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Srxu fkdtxh yduldeoh dodwrluh [ gh =/ vrq txlydohqw fhuwdlq hvw oh qrpeuh44
ff txl surfxuh od pph vdwlvidfwlrq txh [ = ff  [ 1 Gdqv wrxv ohv prgohv
frqvlguv gdqv fhw duwlfoh/ wrxwh yduldeoh dodwrluh gh = srvvgh xq xqltxh
txlydohqw fhuwdlq1
Rq gqlw doruv od sulph gh ulvtxh gh [ / qrwh f / frpph wdqw od gl0
uhqfh hqwuh o*hvsudqfh gh [ hw vrq txlydohqw fhuwdlq = f @ H +[ ,  ff 1 Fhwwh
sulph hvw oh prqwdqw txh o*djhqw hvw suw sd|hu srxu fkdqjhu od yduldeoh [
frqwuh vrq hvsudqfh1 Fhwwh sulph hvw qjdwlyh gv txh o*djhqw d gx jrw srxu
oh ulvtxh1
Od sulph gh ulvtxh hvw xq pr|hq gh phvxuhu o*lqwhqvlw gh o*dyhuvlrq idleoh
srxu oh ulvtxh1 Lo hvw srvvleoh g*hq ggxluh ghv frpsdudlvrqv sduwlhoohv gh frp0
sruwhphqwv g*djhqwv = xq djhqw 4 d soxv g*dyhuvlrq idleoh srxu oh ulvtxh tx*xq
djhqw 5 vl srxu wrxw [ 5 =/ od sulph gh ulvtxh f gh o*djhqw 4 hvw vxsulhxuh
rx jdoh od sulph gh ulvtxh 2f gh o*djhqw 51
43

Lqwxlwlyhphqw/ fhv ghx{ qrwlrqv fdswxuhqw ghx{ frpsruwhphqwv d sulrul glvwlqfwv = xq

djhqw shxw yrxorlu ylwhu gh vxssruwhu oh prlqguh ulvtxh hw suiuhu o*hvsudqfh dyhf fhuwlwxgh
pdlv suiuhu/ oruvtxh vrq fkrl{ v*hhfwxh hqwuh ghv gflvlrqv wrxwhv ghx{ ulvtxhv +hw tx*lo
qh shxw ylwhu oh ulvtxh,/ od soxv ulvtxh txl shxw idluh hvsuhu gh phloohxuv uvxowdwv1
44
Qrxv idlvrqv lfl devwudfwlrq gh od ulfkhvvh lqlwldoh ghv djhqwv1 Lo hvw srvvleoh gh gqlu
ghv frqfhswv soxv suflv whov txh od glvsrqlelolw sd|hu rx uhfhyrlu + zloolqjqhvv wr sd|/
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44

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ulvtxh/ gh o*txlydohqw fhuwdlq/111 Qrxv doorqv pdlqwhqdqw h{srvhu oh prgoh
grplqdqw gh gflvlrq gdqv oh ulvtxh = oh prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw +HX ,
gh yrq Qhxpdqq hw Prujhqvwhuq +4<7:, hw yrlu fh txh ghylhqqhqw/ gdqv fh
prgoh/ ohv qrwlrqv gyhorsshv mxvtx* suvhqw1

61614 Oh wkruph gh yrq Qhxpdqq0Prujhqvwhuq

Oh prgoh hvw edv/ hq soxv gh o*d{lrph gh suruguh wrwdo/ vxu xq d{lrph gh
frqwlqxlw hw xq d{lrph g*lqgshqgdqfh1 Dydqw g*qrqfhu fhv d{lrphv/ qrxv
ghyrqv g*derug gqlu o*rsudwlrq gh pl{djh gh orlv gh suredelolw +rx/ gdqv
oh fdv glvfuhw frpelqdlvrq gh orwhulhv ,1 Srxu wrxw S> T 5 O hw  5 ^3> 4`/ rq
dsshooh 0pl{djh ghv orlv S hw T/ od orl U @ S  +4  ,T/ whooh txh/ srxu wrxw
D gh D/ U+D, @ S +D, . +4  ,T+D,1 Oh pl{djh gh ghx{ orlv gh suredelolw
shxw v*lqwhusuwhu/ oruvtxh S hw T vrqw ghv orlv glvfuwhv/ frpph xqh orwhulh
ghx{ wdshv = oruv gh od suhpluh wdsh/ ohv orlv S hw T vrqw wluhv dyhf
suredelolw  hw +4  ,/ wdqglv txh oruv gh od vhfrqgh wdsh/ xqh frqvtxhqfh
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+Frqwlqxlw, Od uhodwlrq gh suiuhqfh ( hvw frqwlqxh +dx vhqv

gh Mhqvhq +4<9:,, = srxu wrxw S> T> U gh O/ <>  5 `3> 4^ who txh S  +4 
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( T +, S  +4  ,U ( T  +4  ,U

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O*djhqw txl suiuh S T hw txl grlw idluh xq fkrl{ hqwuh ohv ghx{ pl{djhv
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gh suredelolw +4  , vh surgxlw/ lo rewlhqw od pph orl U/ lqgshqgdpphqw
gh vrq fkrl{/ wdqglv txh vl o*yqhphqw frpsophqwdluh vh surgxlw/ lo d oh
fkrl{ hqwuh S hw T/ hw frpph lo suiuh S / lo suiuh joredohphqw oh pl{djh
S  +4  ,U1 Od orjltxh gh fhw d{lrph shxw vhpeohu lqwxlwlyh1 Wrxwhirlv/ gh
qrpeuhxvhv wxghv h{sulphqwdohv +frpph oh sdudgr{h g*Doodlv, rqw prqwu
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45

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sursrvlwlrqv vxlydqwhv vrqw txlydohqwhv =

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gdqfh hw prqrwrqlh1
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qdqfh1 Srxu xqh orl S vxssruw eruq gdqv U/ ghUirqfwlrq gh usduwlwlrq I /
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olw hvw txdol gh prgoh olqdluh = lo wudlwh ohv suredelolwv gh pdqluh olqdluh/
f*hvw00gluh txh X +S  +4  ,T, @ X +S , . +4  ,X +T,1
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fh wkruph +gdqv ohv fdv ql hw lqql,/ yrlu Mhqvhq +4<9:,/ Ilvkexuq +4<:3,/
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prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw/ hvw hqwluhphqw fdudfwulv sdu od irqfwlrq x1

Gdqv o*h{hpsoh gh od vhfwlrq 514/ o*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw g*xqh gflvlrq sdu0

wlhooh g*dvvxudqfh gk / v*fulw

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61615 Fdudfwulvdwlrq ghv qrwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh1
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shqgdpphqw gh wrxw prgoh vrqw hq idlw frqirqgxhv gdqv oh fdguh gx prgoh
g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw1

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ohv wurlv dvvhuwlrqv vxlydqwhv vrqw txlydohqwhv46 =
+l, Oh gflghxu d gh o*dyhuvlrq idleoh srxu oh ulvtxh1
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+lll, Od irqfwlrq g*xwlolw x gx gflghxu hvw frqfdyh1

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O*txlydohqfh E
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45
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vhfrqgh gh Urwkvfklog hw Vwljolw} +4<:3, +sursrvlwlrq 4 +lll,, gh od pdqluh
vxlydqwh = xqh yduldeoh \ hvw xq dffurlvvhphqw gx ulvtxh pr|hqqh frqvwdqwh
gh [ vl hw vhxohphqw vl H +[ , @ H +\ , hw vl [ hvw suiuh \ sdu wrxw
gflghxu vdwlvidlvdqw dx{ d{lrphv gx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw hw d|dqw gh
o*dyhuvlrq idleoh srxu oh ulvtxh1

Uhpdutxh 8 Od sursrvlwlrq 5 uyoh sdu dloohxuv txh gdqv oh prgoh g*hvs0

udqfh g*xwlolw/ rq qh shxw glvwlqjxhu o*dyhuvlrq idleoh gh o*dyhuvlrq iruwh1 Srxu
ohv xwlolvdwhxuv gh fh prgoh/ fhwwh glvwlqfwlrq q*d sdv olhx g*wuh hw rq sduohud
vlpsohphqw g*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh vdqv ulvtxh gh frqixvlrq1

61616 Ydohxu orfdoh gh od sulph gh ulvtxh/ frh!flhqw devrox g*dyhu0

vlrq srxu oh ulvtxh
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irqfwlrq x xqh uhsuvhqwdwlrq gh o*lqwhqvlw gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh g*xq
gflghxu1

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gulydeoh/ rq dsshooh frh!flhqw devrox g*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh/ od irqfwlrq
U gh F gdqv U gqlh sdu

x +{,
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lqwhuydooh ^{  k> { . k` r k hvw shwlw sdu udssruw {/ rq shxw gprqwuhu
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gh od sduwlh vxemhfwlyh olh dx{ suiuhqfhv gx gflghxu/ U +{,1 Fh uvxowdw
shuphw gh gprqwuhu xq wkruph gh frpsdudlvrq gh frpsruwhphqw srxu ghv
gflghxuv gdqv oh prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw1

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frqwlqxhphqw gulydeohv1 Ohv dvvhuwlrqv vxlydqwhv vrqw txlydohqwhv =
47

