a

abe45

a
Pron. I (Nominative); d. [See the
Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
Oblq: may me. Variant: haiksa
(Urtsun). Etym: aha5m I T-992.
a2 E V. Came (past tense root of ik to
come); MWdN. se a5-aw. He came. See also:
ik.
a1

aba5t ka5rik sD SDLE V. To give

children, to cause to have children; m@L
MVaWdm. ho5ma khoda5y aba5t ka5i a5au. God
has given us children.
abatha5 DTDLE Adj. Wrong, inaccurate,
unlawful, bad, off target; ,LrD.
abatha5 mon mo de. Dont say things that
are wrong. Syn: rat2; gala5t.
abatha5 hik DTDLE V. To become lost,
go astray by accident; MWaMij V`WX. may
pay kawa5y para5w haw abatha5 ha5waw.
a ne sapre5s. My goat went somewhere
and got lost. I didnt find it.
abatha5 ka5rik sD DTDLE V. 1) To miss,
fail to find; MVaWdm . a dur abatha5 a5ris.
kho5ji ne sapre5s. I missed the house. I
looked but I didnt find it. 2) To
misrepresent someones words; )OSMWX(
MWar nVXWZ. se may mon abatha5 ka5da.
He changed what I said.
abatha5 park sDP DTDLE V. 1) To miss a
target; MWa Mil ,MWaMij Mil WaMxzWa. bo43
abatha5 para5w. The bullet missed (the
target). Syn: n}un park. 2) To lose ones
way; MVaWdm VZyLq.
aba5yo DLE Intj. Wow! (an exclamation of
surprise); )PSVdVd Ldi( L.
aba5yo dek o DLE V. To shout; MVahlVdik.
madra5k aba5yo da5i ma5iLa ki, may
pSTuna ka kbaw hu day? The frog
cried out, What is happening on my
back? Gen: ma5trik to say; gho3%ik to
say.
abe45 LE N. Fenced-off place in a goat shed
for the young goats and lambs; zWd
ij Vaq VaVd d WaMil. Syn:
batya5 ku. Variant: ambe4.5

Past tense forms of ik

Singular
Plural
a5a
I came
o5mi we came
a5a
you came
a5Li you came
a5aw s/he came
on they came

-E Pfx. Not. a-mo5ndra su5da mon ko43

ne ka5riu day. A disobedient child does
not listen to instruction. [In our data this
prefix occurs in two words only.] See also:
aSiSa.
aba5di oDLE N. House; r. tante5 aba5di
sawze5l pu5traso. His son will build a
house by himself. Syn: dur; khatuma5n.
From: Persian.
abaDo45i qDLE Adj. Childless (whether
married or unmarried); m@L _WX. Syn:
isto5ra; hakta5; hinDa5w.
N. Bachelor, spinster; qVa ,LqVa.
aba5s {DLE Adj. Useless, bad; qMVdWX ,V.
aba5s mon may ne kho}. I dont like
useless language. Syn: gaybana5; bey-}a5y;
phusu5l.
aba5s ka5rik sD {DLE V. To waste
something; MWar WeMV. wat aba5s ne
kare5li. One should not waste time.
aba5t
aba5t hik SDLE V. To have children;
MWa m@L. a5bi aba5t thi a5ik. We have
children. From: Persian.
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a5bi

ac4u5ik

a5bi1 LE Pron. We (nominative); . [See

the Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
Oblq: ho5ma us. Variant: a5i. Etym:
asmad- base of oblique cases plural of
1st person pronoun T-986.
a5bi2 LE Pron. You (nominative, plural);
ORN. [See the Personal Pronoun Chart on
page 475 below for other personal
pronouns.] Oblq: mmi your. Etym:
yuSmad- you plural T-10511.
abu5ji e C \LE Id. Good morning!; gVXV
dhlWX. Lit: Did you wake up?.
a5but park sDP SLE V. To make a
mistake; MWar . a5but ga5La him. It
seems I have made a mistake. Syn: khata
hik; gala5t ka5rik; galt hik.
acha5mbi MDdE N. Ceremony celebrating
birth; zij rWY wzVdWeLnVdWY hkWX. [This is
performed five or six days after a birth.
After purifying the mother with water and
juniper smoke, girls take burning branches
from the fire and run to the temple of
Jestak, make a bonfire and jump over the
flames shouting, a4cha5mbi a. It is called
tuSuLe5k in Bumburet. It is known by this
name only in Rumbur.] Syn: tuSuLe5k. See
also: o5ndru uchunde5k.
achardni osDdE N. The wedge which
holds the plough-share in place; Vd
Vd L War PShly MWaMWY. Whole: haw1
plough. See also: kyu. From: Khowar.
a5ci
dE Adv. 1) Back; wWYL. a5ci i. Come
back! Syn: pi}tya5k. 2) Again; qMWXm.
From: Khowar.
acikre5Ti YtdE N. Lower body (from
waist to feet); KVi ik y r M ij.
CPart: Dhim upper body; Whole: jhan
body.
aco45yak DdE Adj. Watery, thin (liquid);
VZWY. ka4 aco45yak hu5La, adhek at hstik
baS. The gravy is too watery, we need to

put a little flour in it! Syn: Lga; Ant:

c4hu5c4a; Zak. Variant: acho45yak.
ac4ho43%ik1 hE N. Story, fable; M. may
kay ac4ho43%ik dye. Tell me a story! [The
story may be true or fabricated.] Use:
dyek to tell; Syn: khisa5. Variant:
ac4ha43%ik.
ac4ho43%ik2 hE N. The dry prickly leaf of
holly-oak; MVZWY My qLm V`WaM M WX Myz.
ac4o5Kki hE Adj. Crooked, bent; MruVdW`
)rsVdik(.
N. Hook; LruWaN ,LpVa. [Among other
things these are used to lift the griddle off
the fire and hang it up. It is commonly
made from a forked branch.] Syn: a5SuK.
a5c4u1 hE N. Key made of a long wire;
fly ruVdW` _Vd Va qsLqm.
a5c4u ka5rik sD hE V. To make a key
for a wooden latch lock; Va qsLqm
MWaMVaWX fly ruVdW` _Vd. a sim a5c4u ka5i
a5am. I have made a wire key.
a5c4u na4 J hE N. Wooden lock, latch;
MV` M War nVaWX qsLqm MVaWX y ru. Syn:
kulp na4 padlock.
ac4u5yak DhE N. Key for a metal lock;
Mik.
a5c4u2 hE N. Wild celery; Vaij M WdL
_ MWZMij MWdM xHij LmWY.
ac4uaga5 DChE N. The valley of Achuaga
between Rumbur and Bumburet; PSWdqVXWX
mL WdL MVdHqm qVXq q@L.
ac4u5ik hE V. 1) To dry up and become
hard from evaporation and age; r Ey
MWaMij PShly. payo5st ac4u5is. The goatskin
shriveled up. Syn: SanJu5ik; Supu5kik. 2) To
close up from old age; MWaMij ru@L. baza5 ac4u5i
}an (His) hands are closed up. 3) To
sleep; MWaMij y. Syn: SanJu5ik; Du5Dik;
prasu5ik. 4) To hibernate; m
MWaMij y d. its ac4u5in. Bears hibernate.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
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adala5t

aDue5k

ac4u5na DhE Adj. Dried and hard; ru@L

)rsVdik( xzil. [Things that can become
dry are food and goatskins.] Ant: phla};
Syn: }ara5w; DaDe5; ka4kse5; kirko5T.
adala5t SCoE N. Court; PSLn. From:
Arabic.
adala5t ka5rik sD SCoE V. To file a
case against someone in court; MWar n.
dawa5 ka5i, may som adala5t a5raw.
Claiming that I had something of his, he
filed a case against me in court. Restrict:
The object is marked by som with. See
also: kameT ka5rik.
ada5m CoE N. Body; ij. Syn: jhan, jhand;
kalp; bada5n; khaml; c4he43%a; jsom.
Variant: c4a (Urtsun). From: Arabic.
ada5p ka5rik sD OCoE V. To be hospitable
to someone, treat with respect; MWar OQm@L.
a5bi kaLa5Sa moc mmi sa5win ha5tya
ada5p {e iza5t ka5rik day, ko5ki taLe5y
mo5ndrani khoda5y kho}a5n hu. We
Kalasha people treat you all hospitably and
with respect because God is pleased with
this kind of thing. Restrict: The object is
marked by ha5tya for. Syn: parwar}
ka5rik. From: Arabic.
ada5t SCoE N. Habit, custom; OSmM. hu5paLa
ma5iLa ki, mic a tan ada5t pu5ra
ka5riman a5is. The scorpion said, I was
only doing what is habitual to me. Syn:
ama5l2. From: Arabic.
ada5t hik SCoE V. To become
accustomed to, to become used to, to
become habitual; MWa mM. tay SiS ada5t
thi }au. Your head is used to it.
ada5t ka5rik sD SCoE V. 1) To cause an
act to become habitual; MWar mM. 2) To
break in for riding; MWaMEny. ha3%}as
bac4ho4a5as tha5ra nis, moc to ada5t
ka5rin. Men train a young colt by riding
him.

ade5m oE N. Adam (first man); mN. CPart:

bibiawa5 Eve (first woman). From:
Arabic.
ademza5t SCvoE Adj. Very good, true;
)hkWX M MxWaHL( ,mLrsmN ,VdW.a Lit: born of
Adam. se bo ademza5t moc. He is a
very good man.
adhe5 oE Pron. Some (of a larger group), a
few; hkD. adhe5 a5sta may de. Give me a
few more!
Adj. Some; hkD. adhe5 moc ta a5an.
Some men have come. Syn: tcak.
Adv. Some, a little bit. }atara5 pa5i
ko5cik }uru5k ka5da. adhe5 ko5ciLa chak
dyta. Going there they began to dig. After
they had dug a bit, the sun went down.
Etym: ardha5- half T-644.
adina5 DoE N. Friday; Aij. From: Persian.
adra5k CsoE N. Forest, woods; Vaij. ta5ra
dawra5nuna Da5ran ne man a}s ko5ki
adra5k bo a}s. At that time mud slides
did not use to happen because there were
lots of wooded areas.
a5dua CoE N. 1) Day; m. se ek a5dua ho5ma
dur a5aw. One day he came to our house.
Syn: bas1. 2) Daytime; PS M m. a5dua
ha5waw e, se para5w. When day came, he
left. Etym: ardhadivasa- noon T-654.
adye5k oE V. To run; MWaqum. te
mandawja5wani adya5ini. They ran from
the graveyard. Past(hearsay): adya5na
he/she ran. Etym: *uddha2vati runs
away T-2020?. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
adye5k adye5k hik oE oE V.
To race; MWaM qum. su5da adye5k adye5k
thi, labe45 hin day. The children are
having a race. Gen: Labe45 game.
aDue5k qE V. 1) To blow up, cause to
swell, inflate; MWaEWY. 2) To spill; MWaM MWY.
tu may no45ay uk aDua5i e, tha5i. You
have spilled the water under me, put it
down! Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
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aDu5ik

ajs

aDu5ik

ghe5ri mi ka5La year after next; Past1:

par last year; Past2: trbaS year before
last; Past3: trbaS Sumbe5ri ka5La year
before the year before last.
aj a5dua CoC [E Adv. Today; m M fjN. Syn:
o5nja.
aja5p OD\E Adj. Remarkable, wonderful;
M ,PQVdhj. aja5b krom ka5dais. It seems
you have done a remarkable job! Syn:
tajb. Morph: aja5b. From: Arabic.
aja5t SD\E N. Need; PSijMi ,OSq. Syn:
zaru5rat. From: Arabic.
aja5t hik SD\E V. To need
something; MWaN wzVdWY OSq. may du
gak aja5t hin day. I need two cows (lit: to
me two cows are needed). Restrict: Note in
the example that the plural form of the verb
indicates that the verb is agreeing with the
plural topic two cows.
aja5t ka5rik sD SD\E V. To use;
MWar MVZyL. Syn: gehe5k.
aja5ti TD\E Adj. Useful, necessary; nVdE.
a bo aja5ti i}neha5ri. This is a very useful
thing. Syn: zaru5ri.
aje5l \E N. 1) Death, the time for one to
die; ij@L. ta5sa aje5l {a5Li }ia5La. It was time
for him to die. 2) Spirit of death; M OS
VZyzr. aje5l {a5Li }au. The spirit of death
has come. aje5l mo5cas jhan chaLe5l. The
spirit of death takes away a mans life. See
also: weaje5lu. Variant: a{e5l. From:
Arabic.
ajho5na D\E N. Guest; M. ajho5na pruST
ka5i parwar} ka5ra. Give hospitality to
your guests. Syn: menu5.
ajho5na ka5rik sD D\E V. To invite
someone to ones house for food and
hospitality; MWar qsLWa M.
ajs ~\E Adj. Well-behaved, helpful,
gentle, polite, courteous, humble; rsijM.
Syn: }arw; Ant: joSTo5ruk. From: Arabic.

1) To swell, bloat; ,MVaijy

khur aDua5w. My foot
swelled. Syn: moroho5ku hik. 2) To flood;
MWaN MWY. tay c4he5truna uk aDu5i }au.
Water has flooded the field. Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).
aDu5na DqE Adj. Swollen; EWY ,L Mijy
L.
aga5rak
ek aga5rak CsDE C Adj. Same, equal;
xVdij WdL ,rWXLrWX. e5mi du, ek aga5rak.
These two are just alike. b}i lu5ndur may
ha5tya o5ni te ek aga5rak hinor e. Bring
me twenty logs if they are all alike.
agaze5r dek o tuDE V. To bother; VaWZ
MWar vxh. may a5nda dando45yakay
pe ka paro5n haw, may di} agaze5r
del. If I get something (stuck) here in my
tooth, it bothers me very much.
ageylk E
Adj.
Ill-behaved,
bothersome, insistent; War VaWZ ,nV
L.
agra5ik CtE V. To become tired; MVaWZ.
nyu pe a5ris haw, a agra5am. If I make
buttermilk, I get tired. Syn: khesma5t hik;
guda5s hik; japaja5 hik; Zek hik;
Past(hearsay): agra5La he/she became
tired. Etym: a2ghra2payati causes to
smell T-1062. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
agra5nu CtE N. Manger, feeding trough;

qE V.
MVaWY. may

Wa MVZyHL _Vd VaLo qMik qWaMij

nWaMWa L. See also: kuTo5 feeding bowl.
aher tE V. Took (past tense root form of

ha5rik to take).
ainda5 CpE N. The future; nVaWeN. Proverb:
ainda5 cti, }o5ksuna pra5Smi. Think
about the future, forget the past. From:
Persian.
aj [E Adj. This, this present, current; ,vL ,Wd
fjN. aj ba5son. This spring.
a5j kaw D [E Adv. This year; My vHL.
Future1: ghe5ri kaw next year; Future2:
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a5jo

alagu5l

\E Adv. Now; OQ@L. a5jo mmi ka

ray? Now what is your decision? Syn:
thed; o5nja; di2. See also: aj.
a5jtu U\E Adv. After, from this time on;
d nWX ,nWX. {o5}ani a5jtu o. After Joshi.
a5jtu ghe5ri pe }e3he3 a5ri haw, tay tyem.
From now on, if you do like that again I
will hit you. Variant: a5Jtuo; a5yttuo. From:
Khowar.
ak ka5rik sD E V. To defecate (as said
to a child); qM y PSijMi q M hkWX
MWa. Syn: ric4 ka5rik.
akalia5t SDDE N. Minority; PSVd@L. CPart:
aksaria5t majority. From: Arabic.
akhabr tLDE Adj. Old (of people); MquWX. a
akhabr thi a5am. I have become old. Syn:
baSa5ra; kru3%kus; trak; ba5LuS; DuDo5nyak;
Inan: La5Zna.
akhe5r tE N. End, final time; rilN. saw thi
ga5La to, akhe5r kay ta5sa istri{agu5a4kas
hard da5das som mon dkas ba5ti bo
taK hu5La. After everyone left, in the end
the girl became very nervous about talking
with her father. From: Arabic.
akher tE Adv. Finally, at last, for the
last time; rilN. akher manDra5k ma5iLa
ki, pruST do3%yo3.... At last the frog said,
OK then.... From: Persian.
akhera5t SCtE N. Trouble, hard work;
PSxz. From: Arabic.
akhe45ik E V. To get firm, hard; PShly
MWa. ja4u3 5 akhe4aw
5
pe haw, phato to
o5nza no45una kay pace5m. When the
walnut bread becomes firm, then I will
bake it under the griddle. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
-aki C- Vsfx. Adjectivizing suffix. se bo
SaT-a5ki. He is very aggressive (easily gets
in fights). se braL-a5ki. He is prone to bite.
se mon di-a5ki. She is prone to talk a lot.
Restrict: This occurs on the root of the
verb.

aksaria5t SDsD}E N. Majority; PSWdrV^@L.

