106)
, , .
, DP 6.000 10.000 ,
15.000.

. : Gossypium ssp, Malvaceae

(3 )

, ,
: (
,
,

),

,
,
,
, .

o ,

,
73


.
( )
.
.

:
(G.
arboreum L., G. herbaceum L.)
() (G. hirsutum L.
G. barbadense L.
).
,
. ,
,

, - Gossypium herbaceum L.
G. hirsutum -
. O ,
. () , , (4-8 3-4 cm.). (6-12
) .
.
: , ,
. , , ,
. .
( , , 15 40
mm 12-25 m),
, .
,
, . ,
, , .
, (954%), (1.60.3%),
(0.90.3%), . 23 37%
. , 19-25% , 10-28% ,
1%, .

. , ,
, .
.
74

 (.., , ,
) .
:
,
, . ,
, ,
, , , .
(
). , ' ,
-.
.
10 mm : ,
, ..
(,
), ,
( 96) .
0.5% .
:
23 g g .

( 20% ). ,
( , Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli).
. ,
,
.
.
, ,
, .
.
,
.
( , )
( , , ( ),
, ). .
(
microgranules).

: , , - .

75

 . ,
: -
.
,
.
,
, ,
, , , , , , ,
make-up . ,
( ,
microgranules ) .
(Carmellose). ,
,
2-. (degree of substitution,
DS) 0.5 1.25 . (
, , ),

. , ,
( ).
(Hypromellose). ,
,
( ),
.
(
).

.

, ,
:
1. (Ceiba pentandra [L.]
Gaertner) (Bombax ceiba L., Malvaceae). o
,
. ,
( )
2. ( ).
,

, DS 0 3:
( C-2, C-3 C-6).

76

. Linum usitatissimum L. o

3. ,
( , ), ,
(, , , ).
4. (Corchorus capsularis L., Tiliaceae), , ramie
(Boehmeria nivea [L.] Gaudich., Urticaceae), (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Malvaceae),
(Agave sisalana Perr., Agavaceae), abaca ( , Musa textilis Nee, Musaceae),
cadillo (Urena lobata L., Malvaceae), Triumfetta (Tiliaceae), .

, ,
.
3.
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
(
),
.
",
,
.
, .
,
-".
- -
- . , :

(5-20 g ).

: (.., ) .

)
- (.., guar).

: , ,
. - (, )
( ) .
77

 ,
(.., , ),
(.., Maillard),
.
.
() -. .
- : ,
( ,
). .
- : ,
. ,
, (
, . 118);
- : ( ) - .
,
, - ,
( , ):
( ), , , ,
( ,
), - , .
() .
(, ).
.
, -
, , .
() - . ,
.
6.
.
: .
.
(, , , , ,
, ., 30 18%) (, , ,
, , 12 9% ) - ,
(, , 20%).
,
6

, Bade, A" Harris, PJ. and Stone, B.A.

(1988). Structure and Function of Plant Cell Wall, in "The Biochemistry of Plants, vol 14: Carbohydrates", (Preiss, J., Ed.),
P 297371, Academic Press, San Diego.

78

 (>40%, ). E
.
. 18% .
( , : 1 mm
, : 0.5 mm).
.
(, (phytate), , ) (45%
), (17%), (15-20%) (7-8%)
.
.
,

.
, ,
, :
7.
(
) . ,


.
,
.
:
,
.

.
(127% 20 g ).
,
,
.
.
48 :
.
(, ).
(.., ,
)
7

, ()

79

 :
.
-

.
.

1971 Burkitt
,
. , (case studies)
cohort studies , ,
,
. ,
.
,
, .

: (,
, .., , )
( ). -
- "".

, : o (
)
( in vitro, ),
,
. : ,
, pH
( )
. ,
,

, : ,
.


, ,
8
:
,
8

, ,
() .

80

 ( - ). ,

" (D. Lairon).
(6-40 g , 100-150 g , 10-30 g
) (25-100 g ) (-10%)
LDL- ( -10 -14%, ): ,
1994, 77
( 88 84% ,
),
. , HDL . , ,
,
, guar-
. ,

.
;
. ,
, 9.
,
. , -
(feedback)- ,
. o: ,
, . , ,

.


. ,
( ) .

,
. ,
.
' , , ,
,
. ,
9

(, INN), -
.

81


: i) ii)
iii) - iv)

.
.

: )
,
) )
.
. :

.
(trypsin) .
( ) . ( )

.
- .
.
.
.
, , ( )
(-bran).

. ,
.
. .
( ), (
),
(flatulence): 10-20 g/
.
, ,
.
.
:
,
, .
, :

.
82

,
:
20-25 g,
35 g.