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whooh txh x @ *+x2 ,1
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jdo +vwulfwhphqw vxsulhxu, dx frh!flhqw devrox g*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh gh
x2 srxu wrxw { 5 U = U +{,  +A, U2 +{,1

Uhpdutxh 9 O*txlydohqfh hqwuh +l, hw +ll, uhvwh yudlh pph oruvtxh x hw x2

qh vrqw sdv ghx{ irlv frqwlqxhphqw gulydeohv1

61617 Yduldqfh hw prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw

Qrxv dyrqv yx gdqv od uhpdutxh 7 txh od qrwlrq g*dffurlvvhphqw gx ulvtxh
dx vhqv gh od grplqdqfh vhfrqgh dydlw xqh mxvwlfdwlrq fhuwdlqh gdqv oh prgoh
g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw1 Od yduldqfh txdqw hooh q*hvw sdv xq erq lqglfdwhxu g*df0
furlvvhphqw gh ulvtxh frpph oh prqwuh o*h{hpsoh vxlydqw47 +Lqjhuvroo +4<;:,,1
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Rq d H +S , @ H +T, hw Y du+T, A Y du+S ,1 Fkrlvlvvrqv xq gflghxu vdwlvidlvdqw
dx{ d{lrphv gx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw/ d|dqw gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh
s
hw grqw od irqfwlrq g*xwlolw hvw frqfdyh hw gh od iruph x+{, @ {1 Rq shxw
yulhu txh/ srxu fh gflghxu/ T " S / f*hvw00gluh txh o*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw gh
od orwhulh S txl d od soxv shwlwh yduldqfh hvw lqiulhxuh fhooh gh T1 Dlqvl/
gdqv oh prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw/ xq gflghxu d|dqw gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh
ulvtxh qh suiuh sdv qfhvvdluhphqw od yduldeoh d|dqw od soxv shwlwh yduldqfh
+ pr|hqqh frqvwdqwh,1
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ju +frpph sdu h{hpsoh gdqv oh prgoh g*ydoxdwlrq ghv dfwliv qdqflhuv
+PHGDI,,/ xq djhqw d|dqw gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh suiuhud wrxmrxuv/
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617

Txhotxhv sureophv vrxohyv sdu oh prgoh g*hvsudqfh

g*xwlolw

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sudqfh g*xwlolw48 1 Qrxv frpphqrqv sdu txhotxhv sureophv ghvfulswliv hw
vrxoljqrqv hqvxlwh fhuwdlqhv lpsolfdwlrqv wkrultxhv frqwuh0lqwxlwlyhv gh fh pr0
goh1

61714 Oh sdudgr{h g*Doodlv

Gv 4<86/ Doodlv +4<86, frqvwuxlw xq frxsoh g*dowhuqdwlyhv srxu ohtxho od
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47
48

G*dxwuhv h{hpsohv srxuudlhqw wuh gyhorssv1+yrlu Ph|hu +4<;:,,1

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48

gdqfh1 Qrxv suvhqwrqv g*derug xqh yhuvlrq prglh gh fhw h{hpsoh +Ndkqh0
pdq hw Wyhuvn| +4<:<,,1
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hxurv dyhf suredelolw 4/ rx E = jdjqhu 71333 hxurv dyhf suredelolw 3/; hw
3 dyhf suredelolw 3/5/ sxlv/ gh pdqluh lqgshqgdqwh/ hqwuh ohv ghx{ orwhulhv
F = jdjqhu 61333 hxurv dyhf suredelolw 3/58 hw 3 dyhf suredelolw 3/:8 rx G =
jdjqhu 71333 hxurv dyhf suredelolw 3/5 hw 3 dyhf suredelolw 3/;1 Fhwwh h{s0
ulhqfh/ uhqrxyhoh pdlqwhv irlv hw gdqv ghv frqwh{whv gluhqwv/ grqqh wrxmrxuv
ghv uvxowdwv vlplodluhv = xqh judqgh pdmrulw gh vxmhwv fkrlvlw ohv orwhulhv +D,
hw +G,/ hq frqwudglfwlrq dyhf o*d{lrph g*lqgshqgdqfh49 1 Ohv uvxowdwv gh fh
w|sh g*h{sulhqfh q*rqw sdv frqydlqfx ohv whqdqwv gx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwl0
olw/ txl uhfrqqdlvvhqw fhuwdlqhv gidloodqfhv ghvfulswlyhv gx prgoh/ pdlv txl
frqvlguhqw vrq dvshfw qrupdwli frpph soxv lpsruwdqw1
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uhsuhu soxv idflohphqw hq txrl lo | d ylrodwlrq gh o*d{lrph g*lqgshqgdqfh1
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ploolrq g*hxurv, =
O = jdjqhu 4P dyhf fhuwlwxgh
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suredelolw 3/34
sxlv hqwuh ohv orwhulhv vxlydqwhv =
O = jdjqhu 4P dyhf suredelolw 3/44 hw 3 dyhf suredelolw 3/;<
O2 = jdjqhu 8P dyhf surdelolw 3/43 hw 3 dyhf suredelolw 3/<3
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49

61715 Od grxeoh lqwhusuwdwlrq gh od irqfwlrq g*xwlolw

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64

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oh qr|dx gh vd fdsdflw hvw qrq ylgh1
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65

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shvvlplvph +rx o*dyhuvlrq srxu o*dpeljxw,1

717

Oh prgoh pxowl0sulru

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jdohphqw frpsuhqguh fhuwdlqv uvxowdwv rewhqxv gdqv ghv prgohv g*dvvx0
udqfh dyhf ghv djhqwv grqw ohv suiuhqfhv vrqw uhsuvhqwdeohv sdu xqh irqfwlrq
g*xwlolw gshqgdqwh gx udqj/ sdu h{hpsoh txh ohv djhqwv shxyhqw gvluhu v*dv0
vxuhu sohlqhphqw pph vl od sulph tx*lov grlyhqw sd|hu q*hvw sdv dfwxdulhooh
+Nduql +4<<5,/ Grkhuw| hw Hhfnkrxgw +4<<8,/ Gxsxlv hw Odqjodlv +4<<:,,1

816

Sduwdjh gx ulvtxh

Ohv sureophv gh sduwdjh gx ulvtxh rqw w whqgxv ghv prgohv soxv

jqudx{ txh oh prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw1 Oh uvxowdw fodvvltxh gh sduwdjh
gx ulvtxh oruvtxh ohv djhqwv vh frqiruphqw dx prgoh gh o*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw
hw vrqw dgyhuvdluhv gx ulvtxh/ hvw txh ohv doorfdwlrqv Sduhwr rswlpdohv vrqw
frprqrwrqhv/ yuldqw dlqvl xq sulqflsh gh pxwxdolw +yrlu Erufk +4<95,,1
Gdqv oh ulvtxh/ Odqgvehujhu hw Phlolmvrq +4<<7, jqudolvhqw fh uvxowdw hw
prqwuhqw/ lqgshqgdpphqw gh wrxw prgoh gh uhsuvhqwdwlrq ghv suiuhqfhv/
txh vl wrxv ohv djhqwv rqw gh o*dyhuvlrq iruwh srxu oh ulvtxh/ doruv ohv doorfdwlrqv
Sduhwr rswlpdohv vrqw frprqrwrqhv1
Gdqv xq hqylurqqhphqw lqfhuwdlq/ Fkdwhdxqhxi/ Gdqd/ hw Wdoorq +4<<:,
wxglhqw oh sduwdjh rswlpdo gx ulvtxh gdqv xqh frqrplh r ohv djhqwv pd{l0
plvhqw xqh xwlolw od Fkrtxhw dyhf xqh pph fdsdflw frqyh{h hw prqwuhqw
txh ohv doorfdwlrqv rswlpdohv vrqw gdqv fh fdv frprqrwrqhv1 Dlqvl/ oh sulqflsh
gh pxwxdolw hvw jdohphqw yul gdqv fh w|sh g*frqrplh1 Oh judskltxh 6
looxvwuh fhwwh sursulw gdqv xq fdguh dyhf ghx{ djhqwv +4 hw 5, hw ghx{ wdwv
gh od qdwxuh +v hw v2 ,1 Vxu fh judskltxh/ { +v, uhsuvhqwh od frqvrppdwlrq
gh o*djhqw k gdqv o*wdw v1 Od vlwxdwlrq uhsuvhqwh hvw xqh vlwxdwlrq gdqv od0
txhooh ohv grwdwlrqv gh elhq vrqw vxsulhxuhv gdqv o*wdw v2 1 Od frxueh hq judv
uhsuvhqwh o*hqvhpeoh ghv rswlpd gh Sduhwr/ wdqglv txh ohv ghpl0wdqjhqwhv uh0
suvhqwhqw ohv wdx{ pdujlqdx{ gh vxevwlwxwlrq ghv djhqwv oh orqj gh od gurlwh
gh fhuwlwxgh +f*hvw00gluh od suhpluh elvvhfwulfh/ r od frqvrppdwlrq gdqv ohv
ghx{ wdwv hvw od pph,1
Od frxueh ghv rswlpd gh Sduhwr vh vlwxh gdqv od }rqh gh frprqrwrqlh/
vdyrlu od }rqh gdqv odtxhooh ohv frqvrppdwlrqv ghv djhqwv vrqw rugrqqhv gh
od pph pdqluh txh ohv grwdwlrqv djujhv +ohv djhqwv frqvrpphqw wrxv ohv
ghx{ soxv gdqv o*wdw v2 r lo | d soxv gh uhvvrxufhv,1
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4 + v4 ,