CPart: akalia5t minority. From: Arabic.
aktia5r sDUE N. Authority (of owner over
owned); qMVdVZilL. From: Arabic.
aktia5t SDUE N. Care; MVdVZiL. Syn: gawr.
From: Arabic.
aktia5t ka5rik sD SDUE V. To do
carefully; MWar MVdVZiL. }a5a }}a
thadaru5k, bi}iu, aktia5t ka5ri. That glass
is fragile, it will break, do it carefully.
aktia5tas tha5ra; CsDT {DTDUE Carefully;
y MVdVZiL. aktia5tas tha5ra ka5si. Go
carefully!
a5kul E N. Wisdom, character; .
dima5k pruST, a5kul pruST. He has a good
mind and a good character. See also:
dima5k; ze5hen. Variant: a5kal. From:
Arabic.
a5kul hik E V. To become wise;
MWa . ka tay a5kul ha5waw e, a5jo
tu pruST mon pra? How is it that you
have become smart and today are speaking
sense?
a5kul kawa5 ne Sa5Tik XD CD E
Id. To be extremely confused, to not know
what to do; MVaWdm Wa WZMy . Syn:
dumac4ha5 (hik); markhanda5 hik.
akulmn, akulmndr spE ,E
Adj. Wise; nVa . se bo akulmn. He is
wise. a5sa akulbn moc ne. He is not a
wise man. Variant: akulbn.
akulwa5La CE Adj. Wise; L . Syn:
zehenwa5La; hu}ia5r; kabl; Ant: bey-a5kul.
a5la
E Adv. Up there, uphill; rWYDL. kraka45ta
a5la, hoTe5L o5gaLa. Krakal is uphill, the
hotel is downhill. CPart: o5gaLa down,
downhill. Variant: ha5la.
alagu5l E N. Bustle, rush, activity;
hk. mal grikwe5w bo alagu5l. When
dowry is being collected theres a big rush.
See also: gul.

a5jo

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alapa5la hik

aLaSK

alapa5la hik DPE V. To be greedy

and avaricious (especially about eating);
MWa OQMWZ _WX d r WaM.
ala5t SE N. Difficulty, trouble; We rEWX
PSMi. zu5lum ka5i pe krom banda5an
haw, mo5cas tha5ra ala5t hu. If they are
cruel and make a man work really hard, it
will be difficult for him. From: Arabic.
alba5t SDME Adv. Probably, perhaps; ,nWdMyz
VZVX@L. kawalak moc }e3he3% tho guda5s
his day alba5t. A man working alone will
become tired out, perhaps. a ctiman a5is
ki se alba5t tara5 ni may ja da5das du5ra
ha5tya nu. I was thinking that he will
probably take us there and then take my
wife to her fathers house. Syn: na5Kga;
ama5t...haw; kha5bar bko. From: Arabic.
alibe5 ME N. Alphabet; MWXqs Myz q@L mqDL
KhjWZ Eri .
aliphk QE V. To follow and catch,
keep up with someone; MVaVd Mij. tu may
aliphk ne abha5i. You could not keep up
with me. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
alizaKg CvE N. Large seed of a certain
plant about the size of a walnut used as
medicine for boils; M hMV WdL
gjVdWX. [This can be taken internally or
applied externally.]
almar sDE N. Cupboard, shelves; qML.
From: Arabic.
a5lu
E N. Potato; N. Variant: ala5w
(Urtsun). From: Persian.
aluo5k E N. Potato curry; MWXqyz M N.
aluca5 DdE N. Plum, plum tree; LqMhlWX N.
Gen: muT tree; Seed: byak pit. From:
Persian.
a5La
E Pron. Him, her, it (accusative,
present, remote); yDL.
Adj. That (accusative, present, remote);
vDL. a5La krom ka5ri. Do that work! [See
the Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]

a5La ek C E Pron. That other one

(accusative, present, remote); L Lm.
a5La ek bho5ni. Tie up that other one!
Adj. That other (accusative); Lm. a5La
ek mo5c ta Lasa5i. Release that other man!
aLaha5k hik DE V. To be impatient;
MWa XV _WX. ka aLaha5k thi a5as? Why
are you impatient?
aLaSK
aLaSK hik E V. To elope
with a man; mMyz y r aWYL M ru
MWar. to istri{agu5a4k aLaSK thi
puruSgu5a4kas som paru. Then the girl
eloping goes off with the young man.
aLaSK jho5nta ka5rik DU\
E
sD V. To make a feast for a daughter or
sister for their marriage; ru nWX mMyz

d zil WaN r ORMWX qMWX WY

MWar gWX qWaMij.
aLaSK ka5rik sD E V. To elope
with a girl; mMyz y r aWYL M ru
MWar. a a5sta aLaSK ka5i ja ka5i a5sam. I

also eloped and got married. se to aLaSiK

a5raw. He eloped with her (lit: he eloped
her). se ka5as ja yaw aza5t, ta5sa kay
aLaSK ka5rik gho5an. Whether she is
someones wife or unmarried, they call it
eloping.
aLaSK mura45 Is E N. Couple that
has just eloped; War mMyz y r aWY@L
Lquij L. te aLaSK mura45 thi a5an. They
eloped (they have become an eloping
couple). See also: mura45.
aLaSK park sDP E V. To elope
with a man; mMyz y r aWYL M ru
MWar. [When a girl agrees to elope, the man
comes secretly with a group of friends, for
protection, and takes her away to be his
bride. Afterwards, the new husband must
pay the former husband twice the price
that he paid for the girl.] Onset: LaS
suddenly.
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aLa5y

ama5l

aLa5y E Adv. There; r vDL ,rmDL. aLa5yo

mo pa5ri. Dont go there! CPart: anda5y
here. Morph: aLa-ay.
aLa5y anda5y tyek T CpE E Id. To
search frantically here and there; rmDL rmHL
MWar vzWZ. tara5 pa5i aLa5y anda5y po45mi,
hi} ka huS ne a5rimi. We looked
frantically here and there but we couldnt
understand what was going on.
aLayala DDE Adv. In that direction
(away from speaker); rmDL. aLayala
pa5ri. Go in that direction! CPart:
andayala in this direction, toward
speaker.
aLe5y &E Adv. From there; y M.
aLayha5k DE Adv. Aside, away; rmDL.
Ant: andayha5k. Morph: aL-ay-ha-k.
Variant: aLaya5k; aLaha5k.
aLayha5k ka5rik sD DE V. To take
aside; MWar r WdL. se Tap to gri,
aLayha5k a5raw. He quickly grabbed him
and took him aside.
aLe5
E N. 1) Place where salt is found;
__ MWZMij MWdMWY Wa Mij ij. a5bi aLe5una
pa5i awa5jimi e, }a5ra on. When we went
to the place of salt and watched and the
markhor came. 2) Block salt; rVZWY M Wa.
aLe5 pay lin day. The goats are licking
the block salt. See also: Lo4;3 biaLe5w.
-aLe5 C- Sfx. Possessing a large size of
something. koiST-aLe5 don. A bull having a
large hump. SiKg-aLe5 don. A bull having
large horns.
aLe5La E Adv. Over there (out of view);
M M ,y M. e5ko aLe5La-aw day tya5i
a5au, e5ko ande5naw day tya5i a5au. One
guy hit from that side, one hit from this
side. CPart: ande5na from here; Ques:
kawe5La from where?.
aLgana5 DDE N. The goal in a game of gaL;
)Vd( .

a5Luk E N. 1) Pumpkin, squash; n.

Spec: meca5Luk non-edible squash gourd;
{uka5Luk edible pumpkin or squash.
2) Gourd made from a pumpkin or squash;
WZrWX M ik n.
a5ma1 DE Pron. Him, her, it (accusative,
present, near); vHL. se ni, na}a5 a5ma,
gho3%i, ama5aw. He took him and said, Kill
him! Rmot1: a5La him/her (remote);
Rmot2: to him/her (absent); Ques: ka5as
whom?.
Adj. This (accusative, present, near);
Wd ,vHL. a5ma {a5yo kay {a ka5rik bha5as
haw? a5m a5sta gaSTro5 ka5rik baS, ko5ki
nokphe5Tay a4n kSi a5am. How long will
it take you to finish this water channel?
This one also I must do quickly because I
have planted millet in the new field. [See
the Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
Variant: am (used before vowels).
a5ma ek C DE Pron. This other one
(accusative, present, near); L Wd.
Adj. This other (accusative, present,
near); L Wd.
a5ma2 DE Adj. Unripe, uncooked, raw; Mhk.
au5 mochkawo a5ma hu5La. The bread is
not cooked in the middle. Etym: a2ma5raw T-1236.
ama5l1 DE N. 1) Equinox (vernal and
autumnal); LnVZHL Wa. ama5l dykas
ha5tya da} {e ca5wa bas }au. It will be
14 days until summer ends and fall begins.
[This is marked by a certain cedar tree in
Bumburet to which the sun reaches in its
movement, thereby dividing winter and
spring, and summer and fall.] See also:
su5ri mo4;3 ne5La thon; he5man thon; su5ri
thon. Variant: hama5l; hama5l thon.
2) Oclock; PS. takrban ka aST
baja5as ama5l }e3he3 Tem thi a}s.
takrban du baja5as ama5luna Taliman
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ama5l

ame43%a

__ MWZMij MWdMVa WY y VaWY WY ij.

[This ceremony happens before the
ceremony of capturing a fox. Men shave
the heads of their lambs, and with the wool
bring beans and walnuts to the altar. These
are offered along with the juniper.]
ama5t...haw D...SDE Adv. Perhaps; VZVXL.
ama5t se iu haw. Perhaps he will come.
jawar ne ubuju day. a so5ma dyem
day, phaw no4 pa5i ama5t ubuju haw.
The corn is not sprouting. I will drag the
land in order to cover the seed. When it has
gone under the earth, perhaps it will sprout.
Syn: na5Kga; alba5t; kha5bar bko.
a5mbak DME Adj. Very filling (of food);
L WarWX PUVdWY nij. a4n a5mbak. Millet
is very filling. [Other foods classed as
a5mbak are: }li, daruga45, and ka5ras. All
these grains are similar to millet.]
ambo45i ME Adj. Lazy, ineffective, weak;
M. [This word is used to berate someone
else.]
ambu5r sME N. Pliers, forceps; vWY.
ambu5r ge5ci dyek o e sME Id. To
be very dark; LrVdnWa@L PRE.
amc4he5k iE V. To fit together; ,MWaquij
MWa ikMy. darwaza5 Sit ka5i amc4ha5i.
Join the pieces of the door tightly together.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
amc4ho5nu iE N. 1) Joint of wood or
other material; quij. 2) Joint, knuckle; quij.
Syn: ban.
ame43%a DE N. 1) Sheep; ruVdWX. [A female
lamb (if born in the spring) becomes a
kumbre5yak the following fall, a badze5rak
the following spring and an ame43%a the
following fall. A male kid becomes a
kumbre5yak the following fall, a meSaLa5k
the following spring and a meS the
following fall. When it is born it is called
an ame43%yak.] Gen: haywa5n domesticated
animals; malaha5l domesticated animals;

kha5na goS prek }au. It was about eight

oclock. About two oclock Talaman
Khans barn collapsed. Syn: Tem; wat;
muda5. See also: zama5na.
ama5l dyek o DE V. To come or begin
(of the equinox); MWa z )M qMWX(. ama5l
praw. Spring has begun.
ama5l mastru5k tU|D DE N. The first
month of spring; VaVd WY M qMWX. Whole:
ba5son, ba5sond spring. Variant: hama5l
mastru5k.
ama5l2 DD ,DE N. Habit; OSmM ,.
nazwa5r ka5rik }um ama5l. Using tobacco
is a bad habit. may sigre5t hama5l
ha5waw. I have a smoking habit. Spec:
nazwa5r ka5rik use tobacco; Syn: ada5t.
Variant: hama5l. From: Arabic.
ama5l ka5rik sD DE V. To practice, to
do habitually; MWar . se moc bo }um
hama5l ka5riu day. That man has a very
bad habit.
amal DE Adj. Habitual; mM. a amal
cay pia5w. I am an habitual tea drinker.
a5man DE N. Peace, lack of war, subsiding
of an event; L. a a5man kho}e5m,
janja5lo ne. I like peace, not fighting. Syn:
aphia5t; aram; sukla5t; suku5n; khayr;
sarajam; uzur; Ant: janja5l. From:
Arabic.
a5man hik DE V. To subside; qqs
MWa VZxN ,MWa. ba5Sik a5man ha5waw.
The rain subsided. Syn: nihu5njik.
a5man ka5rik sD DE V. To make
peace; MWar L. janja5l a5man a5rimi. We
made peace about the dispute.
amana5t SDDE Adj. Entrusted; PSWaML. a ta5sa
amana5t i}neha5ri ta5sa pe{em a5am. I
gave him back the thing he entrusted me
with. From: Arabic.
ama5tak sa5ras {CsD| DTDE N. Ceremony
at end of Chawmos (winter festival) to end
sexual abstinence; zij X M vzVd
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amn

anda5y

a5mur ka5rik sD sE V. To command,

order; MWar i. Syn: ho5kum ka5rik;
ho5kum dek. From: Arabic.
an E N. Mountain pass, boundary; qm. Syn:
khanDe5r. From: Khowar.
-an1 C- Sfx. Because; y ij . a5yas ne
k-an su5da tro5i phasa5t ka5i a5au.
Because his mother did not come, the child
is crying very loudly.
ana5cu4i dDE N. The impure area in a
graveyard where women who die in
childbirth are buried; Mij MVZyX MWYMWa

jho5nta sheep, goats and cows;

krizipo5Kgi group of small edible
animals; Male: meS ram; Sound: ba5}ik
bleat; Imp: ppru5}e Get out of there;
Product: paS wool; Child1: ame43%yak
lamb, m/f; Child2: kumbre5yak lamb
(m/f, 6-12 months old); Subadult:
badze5rak lamb (female, one to one and a
half years old); Subadult: meSaLa5k lamb
(male, one to one and a half years old).
2) Ewe, adult sheep; ruVdWX mM. 3) Female
sheep of any age; mM. a5sa ame43%a. Its a
female. Etym: me2NDha- ram T-10310.
ame43%a ku DE N. Pen for sheep in
barn.
ame43%yak DE N. Lamb (one to five
months old, male or female); M ruVdWX ,MVaVd
hkWX. [At this stage, to specify sex they say,
bire4%3 ame43%yak male lamb, or istra% k
ame43%yak female lamb.] Adult: meS adult
ram; ame43%a adult sheep.
ame43%yak nisike5yn } DE N.
The womb of a ewe; Lm hkWX ruVdWX.
ame43o5st V|E N. Sheepskin; ruVdWX
M. Gen: post leather. Morph: ame43%a
post.
amn E See main entry: omn.
ami}a5w DE N. The house for shepherds
in the high pastures; Vaq __Lrik
ij.
ami}tyo5nu UE N. Cheese dish of saco43%
topped with hot butter; M qLdVaWY
rsVdN.
amitra5 CtUE Adj. Disobedient; MrMWa.
Syn: amo5ndra; napharma5n. Variant:
ame5tra. Etym: amtra- enemy T-566.
amo5ndra CspE Adj. Disobedient and
disrespectful; MrMWa. amo5ndra su5da
mon ko43 ne ka5riu day. A disobedient
child does not listen to instruction. Syn:
amitra5; napharma5n. Morph: a-mondr.