4.
.
-(2->1)
:
. ,
.
,
: , Asteraceae, Boraginaceae,
Campanulaceae, ,
Poaceae Liliaceae. (, ,
) , ,
(50% ).
(Asteraceae, Boraginaceae), (2->1) D- (
(isokestose)).
(Poaceae), -(2->6) - D, (kestose).
(neokestose )
( Asparagus officinalis L.).

83

Taraxacum officinale Weber

84

 (
: C-C-O-C C-O-C ),
, , ,
. ( 10
250 Poaceae),
: (.., , (triticin),
(asparagosan))

(, kestose, isokestose).
(!), ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
.

.
,
(
,
)

.
, Cichorium intybus L., Asteraceae


,
130-140 C,
. Asteraceae,
,

.

(50-60%
).

.
: 1. 2.
85

 3. 4.
5.
( . , .)
1995, - ( )
.
(Helianthus tuberosus). M
. , .

.

(Dandelion) (, ),
Taraxacum officinale Weber, Asteraceae
H ,
, . ,
,
, ().

, .


40% .


( ,

).

(, , ,
*, +) .
.

( ). , ,
, .
:
".
, , ,
, .
, .

86

 ,
. Asteraceae
.
.
(Witch grass), Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski (= Elymus repens [L.] Gould =Agropyron
repens [L.] P. Beauv.), Poaceae , (. .
1999), ()
: ,

.
3-10%. ,
, (0.2 mLlkg),
. .
. (Asparagus officinalis L., Liliaceae) (10
).
. : ,
, , .
5.
Anderson, J.W. (1995). Dietary Fibre, Complex Carbohydrate and Coronary Artery Disease, Can. J.
Cardiol., 11, suppl. G, 55G-62G.
Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W.W. and Sacks, F.M. (1999). Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Dietary
Fiber: A Meta-analysis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 30-42.
Demigne, C. and Remesy, c. (1993). Le role des aliments vegetaux riches en fibres dans la nutrition
preventive, MM. Hyg., 51, 2822-2832. Ferguson, L.R. and Harris, P.J. (1996). Studies on the Role of
Specific Dietary Fibres in Protection against Colorectal Cancer, Mutation Res., 350, 173-184.
Glore, S.R., van Treeck, D., Knehans, A.W. and Guild, M. (1994). Soluble Fiber and Serum Lipids: A
Literature Review, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 94, 425-436.
Le Marchand, L., Hankin, J.H., Wilkens, L.R., Kolonel, L.N., Englyst, H.N. and Lyu, L.-C. (1997). Dietary
Fiber and Colorectal Cancer Risk, Epidemiology, 8, 658-665.
Meflah, K., Cherbut. c., Riboli, E., Kaaks, R. and Corpet, D. (1996). Fibres alimentaires et cancer
colorectal, in "Alimentation et cancer", (Riboli, E., Decloitre, F. and ColletRibbing, C.. Eds.), chap.
22, p. 402-424, Tec & Doc, Paris.

87

Morrison, W.R. and Karkalas, J. (1990). Starch, in "Methods in Plant Biochemistry, vol. 2 :
Carbohydrates", (Dey, P.M., Ed.), p. 323-352, Academic Press, London.
Nagengast, F.M., van den Ban, G., Ploemen, J.P., Leenen, R., Zock, P.L., Katan, M.B., Hectors, M.P.C.,
de Haan, A.F.J. and van Tongeren, J.H.M. (1993). The Effect of a Natural High-fibre Diet on Faecal
and Biliary Bile Acids, Faecal pH and Whole-gut Transit in Man. A Controlled Study. Eur. J. Clin.
Nutr., 47, 631-639.
Nuttall, F.Q. (1993). Dietary Fiber in the Management of Diabetes, Diabetes, 42, 503-508.
Onwuene, I.e. and Charles, W.B. (1994). Tropical Root and Tuber Crops -Production, Perspectives
and Future Prospects, FAO, Roma.
Scheppach, W., Bingham, S., Boutron-Ruault, M.-e., Gerhardsson de Verdier, M., Moreno, V.,
Nagengast., F.M., Reifen, R., Riboli, E.. Seitz, H.K. and Wahrendorf, J. (1999). WHO Consensus
Statement on the Role of Nutrition in Colorectal Cancer, Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 8, 57-62.
Shike, M. and Winawer, S.J., Eds. (1999). Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Polyps; Does
Fiber Have a Role, Proceedings of a Symposium held on December 2, 1997, in New York, Am. J.
Med., 106, suppl. lA.
Stahl, B., Linos, A., Karas, M., Hillenkamp, F. and Steup, M. (1997). Analysis of Fructans from Higher
Plants by Matrix-assisted Laser DesorptionlIonization Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Biochem., 246,195204.
Williams, C.L., Ed. (1995). The Role of Dietary Fiber in Childhood, Proceedings of a Conference Held
on May 24,1994 in New York, Pediatrics, 96, supp!., 985-1027.