Gdqv xq hqylurqqhphqw vdqv ulvtxh djuj +ohv grwdwlrqv djujhv vrqw

ohv pphv gdqv wrxv ohv wdwv,/ Wdoorq +4<<:d, hw +4<<;e, prqwuh txh ohv do0
orfdwlrqv Sduhwr rswlpdohv vrqw ohv doorfdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh sduidlwh +fkdtxh
djhqw d|dqw od pph frqvrppdwlrq gdqv fkdtxh wdw, oruvtxh o*lqwhuvhfwlrq ghv
qr|dx{ ghv gluhqwhv fdsdflwv +vxssrvhv frqyh{hv, ghv djhqwv hvw qrq0ylgh1
Eloorw/ Fkdwhdxqhxi/ Jloerd/ hw Wdoorq +4<<;, vh sodfhqw gdqv oh prgoh pxowl0
sulru hw prqwuhqw/ gdqv xq fdguh vlplodluh +f*hvw00gluh vdqv ulvtxh djuj,/
txh ohv doorfdwlrqv Sduhwr rswlpdohv vrqw ohv doorfdwlrqv gh sohlqh dvvxudqfh
vl hw vhxohphqw vl ohv hqvhpeohv gh fur|dqfhv ghv djhqwv rqw xqh lqwhuvhfwlrq
qrq0ylgh1 Dlqvl/ o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh fur|dqfh frppxqh hvw qfhvvdluh hw vx!0
vdqwh srxu txh ohv djhqwv qh sdulhqw sdv o*rswlpxp1 Hq g*dxwuhv whuphv/ ohv
vlwxdwlrqv Sduhwr rswlpdohv vrqw fhoohv srxu ohvtxhoohv dxfxqh vrxufh g*dod
vxssophqwdluh +who txh ghv sdulv, q*hvw lqwurgxlwh1
Fh uvxowdw jqudolvh dlqvl oh uvxowdw fodvvltxh hq hvsudqfh g*xwlolw vh0
orq ohtxho ohv doorfdwlrqv gh sohlqh dvvxudqfh vrqw Sduhwr rswlpdohv vl hw vl
vhxohphqw vl ohv djhqwv rqw pphv fur|dqfhv1
Hq uhydqfkh/ Pxnhuml hw Wdoorq +4<<<, prqwuhqw txh oh sduwdjh gx ulvtxh
o*txloleuh shxw wuh vhqvleohphqw prgl vhorq txh ohv suiuhqfhv ghv djhqwv
vrqw uhsuvhqwhv sdu xqh hvsudqfh g*xwlolw rx sdu xqh xwlolw od Fkrtxhw1
Soxv suflvphqw/ lov gyhorsshqw xq prgoh gdqv ohtxho oh sduwdjh gx ulvtxh
grlw v*rsuhu sdu ghv fkdqjhv g*dfwliv/ grqw ohv sdlhphqwv rqw xqh frpsr0

73

vdqwh lglrv|qfudwltxh/ qrq fruuoh dx ulvtxh uho sduwdjhu1 Vl ohv fur|dqfhv

ghv djhqwv vxu fhwwh frpsrvdqwh lglrv|qfudwltxh vrqw uhsuvhqwdeohv sdu xqh
suredelolw/ doruv xq dujxphqw xvxho gh glyhuvlfdwlrq lpsoltxh txh o*txloleuh
rewhqx hvw Sduhwr rswlpdo hw fruuhvsrqg o*txloleuh gh pdufkv frpsohwv1
Hq uhydqfkh/ v*lo h{lvwh xqh dpeljxw vxu fhwwh frpsrvdqwh hw txh ohv djhqwv
rqw xqh fdsdflw +vwulfwhphqw, frqyh{h/ lo shxw vh wurxyhu txh o*txloleuh vrlw
fdudfwulv sdu xqh devhqfh wrwdoh g*fkdqjh g*dfwliv hw grqf sdu xq sduwdjh
gx ulvtxh vrxv0rswlpdo1

817

Dv|pwulhv g*lqirupdwlrq

Qrxv frqvlgurqv pdlqwhqdqw o*dssolfdwlrq ghv prgohv qrq dgglwliv hq

suvhqfh g*dv|pwulh g*lqirupdwlrq1 Jkludugdwr +4<<7d, uhfrqvlguh dlqvl oh
prgoh xvxho sulqflsdo0djhqw hq suvhqfh g*dod prudo hw prqwuh txh o*h{lv0
whqfh g*xqh vroxwlrq q*hvw sdv dhfwh oruvtxh ohv djhqwv vh frqiruphqw dx
prgoh g*xwlolw od Fkrtxhw1 Lo gyhorssh hqvxlwh ghv h{huflfhv gh vwdwltxh
frpsdudwlyh hq idlvdqw ydulhu oh ghju gh qrq0dgglwlylw gh od fdsdflw1
Pxnhuml +4<<;, srxu vd sduw uhfrqvlguh oh prgoh gh o*lqyhvwphqw krog xs 68
dyhf dod prudo/ oruvtxh ohv fur|dqfhv gh o*lqyhvwlvvhxu vrqw qrq dgglwlyhv1 Lo
prqwuh txh/ frqwudluhphqw dx uvxowdw rewhqx hq hvsudqfh g*xwlolw/ r xq
frqwudw lqfrpsohw q*hvw mdpdlv rswlpdo/ o*dyhuvlrq srxu o*dpeljxw shxw mxv0
wlhu txh oh frqwudw sdvv hqwuh o*lqyhvwlvvhxu hw o*hqwuhsuhqhxu vrlw xq frqwudw
lqfrpsohw1
Oh prgoh g*xwlolw gshqgdqwh gx udqj/ hq phwwdqw o*dffhqw vxu oh idlw
txh ohv djhqwv shxyhqw wudqviruphu xqh orl gh suredelolw remhfwlyh gh pdqluh
gluhqwh d jdohphqw frqgxlw fhuwdlqv dxwhxuv uydoxhu ohv uvxowdwv vwdq0
gdugv gx sduwdjh gh ulvtxh hq suvhqfh g*dqwl0vohfwlrq rx g*dod prudo1 Hq
hhw/ fhv uvxowdwv vrqw rewhqxv gdqv oh fdv r od irlv o*djhqw hw oh sulqflsdo vh
frqiruphqw dx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw hw rqw ghv fur|dqfhv lghqwltxhv1 Mh0
ohyd hw Yloohqhxyh +4<<9,/ Odqjodlv +4<<;, mxvwlhqw o*wxgh gh prgohv g*dqwl0
vohfwlrq gdqv ohvtxhov ohv djhqwv q*rqw sdv ohv pphv fur|dqfhv suflvphqw
sdu ghv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvirupdwlrq gh suredelolw gluhqwhv +yrlu Vfkplgw
+4<<;, srxu oh fdv gx ulvtxh prudo,1 Ohv uvxowdwv rewhqxv/ od irlv txdqw od
iruph gx frqwudw rswlpdo hw txdqw dx w|sh g*txloleuh +podqjhdqw rx qrq,/
gluhqw vhqvleohphqw gx fdv xvxho1
Gh pdqluh soxv devwudlwh/ Kdohy| +4<<;, hw Pd +4<<;, wxglhqw od urexv0
whvvh gx qr0wudgh wkhruhp/ gprqwu sdu Plojurp hw Vwrnh| +4<;5, gdqv oh
fdguh gx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw/ oruvtxh fhwwh ghuqluh k|srwkvh hvw oh0
yh1 Gdqv xqh frqrplh g*fkdqjh gdqv odtxhooh o*lqirupdwlrq hvw dv|pwultxh/
fh wkruph wdeolw oh sulqflsh vxlydqw1 Vrlw xqh doorfdwlrq lqlwldoh/ h{0dqwh Sd0
uhwr rswlpdoh1 Lpdjlqrqv txh ohv djhqwv uhrlyhqw/ gh pdqluh lqglylgxhooh/ xqh
lqirupdwlrq sulyh +xq vljqdo, vxu o*wdw gx prqgh udolv1 Doruv/ vl od vwuxfwxuh
gx prgoh hw od udwlrqdolw ghv djhqwv vrqw frqqdlvvdqfh frppxqh/ o*doorfdwlrq
68

Yrlu sdu h{hpsoh Wluroh +4<;;,1

74

lqlwldoh uhvwh lqwhulp Sduhwr rswlpdoh/ f*hvw00gluh tx*lo q*h{lvwh sdv g*fkdqjhv
pxwxhoohphqw eqtxhv srxu wrxv ohv djhqwv/ xqh irlv o*lqirupdwlrq uyoh1
Kdohy| +4<<;, hw Pd +4<<;, rqw prqwu txh oh sulqflsh gh od fkrvh vuh q*wdlw
sdv qfhvvdluh srxu gprqwuhu fh wkruph gdqv xq fdguh soxv jqudo/ pdlv
txh/ hq uhydqfkh/ od frkuhqfh g|qdpltxh hvw hvvhqwlhooh1
Hqq/ gdqv xq prgoh g*txloleuh jqudo dyhf lqirupdwlrq dv|pwultxh/
Wdoorq +4<<;d, prqwuh o*dlgh g*xq h{hpsoh txh od uyodwlrq gh o*lqirupd0
wlrq sulyh sdu oh v|vwph gh sul{ g*txloleuh qh frqgxlw sdv qfhvvdluhphqw
ohv djhqwv/ +oruvtx*lov qh vrqw sdv pd{lplvdwhxu g*xqh hvsudqfh g*xwlolw,
ljqruhu ohxu vrxufh g*lqirupdwlrq sulyh/ vl fhooh0fl ohxu vhpeoh soxv deoh txh
oh pfdqlvph gh sul{1