OSq L Wa OS Lqm ikqs

__ MWZMij MVd m. Variant: ana5chu.
anda5y CpE Adv. Here, in here; MWd. anda5yo

mo pa5ri. Dont go this way! a5nday

tha5ray dyet. Put (it) here on this. Restrict:
The base form of this word is and, which
is never spoken in isolation. The suffix -ay
adds the meaning of in. Syn: aya5;
ande5na; CPart: aLa5y there; Ques:
kawa5y.
Adv. Now; WZ OQ@L , OQ@L. kaya5w
anda5y tu laha5z? How long have you been
sick (lit: from when to now are you sick)?
ande5y bircio tu }e3he3% mo ba5ta ha.
From now on, dont be like this! Variant:
a5nda (Birir).
anda5y ka5rik sD CpE V. To put
something here or give to speaker; VaWYL
MVaWdm _hj ,MVaVd d WZM. }a5la kuty5u
anda5y ka5ri a c4hir dyem day. Give me
that funnel; I need to pour this milk (into a
bottle).
andayala DDCpE Adv. In the direction of
the speaker; r vL. andayala ii.
Come in this direction! CPart: aLayala
direction, away from speaker. Morph:
and-ay-ali-a.
andayha5k DCpE Adv. Near to speaker,
here; r vL. Morph: and-ay-ha-k.

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anda5z ka5rik

aKga5r

ande5y &pE Adv. 1) From here; y MWd.

2) From now; y OQ@L. Variant: andye5y.
andye5y pi}tya5k DUP &pE Adv.
After this, from now on, hereafter; vHL
nWX.
anda5z ka5rik sD uCpE V. To aim
something at something; MVaVd WaMxzWa. tupe5k
anda5z ka5i pa45aw. He aimed the gun and
shot it. Syn: geche5k; niSa5n ka5rik.
andaza CuCpE Adj. Average size or
number of, some (not much, not little);
Wa mMWdqs Wa ,y@L. batDaro5 bo }iha5L e?
ne la, ka bo a5sta ne, andaza. Were
there many rocks? No, not many extra,
about average. andaza a}s, ka gho5na
ne. It was average-sized, not very big.
ande5na DpE Adv. From here, local; ,M
M MWd. ande5na chaLa5i. Take it out over
here! ande5naw moc. The people from
here. Restrict: The base form for this word
is anden, which is never spoken in
isolation. The suffix -a, adds the meaning
of in. Syn: anda5y; aya5; CPart: aLe5La
over there; Ques: kawe5La. Variant:
ane5na (Birir).
andiaLa5y DpE Adv. Around this area;
rmDL rmHL. Lit: here and there. te
andiaLa5y jaga5an. They looked all around
themselves. Morph: anday aLay.
ane5na DE See main entry: ande5na.
an} E N. The village of Anish in
Bumburet; M WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL.
Variant: ans.
anja5rum sD]E N. Clothing; vMVX MWd ruVY.
Syn: cewbe5w; sambuni. From: Khowar.
anjl ]E N. Measure of one handful;
rWX V`E. Create: dha5rik to make. See
also: paSu5k; khoS; nmuS; jiS, jiST; hast;
caw a43%gu.
ano5ra CsE N. Hunger; WX. CPart: Da5han
thirst. See also: lta. Variant: ana5ra

(Urtsun). Etym: ana2ha2ra- abstaining from

food T-299.
ano5ra ka5rik sD CsE V. To be hungry;
MVa WX. may ano5ra ka5i }au. I am
hungry (lit: to me hunger has done). Syn:
ze5ci dyek.
anpa5L DQE Adj. Illiterate; ruWY L. From:
Urdu.
anze5k vE V. To send something; MVahjVdWX.
a tay ka5Lun ta5sa ta5da anza5i a5is. I sent
your shoes with him. From: Khowar.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
aKga5 DE Adj. Awake, alert, aware; .
aKga5 hek DE V. 1) To awaken
someone; MWaMij. a to aKga5 ha5i a5am. I
woke him up. Syn: Te k
5 ; buje5k; uSTe5k.
2) Remind, cause to remember; MWaLr mMWd.
aKga5 hik DE V. 1) To stay awake or
alert, wake up; MVaMij. a ne Du5Dim, a,
aKga5 him. I will not sleep, I will stay
awake. Syn: hu5}una hik. 2) To remember;
MWaN mMWd. a tay mon aKga5 ha5wis. I
remembered your word. Syn: ya5di hik;
pha5kum ka5rik.
aKga5 ka5rik sD DE V. To warn
someone, alert; MWam mMWd. se may aKga5
a5raw, }ato5 krom kare5li ghoi. He alerted
me to do the work.
aKga5r sDE N. Fire; N. aKga5r hu day. The
fire is burning. Etym: a5Kga2ra- glowing
charcoal T-125.
aKga5r hik sDE V. 1) To be angry;
MWa WX N. a5bi mic ma}ku5l hik
day. tu aKga5r thi khe3 his day. We are
only talking. Why are you getting angry?
Syn: ka5har ka5rik; thun hik; kaha5ri hik;
oS hik; rhoS ka5rik. 2) To be quick; rsVdWZ
MWa qMVZq. du moc phond paha5ra aKga5r
thi paro5n. Two men went very fast along
the road.

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aKgrs

apra5ti

aKgar}ti UsDE N. Fireplace in a goat

shed; ij Waij N d WaMil zWd.
Syn: iKgro5k; mukhar.
aKgarwa5t SCsDE N. Flintstone, flint-rock;
rVZWY M Mik. kha5sak ma5sak ko4a5y ek
awa5ta koTa5io, aKga5r upua5n aKgarwa5t
gri. They gather up tinder, make a pile,
and using the flint-rock they light a fire.
Morph: aKgar-bat. See also: Jac4
dando45yak; cama5k.
aKgrs ~tE N. Western person; rsWdrWaL.
From: English.
aKgu5 E N. Vine; VdWX qWaL. Do: pilik
to climb or run. From: Persian.
aKgu5}tyar sDUE N. Ring; W`DWaL.
aKgu5STyar a4Kgu45ay dyis. You put your
ring on your finger. Use: dyik to put on,
don. Variant: aKgu5}ter; aKgu5}tar;
u}tumrk (Urtsun).
aKguSTye5 mu5{ik w YE V. To
play hide the ring; M MVYEik W`Wa@L
Vd. Gen: Labe45 game.
aKguT XE N. Spare room for guests;
WaMil M.
aKgu5{i wE N. Spatula for turning bread;
MV`ik. See also: dro3c% i4 k. Etym: aKkus5a-5
hook, drivers hook T-111?.
apaco43%i dyek o dDPE V. To hop on
one foot; MVaik r MW`L WaMW` WdL. tu
apaco43%i dye. You hop! Syn: ThakaTha5Kka
hik.
apac4u5 hDPE Intj. Ouch!; DL. maDra5k,
apac4u5, may piST du5aw day, gho3%i
ma5iLa. The frog said, Ouch! My back is
burning me! Variant: apac4a5w.
apa5k DPE N. Leather pocket for stone in
slingshot; Lm Vd. Whole: thom dar
slingshot.
apa5w dek o DPE V. 1) To stay, live; MVaq.
tay pi juda5 thi apa5w dek ne bha5am. I
cannot live separated from you. 2) To stop
doing something; MWaN qsMWX. }o43%a a5sta

ara5aw. ghe5ri apa5w praw. The dog also

barked. Then he stopped.
apa5w die5k o DPE V. To cause to stay,
live, wait; MWaLVdW`. a tay apa5w die5s. I
made you stay. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
apha5t SDPE N. Evil, disaster, trouble,
misfortune, sickness, spiritual harm; PSN.
ey khoda5y ho5ma ha5tya sa5raK ha.
apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri. }u {e trip
phu5Si patia5li hsti. O God, protect us.
Send evil spirits far away. Blow away fear
and suffering and send them away to the
wilderness. ta5sa mo5cas apha5t khu45i,
ana5}aw. Evil attacked that man and he
died. Do: khu4i5 k to happen; {a5Lik to
happen; Syn: }um; bhala5; c4ha5Kgar.
From: Arabic.
aphia5t SDPE N. Comfort, peace, rest;
PSVdHM. laha5sas ha5tya tcak aphia5t thi
}au e? Is the sick man a little bit better?
ey ho5ma paydagara5w tu ho5ma ha5tya
aphia5t ka5ri. O our God, give us peace.
Syn: aram; suku5n; sukla5t; khayr; ama5n;
sarajam; uzur. From: Arabic.
aphsu5s {}PE N. Regret, sorrow; vx@L.
ba5ya may bo aphsu5s ha5waw, ka
ka5rim? Brother, I am very sorry, what
should I do? Syn: peSman. From: Persian.
apl PE N. Legal appeal; VdIWYL. From:
English.
aprasta5 DU|CtPE
Adj.
Lazy,
weak,
incompetent; PSxEy. a ka aprasta5
ha5waw? How did this man become so
lazy?
apra5ti TCtPE Adj. 1) Dull, cloudy, dirty,
unclear; Waq _WX. }i}a5 apra5ti thi }au.
The mirror has become dirty or cloudy.
phuTu5 apra5ti thi }au. The photo has
become dull. Syn: khado4o5k; naz.
2) Faded, withered. bSa apra5ti thi }an.
The laburnum flowers have faded.
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apsa5r

apsa5r sD}PE N. Officer; L. From: English.

ar1
sE V. Did (past tense root of ka5rik to
do); MVdH. See main entry: ka5rik.
ar2
sE N. Awl; qMVZEy ,N M War flLqy.
ar {e sa5ras badr gri sin. They weave
a juniper basket with an awl and a strips of
juniper wood.
araba5 DLCsE N. Tire, wheel; VdWY.
ara5m mos { CsE N. Meat of animals
which have been killed by decapitation or
by the Kalasha; PSyz Lri. [This kind of
meat is only offensive to Muslims, whose
method of killing differs from the Kalasha
method.] From: Arabic.
aram CsE N. Rest, relief; LqN. laha5sas
ha5tya tcak aram thi }au e? Is the sick
man a little bit better? Syn: aphia5t; suku5n;
sukla5t; khayr; ama5n; sarajam; uzur.
From: Persian.
arma5n DsE N. Desire, longing, spell,
enchantment; MKVaWZ ,Mq@L. o bambariu5}
tu5ta may hsti pa5i de5ntuna bic4hira5. a5o
tay arma5nuna chom tha5ra dunia5una
aka5sis. O beautiful flower, you have left
me and gone to the mountain and
blossomed. I have walked all over the earth
(lost) in your spell. Syn: i}k; a}ek; na5us;
kuTrts; ray. From: Persian.
aro5ik sE V. To ripen or get fully formed;
MVaWY. e5mi ka4a45k aro5un pa5i }an. This
grain has become hard. Past(hearsay):
aro5na it got ripe. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
a5ru sE N. 1) Peach; quN. Gen: me3w
% a
fruit. 2) Peach tree; PSilqm M quN. Seed:
byak; Gen: muT tree. Etym: *a2Dupeach T-1103.
-a5rum sC- Vsfx. Ability. geh-a5rum.
Utensils. anj-a5rum. Clothing. ulu-a5rum.
Flying things. {u-ba5rum Edibles. Variant:
-ba5rum.
aru5Zik ysE V. To be in heat (of a goat);

MWa r rWY q Vaij M qWaMij.

asa5r

bra
kho5jin day, aru5Zini. They want a male
goat; they are in heat. Syn: }uthu5k kho5jik;
SuKgu5 kho5jik. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
arwa5 CsE N. Spirit, soul (of a dead person);
fq. wa5waw arwa5as oS th }au. Your
grandfathers spirit has become angry. ey
arwaha5n, ta, {u5i {e po pa5ra. O
ancestors, come, eat, drink, then go. [This
is said to call the spirits of deceased
ancestors to dine.] From: Arabic.
arza5n CusE Adj. Cheap; MVZxy. Syn: aska5n;
Ant: gira5n; kima5t. From: Persian.
arz usE N. Case, complaint; nE.
Variant: harz.
arz dek o usE V. To file a case
against someone, accuse; MWar n. koki
se may duka5n chni a5au, a ta5sa
khila5una arz dem. Because he broke
into my store, I will file a case against him.
se may tha5ra arz praw. He accused
me.
a5sa D|E Pron. 1) He, she, it (nominative,
present, remote); . Acc: a5La; Oblq: a5sa.
2) His, her, its (genitive, present, remote);
M vDL. a5sa da5da goT moc hu5La, pu5tr-as
ne pa5}iu day. His father must be crazy,
he does not look after his son. 3) Him, her,
it (dative, present, remote); vDL. da5das
a5sa ne bande5l lay hu5La. It seems his
father is not teaching him. 4) Him, her, it
(oblique, present, remote); vDL. a5sa kay
nasia5t ka5riu. He will give advice to him.
Adj. That (present, remote); . }-a5sa
jaha5s ka a5sa. That vehicle, what is it?
[See the Personal Pronoun Chart on page
475 below for other personal pronouns.]
asaka5l DD|E N. Village headman; ,mN LruWX
MVaq.
asa5r sD|E N. Effect; rW^L. From: Arabic.
asa5r ka5rik sD sD|E V. 1) To affect or
influence someone; MWar rW^L. tay nasia5t