88

1. : () (Mucilages)
2. ()
Karaya


Ghatti. 98
3. -

Konjac

4. -
. Plantaginaceae
Psyllium, Ispaghula , Psyllium
. Malvales
,
. 117
,
5. 118
6. 120

89

1. : () (MUCILAGES)
() (mucilages)

().
,
.
( ),
, ,
- .
. ()

( ), (
), ().

, . ,
,
(
). guar (
) .

().

. ,
.
(
).

.
,
. , ,
( ).
, ,
( )
. , Malvales
( ) Fabales ( ).
,
Golgi.
2. ()


90

1. . ,
Acacia, L-,
(L, D-) D- . .
2. . : (1->4) D- L, D- , D- . L-
, (
(karaya). ,
( ) .
3. . 1->4 -
(L-, L-, D-
, ).
4. . (1->4 -1->2) D D-. C-3
.
ghatti .
,
, Mimosaceae, Rosaceae, Combretaceae,
Burseraceae, Rutaceae. ,

. 2 x 104 106.
(.., C-4
, C-3 ) .
.
,
. (1%
) . ,
.
TLC

( ).
STERCULIA GUM
Sterculia spp., Sterculiaceae
"
Sterculia urens Roxb.,
Sterculia tomentosa Guill. & PERR. "
91

 . Sterculia
, ,
. To

.
, S.
tragacantha Lindley,
, S. tomentosa.
"gomme M'Bep". ,
"10" S. urens
.
,
, .
,
,
.
( ).
. , , -
. :
,
. :
.
.
(2-3%),
(20-50%).
. (): ,
-D-
C-4 -L- C-2 .
C-2 C-3
C-4 D- D- . T
40% 8%.
. :
( ), ,
(
).
:
1. pH 1%,
: 5,5,

10

kutira, Cochlospermum gossypium DC.

92

2. TLC
( : ),
3. 13
( 37% *v/v+ ),
4. ( * Cl]
): <5%.

. ,
.

. , ,
.
(, buckthorn, ,
, , ).
,

.
,
.
.
,
, .
,
Acacia spp., Mimosaceae
3 ,
, , ,
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. .
.
. , verek ( hashab
), (4-6 m), , .
, .
.
,
93

 . , (40.000
1994-95, 80% ) :
, , . ,

Acacia senegal Willd.

.

, . ,
, ( ,
94

 ), .
.
. ( )
, .
, , ,
, - ,
, , ,
,
.
(.., Purity-Gum 1773, N-Lok)
( ),
.
.
1-3 cm ,
- ,
,
, , , .
, , .
, -

,
, ,
().
.
10-15% , (
), , .

( , , ).
, ,
. 3 x 105 106, *+ D -300 4 (FA).
, : D- (32-50%), L (17-34%), D- 13-19%), L- (11-16%).
1->3 (
) D-, L, L-, D- .
.
.
,
. ,
.
( 50%
95

)
, .
(
) pH ( pH),
, , .

, , , (.. ,
, ).

:
, ,
,
.

(414), , , , ,
.
(coacervates) .
96

. ,
TLC ( )
, ( L, D-, L-, D-).
(, ).
, ( 10%),
( ),
( ), (
), , (
), 11 (
). , (
, , ).
(104 ) Escherichia coli.
K ,
Astragalus gummifer Labill., Fabaceae
3
.
gummifer .
, . . gummifer

(0,5-1 m).


.

.
.
Astragalus
:

, Khorasan .
,
,
. ,
, (
), ( ). ,
: 48
11

.
" combretum ", Combretum nigricans Lepr. ex Guill. & PERR.:
. Anderson, D.M.W., Millar, LR.A. and
Weiping, W. (1991), The Gum Exudate from Combretum nigricans gum, the Major Source of West African "Gum
Combretum", Food Addit. Contam.,8,423-436.

97

 , .
.
, (30 x 10 x
1 mm), , , ,
.

(4-10 m) .

.
.

,

,
3% 3-4%
.
: (30-40%),
,
, (60-70%) , ,
, .
(1 -> 6, 1 -> 3), , .
( ),
850.000,
: D- , D-, D-, L-.
1-> 4- .
(
).
. , ,
(. ) TLC .
(, , ,
) .

,
( , ) , 1%
.
( 104 )
Escherichia coli Salmonella.

98

. (
),
. . (0,51%) , ,
, . ,
, .

: ( )
O/W .
( ),
( ), ,
, ,
( 413).
GUM GHATTI,
Anogeissus latifolia (DC.) Wallich., Combretaceae

.
D-, D-, L-, D-, D . .
,
( ).

99

100