818

Wkrulh ghv mhx{

Oh ghuqlhu grpdlqh txh qrxv derugrqv lfl hvw od wkrulh ghv mhx{1 Oh srlqw
gh gsduw hvw tx* xq txloleuh gh Qdvk +hq vwudwjlhv sxuhv rx pl{whv,/ xq
mrxhxu shxw dyrlu gh o*dpeljxw/ f*hvw00gluh qh sdv wuh fhuwdlq ghv suredel0
olwv dyhf ohvtxhoohv vhv rssrvdqwv mrxhqw ohv gluhqwhv vwudwjlhv1 O*lqfhuwlwxgh
hvw lfl jquh gh pdqluh hqgrjqh1
Grz hw Zhuodqj +4<<7e,/ Hlfkehujhu hw Nhovh| +4<<;,/ Or +4<<9,/ Pdul0
qdffl +4<<9,/ Noledqr +4<<9, rqw gyhorss ghv frqfhswv g*txloleuh gh Qdvk
gdqv ghv prgohv r ohv mrxhxuv pdqlihvwhqw xqh fhuwdlqh dyhuvlrq srxu o*lq0
fhuwlwxgh/ hw rqw ghv fur|dqfhv vxu ohv vwudwjlhv ghv rssrvdqwv uhsuvhqwhv
sdu ghv fdsdflwv soxww txh sdu ghv suredelolwv +yrlu jdohphqw Fudzirug
+4<<3,,1
Grz hw Zhuodqj +4<<7e, sursrvhqw o*h{hpsoh vxlydqw/ ghx{ mrxhxuv =

J
Mrxhxu 4

Mrxhxu 5

K +43> 43,
E +43  %> 43,

+433> 43  ,
+43  %> 43  ,

Oh vhxo txloleuh gh Qdvk +hw oh vhxo txloleuh udwlrqdolvdeoh, gh fh mhx hvw

+K> J,1 Wrxwhirlv/ hvw0lo sodxvleoh txh 4 mrxh K / vdfkdqw tx*lo hqfrxuw xqh shuwh

gh 433 vl 5 mrxh G B Oh frqfhsw g*txloleuh sursrv sdu Grz hw Zhuodqj shuphw

gh udwlrqdolvhu oh idlw txh oh mrxhxu 4 suiuh mrxhu E gdqv fh mhx +vxuwrxw vl
% hvw idleoh,/ sxlvtxh oh fkrl{ gh od vwudwjlh E qh frpsruwh dxfxq ulvtxh1 Srxu
looxvwuhu fhfl/ uhfkhufkrqv xq txloleuh gdqv ohtxho oh mrxhxu 4 d ohv fur|dqfhv
vxu ohv dfwlrqv gx mrxhxu 5 gh od iruph vxlydqwh = lo phw xq srlgv y +G, @ 3
vxu oh idlw txh 5 mrxh G hw xq srlgv y+J, ? 4 vxu oh idlw txh 5 mrxh J1 Fhfl
q*hvw elhq ylghpphqw srvvleoh txh vl 4 d ghv fur|dqfhv qrq dgglwlyhv vxu od
vwudwjlh mrxh sdu 51 Oh sdlhphqw hvsu gh K srxu oh mrxhxu 4 hvw grqq sdu
o*lqwjudoh gh Fkrtxhw ghv sdlhphqwv/ sdu udssruw od fdsdflw y vrlw +yrlu
o*h{hpsoh 4, 433=+4  y+J,, . 43=y+J,1 Oh sdlhphqw hvsu gh od vwudwjlh E
75

hvw 43  %1 Dlqvl/ vl 43=y+J,  433=+4  y+J,, ? 43  %/ o*txloleuh gh Qdvk dyhf

fur|dqfhv qrq dgglwlyhv hvw +E> J, +f*hvw00gluh y+J,  +443  %,@443,1
Grz hw Zhuodqj +4<<7e, prqwuhqw jdohphqw/ tx*dyhf ohxu frqfhsw/ lo hvw
srvvleoh gh eulvhu oh udlvrqqhphqw sdu ufxuuhqfh duuluh +txl v*dyuh sduirlv
sureopdwltxh/ frpph gdqv oh mhx gx plooh0sdwwhv,1 Jkludugdwr hw Oh Euhwrq
+4<<9, whqghqw oh frqfhsw g*txloleuh udwlrqdolvdeoh dx fdv gh mrxhxuv  od
Fkrtxhw1 Pxnhuml +4<<8, gyhorssh ghv qrwlrqv vlplodluhv/ wdqglv txh Pxnhuml
hw Vklq +4<<9, v*lqwhuurjhqw vxu od qrwlrq gh frqqdlvvdqfh frppxqh gdqv fh
w|sh gh mhx{1
Hlfkehujhu hw Nhovh| +4<<:, sdvvhqw hq uhyxh/ gh pdqluh wuv sgdjrjltxh/
gh qrpeuhxvhv dssolfdwlrqv vlpsohv gh mhx{ gdqv ohvtxhov ohv mrxhxuv rqw ghv
fur|dqfhv qrq dgglwlyhv1 Lov prqwuhqw/ hqwuh dxwuh/ txh ohv qrwlrqv gh vxvewl0
wxdelolw rx gh frpsophqwdulw vwudwjltxhv/ txl v*dyuhqw wuh g*xqh judqgh
lpsruwdqfh hq pdfurfrqrplh qrwdpphqw/ vh jqudolvhqw dlvphqw gdqv fh
fdguh1
Or +4<<;, srxu vd sduw wxglh xq sureoph g*hqfkuhv gdqv xq prgoh
pxowl0sulru1 Lo prqwuh hq sduwlfxolhu txh/ gdqv fhuwdlqv fdv gh jxuh/ o*hqfkuh
dx suhplhu sul{ grplqh dx vhqv gh Sduhwr o*hqfkuh dx vhfrqg sul{/ jqudolvdqw
gdqv o*lqfhuwdlq fhuwdlqv ghv uvxowdwv gh Nduql hw Vdiud +4<;<, gdqv oh ulvtxh
+yrlu jdohphqw Vdor hw Zhehu +4<<8,,1
Hqq/ fhuwdlqhv dssolfdwlrqv dx{ prgohv d{lrpdwltxhv gh qjrfldwlrqv/
gdqv xq fdguh gh wkrulh ghv mhx{ frrsudwliv/ rqw yx oh mrxu ufhpphqw +Ux0
elqvwhlq/ Vdiud/ hw Wkrpvrq +4<<5, hw Judqw hw Ndmll +4<<8,,1 Nrvnlhylf +4<<<,/
sdu h{hpsoh/ prqwuh txh oruvtxh ohv suiuhqfhv ghv djhqwv vrqw gh w|sh hvs0
udqfh g*xwlolw gshqgdqwh gx udqj/ oh srxyrlu gh qjrfldwlrq gh fkdtxh djhqw/
gdqv xq sureoph gh Qdvk d sulrul v|pwultxh/ gshqg gh od iruph suflvh gh
od irqfwlrq gh wudqvirupdwlrq ghv suredelolwv1

Uhpdutxhv qdohv

Qrxv dyrqv fkhufk gdqv fhw duwlfoh grqqhu dx ohfwhxu fhuwdlqv rxwlov/
vdqv uhfkhufkhu o*h{kdxvwlylw/ srxu derughu od olwwudwxuh/ wuv ydvwh/ vxu od
prgolvdwlrq gx fkrl{ gdqv xq hqylurqqhphqw lqfhuwdlq hw ohv dssolfdwlrqv
frqrpltxhv gh fhv prgohv1 Fh fkdps gh uhfkhufkh hvw wuv dfwli hw/ frpph
qrxv o*dyrqv vljqdo soxvlhxuv uhsulvhv/ fhuwdlqv sureophv wkrultxhv uhvwhqw
rxyhuwv +phvxuh gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu o*dpeljxw/ frkuhqfh g|qdpltxh hw ydohxu
gh o*lqirupdwlrq/111,1 Ohv dssolfdwlrqv gh fhv prgohv gh gflvlrq gdqv o*lqfhu0
wdlq vrqw jdohphqw wuv ufhqwhv/ hw gh qrpeuhx{ fkdpsv g*dssolfdwlrq +fkrl{
vrfldo/ phvxuh ghv lqjdolwv/ h{solfdwlrqv gh o*h{lvwhqfh gh fhuwdlqhv lqvwlwx0
wlrqv rx hqfruh gh fhuwdlqv w|shv gh frqwudwv/111, vrqw rxyhuwv hw irqw o*remhw
gh uhfkhufkhv dfwxhoohv1 Qrxv hvsurqv dyhf fhwwh uhyxh gh od olwwudwxuh dyrlu
frqydlqfx oh ohfwhxu gx fdudfwuh iuxfwxhx{ gh fhwwh uhfkhufkh1