,MWa LnVdWY wzLil Vaij d qWaMij

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a5si

a5spar

asiru5 t|E N. People of ones house,

household; nWaM MWX. ba5ki asiru5 tante5
goST hawyu5 dyen. The rest of the
household will try (to build again) the barn
for themselves.
aska5n D|E Adj. 1) Easy; MVZxy ,MyN. cira5w
sawze5k aska5n may ja5a ha5tya. Making
bread baskets is easy for my wife. Ant:
gira5n. 2) Cheap. Syn: arza5n; Ant: gira5n;
kima5t. From: Persian.
asma5n D|E N. Sky; MN. Syn: di. From:
Persian.
asmu5n |E N. Test, trial; wzWeMqsN. Syn:
intiha5n; a}ma5i}. From: Persian.
asmu5n ka5rik sD |E V. To test
someone; MWaMqsN. Syn: a}ma5i} ka5rik.
a5spak DQ|E N. Crotch of pants; M qLyz
N.
a5spaLa DQ|E N. Door header; PUik.
Whole: dur house.
aspa5ndur spDQ|E N. A kind of seed which
is burned for its smoke to counter evil
influences; y wij gjVdWX M WdL
__ MWZMij MVd MWaW` M dWem. suda5yakano
aspa5ndur ku}e5n. They put children in the
smoke of this seed. [This seed is put on
burning coals and the baby held in the
smoke to keep them from crying and to
drive away evil spells.] Use: ku}e5k to
blow; thume5k to blow.
aspa5p ODQ|E
N.
Possessions
(tools,
foodstuffs etc., which are stored); ,qLqs@L
MMy. Syn: sama5n; geha5rum; Spec:
bho5Kki adze; coTa5 hammer; gir saw;
jaba5l crowbar; nigho5n chisel; randa5
plane; cu5muSTi chisel; tso5gun chisel;
nasku5n ash-raking tool; u{u45i pick; }ar
file; ia4k
5 poker; barma5 drill; beDr
sledge hammer. Morph: aspa5b. From:
Arabic.
a5spar sDQ|E N. The village of Aspar in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX.

may tha5ra asa5r ne a5raw. Your words

have no effect on me. ta5sa pu5tras
na5}ikani ta5sa tha5ra bo asa5r a5raw. He
was deeply affected by the death of his
son. 2) To help, improve; MWar rW^L. gole5y
SiS trupa5ikas ha5tya asa5r ne a5raw. The
pills did not improve my headache. dawa
asa5r ka5i, may kuc sua5is. The medicine
helped and my stomach got better.
a5si
|E Pron. 1) Their (present, remote);
M DL. 2) To them (present, remote); DL.
3) Them (oblique, present, remote); DL.
Adj. Those (genitive dative, or oblique,
present, remote). [See the Personal
Pronoun Chart on page 475 below for
other personal pronouns.] See also: e5Li.
a5sik |E V. To be (of animate beings);
MWa )qLnWaMij(. ka5ymina, ka5ymina ek ic4
a5s-ta. Once upon a time there was a bear.
Restrict: as is frequently shortened to a. In
this way, a5s-an they are, becomes a5-an,
as-au he is, becomes a5-au, and so on.
Past(hearsay): a5sta he/she was; Past:
a5sis he/she was; Inan: }ik be
(inanimate); Ppl: thi. Etym: a2%sate2 sits,
exists, remains T-1480. Prdm: Class 3.
Class 3 Suffixes
Singular
Plural
a5s-am I am
a5s-ik we are
a5s-as you are a5s-a you are
a5s-au s/he is
a5s-an they are
a5s-is I was
a5s-imi we were
a5s-i
you were a5s-ili you were
a5s-is s/he was a5s-ini they were

a5sil |E Adj. Factual, real, genuine; VL.

aLe5y a5sil kisa5 ta }a5sa. That is the factual
story. Syn: sah; su5ca; a{L. From: Arabic.
a5siKga D|E N. Cooked thigh piece of a
goat or sheep; We WeMWY ruVdWX MWd rWX
Lq hkIWY. CPart: baza5yak front leg;
Whole: khur leg.
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aspa43%i

a}raph

aspa43%i

ka5i urte5k ne bha5an. Not everyone can

court someone and be successful. Restrict:
The person being courted is marked by
som with.
a}ek E N. Romantic attraction, love;
yzM. ne cti a}ek aba5s. Love is
useless if it is mindless. ta5si a}ek
duSmanuna bade5l ha5waw. Their love
turned to enmity. Syn: arma5n; i}k. From:
Arabic.
a5}i
E N. Mouth; VaE. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. Variant: ha5si (Urtsun).
Etym: a2sya8- mouth T-1533.
a5}i Sa5TiLa XD E N. Dumb person; _WX
MWa ,MWXqs.
a}kara5 ka5rik sD CsDE V. To speak
openly; MWar LqMyzN. tu mon ku5cay ko
thawe5s day? a}kara5 ka5i de e, moc
saKga5an. Why do you keep your words
inside? If you say them openly people
listen to you. From: Persian.
a}ma5i} DE N. Test, trial, temptation;
wzWeMqsN. Syn: intiha5n; asmu5n. Variant:
asma5i}. From: Persian.
a}ma5i} ka5rik sD DE V. To test
someones character by observation;
MWar wzWeMqsN. a tay a}ma5i} ka5i a5am. tu
he4 ne ka5ris. mo5can som janja5l ne
ka5ris. mo5can ha5tya mon ne des, tu
}um moc gho3%i. tu pruST krom ka5rim
gho3%i ctis. }atala5ko a jho5nim, tu pruST
moc. I have observed you. You dont steal.
You dont argue with people. You dont
deride people. You think about doing good
things. Therefore I know that you are a
good person. Syn: asmu5n ka5rik.
a}o5 E N. Rag; LruVZVdHik M ruVY. Syn: lok;
Use: drKkik to wipe.
a}raph PCtE N. Gold coin, treasure;
zL. pha5to ko5ci to mis chiLa5La.
msay bo a}raph }iha5La. Then when
they were digging they broke the pot. In

JQ|E N. The Aspani clan; mL

VdVX WdL M PSWdqVXWX. Gen: kam1 clan.
a5sta1 DU|E Adv. 1) Also, too; WX. kaga5s

a5sta tha5i. Put the paper back, too. ctiso

ne day ki aya5 du5ra ka ka5rik baS
a5sta. Dont you think that anything else
needs to be done around the house?
2) More, very; mMWdqs. batDaro5 bo }iha5L e?
ne la, ka bo a5sta ne, andaza. Were
there many rocks? No, not many extra,
about average. adhe5 a5sta may de. Give
me a few more! 3) Ever. tay ha5tya
kawe5y a5sta khu5raka o5nim. I will bring
food for you from wherever.
a5sta2 DU|E V. He was, they were (hearsay);
MWZ.
a5stru tU|E N. Tears; xWaN. Do: SiSirk to
flow or fall. Etym: a5s5ru- tear T-919.
asuo5ga D|E Adj. Juicy (of fruit); L vq.
a} E V. Ate (past tense root of {uk to eat);
M. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Past tense of {uk
Singular
Plural
a5}is
I ate
a5}imi we ate
a5}i
you ate
a5}iLi
you ate
a5}aw s/he ate
a5}an they ate

a}diha5r sDpE N. Dragon; Mmqt@L. See also:

noK. Variant: a{deha5r. From: Persian.
a}e5k E N. Lover; yzM. a5sa ta5sa
a}ek. Thats her friend. From: Arabic.
a}e5k hik E V. To fall in love, be
romantically inclined toward someone;
MWa yzM. a ta5sa ha5tya a}e5k ha5wis. I
fell in love with her. te ogoe5gin ha5tya
a}e5k hin. They fall in love with each
other. Syn: hard Sa5Tik; hard park;
parwana5 hik.
a}e5ki gho43 E N. Love song;
PSVd Vdxz.
a}ek ka5rik sD E V. To court
someone; MWar yzM. a}ek har ku5ra
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a}u5pi ka5rik

atk

aSke5k E V. To dislike; MWar nVaxWYMWa. tu

kunDa pa5}i aSke5s day. You dont like
kunDa cheese. nawa5nc phond pa5}i
aSke5s day. You dont like a dangerous
trail. Syn: dic4hik; Ant: pon dek. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
aST
ZE Num. Eight; W`N. Etym: aSTa2%
eight T-941.
a5SuK E N. 1) Forked branch used for
spinning goathair; N M VaWZM q. See
also: ko5nDik; LaTore5k. 2) Hook; ,LpVa
LruWaN. [Among other things these are used
to lift the griddle off the fire and hang it
up. It is commonly made from a forked
branch.] Syn: ac4o5Kki.
at1 SE N. Flour; MW`N. [Flour is thought of as
being o5njeSTa pure by the Kalasha
people.] Etym: *a2rta- flour T-1338.
at2 SE V. Fell (past tense root of pa5Lik to
fall); Lr. wa5naga tu a5ti pe haw, uk
tay ha5riu. a5o ghe5ri tay grik ne
bha5am. Perhaps if you fall, the water will
take you away. I will not be able to save
you again. See also: pa5Lik. Etym:
*a2pta2yati falls T-1218.

the pot were many gold coins. From:

Persian.
a}u5pi ka5rik sD PE V. To disfigure,
mess up; MWar qMMWa. sik ta ne bha5as
day. mic may pira5n a}u5pi mo ka5ri.
You cant sew. Dont go and make a mess
of my shirt.
aS E N. Shoulder; MnVa. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. See also: ka5Ltu on ones
shoulder. Etym: aSThi- bone T-958.
a5Sa thek T DE V. To carry on
shoulder; MWaMW`DL rWY _nVa. a5Sa tha5i gri.
Carry it on your shoulder. Gen: ha5rik to
carry.
aSgha5r sDE Adj. Very bitter; PSWX
Lru. tu a5ma ka aSgha5r ka5i a5as. How
bitter you have made this! Syn: cSTaka;
i}ke5T; ciSTha5ki.
a5SiSa DE Adj. 1) Widowed; VdWX. a5SiSa
istr{a. A widowed woman. Syn: weso5ru;
weberu5u; CPart: weja5u unmarried (of
men). 2) In mourning because someone of
a persons direct family has died; OS
)MWa( d vxL. [If a persons relative
dies, he or she is called a5Sisa until the
burial. If in mourning, the men take off
their hats and the women take off both
their headdresses. After the burial, the men
put their hats on but let their beards grow
until the next festival. The women only put
on their outer headdresses until the next
festival.] Morph: a-SiS. See also: }ok.
Etym: as5r Sa5n- headless T-912.
N. Widow; VdWX. Syn: weso5ru;
weberu5u.
aSka5 dek o DE V. 1) To sigh; MWarWX N. a
aSka5 pra. I sighed. 2) To feel sorry; vrWZ
MWaN. }o43%a na}aikwe5w pa}i, may sak
aSka5 praw. When I saw them killing the
dog, I felt very sorry. Syn: wal dek; gam
{uk. Variant: iSka5 dek.

Past tense of pa5Lik

Singular
Plural
a5tis I fell
a5timi we fell
a5ti
you fell
a5tiLi you fell
a5taw s/he fell
a5tan they fell
ate5k TE V. 1) To bring in, take in, cause
to enter; MWar ilLm qnWaL. a5bi peS ate5k.
We will put the manure inside. 2) To have
sexual intercourse with; d WZ Vaij
MWar qnWa@L. [This is used euphemistically for
intercourse.] Restrict: Only men are actors
for this verb. Past(hearsay): ata5La he/she
took in. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
atk TE V. To enter; MWa ilLm qnWaL. te
du5ra ato5n. They entered the house.
Reversive: nihk to come out;
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ato5k

aw

Past(hearsay): atu5na he/she entered.

Etym: a5tye2ti comes upon, goes by T227.2. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
ato5k TE N. Flour water left from cleaning
the bread bowl; MWY L MW`N. [This is
heated into a kind of porridge into which
other scrap edibles are mixed and then
given to the cows to produce more milk.]
atra5 CtTE Adv. There (away from speaker, in
sight); M. Syn: tara5; CPart: aya5 here.
Etym: a5tra there T-228.
a5tra day Co CtTE Id. By that way; vDL
y VZyLq. Ques: kawa5 day?.
atrli tTE Adv. The day before yesterday;
yrWY. See also: o5nja today. Etym:
*a2tr0tyam on the third (day) back or
forwards T-1130.
atrli Sumbe5ri a5dua CoE tM tTE
Adv. The day before the day before
yesterday; yrWZ. See also: o5nja today.
aTa5lak DXE N. 1) Small plateaus among
the mountains; ik quMWY. Syn: Dhap.
2) Ridge, spur of a hill, high place; M quMWY
qMVa. waLmo5c aTa5laka nisu day. The
goatherd is sitting on the ridge. Syn: Tek.
Etym: aTTa2la- watch-tower T-185.
aTe4%3
XE N. The floor of a house; qL
vzr. go} pe haw, aTe43% ka5rik baS. If I
have free time, I must finish my floor.
aTh XE N. 1) Bone; p. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. 2) Corpse; vz. a5bi aTh
mandawja5wuna DhaKge5k. We bury a
corpse in the graveyard. Syn: junaza5;
na5}Ta; kale5r. Variant: SiS aTh. Etym:
aSThi- bone T-958.
aTh hstik U} XE V. To bury a
body; MWaMVam. Syn: DhahaKge5k; da5wa
ka5rik; khaLe5k.
aThiga5r
may aThiga5r sDXE D Intj. May I be
cursed!; MVahjVdWX PSVa rWY ORN VaWYL. may
aThiga5r. a ne jho5ni tay tyta him. May

I be cursed! Without intending to, I must

have bumped into you.
au5 E N. Bread, food; MWaM ,q. au5 ka5rim
e? Shall I prepare dinner? Syn: bhot; pa4pa45;
Spec: tasLi chapatti; tasli para5Tha
chapatti fried in clarified butter; pu5rpur
au5 bread layered with walnuts; ja43u5
walnut filled bread; ca4ha5ka thick corn
bread; mos au5 meat bread; au5 ku}u5ruk
small round bread for children; TaTo5ri
thick bread, often stuffed with walnuts;
billi walnut bread, made with batter not
dough; peS sa5li au5 fertilizing mens
bread; tewre}a5k butter bread; capot
thick bread; kuTuru5li meat pie; za5nti
au5 birth bread; phond trail food;
Degrad: pha43ga43% spoiled; Create: ka5rik
to make bread. Variant: ahu5. Etym:
apu2pa5- cake of flour T-491.
...ha5tya au5 Id. E DTD... To be easy for
someone; MWa MyN. waL park tay
ha5tya ka au5 e? Is it easy for you to be a
shepherd?
au5 ku}u5ruk s E N. Small breadcakes; MVdHW` W`N. ku}u5ruk hstin,
na}To5n ha5tya. They throw bread-cakes for
the dead. [ku}u5ruk hstik to throw bread
cakes is done to remember the spirits of
the deceased and to make them happy.
ku}u5ruk are also made for children.] Gen:
au5 bread. Variant: ku}u5rik.
au5an tyek T CE V. To eat rapidly;
MWaM q rsVdWZ rsVdWZ ,nij nij. Syn: {uk.
aw
E Adv. Both (modifies numbers);
Wam. a5bi aw du5 park tara5 ha5tya,
pruST e? We will go there together, OK?
Restrict: aw only occurs with du two,
while Saw occurs with numbers above two.
Variant: haw.
Adj. All (modifies numbers); ,VaVdWZ(
)...ikMWY ,qMik. Saw tre5in ha5tya. For
all three. Variant: Saw.
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-aw

awa5t

-aw1 C- Vsfx. Doer of an act specified by a

verb, agent. krom kar-a5w. Worker.
ghaT-a5w. Beggar. mon di-a5w. Speaker.
Restrict: This is suffixed to the root of the
verb.
awa5 CE N. Air, breath; L. jsom awa5
ho5nciu. The life force makes a man
breathe. Syn: bhay; sira43%. Variant: hawa5.
From: Arabic.
a5wa CE KT. 1) Grandmother (mother of
father or mother); MWa ,mLm. CPart:
nawa5w grandchild. 2) Grandmother-inlaw (mother of wifes father or mother);
MWa ,mLm. CPart: nawa5w grandchild.
3) Grandaunt (sister or sister-in-law of
grandmother or grandfather); MWa ,mLm.
CPart:
nawa5w
grandniece
or
grandnephew. Etym: *avva2- mother T904.
N. Respected old woman!; Mil.
a5waso |CE KT. Dear grandson or
granddaughter; ,MWZWY LqMVdWY )M mLm ,MWa(
WY. Syn: nawa5w; CPart: a5wa
grandmother.
awace5k dCE V. To tease, fool, hassle
someone; MWaruVdik. goT moc mo awaca5i.
Dont tease crazy people. See also:
maskara5 ka5rik; maza5k ka5rik; taK ka5rik;
cukuSe5k; dru5{ik; kawia5 karik; To5ka
ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
awa5cik dCE V. To scold someone;
MVaV`WaLo. a5bi krom ne jo5na day e,
awa5cam day. krom pe jo5na dya5pa ko
awa5cam dya5a. When you dont know
your work I scold you. If you had known
it, then why would I scold you. Restrict:
The object is marked by kay to. Syn:
mri} hik; c4ha5Lik. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
awada5y ka5rik sD CoCE V. To do useless
or unnecessary work; MWar M L War Wa.
awada5y mo ka5ri. Dont do things you are
not supposed to.