76

Uiuhqfhv
+4<<8, = Frpsruwhphqwv lqglylgxhov ghydqw oh ulvtxh hw
wudqvirupdwlrq ghv suredelolwv/ Uhyxh g*Hfrqrplh Srolwltxh/ 438+4,/ 48:
4:;1

Deghoodrxl/ P1

hw E1 Pxqlhu +4<<;, = Wkh ulvn0vwuxfwxuh ghshqghqfh

hhfw = h{shulphqwlqj zlwk dq h|h wr ghflvlrq0dlglqj/ Dqqdov ri Rshudwlrqv
Uhvhdufk/ ;3/ 56:5851

Deghoodrxl/ P1/

+4<86, = Oh frpsruwhphqw gh o*krpph udwlrqqho ghydqw oh ulvtxh =

fulwltxh ghv srvwxodwv gh o*froh dpulfdlqh/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 54/ 8368791

Doodlv/ P1

+4<;;, = Wkh jhqhudo wkhru| ri udqgrp fkrlfhv lq uhodwlrq wr wkh

lqyduldqw fduglqdo xwlolw| ixqfwlrq dqg wkh vshflf suredelolw| ixqfwlrq/
lq Ulvn/ ghflvlrq dqg udwlrqdolw|/ g1 sdu E1 Pxqlhu/ ss1 5665;<1 Uhlgho/
Gruguhfkw1

hw U1 Dxpdqq +4<96, = D ghqlwlrq ri vxemhfwlyh suredel0

olw|/ Dqqdov ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Vwdwlvwlfv/ 67/ 4<<5381

Dqvfrpeh/ I1/

+4<98, = Wkh wkhru| ri ulvn dyhuvlrq/ lq Dvshfwv ri wkh wkhru| ri

ulvn ehdulqj1 \umr M1 Vddwlr/ Khovlqnl1

Duurz/ N1

hw O1 Kxuzlf} +4<:5, = Dq rswlpdolw| fulwhulrq iru ghflvlrq

pdnlqj xqghu ljqrudqfh/ lq Xqfhuwdlqw| dqg H{shfwdwlrqv lq Hfrqrplfv/
g1 sdu F1 Fduwhu/ hw M1 Irug/ ss1 4441 E1 Eodfnzhoo1

Duurz/ N1/

hw L1 Jloerd +4<<7, = Olqhdu phdvxuhv/ wkh Jlql lqgh{ dqg

wkh lqfrph0htxdolw| wudgh0r/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 97/ 77679:1

Ehq Srudwk/ H1/

hw M10P1 Wdoorq +4<<;, = Vkd0

ulqj eholhiv = ehwzhhq djuhhlqj dqg glvdjuhhlqj/ Fdklhuv Hfr)Pdwkv <;163/
Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv L/ D sdudwuh Hfrqrphwulfd1

Eloorw/ D1/ D1 Fkdwhdxqhxi/ L1 Jloerd/

Erufk/ N1

7577771

+4<95, = Htxloleulxp lq d uhlqvxudqfh pdunhw/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 63/

hw X1 Vhjdo +4<<7, = G|qdplf frqvlvwhqf| lpsolhv dssur{lpd0

who| h{shfwhg xwlolw| suhihuhqfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 96/ 4:34;;1

Erughu/ N1/

hw M1 Ohiroo +4<<:, = PHGDI hw qrxyhdx{ prgohv gh

gflvlrq gdqv oh ulvtxh/ Ilqdqfh/ 4;+4,/ 5581

Erx|vvrx/ G1/

hw M10F1 Yhujqdxg +4<<<, = D srvlwlyh ydoxh ri lq0

irupdwlrq iru d qrq0ed|hvldq ghflvlrq0pdnhu/ lq Eholhiv/ lqwhudfwlrq/ dqg
suhihuhqfhv/ g1 sdu P1 Pdfklqd/ hw E1 Pxqlhu1 Noxzhu1

Fkdvvdjqrq/ D1/

+4<<4, = Rq wkh xvh ri fdsdflwlhv lq prgholqj xqfhuwdlqw|

dyhuvlrq dqg ulvn dyhuvlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ 53/ 676
69<1

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1

+4<<7, = Prgholqj dwwlwxghv wrzdugv xqfhuwdlqw| dqg ulvn wkurxjk

wkh xvh ri Fkrtxhw lqwhjudo/ Dqqdov ri Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 85/ 6531
77

+4<<9, = Ghfuhdvlqj lqhtxdolwlhv = dq dssurdfk wkurxjk qrq0dgglwlyh

prghov/ Fdklhuv Hfr)Pdwkv <908;/ Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv L1
+4<<<, = Frprqrwrqlflw| d{lrpv dqg UGHX wkhru| iru duelwudu|
frqvhtxhqfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ 65+4,/ 54781

hw P1 Frkhq +4<<7, = Ulvn vhhnlqj zlwk glplqlvklqj

pdujlqdo xwlolw| lq d qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw| prgho/ Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xq0
fhuwdlqw|/ </ ::<41

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/

hw U1 Ndvw +4<<:, = D uhylhz ri vrph

uhvxowv uhodwhg wr frprqrwrqlflw|/ Fdklhuv Hfr ) Pdwkv <:165/ Xqlyhuvlw
Sdulv L1

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/ P1 Frkhq/

hw L1 Phlolmvrq +4<<:d, = Pruh shvvlplvp

wkdq juhhglqhvv = d fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri prqrwrqh ulvn dyhuvlrq lq wkh Udqn
Ghshqghqw H{shfwhg Xwlolw| prgho/ Fdklhuv Hfr)Pdwkv <:086/ Xqlyhuvlw
Sdulv L1

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/ P1 Frkhq/

+4<<:e, = Qhz wrrov wr ehwwhu prgho ehkdylru xqghu ulvn dqg xqfhu0
wdlqw| = dq ryhuylhz/ Ilqdqfh/ 4;+4,/ 58791

hw M10P1 Wdoorq +4<<:, = Rswlpdo ulvn0

vkdulqj uxohv dqg htxloleuld zlwk Fkrtxhw h{shfwhg xwlolw|/ Fdklhuv Hfr0
Pdwkv <:087/ Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv L/ D sdudwuh gdqv oh Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo
Hfrqrplfv1

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/ U1 Gdqd/

hw D1 Odslhg +4<<9, = Fkrtxhw sulflqj lq

qfdqfldo pdunhwv zlwk iulfwlrqv/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo qdqfh/ 9+6,/ 6566631

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/ U1 Ndvw/

hw M10P1 Wdoorq +4<<;, = Glyhuvlfdwlrq/ frqyh{ suh0

ihuhqfhv dqg qrq0hpsw| fruh/ Fdklhuv Hfr)Pdwkv <;065/ Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv
L1

Fkdwhdxqhxi/ D1/

hw ]1 Vdiud +4<;:, = Ulvn dyhuvlrq lq wkh wkhru|

ri h{shfwhg xwlolw| zlwk udqn ghshqghqw suhihuhqfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf
Wkhru|/ 75/ 6:36;41

Fkhz/ V1/ H1 Nduql/

hw S1 Zdnnhu +4<<9, = Wkh frprqrwrqlf vxuh0wklqj sulqflsoh/

Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xqfhuwdlqw|/ 45/ 85:1

Fkhz/ V1/

Fkrtxhw/ J1

Y/ 4645<81

+4<87, = Wkrulh ghv fdsdflwv/ Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Irxulhu/

+4<<8, = Ulvn0dyhuvlrq frqfhswv lq h{shfwhg0 dqg qrq0h{shfwhg0

xwlolw| prghov/ Wkh Jhqhyd Sdshuv rq Ulvn dqg Lqvxudqfh Wkhru|/ 53/
:6<41

Frkhq/ P1

hw M10\1 Mdiiud| +4<;3, = Udwlrqdo ehkdylru xqghu frpsohwh

ljqrudqfh/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 7;+8,/ 45;445<<1

Frkhq/ P1/

+4<;;, = Fhuwdlqw| Hhfw yv Suredelolw| Glvwruwlrq = Dq H{shul0

phqwdo Dqdo|vlv ri Ghflvlrq Pdnlqj xqghu Ulvn/ Mrxuqdo ri H{shulphqwdo
Sv|fkrorj|/ 47+7,/ 8878931
78

hw W1 Vdlg +4<;:, = H{shulphqwdo frpsdulvrq

ri lqglylgxdo ehkdylru xqghu ulvn dqg xqghu xqfhuwdlqw| iru jdlqv dqg iru
orvvhv/ Rujdql}dwlrqdo ehkdylru dqg kxpdq ghflvlrq surfhvv/ 6</ 4551

Frkhq/ P1/ M10\1 Mdiiud|/

hw M10S1 Jd|dqw +4<<<, = Glvsrqlelolw sd|hu hw glv0

srqlelolw uhfhyrlu g*xq whqhxu gh pdufk/ Fdklhuv gh uhfkhufkh <<035/
JDLQV0Xqlyhuvlw gx Pdlqh1

Frxuwdxow/ M10P1/

+4<<;, = Phdvxuhphqw ri lqhtxdolw|/ Glvfxvvlrq sdshu/ OVH/ D

sdudwuh gdqv Kdqgerrn ri Lqfrph Glvwulexwlrq1

Frzhoo/ I1

+4<<3, = Htxloleulxp zlwkrxw lqghshqghqfh/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfr0

qrplf Wkhru|/ 83/ 45:4871

Fudzirug/ Y1

+4<<;, = Sulflqj uxohv zkhq djhqwv kdyh qrq0dgglwlyh h{shfwhg

xwlolw| dqg krprjhqhrxv h{shfwdwlrqv/ Glvfxvvlrq sdshu/ Fdklhu gx Fhuh0
pdgh/ Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv L[1

Gdqd/ U1

+4<87, = Uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri d suhihuhqfh rughulqj e| d qxphulfdo

ixqfwlrq/ lq Ghflvlrq Surfhvvhv/ g1 sdu U1 Wkudoo/ F1 Frrpev/ hw U1 Gdylv/
ss1 48<4981 Zloh|/ Qhz \run1

Gheuhx/ J1

+4<8<, = Wkhru| ri ydoxh1 Zloh|/ Qhz \run1

+4<;<, = Dvvhw ghpdqgv zlwkrxw wkh lqghshqghqfh d{lrp/ Hfr0
qrphwulfd/ 8:/ 49649<1

Ghnho/ H1

hw O1 Hhfnkrxgw +4<<8, = Rswlpdo lqvxudqfh zlwkrxw h{0

shfwhg xwlolw| = wkh gxdo wkhru| dqg wkh olqhdulw| ri lqvxudqfh frqwudfwv/
Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xqfhuwdlqw|/ 43/ 48:4:<1

Grkhuw|/ Q1/

hw V1 Zhuodqj +4<<5d, = H{fhvv yrodwlolw| ri vwrfn sulfhv dqg

Nqljkwldq xqfhuwdlqw|/ Hxurshdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 69/ 96496;1

Grz/ M1/

+4<<5e, = Xqfhuwdlqw| dyhuvlrq/ ulvn dyhuvlrq/ dqg wkh rswlpdo fkrlfh

ri sruwirolr/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 93+4,/ 4<:5371
+4<<7d, = Ohduqlqj xqghu Nqljkwldq xqfhuwdlqw| = wkh odz ri odujh
qxpehuv iru qrq0dgglwlyh suredelolwlhv/ plphr/ Orqgrq Vfkrro ri Exvlqhvv1
+4<<7e, = Qdvk htxloleulxp xqghu Nqljkwldq xqfhuwdlqw| = euhdnlqj
grzq edfnzdug lqgxfwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 97+5,/ 6386571

hw H1 Odqjodlv +4<<:, = Wkh edvlf dqdo|wlfv ri lqvxudqfh gh0

pdqg dqg wkh udqn0ghshqghqw h{shfwhg xwlolw| prgho/ Ilqdqfh/ 4;+4,/ 7:
:91

Gxsxlv/ D1/

+4<;;, = Phdvxuhphqw ri lqhtxdolw| = dq dwwhpsw dw xqlfdwlrq

dqg jhqhudol}dwlrq/ Vrfldo Fkrlfh dqg Zhoiduh/ 8/ 47:49<1

Hehuw/ X1

Hhfnkrxgw/ O1/

lqwhuqdwlrqdo1

hw

F1 Jroolhu

+4<<5, = Oh sduwdjh ghv ulvtxhv1 Hglvflhqfh

hw G1 Nhovh| +4<<9, = Xqfhuwdlqw| dyhuvlrq dqg suhihuhqfh

iru udqgrplvdwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ :4+4,/ 64761

Hlfkehujhu/ M1/

79

+4<<:, = Xqfhuwdlqw| dqg vwudwhjlf lqwhudfwlrq lq hfrqrplfv/ Glv0

fxvvlrq sdshu/ Xqlyhuvlwdw ghv Vdduodqghv1
+4<<;, = Qrq0dgglwlyh eholhiv dqg jdph wkhru|/ Jdphv dqg Hfrqr0
plf Ehkdylru/ Iruwkfrplqj1
+4<94, = Ulvn/ dpeljxlw|/ dqg wkh Vdydjh d{lrpv/ Txduwhuo|
Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ :8/ 97699<1

Hoovehuj/ G1

hw P1 OhEuhwrq +4<<6, = G|qdplfdoo| frqvlvwhqw eholhiv pxvw

eh Ed|hvldq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 94+4,/ 4551

Hsvwhlq/ O1/

hw W1 Zdqj +4<<7, = Lqwhuwhpsrudo dvvhw sulflqj xqghu Nqljk0

wldq xqfhuwdlqw|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 95+6,/ 5;66551

Hsvwhlq/ O1/

hw M1 ]kdqj +4<<;, = Vxemhfwlyh suredelolwlhv rq vxemhfwlyho|

xqdpeljxrxv hyhqwv/ Plphr1

Hsvwhlq/ O1/

Ilvkexuq/ S1

+4<:3, = Xwlolw| wkhru| iru ghflvlrq pdnlqj1 Zloh|1

+4<;5, = Wkh irxqgdwlrqv ri h{shfwhg xwlolw|1 Uhlgho1

+4<;;, = Qrqolqhdu suhihuhqfhv dqg xwlolw| wkhru|1 Wkh Mrkqv Krsnlqv
Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1
+4<<6, = Wkh d{lrpv dqg dojheud ri dpeljxlw|/ Wkhru| dqg Ghflvlrq/
67/ 44<46:1
+4<<<, = Ohv irqghphqwv d{lrpdwltxhv gh od phvxuh ghv lqjdol0
wv/ plphr/ HXUHTxd0Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv L1

Jdmgrv/ W1

+4<<;, = Dujxphqwv judskltxhv vlpsohv srxu frpsuhqguh

od vsflfdwlrq gx prgoh g*hvsudqfh g*xwlolw hw o*lqwjudoh gh Fkrtxhw/
Dfwxdolw Hfrqrpltxh/ :7+5,/ 4;64<81

Jd|dqw/ M10S1

Jkludugdwr/ S1

plphr1

+4<<7d, = Djhqf| wkhru| zlwk qrq0dgglwlyh xqfhuwdlqw|/

+4<<7e, = Frslqj zlwk ljqrudqfh = xqiruhvhhq frqwlqjhqflhv dqg qrq0

dgglwlyh xqfhuwdlqw|/ Glvfxvvlrq sdshu/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Fdoliruqld dw Ehunhoh|1
Jkludugdwr/ S1/

plphr1

hw

P1 Oh Euhwrq

+4<<9, = Fkrtxhw udwlrqdol}delolw|/

hw P1 Pdulqdffl +4<<:, = Dpeljxlw| dyhuvlrq pdgh

suhflvh = d frpsdudwlyh irxqgdwlrq dqg vrph lpsolfdwlrqv/ Vrfldo vflhqfh
zrunlqj sdshu1 4359/ FdoWhfk1

Jkludugdwr/ S1/

+4<;:, = H{shfwhg xwlolw| zlwk sxuho| vxemhfwlyh qrq0dgglwlyh

suredelolwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ 49/ 98;;1

Jloerd/ L1

hw G1 Vfkphlgohu +4<;<, = Pd{plq h{shfwhg xwlolw| zlwk d

qrq0xqltxh sulru/ Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ 4;/ 4744861

Jloerd/ L1/

hw K1 Vfkohvlqjhu +4<<9, = Duurz*v wkhruhp rq wkh rswlpd0

olw| ri ghgxfwleohv = d vwrfkdvwlf grplqdqfh dssurdfk/ Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/
:+5,/ 68<6971

Jroolhu/ F1/

7:

+4<:5, = Frqwlqxlw| surshuwlhv ri d yrq0Qhxpdqq Pru0

jhqvwhuq xwlolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 7/ 788:1

Judqgprqw/ M10P1

V1/ hw D1 Ndmll +4<<8, = D fduglqdo fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh

Uxelqvwhlq0Vdiud0Wkrpvrq d{lrpdwlf edujdlqlqj wkhru|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 96/
4574457<1

Judqw/

+4<<;, = Wudgh ehwzhhq udwlrqdo djhqwv dv d uhvxow ri dv|pphwulf

lqirupdwlrq/ Zrunlqj sdshu <;036/ FDUHVV/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Shqqv|oydqld1