awa5gaw mastru5k tU|D DCE N. A

month of spring; VaVd WdL M qMWX .
Whole: ba5son, basond spring season.
awala5 ka5rik sD CE V. To give into the
care or custody of someone; MWar Li. a
may ba5ya. a5ma ni aya5a awala5 ka5ri. a
chu5tyak, ne park bha5aw. This is my
brother. Take him and care for him for my
mother. He is small and cannot go by
himself. kita5b ta5sa ha5tya awala5 ka5ri.
Hand over this book to him. Variant:
hawala5 karik. From: Arabic.
awa5n CE N. Front panel of a mans shirt or
kamiz; ij.
aware5k sCE V. To cause a cow to begin
to give milk; _Vd Vam mm eM
MWar Lq. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
awa5rik1 sCE V. To take off the fire; N
MWaqMWZDL y rWY. Instr: ac4o5Kki hook; Instr:
awa5runi hook for picking up hot pans;
paLuni hook for picking up hot pans.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
awa5runi sCE N. Hook or hotpad for
handling hot things; L WaMW`DL WZrWX r
LruVY. Syn: paLuni.
awa5rik2 sCE V. To give milk; M qWaMij
MVaWdm Vam mm. gak bac4ho4ya5kas ha5tya
c4hir awa5raw day. The cow is giving milk
for the calf. Prdm: Class 1 (ma5trik).
awa5s {CE N. Noise, voice; qsLN. se ba5yas,
awa5s saKga5i, tara5 du5runa ta, jaKga5lay
ek moc ha3} tha5ra nsi a5au. That brother
of hers, hearing the noise, came there to the
house (and found) in the forest a man
sitting on a horse. Syn: char. Morph:
awa5z. Variant: awaza5. From: Persian.
awa5t SCE N. Place; ij. ek awa5t-a sa5ri
a5ini. They gathered together in one place.
awa5t ban DL SCE N. The first knuckle
from finger end; quij rilN. Gen: ban
knuckle.
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awathe5ri

aya5

awa5t gak D SCE N. The last cow in a

threshing line; rilN L Vaik rWY dWeLm
eM qMVa. See also: mer gak; mocay
ga5k.
awa5tik TCE N. Edge; qMVa. awa5tikay
mo pa5ri. }uru5is. Dont go near the edge!
You will fall! Syn: u5STak.
awathe5ri tTCE N. Place near the edge of
something; L rWY qMVa rsVdik
ij. se }uLa5 awathe5ri thi sa5thi }au.
That piece of wood is stuck near the edge
of the stream. See also: awa5t.
awazu5r suCE N. Tamarisk (a bush with
white flowers); quMij WdL.
[Flutes are made from its branches and its
leaves are used to feed goats.] Gen: muT
plant.
awe5l E Adj. First; @L ,WY. awe5l chaT.
The first time. a awe5l day a5ya a. I came
here first. Variant: hawe5l. From: Arabic.
awe5ri hik tE V. To go without
eating; MWa eM hk dWX ,MWa MWX.
awe5ri thi apa5w dek pruST ne. It is not
good to go (long) without eating. a5bi
awe5ri aba5simi. We stayed overnight
without eating. Syn: weha5si hik; Ant:
ha5si hik.
awe45yak DE Adj. Narrow, small; VaWZ.
rugmu5 {e biru awe45yak ku5i Rumbur
and Birir are narrow valleys. a kha5liley
awe4y
5 ak. c4hir pe a5tra pra haw, pu5ri
thi paru. This empty (pitcher) is too
small. If you put the milk in there, it will
overflow it. Syn: traK; Ant: bir.
awcik eE V. To take or receive from
someone; y WZM ,MWar V
MVaVd. a tay pi kundo5k awcam. I will
take the glass from you. Restrict: pi
from, is the relator marking the source.
Syn: grik; Reversive: dek to give. Prdm:
Class 3 (a5sik).

awio5 thek T E V. To marry within

ones clan; MWar mMyz d aWYL. a
tan ka5mani awio5 athe5s. I have married
within my own clan. [This is considered
unacceptable with the Kalasha people.]
awiza5n hik CvE V. 1) To be
startled or frightened; MWa mrsil. may
ame43%a awiza5n thi, paLa5ini. My sheep got
frightened and ran away. 2) To be worried;
MWa dik _WX. tu kas ba5ti awiza5n thi
a5as? What are you worried about? Syn:
bey-dawa5 (hik); }emk; peri}a5ni Sa5Tik.
awi{a5 CxE N. Family, people of ones
household, relatives; LnWaMil ,MWaLr. Syn:
ri}tada5r; riwa5c.
awla5t SE N. Descendants, relatives; mL.
ta5sa mo5cas ka wa5sa hu haw, ta5sa
istri{agu5a4kas awla5tan ha5tya iza5t
ka5riu. If that man has the means, he will
honor the girls relatives. From: Arabic.
aws ka5rik sD |E V. To graft a tree;
MWaM .
awta5 DTE N. Week; VZ. awta5una u. She
will come in a week. Variant: sat bas
(Urtsun). From: Persian.
aya5 DE Adv. Here (nearby speaker); MWd.
u5jak ka5i mon de. aya5 atra5o ka ha5ris
day? Speak plainly! Whats the use of
beating around the bush (lit: why are you
taking me here and there)? Syn: anda5y;
ande5na; a; Rmot1: atra5 there (present);
Rmot2: tara5 there (absent).
Adj. This; Wd. a a5is, }-aya5 kamra5una
}-aya5 rat. hoToluna ba5si a5is. I was here
in this room that night. I slept overnight in
the hotel. Syn: a.
aya5 a5tra dyek o CtTC DE Id. To try
futilely to do this and that; MWar rmDL rmHL.
tu pa5rikas ba5ti mic a5ya a5tra mo dye.
Dont do this and that just trying to go.
aya5 day Co DE Id. By this way; VZyLq vHL
y.
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a5ya

a{a5}

aya5 jia5i D\ DE Intj. Look here! Listen

to me!; VaEy OSMWX ,Wdm rmHL.
a5ya DE KT. Mother; nL. CPart: put,
putr son; chu daughter. Etym: *a2-
mother,
aunt
T-997;
a2ryika2respectable woman T-1351.
a5yako DE KT. My dear mother; qMVdWY
M.
a5yas aTh XC {DE Id. Useless or foolish
action; M nWeM _WX. a5yas aTh kho5jiu
day, albat. Hes gone there to do nothing
(lit. hes looking for his mothers bones).
a5yaw aTh ka5ris day e? Are you doing
something you shouldnt (stop it!)? [The
usage of these words indicates an attitude
of anger or disgust with the person of
whom it is spoken.]
a5yaso |DE KT. Dear son or daughter (of
mother); `VdWX ,MV`VdWX. [This is said as a term
of endearment, in place of put or chu.] See
also: put, putr; chu.
ayna5k DE N. Eyeglasses; VaVd. Use:
dyik to put on. From: Arabic.
ayp RE N. Fault, blame, mistake; PQVd.
Syn: kusu5r; guna5. From: Arabic.
ayp chaLe5k Dd RE V. To criticize
someone; MVaMWa PQVd. se may tha5ra ayp
chaLa5aw. He criticized me.
ayp dek o RE V. To accuse, blame;
MVaWdm PQVd. mic sa ayp mo de. Dont
accuse him for no reason! Syn: tana5 dek.
ayp SaTe5k XD RE V. To accuse
someone; MWaM PQVd. a5sa may ayp SaTa5i
a5au. He has accused me.
ayp thek T RE V. To condemn, find
guilty; MWar PSWXMW^ rij.
aypda5r sCpQE Adj. Guilty; qV ,qLm PQVd
qL. se aypda5r draZna5w. He was proved
guilty. Syn: kusurda5r.
aypna5k DQE Adj. 1) Rotten, blemished,
defective; OQLril ,qLm PQVd. aypna5k
i}nya5ri mo {u. Dont eat rotten things.

2) Sterile, unable to bear or impregnate;

mrMWa ,ijMWX. [This is said of either a man

or woman if it is not known which one is

the cause of the infertility.]
ayu5kun E N. Egg; LpWaL. Syn: o5nDrak.
From: Khowar.
ayu5n E N. Opium; EVdL ,VdL. From:
Arabic.
aza5p OCuE N. Trouble, suffering; OQL.
From: Arabic.
aza5p dek o OCuE V. To cause someone
suffering, torture; MVaWdm OQL ,MVaWdm VdWZ.
ga4 p%i, aza5p da5i moc na}e5m. I will kill
a man by choking and torturing him.
aza5p {uk w OCuE V. To suffer; PSVXVdVE
MVaVdij. aza5p {u5i ana5}aw. He died
suffering.
aza5t SCuE Adj. 1) Free; mLqsN. 2) Open; .
rawle5y aza5t. Lowari pass is open.
3) Unmarried, divorced; ,VZMWd
qLVa. se ka5as ja yaw aza5t, ta5sa kay
aLaSK ka5rik gho5an. If she is someones
wife, or unmarried, they call that aLaSK.
From: Persian.
aza5t ka5rik sD SCuE V. To free, set free,
divorce; MVaWdm ,MWar mLqsN. aza5t ka5ri
la ba5ya moc. Set the man free, brother!
ta5sa tan ja5as aza5t ka5rik may ko43%una
ne. I didnt know that he divorced his wife.
azat TCuE N. Freedom; mLqsN.
aze5c fuE N. Large clay jar for cheese
storage; Lru. aze5cay c4a5Sa dyen. c4a5Sa
dya5i kuhnDa ka5rin. They put c4aS5 a
cheese in the jar and then they make
kunDa, cheese. See also: kawa5w; Tunj.
azs ~uE N. Lead (metal); xVdHy. azs gri
bo43 ka5rin. They make bullets with lead.
Gen: cmbar metal.
a{a5} CwE N. Cumin; rWdqs. Variant: aja5}.
a{a5} cay Dd CwE N. Herbal (cumin) tea;
WeMik rWdqs. Gen: cay tea. Variant:
zra cay.
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a{e5

LmMWX.

a{e5 wE Fill-in word. ko a{e5? Why ever?

[This word may add emphasis to the word
or phrase.]
a{e5li wE N. Children, offspring; hkWX.
Variant: a{ta (Urtsun). From: Khowar.
a{L wE Adj. Real, pure; Mil. a{L
pre5cona. Real clarified butter. Syn: su5ca;
a5sil; sah. Variant: a}L. From: Arabic.
a{o45yak DwE N. Wart; Mx ,M. dani
ta5ri pe iSmara5an haw, a{o45yak hik
gho3%an. They say if you (try to) count the
stars of heaven youll get warts.
aZa45i IyE N. 1) Apricot; MWXil. Gen:
me3w
% a fruit; Seed: byak pit; Phase1:
bolu5cu unripe apricot. 2) Apricot tree;
PSilqm M MWXil. Gen: muT tree. Variant:
aZa5Ri (Birir). Etym: a2Sa2Dhya- pertaining
to the month a2Sa2Dha T-1474.
aZa4nja D]IyE N. Apricot tree bearing fruit
with bitter pits (too bitter to eat); Lru

a3%a3

CPart: ja5jey apricot tree with

edible pits.
aZiKgik yE V. To ripen so as to
break open; MWaMij PUWY r WY M WY.
pre5suna bribo5 aZe5Kgi }an. Down low
on the tree the walnuts are ripe. brbo
ka5LaSani pe aZiKgia5w haw, pha5to se
pa5caw day. When the walnut breaks out
of its outer covering, then it will fully
ripen. [This is only spoken of walnuts.]
Syn: bic4hirk; (brombo45yak) Tok hik; La5i
dek; Past(hearsay): aZiKgiu5na they
ripened. Variant: aZe5Kgik. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
aZo5Kgyak DyE Adj. Slender, thin;
VZWY. aZo5Kgyak istr{a. Shes a thin
woman. Syn: taLu3%yaKk; tara3c% ak; Ant:
baDu5La. Variant: aZo5yKgek.

a4
N. Duck; glWX. a45i ne dha5rin. They
dont keep ducks. Variant: a5Ri (Birir).
Etym: a2t- an aquatic bird T-1127.
a4n

I N. Millet; rijMWX. nokphe5Tay a4n

kSi a5am. I have planted millet in my new
fields. gu5um {e a4n
, puru5S awe5l day
le5tras Sa5Tan. The men first begin by
harvesting the wheat and millet. [This
grain used to be ground for bread, but
seldom is now. It is classed as a5mbak, very
filling.] Gen: pha5sil grain crop. Variant:

a45i

ha4n (Urtsun); a4hn. Etym: *aNunimillet T-195.

a45Kgu I N. Finger, toe; WaDL. Variant:
aKu4i5 k (Urtsun). Etym: aKgu5li- finger,
toe T-135.
a45Kgu brunda5lak CptL
I Id.
Delicious; rsWd. ba5ba a45Kgu brunda5lak
za ka5ri. Sister, make some delicious food.
[The literal meaning of this is that the
person wants to bite his own finger for the
food is so good.] RootVb: bru5ndik.

a3
a3%a3

CE Intj. Yes!; M. Ant: ne.

22

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a3%c4ak

badela5

a3%c4ak DiE N. Prickles, small thorns; MV`WaM.

Syn: coKk. See also: capu5S tara4%3ik.
Variant: ha3%c4aR (Urtsun).
a3%c4ak dyek o DiE V. To prick; MV`WaM
MVa. a3%c4ak praw. The thorns pricked (us).

a3%c4ak jaw D\ DiE N. Bushy area

covered by thorny or prickly bushes; V`WaM
MWdHquMij qLm.

b
ba5ba DLDL KT. 1) Sister (daughter of ones
mother and father); WX. CPart: ba5ya
brother; Group: baba5wt, baba5wtr
sisters (as a group). 2) Sister-in-law (wife
of spouses brother); MV`ij ,LqWdm.
3) Female cousin (daughter of uncle or
aunt); WX mLqs Mhkik. [This is the daughter
of ones da5da, na5na, or mo5a.] CPart:
ba5ya male cousin.
N. Female friend; ijMWX.
baba5wt, baba5wtr tTDLDL ,SDLDL N. Sisters
(as a group); dVaWX. a5bi baba5wtr. We are
sisters. Unit: ba5ba. See also: baya5wt,
baya5wtr; dada5wt.
babayu5k DLDL N. Stream, creek; ,nWa
MWdqm. Syn: pati}o5i; dariya5.
baca5 DdDL N. King; MyzmMWX. [This may be the
preferred term for king in stories.] Syn:
Sa. From: Persian.
baca DdDL N. Kingdom; PSMyzmMWX.
baca5t ka5rik sD SDdDL V. To rescue, save
someone; MWaMhkWX. Lawa5k ama5w, pa5ri, tan
jhan baca5t ka5ri. The fox said, Go! Save
your own life! Syn: khala5s ka5rik.
Variant: bac ka5rik.
bac4he43%a DhDL N. Small bronze bells sewn
onto the kupa5s womens headdress;
rVa. [These are slightly larger than the
brombo45yak.] Syn: brombo45yak; ga4Kga5i.
bac4ho45a ChDL N. Calf (one year old, male or
female); LruhkWX. [At this stage sex is
specified by stating bire4a%3 bac4ho45a male
calf, or istr%ak bac4ho45a female calf.]