Kdohy|/ \1

+4<;;, = Frqvhtxhqwldolvw irxqgdwlrqv iru h{shfwhg xwlolw|/

Wkhru| dqg Ghflvlrq/ 58/ 58:;1

Kdpprqg/ S1

+4<;<, = Frqvlvwhqw sodqv/ frqvhtxhqwldolvp/ dqg h{shfwhg xwlolw|/

Hfrqrphwulfd/ 8:+9,/ 4778477<1
Kduohvv/ G1/ hw F1 Fdphuhu +4<<7, = Wkh suhglfwlyh xwlolw| ri jhqhudol}hg
h{shfwhg xwlolw| wkhrulhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 95/ 458445<31
Khqgrq/ H1/ K1 Mdfrevhq/ E1 Vorwk/ hw W1 Wudqdhv +4<<7, = H{shfwhg
xwlolw| zlwk orzhu suredelolwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xqfhuwdlqw|/ ;/ 4<:
5491
Kh|/ M1/ hw F1 Ruph +4<<7, = Lqyhvwljdwlqj Jhqhudol}dwlrqv ri H{shfwhg
Xwlolw| Wkhru| xvlqj H{shulphqwdo Gdwd/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 95/ 458445;<1
Lqjhuvroo/ M1 +4<;:, = Wkhru| ri qdqfldo ghflvlrq pdnlqj1 Urzpdq dqg
Olwwohhog/ Wrwrzd/ Q1M1
Mdiiud|/ M10\1 +4<;<d, = Jqudolvdwlrq gx fulwuh gh o*xwlolw hvsuh dx{
fkrl{ gdqv o*lqfhuwdlq ujxolhu/ Uhfkhufkh Rsudwlrqqhooh/ 56/ 56:59:1
+4<;<e, = Olqhdu xwlolw| iru eholhi ixqfwlrqv/ Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk
Ohwwhuv/ ;/ 43:4451
+4<<5, = Ed|hvldq xsgdwlqj dqg eholhi ixqfwlrqv/ LHHH wudqv1 rq
v|vwhpv/ pdq dqg f|ehuqhwlfv/ 55+8,/ 447744851
+4<<;, = Lpsohphqwlqj uhvroxwh fkrlfh xqghu xqfhuwdlqw|/ lq Xqfhu0
wdlqw| lq DL = Surfhhglqjv ri wkh 47wk Frqihuhqfh1 D sdudwuh1
Mdiiud|/ M10\1/ hw I1 Sklolssh +4<<:, = Rq wkh h{lvwhqfh ri vxemhfwlyh
xsshu dqg orzhu suredelolwlhv/ Pdwkhpdwlfv ri Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 55/
4984;81
Mhohyd/ P1/ hw E1 Yloohqhxyh +4<<9, = Lqvxudqfh frqwudfwv zlwk lpsuhflvh
suredelolwlhv dqg dgyhuvh vhohfwlrq/ plphr/ FHPH ) FUHVW1
Mhqvhq/ Q1 +4<9:, = Dq lqwurgxfwlrq wr Ehuqrxooldq xwlolw| wkhru| = +L, Xwlolw|
ixqfwlrqv/ Vzhglvk Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 9</ 4964;61
Ndkqhpdq/ G1/ hw D1 Wyhuvn| +4<:<, = Survshfw wkhru| = dq dqdo|vlv ri
ghflvlrq xqghu ulvn/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 7:/ 5965<41
Nduql/ H1 +4<<5, = Rswlpdo lqvxudqfh = d qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw| dqdo|vlv/ lq
Frqwulexwlrqv wr lqvxudqfh hfrqrplfv/ g1 sdu J1 Glrqqh1 Noxzhu Dfdghplf
Sxeolvkhuv1
7;

+4<<9, = Suredelolwlhv dqg eholhiv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xqfhuwdlqw|/

46/ 57<5951

hw ]1 Vdiud +4<;<, = G|qdplf frqvlvwhqf|/ uhyhodwlrqv lq dxf0

wlrqv dqg wkh vwuxfwxuh ri suhihuhqfhv/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplf Vwxglhv/ 89/
547671

Nduql/ H1/

+4<<3, = Ehkdylrudoo| frqvlvwhqw rswlpdo vwrsslqj uxohv/ Mrxuqdo ri

Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 84/ 6<47351
Nduql/ H1/ hw G1 Vfkphlgohu +4<<4d, = Dwhpsrudo g|qdplf frqvlvwhqf|
dqg h{shfwhg xwlolw| wkhru|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 87/ 73473;1
+4<<4e, = Xwlolw| wkhru| zlwk xqfhuwdlqw|/ lq Kdqgerrn ri Pdwkh0
pdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ g1 sdu Z1 Kloghqeudqg/ hw K1 Vrqqhqvfkhlq/ yro1 LY/
fkds1 66/ ss1 4:964;641 Qruwk0Kroodqg1
Ndvw/ U1/ hw D1 Odslhg +4<<8, = Suredelolw lqglylgxhooh hw suredelolw gh
pdufk/ Uhyxh g*Hfrqrplh Srolwltxh/ 4/ :4<31
Nhovh|/ G1 +4<<8, = Gxwfk errn dujxphqwv dqg ohduqlqj lq d qrqh{shfwhg
xwlolw| iudphzrun/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 69+4,/ 4;:5391
Nh|qhv/ M10P1 +4<54, = D wuhdwlvh rq suredelolw|1 Orqgrq = PfPloodq1
Noledqrii/ S1 +4<<9, = Xqfhuwdlqw|/ ghflvlrq/ dqg qrupdo irup jdphv/
plphr/ Qruwkzhvwhuq Xqlyhuvlw|1
+4<<;, = Vwrfkdvwlf lqghshqghqfh dqg xqfhuwdlqw| dyhuvlrq/ GS
4545/ Qruwkzhvwhuq Xqlyhuvlw|1
Nqljkw/ I1 +4<54, = Ulvn/ xqfhuwdlqw| dqg surw1 Krxjkwrq Pl!q1
Nrvnlhylf/ M10P1 +4<<<, = Qjrfldwlrqv hw hvsudqfh g*xwlolw gshqgdqwh
gx udqj/ Dqqdohv g*frqrplh hw gh vwdwlvwltxh/ 87/ D sdudlwuh1
Nuhsv/ G1 +4<;;, = Qrwhv rq wkh wkhru| ri fkrlfhh/ Xqghujurxqg fodvvlfv lq
hfrqrplfv1 Zhvwylhz Suhvv1
Odqgvehujhu/ P1/ hw L1 Phlolmvrq +4<<7, = Fr0prqrwrqh doorfdwlrqv/
Elfnho0Ohkpdqq glvshuvlrq dqg wkh Duurz0Sudww phdvxuh ri ulvn dyhuvlrq/
Dqqdov ri Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 85/ <:4391
Odqjodlv/ H1 +4<<9, = Rughuv ri zhdn dyhuvlrq wr ulvn lq qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw|
prghov/ zlwk dssolfdwlrqv/ plphr1
+4<<;, = Ohv hhwv g*dqwlvohfwlrq oruvtxh oh sulqflsdo hw ohv djhqwv
rqw ghv fur|dqfhv gluhqwhv = xqh dqdo|vh gdqv oh fdv gx pdufk gx fuglw/
plphr/ O1H1R10Xqlyhuvlw g*Ruodqv1
Or/ N1 +4<<9, = Htxloleulxp lq eholhiv xqghu xqfhuwdlqw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfr0
qrplf Wkhru|/ :4+5,/ 7767;71
+4<<;, = Vhdohg elg dxfwlrqv zlwk xqfhuwdlqw| dyhuvh elgghuv/ Hfr0
qrplf Wkhru|/ 45+4,/ 4531
Pd/ F1 +4<<;, = D qr0wudgh wkhruhp xqghu Nqljkwldq xqfhuwdlqw| zlwk jh0
qhudo suhihuhqfhv/ plphr/ PfJloo Xqlyhuvlw|1
7<

+4<;5d, = H{shfwhg xwlolw| dqdo|vlv zlwkrxw wkh lqghshqghqfh

d{lrp/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 83/ 5::6561

Pdfklqd/ P1

+4<;5e, = D vwurqjhu fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri ghfolqlqj ulvn dyhuvlrq/

Hfrqrphwulfd/ 83+7,/ 439<43:<1
+4<;:, = Fkrlfh xqghu xqfhuwdlqw| = Sureohpv vroyhg dqg xqvroyhg/
Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Shuvshfwlyhv/ 4+4,/ 4544871
+4<;<, = G|qdplf frqvlvwhqf| dqg qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw| prghov ri
fkrlfh xqghu xqfhuwdlqw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Olwhudwxuh/ 5;/ 4955499;1
Pdfklqd/ P1/ hw G1 Vfkphlgohu +4<<5, = D pruh urexvw ghqlwlrq ri
vxemhfwlyh suredelolw|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 93/ :78:;31
Pdulqdffl/ P1 +4<<9, = Dpeljxrxv jdphv/ plphr/ Qruwkzhvwhuq Xqlyhu0
vlw|1
PfFohqqhq/ H1 +4<;;, = G|qdplf fkrlfh dqg udwlrqdolw|/ lq Ulvn/ Ghflvlrq/
dqg Udwlrqdolw|/ g1 sdu E1 Pxqlhu/ ss1 84:8691
PfFrug/ P1/ hw U1 gh Qhxiylooh +4<;7, = Xwlolw| ghshqghqfh rq sur0
edelolw| = dq hpslulfdo ghprqvwudwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Odujh Vfdoh V|vwhpv/ 9/
<44361
Ph|hu/ M1 +4<;:, = Wzr0prphqw ghflvlrq prghov dqg H1X pd{lpl}dwlrq/
Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ ::/ 7547691
Plojurp/ S1/ hw Q1 Vwrnh| +4<;5, = Lqirupdwlrq/ wudgh dqg frpprq nqrz0
ohgjh/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 59/ 4:5:1
Prqwhvdqr/ D1/ hw I1 Jlrydqqrql +4<<9, = Xqfhuwdlqw| dyhuvlrq dqg
dyhuvlrq wr lqfuhdvlqj xqfhuwdlqw|/ Wkhru| dqg Ghflvlrq/ 74/ 46647;1
Prvvlq/ M1 +4<9;, = Dvshfwv ri udwlrqdo lqvxudqfh sxufkdvlqj/ Mrxuqdo ri
Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ :9/ 88689;1
Pxnhuml/ V1 +4<<8, = D wkhru| ri sod| iru jdphv lq vwudwhjlf irup zkhq
udwlrqdolw| lv qrw frpprq nqrzohgjh/ Glvfxvvlrq sdshu <84</ Xqlyhuvlw| ri
Vrxwkdpswrq1
+4<<;, = Dpeljxlw| dyhuvlrq dqg lqfrpsohwhqhvv ri frqwudfwxdo
irupv/ Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ ;;/ 453:45641
Pxnhuml/ V1/ hw K1 Vklq +4<<9, = Lv frpprq nqrzohgjh srvvleoh lq jdphv
zlwk Nqljkwldq xqfhuwdlqw|/ Glvfxvvlrq sdshu <975/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Vrx0
wkdpswrq1
Pxnhuml/ V1/ hw M10P1 Wdoorq +4<<<, = Dpeljxlw| dyhuvlrq dqg lqfrpsoh0
whqhvv ri qdqfldo pdunhwv/ Fdklhuv gh od PVH 4<<<15;/ Xqlyhuvlw Sdulv
L1
Sudww/ M1 +4<97, = Ulvn dyhuvlrq lq wkh vpdoo dqg lq wkh odujh/ Hfrqrphwulfd/
65/ 4554691
Suhohf/ G1 +4<<;, = Wkh suredelolw| zhljkwlqj ixqfwlrq/ Hfrqrphwulfd/
99+6,/ 7<:85:1
83

+4<;5, = D wkhru| ri dqwlflsdwhg xwlolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf

Ehkdylru dqg Rujdql}dwlrq/ 6/ 6566761

Txljjlq/ M1

+4<<5, = Lqfuhdvlqj ulvn = dqrwkhu ghqlwlrq/ lq Surjuhvv lq ghflvlrq/

xwlolw| dqg ulvn wkhru|/ g1 sdu D1 Fklndq1 Noxzhu/ Gruguhfkw1
+4<;:, = Ulvn dyhuvlrq lq Txljjlq dqg \ddul*v prgho ri fkrlfh
xqghu xqfhuwdlqw|/ Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo/ <:/ 47648<1

Urhoo/ D1

+4<;4, = Vrph vwurqjhu phdvxuhv ri ulvn dyhuvlrq lq wkh vpdoo dqg

lq wkh odujh zlwk dssolfdwlrqv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 7<+6,/ 95496;1

Urvv/ V1

hw M1 Vwljolw} +4<:3, = Lqfuhdvlqj ulvn L = d ghqlwlrq/

Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 5/ 5585761

Urwkvfklog/ P1/

+4<:4, = Lqfuhdvlqj ulvn LL = lwv hfrqrplf frqvhtxhqfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri

Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 6/ 99;71

hw Z1 Wkrpvrq +4<<5, = Rq wkh lqwhusuhwdwlrq

ri wkh Qdvk edujdlqlqj vroxwlrq dqg lwv h{whqvlrq wr qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw|
suhihuhqfhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 93/ 44:444;91

Uxelqvwhlq/ D1/ ]1 Vdiud/

hw L1 ]lofkd +4<;;, = H!flhqw vhwv zlwk dqg zlwkrxw wkh h{shfwhg

xwlolw| k|srwkhvlv/ Mrxuqdo ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Hfrqrplfv/ 4:/ 69<6;71

Vdiud/ ]1/

hw P1 Zhehu +4<<8, = Dpeljxlw| dyhuvlrq lq uvw sulfh vhdohg0elg

dxfwlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ulvn dqg Xqfhuwdlqw|/ 44/ 45646:1

Vdor/ D1/

hw S1 Zdnnhu +4<<5, = D vlpsoh d{lrpdwl}dwlrq ri qrqdgglwlyh

h{shfwhg xwlolw|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 93+9,/ 458845:51

Vdulq/ U1/

Vdydjh/ O1

+4<87, = Wkh irxqgdwlrqv ri vwdwlvwlfv1 Qhz0\run/ Mrkq Zloh|1

+4<;9, = Lqwhjudo uhsuhvhqwdwlrq zlwkrxw dgglwlylw|/ Sur0

fhhglqjv ri wkh Dphulfdq Pdwkhpdwlfdo Vrflhw|/ <:+5,/ 5885941

Vfkphlgohu/ G1

+4<;<, = Vxemhfwlyh suredelolw| dqg h{shfwhg xwlolw| zlwkrxw dgglwl0

ylw|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 8:+6,/ 8:48;:1
+4<<;, = Prudo kd}dug dqg uvw0rughu ulvn dyhuvlrq/ Mrxuqdo
ri Hfrqrplfv/ D sdudwuh1

Vfkplgw/ X1

+4<;:, = Dqwlflsdwhg xwlolw| = d phdvxuh uhsuhvhqwdwlrq dssurdfk/

Dqqdov ri Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 4</ 68<6:71

Vhjdo/ X1

hw D1 Vslydn +4<<3, = Iluvw rughu yhuvxv vhfrqg rughu ulvn dyhu0

vlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 84/ 4444581

Vhjdo/ X1/

+4<<:d, = Ulvtxh plfurfrqrpltxh/ dyhuvlrq o*lqfhuwlwxgh

hw lqgwhuplqdwlrq gh o*txloleuh/ Dqqdohv g*Hfrqrplh hw gh Vwdwlvwltxh/ 7;/
5445591

Wdoorq/ M10P1

+4<<:e, = Ulvtxh plfurfrqrpltxh hw sul{ g*dfwliv gdqv xq prgoh

g*txloleuh jqudo dyhf hvsudqfh g*xwlolw gshqgdqwh gx udqj/ Ilqdqfh/
4;/ 4734861

84

+4<<;d, = Dv|pphwulf lqirupdwlrq/ qrqdgglwlyh h{shfwhg xwlolw| dqg

wkh lqirupdwlrq uhyhdohg e| sulfhv = dq h{dpsoh/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Hfrqrplf
Uhylhz/ 6<+5,/ 65<6751
+4<<;e, = Gr vxqvsrwv pdwwhu zkhq djhqwv duh Fkrtxhw0h{shfwhg0
xwlolw| pd{lpl}huv B/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf G|qdplfv dqg Frqwuro/ 55/ 68:
69;1
Wluroh/ M1

+4<;;, = Wkh wkhru| ri lqgxvwuldo rujdql}dwlrq1 PLW Suhvv1

+4<<7, = Hvvdlv vxu od wkrulh gx fkrl{ gdqv o*lqfhuwdlq1

Wkvh gh grfwrudw1Sdulv [0Gdxsklqh1

Yhujqdxg/ M10F1

+4<<:, = Dqdo|vlv ri ulvn lq d qrq0h{shfwhg xwlolw| iudphzrun dqg

dssolfdwlrq wr wkh rswlpdolw| ri wkh ghgxfwleoh/ Ilqdqfh/ 4;/ 48849:1

hw R1 Prujhqvwhuq +4<7:, = Wkhru| ri jdphv dqg

hfrqrplf ehkdylru1 Sulqfhwrq Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1

yrq Qhxpdqq/ M1/

+4<;;, = Qrqh{shfwhg xwlolw| dv dyhuvlrq wr lqirupdwlrq/ Mrxu0

qdo ri Ehkdylrudo Ghflvlrq Pdnlqj/ 4/ 49<4:81

Zdnnhu/ S1

+4<<3d, = Fkdudfwhul}lqj rswlplvp dqg shvvlplvp gluhfwo| wkurxjk

frprqrwrqlflw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 85/ 7867961
+4<<3e, = Xqghu vwrfkdvwlf grplqdqfh/ Fkrtxhw0h{shfwhg xwlolw| dqg
dqwlflsdwhg xwlolw| duh lghqwlfdo/ Wkhru| dqg Ghflvlrq/ 5</ 44<4651
+4<<7, = Vhsdudwlqj pdujlqdo xwlolw| dqg ulvn dyhuvlrq/ Wkhru| dqg
Ghflvlrq/ 69/ 4771

hw G1 Ghqhiih +4<<9, = Holflwlqj yrq Qhxpdqq0Prujhqvwhuq

xwlolwlhv zkhq Suredelolwlhv duh Glvwrughg ru Xqnqrzq/ Pdqdjhphqw
Vflhqfh/ 75/ 446444831

Zdnnhu/ S1/

hw U1 Jrq}doh} +4<<9, = Fxuydwxuh ri wkh Suredelolw| Zhljkwlqj

Ixqfwlrq/ Pdqdjhphqw Vflhqfh/ 75/ 49:949<31

Zx/ J1/

+4<;7, = Ulvn dyhuvlrq zlwkrxw glplqlvklqj pdujlqdo xwlolw|/ Glv0

fxvvlrq sdshu/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Fhqwuh iru Hfrqrplfv/ Orqguhv1

\ddul/ P1

+4<;:, = Wkh gxdo wkhru| ri fkrlfh xqghu ulvn/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 88+4,/

<84481
+4<;;, = D frqwuryhuvdo sursrvdo frqfhuqlqj lqhtxdolw| phdvxuh0
phqw/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 77/ 6;4<:1

85