Dim: bac4ho45yak; Species: gak cow;

Adult: don, dond bull; gak cow.
Variant: bichor5F (Rumbur); bachor5a
(Urtsun). Etym: vatsa5- calf, child T11239.1.
bac4ho45a ku ChDL N. Pen for calves in
barn.
bac4ho45a nisike5yn } ChDL N. The
womb of a cow; Lm hkWX eM.
bad- -oDL Pfx. Bad; nWX. may ja may som
bad-sulu5k ha5waw. I have come to
despise my wife. From: Persian.
bada5n CoDL N. Body; nWX. may saw bada5n
tok th }au. My whole body has become
wet. Syn: jhan, jhand; kalp; ada5m;
khaml; c4he43%a; jsom. From: Persian.
bade5l
bade5l hik oDL V. To change; nWX
MWaMij. chatra5wey gaDe5rak bade5l ne thi,
a5sau hu5La. The Chitrali elder was not
changed, it seems he is still there. From:
Arabic.
badela5 oDL N. Revenge, repayment (good
or bad); nWX. Syn: karo4%3; Use: grik to
get. From: Arabic.
badela5 grik t oDL V. To get
revenge; MVaVd nWX. Sumbe5r a5La la45i a5is
}ase5 moc. ponc kaw pstawo tan
badela5 agraw, to moc la4i5 . Before that
man had beat him. Five years later, he got
his revenge by beating that man. tu may
pi badela5 agri. You got revenge on me.
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badhe5k

baDu5La

Restrict: The source is marked by pi

from. Syn: karo4%3 grik; karo43% chaLe5k.
badhe5k oDL V. To shave, shear; MWX
MWaZD. a SiS badhe5m day. I am shaving
my head. Object: coK beard; SiS head;
Past(hearsay): badha5La he shaved. Etym:
vardhayati cuts, divides T-11381.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
badia5n DoDL N. Sweater, jumper, jersey;
rij ,MVdHVaWX. From: Urdu.
ba5dik oDL V. 1) To grow; MVaruWX. muThk
ba5dau day. The sapling is growing. Syn:
dra5{ik. 2) To increase in number; mLnWZ
MVaruWX d. may pay ku5a4k thi, aba5dan.
My goats had their little ones and increased
in number. Past(hearsay): ba5diLa it grew.
Etym: va5rdhate2 grows, increases T11376. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
badma5} DoDL N. Rascal, bad fellow,
mischief-maker; vzMnWX. From: Persian.
badma5}i DoDL N. Mischief, trouble;
zMnWX. badma5}i mo ka5ri la. a tay
pruST jo5nim day. Dont make trouble. I
know you very well!
bad-nia5t SDoDL Adj. Base, corrupt; PSVdHWanWX.
se badnia5t. tha5ra ta pruST, no45una ta5sa
khia5l ware5k. Hes corrupt. On the surface
he looks good, but underneath his thinking
is different. See also: nia5t.
bado5k oDL N. Ax; LquM. muT prekie5m
day, wado5k gri. I am cutting this tree
down with the axe. Gen: yara5k weapon;
Spec: pola5t battle axe; taparzK
ceremonial axe; prece5w axe for
dancing; Part: ku5staw blunt end of axe
head. Variant: wado5k.
badr soDL N. 1) Leather strap, belt; nVaWX r.
2) Strips of juniper wood from which
baskets are made; y wij LruW` MVX M Mik
d WZMVaWX rW`. [These are not bark but
actual strips of the juniper wood.] Syn:

taL. Etym: va5dhra- leather thong T11387; *baddhrika2- belt T-9129.

bad-sulu5k |oDL Adj. Estranged; nWX
LqMWa ,y. may ja may som
bad-sulu5k ha5waw. My wife and I have
become estranged. See also: sulu5k.
bad-}kil oDL Adj. Bad-looking, ugly;
yz nWX. See also: }kil.
badze5k DL V. 1) To stack wood to build
a fire; PQVdWZrWZ _Vd WaM N WdHru
MVaq y. may tramo5na ka5au day, a
}uLa5 badze5m. badza5i, aKga5r ka5i
ta5pam. I am cold, I will lay a fire. Then I
will light it and warm myself. Object: }uLa5
wood. 2) Feed a fire; Wdru Vd N
MVaWaij. a }uLa5 badze5m day. Im
putting wood on the fire. Past(hearsay):
baza5la he/she fed the fire. Variant:
baze5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
badze5rak CtDL N. Young ewe (one to one
and a half years old); ruVdWX Lij. Species:
ame43%a sheep; Adult: ame43%a ewe; Male:
meSaLa5k. Variant: baza5ri; baze5rak.
baDa cha5k Dd CqDL N. Shadow of an
animate thing; WdMy M qLnWaMij. Syn: chak.
baDacha5 DdCqDL N. Large winged red insect;

MWaril L Vaq PSWXMxz y VdWX

LruVdH. [This insect has a very dangerous

sting.] Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.

baDara5k CsCqJL N. A kind of lentils (long
and whitish); Lm WdL. See also:
tsi; grim.
baDu5 qDL Adj. Yellow; mqqs ,VdWY. Syn:
baDua5w; Max: phak; Gen: raK color.
Variant: baDu5lik.
baDua5w CqDL Adj. Golden; Vay. Gen:
raK color; Syn: baDu5.
baDu5La qDL Adj. 1) Stout, fat; MW`. }a5sa
moc baDu5la thi a5au. That man has
gotten fat. Ant: aZo5Kgyak; tara3c% ak;
taLu3%yaKk. Pl: babaDu5lak. 2) Thick; MW`.
Ant: taLu3%yaKk. Variant: baThu5La. Etym:
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baDuna45

bak

sthu2la5- large, thick, stout T-13776

(assuming compound ba-tu5la).
baDuna45 JqDL N. A kind of bush bearing
yellow flowers; LmWY M WdL. [This is
good food for goats. Each year it grows
and in the fall dries up. Morgenstierne says
this resembles Angelica.] Etym: naDa5- a
species of reed T-6936.
bagalie5 DDL N. The Bagalie clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan. Variant: bagalihe5.
ba5gan DDL N. Plane tree; qMVaik. Gen: muT
tree.
baganaco45yak DdDDDL N. A kind of wild
rose; WY Vaij M WdL. Gen: muT
plant.
bagde5r tpDL Adj. Brave, courageous; qmMWX.
Syn: purdl. See also: So5nDik. From:
Persian.
bagoLa5 DL N. Worthless person who does
not work but makes trouble; qLN.
bagoLa5 hik DL V. To be corrupt or
aimless by ones own choice; MWa qLN.
Syn: gada5y hik. See also: darphada5r hik.
bahaga5 DDDL N. Coffin, casket; OSWXMWZ.
baha5na DDDL Adj. Very much; mMWdqs y ni.
baha5na Da po }ia bo Tarou day. He
talks a lot because he has drunk a lot of
wine. Restrict: This is used to modify mass
nouns. Syn: baLu5nta; bo.
bahana5 ka5rik sD DDDL V. To overdo;
MWar mMWdqs y ni. baha5na ka5i mo de,
kam ka5i de. Dont give them too much,
rather give them a bit less.
bahaya5 DDDL Adj. Shameless; MVdi _WX. Syn:
bey-}a5rum; weLa5ju. From: Persian (be-),
Arabic (haya).
bahu5 DL KT. 1) Daughter-in-law (sons
wife); EWX. bahu5 a5sta chu-m a5au. A
daughter-in-law is just the same as a
daughter. CPart: ispre5s mother-in-law
(husbands mother); i}pa5}ur father-in-

law (husbands father). 2) Sister-in-law

(brothers wife); MWX. CPart: dio5r
brother-in-law
(husbands
younger
brother);
i}pa}ur
brother-in-law
(husbands older brother); jo5mi sister-inlaw (husbands sister). 3) Niece-in-law
(nephews wife, or spouses nephews
wife); EWX. CPart: ispre5s aunt-in-law;
i}pa5}ur uncle-in-law. 4) Granddaughterin-law (wife of grandson); EWX. CPart:
ga5Da
i}pa5}ur
grandfather-in-law
(spouses grandfather); ga5Da ispre5s
grandmother-in-law
(husbands
grandmother). Etym: vadhu2%- bride,
young wife T-11250.
baja51 D\DL N. Harmonium; MijMWX. From: Urdu.
baja52 D\DL N. Oclock; hjWX. da} baja5ani tre
mila5T para5w. Three minutes past ten
oclock. se khoda5yas hu5kum. rat du
baja5an se goST ntsi }au. That was
Gods providence. At two oclock at night,
that barn collapsed. From: Urdu.
baja5an C-D\DL Adv. At...oclock; hjWX. tre
baja5an. At three oclock.
bak1 DL Adv. Suddenly, quickly; m WdL. a
bak Lase5s e, se paLa5is. When I suddenly
released him, he ran away. Restrict: This is
typically associated with the verb Lase5k
release. Syn: pat.
bak2 DL N. Garden; MWX. bo }i}o5yak bak
sawza5i a5sau. She has made a very
beautiful garden. Morph: bag. See also:
kher; gurze5n. From: Persian.
baka5r sDDL N. The Bakar clan of Rumbur;
VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen: kam1
clan.
ba5kas {DDL N. Box, chest; nVaV ,wWX.
Syn: toho5n. From: English.
bakhtawa5r sCDUDL Adj. Fortunate; qMVZhlWX.
From: Persian.
bak DL N. The rest, remainder, other
matters; MWX. bako, {o5}i da} {e du5a
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ba5kim gak

ba5LuS

baL hik DL V. To be on someones

side, recommend; PSWdMi ,MWar vzqMy
MWar. a tay ba5Li thi, ta5sa pa4. I beat him
up for you. tay nawkaras ba5ti a tay
ba5Li ha5wis. I tried to get the work for you.
baLima4n JDL N. The spirit being to
whom the winter festival (cawmo5s) is
dedicated; My ij VZyzr Myz WdL
__ MWZN d nVd rilN. [He comes on a
horse from the land of Tsiam for four
days during the winter festival. He is the
one who apportions peoples prosperity.]
Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings.
baLiwa5s ka5rik sD
{CDL V. To
forcefully insist on something falsely;
MWar vLWX ,MWar m MW`ij. su5da
baLiwa5s ka5i labe4u5ni may pi ahe5raw.
The boy forcefully insisted that the toy was
his own and took it from me. From: Urdu.
baLiwase5ki |CDL N. An insistent kind
of person; L War m W`ij.
baLo4e5 DL N. The Baloe clan of Rumbur;
VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen: kam1
clan.
baLu5nta DUDL Adj. Very many; d mLnWZ
mMWdqs PSWX. ta5sa da5das baLu5nta pay a5an.
His father has a big flock of goats.
Restrict: This is used to modify animate
count nouns only. Syn: baha5na; bo.
ba5LuS DL Adj. Old, ancient; MWaLrWY ,Wdn.
ba5LuS mac4he5rik mo43. Ancient beehive.
Syn: akhabr; baSa5ra; kru3%kus; trak;
DuDo5nyak.
baLuSa5 DDL N. Provisions stored from a
former harvest; WdrsVdik nyz dilqs LrWY.
ba5LuSa5 ta {un, no45a o then. They eat
stored foodstuffs but store the new harvest.
ek i}neha5ri ek ka5Lani pSTaw thaw
ha5waw, pha5to baLuSa5 gho3%an ta5sa kay.
If provisions remain until one year later
then they are called baLuSa5. [This is said of
food not consumed previous year. Cheese,

tarkan }uru5k hu day. As for other

matters, Joshi will begin on the 12th. Syn:
taga5r. From: Arabic.
ba5kim gak D DL N. Dried up cow (not
able to give milk); mm M wHij eM
eMij xzil. Variant: ba5kum.
bala5 DL Adj. Big, huge; qN n. su5ja bala5
se don. That bull is very big! Etym: ba5lapower, strength T-9161.
balaba5li DLDL N. Volleyball; MWX L.
Gen: Labe45 game, play. From: English.
bala5t SDL Adj. Knowledgeable, informed;
PSVdL. may som bo moc bala5t. Many
people know me. bo mo5can som, a
bala5t. I know many people.
bala5t hik SDL V. To get to know,
become familiar with; MWa PSVdL. se tay
som krom ka5i bala5t thi a5au. He has
gotten to know you by working with you.
se may som bala5t thi a5au. She knows
me. Restrict: The object is marked by som
with.
balat TDL N. Acquaintance; PSVdL. tay
ta5sa som baLat }au. You are acquainted
with him.
balba5c cDMDL N. Family, household; hkWX MWX.
From: Urdu.
baLade5} oDL N. The village of Baladesh in
Rumbur Valley; M WdL M qVXq mL.
Variant: baLade5}.
baLaKguru5 sDL N. The village of
Balanguru in Rumbur Valley; qVXq mL
M WdL M.
baLe5k DL V. 1) To convince, persuade,
win a debate; MWaMij qsMWX. a tay mon
da5i baLe5m. I will convince you by my
speech. a5bi ma}ku5l thi te baLe5mi. We
persuaded them by discussion. Syn: iSkal
ka5rik; darkha5s ka5rik. 2) Beat someone in
a game; MVaVZVdij ,MWaLr ,MWaMij qsMWX. Prdm:
Causative (sawze5k).
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bam hik

bande5k

N. 1) Blockage, spell, curse; ZVa.

tupe5k band pe thi a}s haw, isto5Kgas
pe tupe5kas a5ran haw, pha5to tupe5kani
band bic4hiru. If a gun has a curse (on it),
and they do a sacrifice for the gun, then the
spell will be broken. 2) Shoelace; WZ.
kirmcani band ukuS }au. The
shoelace of her shoe has come untied.
From: Persian.
ban ka5rik sD DL V. To close off, to
shut; MWar nVaWX. c4hetru5na jhaw dya5i, ban
ka5rim day. may juwa5ri ca5rin day. I
am making a fence to close off my fields.
The animals are eating my corn. Reversive:
umre5k to open.
bana5 DDL N. Lame excuse; WaMWX. a laha5s
gho3%i bana5 ka5riu day. He is making an
excuse that he is sick. Syn: waja5. From:
Persian.
bana5 ka5rik sD DDL V. To make
excuses (untrue); MWar WaMWX. waL pa5ri.
mic krik pa5}i bih SiS trupe5l day
gho3%i bana5 mo ka5ri. Go with the goats.
Dont make excuses about your head
aching because you are afraid of a little
snow. Syn: mon sawze5k; miKguma45Kgu
ka5rik. See also: gaybana5.
banda5 CpDL N. Person, human being; nVaWX.
a5bi banda5 a5sik e, o5nja ubujk co5pa
SiSirk. We, being people, today we are
born, tomorrow we die. Syn: insa5n;
buniade5m; jhon. From: Persian.
bande5k pDL V. 1) To teach; MWaMVdy. a
tay kaLa5Sa mon bande5m. I will teach
you the Kalasha language. Syn: c4ic4he5k;
jhone5k. 2) To announce so as to
inaugurate, to order or command; @L
MWar. co5po {o5}i bande5n. Tomorrow they
will announce the start of Joshi. eksira5
banda5aw. He ordered an x-ray to be made.
Syn: ho5kum ka5rik; a5mur ka5rik;
Past(hearsay): banda5La he/she taught.

grain and dried goods etc. are typical

provisions which this word describes.]
Variant: baLoSa5.
baLuSaTo5k XDDL N. Person who has
lots of stored supplies; dilqs WdrsVdik LrWY
L War. ka5ski ba5LuSa i}neha5ri }an,
ta5sa kay baLuSaTo5k gho3%an. matla5p ta5sa
som bo i}neha5ri. Whoever has surplus
things, hes called baLuSaTo5k. It means he
has lots of things. Morph: baLuSa Tok.
bam hik DL V. To sulk, pout; Va
MWaqxWX. ka bam thi a5as. Why are you
sulking? Syn: kru5cik; khuru5Su hik.
bamba5 DMDL N. Chimney, pipe; PRWeMWY ,VXWX.
Syn: payp. From: Urdu.
bambariu5} sDMDL N. A beautifully
scented white mountain flower; M WdL
WY quMWY. o bambariu5} tu5ta may hsti
pa5i de5ntuna bic4hira5. a5o tay arma5nuna
chom tha5ra dunia5una aka5sis. O
beautiful flower, you have left me and
gone to the mountain and blossomed. I
have walked all over the earth desiring
only you. Variant: babairu5}.
bamphula5k QDL Adj. Obese; MW`.
Syn: bamphu5S.
bamphu5S QDL Adj. Obese, fat; MW`. }a
moc bamphu5S. This man is fat. Syn:
bamphula5k.
ban DL N. Joint, knuckle; quij. Syn:
amc4ho5nu; Spec: awa5t ban 1st knuckle
from finger end; mo5cay ban 2nd
knuckle from finger end; se5ndaw ban
3rd knuckle from finger end.
ban, band pDL ,DL Adj. Closed, impassable;
nVaWX. a5bi yaw peTro5l gri, yaw
kakawa5Kkan ha5tya khu5rak gri, {ar i,
pha5to lawa5ri band hu. Either get
gasoline or chicken feed and come quickly
because Lowari Pass will be closed. Syn:
Sit; Onset: tsrap suddenly.
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band

barga5 dyek
my work! Syn: niama5t; behe5l; Use: hstik
to give; dek to give. See also: rizk.
From: Persian.
barasiKga5 D|CsDL N. Deer; r ,MVayLqMWX.
From: Urdu.
bara5una DCsDL Rel. About, concerning;
d qMWX. ta5sa bara5una. About him/her.
Syn: bat. See also: -as mon dek.
Variant: baruna.
barbana5} DDLsDL Adj. Naughty, rascally, out
of control, contrary; nV ,qLz.
barbana5} su5da. A naughty child. [This
implies that the child gets into fights easily,
lies, steals, does not listen to correction.]
Noun: barbana} naughty behavior.
barbana} ka5rik sD DDLsDL V. To
be contrary or wild, to do bad things,
misbehave; MWar OSqLz. barbana5}i mo
ka5ri, pruST thi apa5w de. Dont be
naughty, be good!
barda5} From: Persian.
barda5} hik CosDL V. To be endured;
MWa PSyzLmrWX. har ka barda5} hkas baS
ka5i ka5rik baS. Everything which is to be
endured should be endured.
barda5} ka5rik sD CosDL V. To endure
suffering, to persevere; MWar PSyzLmrWX. tcak
wat pe au5 ne ha5waw haw, tu barda5}
ka5rik ne bha5as. If there is no food for a
little while, you will not be able to endure.
Syn: kheSk; jira5ik; tap o5nik; dork;
guzara5n ka5rik.
bard osDL N. Uniform, dress; mq. Use:
sambik to wear. From: Persian.
bare4i5 k sDL N. Calf (female, three years
old); eM Lij. Adult: gak; Male: batsha5
calf (male, three years old).
bare4tyek UsDL N. Calf (female, two
years old); eM Lij. Adult: gak; Male:
batsha5yak calf (male, two years old).
barga5 dyek o DsDL V. 1) To bump into
something (inadvertently); MVa rW`. a

Etym: *bhandati orders T-9385. Prdm:

Causative I (sawze5k).
band pDL N. 1) Prisoner; nVd. Syn:
giliuta5r. 2) Jail, prison; Vdij. to gri ni
banday pron. They took him and put him
in jail. Syn: jil. From: Persian.
band ka5rik sD pDL V. To capture
someone, put in prison; nVd ,MWar qMVZr
MWar. From: Persian.
banje5k ]DL V. To play a musical
instrument, beat a drum; MWaMhjWX.
Past(hearsay): banja5la he/she played.
Etym: va2dyate2 is made to sound T11513. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
bar sDL N. Time, occurrence; qMWX. iste5k
ba5raw u. He comes sometimes. rat
hu5paLa ek ne, du ne, tre caw bar may
c4aka5aw. Last night a scorpion stung me
not once or twice but three or four times.
Syn: chaT; nji.
baraba5r sDLCsDL Adj. 1) Equal, same, good,
OK; rWXLrWX. miza5c baraba5r e. Is your
health good? 2) Half; MmN. Variant:
barbare (Urtsun). From: Persian.
baraba5r ka5rik sD sDLCsDL V. 1) To make
half full; MWar MmN MmN. Dhok ka5i may
die5li a}s, baraba5ro ko a5ri. You should
have given me a heaping portion, why did
you make it only half full? 2) To make two
equal parts; MWar KVi rWXLrWX m. }a5ma au5
tan mo5cuna baraba5r ka5ra. Make this
bread into two equal parts for yourselves.
barabare5k sDLCsDL V. 1) To make equal;
MWar rWXLrWX. 2) To sacrifice for someone;
MWar MWXr nV. a laha5s ais e, ek don
may barabara5an. When I was ill, they
sacrificed an ox for me. Prdm: Causative
(sawze5k).
baraka5t SDCsDL N. Blessing (specifically,
good crops and success); PSrWX. phaLkuna
baraka5t hsti. Bless my grain! may
kro5muna baraka5t histi. Give success to
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barista43%u

bas
ka ume5t may thaw ha5waw, tay pi?.
There was no use in trusting you. I no
longer have any hope in you. Restrict: The
object pronoun is marked by pi from.
Syn: yakn ka5rik; bawa5r ka5rik. See also:
patik.
barua5zi uCsDL N. A kind of grass; WdL
vM . [Goats will not eat this. It is used
as a straw to put down for a floor
covering.]
baru45 sDL N. Loud noise; qyz. }a ka baru45
a? What is this noise?
baru45 dyek o sDL V. To shout loudly;
MWaMhk qyz.
baru4e5k sDL V. To defeat an opponent; Lr
MWaMij PSVdij ,MVaWdm. gaL ka5i ho5ma tha5ra te
baru4a5an. They beat us in playing gaL.
Restrict: The object is marked by tha5ra
over. Past(hearsay): baru45ala he/she
defeated; Syn: jit hik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
bas1 {DL N. Day, 24 hours; Hm. ek mastru5k
b}i {e da} bas hu. One month has
thirty days. pre3ha5kaw ta may da} bas
ha5waw. Ive been back from downcountry for ten days. Restrict: This is the
word for day that can be used with
numbers. Part: witrazikwe5w dawn;
copa5mna morning time; copa5kal
morning time; ceSTa5kal mid morning;
huLu5k midday; usuagn, usuagnD
afternoon; chakdigwe5w late afternoon;
chak ko43 late afternoon; tromi}we5w
twilight; tro5mi} evening; osakas
evening; bhota5kal supper time; rat
night; duba5rabar
rat midnight;
bey-wat after midnight; Syn: a5dua.
Etym: va2sa5- abode T-11591.
ba5sik |DL V. To spend the night; OSLq
MWaqLrs. bastho5ni ka5nda ja5Luna pa5i
ba5sim. I will go to a sleeping place in a
Kanda woods and sleep. Etym: va5sati

dhenta5as som barga5 dya5i }uru5is. I

inadvertently collided with the mountain
and fell. 2) To lean back against
something; MWaM VdW`. a dhenta5as som
barga5 dya5i nis a5am. I leaned against the
mountain and sat down. Restrict: The
object bumped into or leaned on is marked
by som with. Syn: Dhar dyek.
barista43%u JU}sDL N. A leafy vegetable
resembling spinach; rsVXy Vaij WdL.
[These are first dried in the sun, then
broken into small pieces and stored for a
time. Then they are again dried in the sun
and finally eaten.]
barke5} sDL Intj. Well done! (Look how
many mulberries have fallen!); ,Mik@L PSWX
r OSVZyz mMWdqs VaVZ Wdm. a mrac4
}o5Kas pa4 e, saw thi barke5} agho5an.
When I hit the mulberry branch everyone
said barke5}. See also: ra} hik. Variant:
bharke5}; barkhe5}.
barma5 DsDL N. Drill; MrWX. Gen: aspa5p
tools. From: Urdu.
barmanDu5 rDsDL N. Legendary wild being
resembling a monkey; wWaM WX. [This
being is a large human-like being that is
thought to carry away women.] From:
Pashto.
barnaha5k DDsDL Adv. For nothing, without
reason; ij IWX. barnaha5k lawe5l day. He
lies for nothing. tu mic barnaha5k mo
ka5si, beka5r gho3%i. Dont just walk around
for nothing, with no purpose in mind Syn:
mic guma5na.
barosa5 D|sDL N. Trust, confidence, faith;
MyrWX. Syn: yakn; bawa5r.
barosa5 ka5rik sD D|sDL V. To trust
someone; MVaq yrWX. a tay pi barosa5
ka5i, paysa5 tay da5i a5is, ma5gam tu te
Dumba5la his. Trusting you I gave you
money, but it seems youve lost it. tay
pita ka barosa5 ka5rikas baS ne hu5La.
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bas

ba}a5r
Joshi falls. Etym: vasanta5- spring
season T-11439.
ba} DL N. Wooden support beam for roof;
dVZyz. [A house is made with four ba}, a
barn with six. dar joists rest on these and
are laid on top of the top beams that rest
on the last layer of rock and serve to tie the
house together. They are about ten inches
wide.] Gen: dar timbers or beams. See
also: sanj. Etym: va5~s5ya- crossbeam
T-11182.
ba} btsa DmMDL N. Gap between beams in
a construction in which things can be kept;
quLqm dVZyz. See also: thu43 btsa.
ba} hstik U} DL V. To lay
supporting
beams;
MWaMhkWX dVZyz.
Sequence: sastrik to roof a house.
ba}a5li DDL N. House for childbirth and
menstruation; VdWZq vzVd Mij M
d VZq Lqm ikqs q@L MWYMWa. Syn:
za5nti ku. Variant: ba}ale5yni.
ba}a5li guS DDL N. Yard of the
womens menstrual house; qLM MWd@L
LnVd mr ij VZhl _Vd. [Children
who die at birth are buried here.]
ba}a5r sDDL N. Sympathetic inquiry; IqMHL
mqn. From: Khowar.
ba}a5r do5yu o sDDL N. Sympathizer or
mourner of a death; rWY OSM
L WaN _Vd vx@L.
ba}a5r ka5rik sD sDDL V. To inquire and
comfort someone whose relative has died;
MWar PSMWdqm PSWddil . ba}a5r do5yu
in. te ba}a5r ka5an. The mourners will
come they will sympathize with the family.
[This is done by asking about the death
and giving words of encouragement.] Syn:
dilasa5 ka5rik; hard dek; umu5ru ka5rik;
hawsala5 dek.
ba}a5r moc c sDDL N. Sympathizer or
mourner of a death; rWY OSM
L WaN _Vd vx@L.

stays, dwells T-11435. Prdm: Class 1

(ka5rik).
bas hik {DL V. To stay somewhere
temporarily; MWaqLrs Hm. a c4hatra5w du bas
him. Ill spend two days in Chitral.
base5k |DL V. To cause to spend the
night; MWaLW`. Prdm: Causative (sawze5k).
basikhe5}ti U|DL N. Place where one
stays temporarily; ij MVd.
bastho5ni U|DL N. Place to sleep.
bas2 {DL Intj. Enough!; wWX. bas, a a5sta
tan ada5t pu5ra ka5am day. Enough! I also
am doing what is habitual to me. From:
Persian.
bas hik {DL V. To stop (of an
activity); MWaMij WZ ,MWaMij Zil. ba5Sik
dyek bas th }au e? Has it stopped
raining? Syn: ma5nak hik.
bas ka5rik sD {DL V. To stop doing
something; MWar wWX. {uk bas ka5ri. Stop
eating! ba5so ne ka5i ek dara5kuna iu
day. asa au5 de. He doesnt stop but
keeps coming. Give him something to eat!
Syn: ma5nak ka5rik.
bas ka5rik sD {DL V. To debate with
someone, argue with someone; MWar PThWX.
te ma5muli mo5ndruna bas ka5i SaTa5i
a5an. They argued over an insignificant
thing and began to fight. From: Arabic.
baskha5s ka5rik sD {D|DL V. To
interrogate; MWar wzVdVZWZ. se kawa5y para5w
haw, ta5sa baskha5s ka5ra. Find out where
he went! Syn: tawt} ka5rik; ku}ku}e5k.
ba5son, ba5sond p|DL ,|DL N. Spring
season; qMWX. ba5sonday {o}i hu. In the
spring we will have Joshi. Gen: zuba5n
season; Whole: kaw2 year; Part: ama5l
mastru5k a month of spring; awa5gaw
mastru5k a month of spring; kiLa45a sa5ras
mastru5k a month of spring; {o5}i
mastru5k the month in spring in which
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ba5}ik

baSe5k

ba}arawa5l phu5cik dP CCsDDL V.

To ask about someones welfare; PSWddil
MWar PSMWdqm.
ba5}ik DL V. To make a sound (of
animals, for instance to chirp, to mew, to
moo, to bleat, to bark); qsLN M qWaMij
MVaMWa. upra4hu43%yak pruST ba5}au. A
partridge makes a nice sound. Variant:
bha3} (Urtsun). Etym: va2%s5yate2 roars,
howls, bellows, lows, bleats, sings (of
birds) T-11589. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
ba}nda ka5rik sD CpDL V. 1) To
forgive someone for something; wzhlWX
MVaWdm. te tan som nanawa5ti gri may
du5ra on e, a ta5si hatya ba}nda a5ris.
When they came to my house and brought
a mediator, I forgave them. Restrict: The
object is marked by ha5tya for. Syn:
(guna5) Lase5k; mua5 ka5rik; (guna5) hstik.
2) To bequeath property to someone; qMVZhlE
MWaMVaWX.
baS1 DL N. 1) Share, part, portion; KVi. te
tan mo5cuna zamn du baS ka5da. They
divided the land in half. Syn: mira5s.
2) Gift of food on the news of a childs
conception. baSk a5sa de. a5sa ja5as
oSwa5Li. Give him a little portion of meat.
His wife is pregnant.
baS ka5rik sD DL V. To leave an
inheritance to ones sons, to will something
to; MVaWdm KVi d PSW^Lq. may da5da may
ha5tya c4het baS a5raw. My father left me
an inheritance of a field. [A daughter does
not receive an inheritance but she does
receive a jhes gift] Syn: mira5suna ka5rik.
baS {ua5w Cw DL N. 1) Spirit beings to
whom offerings are made; MWZWdm. Lit:
share takers. baS {ua5w baS gha5Tan.
taLa5y pa5i sa5ras dyen. }ase5 ta5sa baS.
}atala5ko baS {ua5w gho5an. Share takers
ask for their portion. Men go there and
offer juniper. This is their portion.

Therefore they are called share takers.

[People pray to them for the health of their
cattle and give thanks for hunting.] Spec:
ra5mon spirit being of Krakal; in, indr,
ndra spirit beings of Chawmos; sajigo5r
spirit being of Rumbur; warn spirit
being of Birir; baLima4n spirit being of
Chawmos; Diza5lik female spirit being of
birth; je5STak female spirit being of birth;
kuSuma5y female spirit being; mahande5o
Kalasha spirit being; daSgo5raLa spirit
being of Bumburet; de5wa spirit being of
the Kalasha; iKga5w spirit being of
Bumburet; }iga5n spirit being of
Bumburet; prabazo5n spirit being of
Birir; suriza5n spirit being of livestock;
Jac4 spirit beings. Variant: baS khoja5w.
2) Heir; OTqL. Syn: miraskho5r; dur
{ua5w.
baS2 DL N. Value; qn. ka5Tuna ha4a4 bo
}an. ka aja5tas baS ne. There are many
knots in the board. It is of no use. See also:
-ik baS.
baS khoja5w D\ DL See main entry:
baS, baS {ua5w.
baSa5ra CsDDL Adj. Old (of people or
animals); VdV. a5bi tay a5yaw {e
da5daw baSa5ra ha5wimi. We, your mother
and father have become old. ey ga5Da
baSa5ra ta, {u5i {e po pa5ra. Hey old
men, come, eat and drink and go (this is
said to call the spirits of deceased
ancestors). Syn: akhabr; kru3%kus; trak;
ba5LuS; DuDo5nyak; Inan: La5Zna.
baSa5ra ku5a4k I CsDDL N. Youngest
child; m@L _WY MquWX. [The reference to
baSa5ra old means that people have their
youngest children while they themselves
are old.]
baSe5k DL N. Hope, trust; nVdDL. tay pi
may baSe5k }au. pruST a5ri o5ni. I trusted
you. You did well, you brought it.
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baSe5S

bata5y

baSe5k ka5rik sD DL V. To trust

someone; MWar nVdDL ,MVaq nVdDL. tay baSe5k
ka5i a5is. tu ko ne o5ni. I trusted in you.
Why didnt you bring it?
baSe5S DL N. Reward, prize, gift; ,wzxzhlWX
MVaxzhlWX. se pruST krom ka5i, baSe5S
agraw. He got a prize for doing good
work. Use: ka5rik to reward someone.
From: Persian.
ba5Sik DL N. Rain; vzqMWX. doS bo ba5Sik
amu5caw. Much rain fell yesterday. Do:
dyek to rain; mu5cik to rain. Etym:
varSa5- rain T-11392.
ba5Sik dyek o DL V. To rain;
MWa vzqMWX. ba5Sik dyel day. It is raining.
ba5Sik wa3%ik C DL V. To rain
through the leaves of a tree; ilLm vzqMWX
MWa. bew no45una ba5Sik wa3%iu day. Under
a willow tree the rain comes through. See
also: wa3i% k. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
baSiko5k DL N. Rainwater left on
ground after rain, puddles; MWY M vzqMWX.
baSike5k DL V. To mourn and cry and
eulogize a deceased person; dWX M dWZLil
MWar. a5bi }a5ma moc baSike5k day. We
are mourning for this man. [This lasts for
two days and nights. It is only done by
women] CPart: i}tikhe5k to praise. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
baSkik DL V. To boast, praise oneself;
MVaVaWX V`H MVd Va VaWY@L ,AMWaqMWX hlVdy.z se
he5Kka baSkaw. He always praises
himself. ka baSkas day? What do you
mean by boasting? Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
baSike5ki DL N. Braggart; MxWd@L
VaWX LruWX dVeWZ VaWY@L ij hlyz.
bat
SDL N. Rock, stone; rVZWY. [It has the
value of o5njeSTa ritually pure, when
brought from the mountains away from the
valleys.]
Variant:
wat
(used
in

compounds). Etym: *varta- round stone

T-11348.
bat hstik U} SDL V. To play a
game like shot-put; Vd M VaVaVdWY rVZWY.
Gen: Labe45 game; Syn: }iL hstik.
bat manDra5k CsrD SDL N. Turtle;
Lhk. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insects and
reptiles. Variant: bogu5zu.
bat thom T SDL N. Slingshot (strung like
a bow but with a pocket for stones); Vd.
Syn: thom dar.
batk bribo5 MtL TDL N. Walnut with a
hard thick shell; OUril@L PShly.
batalo5 ka5rik sD DTDL V. To throw
stones at someone or something; rVZWY
MWar qMxVay ,MWaqM y. Syn: LaKgasa5r
ka5rik.
ba5ta DTDL Adv. Contrastive adverb. ko ne ko
ne, tu may yardu5s tay ha5tya ne
sawza5io, ka5as ha5tya ba5ta sawze5m?
Why not, why not! You are my friend, if I
dont make one for you, for who else then
should I make one? co5po tay putr ba5ta
ubu5jiu, tu ta5a kay khe3 ma5as? In the
future, your son will be born and what will
you say to him?
batada5t SCoDTDL Adj. Mischievous, bad
mannered; L OSLmM rWX. Morph: bad
ada5t. From: Persian.
batada5ti TCoDTDL N. Mischief; OSqLz.
da5das pu5tras nasia5t a5raw, batadat mo
ka5ri gho3%i. The father commanded his son
saying, Dont make mischief!
bata5y DTDL N. Flour taken to be eaten in high
pastures; MWdMij MLrik rWY q zLq
MW`N L WaMij. a so5nuna ha5tya bata5y gri,
parm day. I will go to take the flour to
the high pastures. CPart: Law2 milk
products; Use: ha5rik to carry (to
pastures).

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batha5n

batsha5

batha5n DTDL N. 1) District, valley, ones

area; . Syn: de}. 2) Country; .
Variant: watha5n (Birir). From: Arabic.
bathl TDL Adj. Selfish, evil, lying; mil
MWX ,r. Syn: muzr. From: Arabic.
bat TDL Rel. 1) For, concerning, about;
yL ,_Vd. }e3he3%as ba5ti. For this
reason. ta5sa hard, ta5sa ba5ti bo kapha5
ha5waw He became very sad for her. Syn:
bara5una. See also: -as mon dek. 2) For
the purpose of; _Vd . zuke5kas ba5ti,
taya5ri ka5riu day. Hes getting ready to
push. saw may ta5da pha5ysala ka5rikas
ba5ti in day. Everyone is coming to me to
make judgment. 3) Because of; y ij .
brbo c4oi%34 pe ha5waw haw, brbo
c4o43%ikas ba5ti, saw mo5can go} ne hu.
When walnut harvest takes place, because
of it, no one has any free time. Variant:
pat.
bato5nyak DTDL N. Wooden disk (part of
the spindle); MVdWY M WZ MyzVd. Whole:
tra5ku spindle. Etym: vartana- turning,
rolling T-11354 (via Khowar).
bato5rik sTDL Adj. Stoical; Mij PShly.
ba5tra CtTDL N. Small irrigation channels in a
field; dVe MVaWX _Vd zMWY OQN d PSVd
MVdMWa ik ik. dre43%a c4he5tray uk
dyek bo gira5n. batra5lakani uk uSu.
Sloping fields are hard to irrigate. The
small channels leak water. a5ma batra5lak
chni. ware5k batra5lakuna lasa5i. Stop
this water channel. Release the water into
another one. [These are typically made by
women, the men make the larger {ay
water channels.] Syn: {ay; Dim:
batra5lak.
batrk tTDL N. The village of Batrik, in
Bumburet Valley; WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL
M.

batrue45 tTDL N. Young markhor (one year

old); LrWX quMWY Lij. Species: }a5ra
markhor.
batu}k TDL N. Fungus or moss growing
on rocks; M rVZWY. [This is taken and
made into a medicine for the livestock.]
batwa5S CTDL N. Hail; @L. Do: dyek to
hail. Variant: batduaS. Etym: *vartaround stone T-11348; varSa5- rain T11392.
batwa5S dyek o CTDL V. To hail;
MWaruWY @L. batwa5S dyel day. It is hailing.
ba5tya DTDL N. Kid goat one to five months old
(male or female); MVaVd ,hkWX M rWX. [In
order to specify sex, bire4%3 ba5tya male kid,
or istra% k ba5tya female kid, are used.]
Species: pay goat; Imp: ku5lu ku5lu
Come!; Dim: batya5k; batya5kik;
batya5yk; batya5tek.
ba5tya ku DTDL N. Pen for little goats in
the barn or the cattle yard; d WaMil zWd
ij Vaq VaVd. [This is enclosed
by a wall within the yard and part of it is
sheltered by a roof.] Syn: abe45; Whole: goST
cattle barn; iste43%aw cattle yard in high
pastures.
ba5tya nisike5yn } DTDL N. The
womb of a goat; Lm hkWX rWX.
ba5tya tho5n T DTDL N. The womb of a
goat; Lm hkWX rWX.
batyo5st V|TDL N. 1) Kidskin; M rWX
Lruik M hkWX. Gen: post leather.
2) Leather bag for storage of grain or flour;
VdWZ M ruik. Morph: batya post.
batsha5 DlDL N. Male calf (two to four years
old); VdWX r . Species: gak cow;
Adult: don bull; Female: bare4i5 k calf
(female, three years old). Etym: vatsa5calf, child T-11239.
batsha5yak DDlDL N. Male calf (two
years old); VdWX r . Species: gak cow;
Adult: don bull.
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batsulK

baza5

batsulK lDL N. Turquoise color,

bright blue; qsd. Gen: raK color.
baTe5 XDL N. Large piece of meat; M PSyz
LruW` LruW.X a ek baTe5 agris. I bought a
large piece of meat.
baThuLe5k XDL V. To wind up and tie a
rope to make it easy to transport; )M q(
MWaMVaWX MV`. Syn: baTie5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
baTie5k XDL V. To wind up and tie a rope
to make it easy to transport; MV` )M q(
MWaMVaWX. wac hu gho3%i a rajhu5k baTie5s. I
tied the rope so that it would be easy to
carry. Syn: baThuLe5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
baTi XDL N. 1) Measure of 2.5 kilograms;
WaMVdWY M Lr WeMo. 2) Basket
measure; WaMVdWY MW`ik M VaWYMWa fjMWa@L.
Variant: baTini. Etym: bhakti- part T9339?.
baTThe5T ZYXDL N. The village of Batet in
Rumbur Valley; M WdL M qVXq mL.
ba5uk DL N. Village by the name of Bauk
in Rumbur; M WdL M qVXq mL.
ba5uLa DL Adj. Dense, thick; MVa. [This is
said of hair, grass, wheat, corn, millet,
rice.] Syn: bos; ghaT; Ant: paLncak; thon.
ba5uL ta5ri sDT DL N. A concentrated
group of stars forming a constellation by
this name; PUrij M qMVZy. [This
constellation was used in the past to note
the passing of time, as was tarazu5 ta5ri the
scales constellation.] Etym: bahula2- the
Pleiades T-9195.
baw DL N. Large crowd of individuals, an
army; rxz. Syn: ruts; rhom; Dal. Etym:
ba5la- power, strength T-9161.
bawa5r sCDL N. Trust, belief; dWd. may tay
tha5ra bawa5r }au. I trust you. Restrict:
The object is marked by tha5ra on. Syn:
yakn; barosa5. From: Persian.

bawa5r ka5rik sD sCDL V. To believe,

trust; MWar dWd. may mon bawa5r ka5ri.
Believe my word! Syn: yakn ka5rik;
barosa5 ka5rik. See also: patik.
bawbtu ULDL N. Tie made of grass used to
bind a sheaf of grain; VanWaMWX EWY
vM. See also: pu5La.
ba5ya DDL KT. 1) Brother (son of ones father
and mother); MWX. CPart: ba5ba sister;
Group: baya5wt, baya5wtr brothers of
each other. 2) Cousin (son of uncle or
aunt); MWX. CPart: ba5ba cousin.
3) Brother-in-law (husband of spouses
sister).
N. Male friend; MWX. ka ka5ris day,
ba5ya? What are you doing, friend? Etym:
bhra2%tr0- brother T-9661.
baya5k DDL KT. Beloved brother; LqMVdWY
MWX.
baya5wt, baya5wtr tTDDL
,SDDL N.
Brothers (as a group); )d( MWX )(.
Unit: ba5ya brother. See also: baba5wt,
baba5wtr; dada5wt, dada5wtr.
baya5n dek o DDL V. To testify, bear
witness; MVaWdm MVdWX. Syn: guah dek. From:
Arabic.
baya5ya DDDL KT. Aunt (wife of mothers
brother); M. [This word may be a
combination of ba5ya brother and a5ya
mother.] CPart: put, putr nephew (son
of husbands sister); chu niece (daughter
of husbands sister).
baza5 CuDL N. Arm, hand; WZM. Syn: hast;
Whole: jhan, jhand body. See also:
nmuS; jiST; caw a43%gu; khoS; anjl. Etym:
ba2hu5- arm T-9229 (< Nur. or Ir.).
baza5 phreLe5k tP CuDL V. To offer
ones hand in sympathy to someone whose
relative or friend has died; y hlyz xWd@L

MVd r qLm VZyzq XWdr M wij MWa WZM

L. See also: das dyek.

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baza5r

be

baza5yak DCuDL N. Front leg just above

the foot of an animal; MWY @L M qWaMij.
CPart: a5siKga rear leg.
bazagre5n hik tCuDL V. To hold
hands with someone; WZM Vd WZM
MVaWdm. se ka5yo bazagre5n hu haw, ka
jho5nik. Who knows when hell have a
girlfriend (lit: hold hands (with someone)).
bazu5m ka5rik sD uDL V. To dance
alone raising arms and opening and closing
hands in rhythm; VdV` Vd q
MWar nVaWX q@L MVa.
baza5r sCuDL N. Market; qLqsMWX. From: Persian.
baza5ri sCuDL See main entry: badze5rak.
baze43% baze43% uDL uDL Adj. Ragged and
tattered; WaLrWY V`WY ,qMWZ qMWZ. Syn: lok;
puru5t; waSwa5S; curcu5r.
ba5zi uDL Adj. Some; hk ,nVaik. }ase5 moc
ba5zi Tem pruST, ba5zi Tem }um. That
man is sometimes good, sometimes bad.
Adv. Sometimes; qMVX X. uk ba5zi
iu, ba5zi ne iu. Sometimes the water
comes, sometimes it doesnt come. gu5um
ba5zita ba5dan day, ba5zio ne ba5dan
day. Wheat sometimes grows, sometimes
it doesnt grow.
bazikhe5 uDL N. The Bazikhe clan of
Brun; VdVX Wd@L M rWX M vzVd
)WdIqsMWX(. Gen: kam1 clan. Variant:
bazikhe5.
ba5zuK uDL N. 1) Branch of an evergreen
tree; flMyz ruWX PSilqm ruVdik. Syn: }oK.
2) Persons loving care; PSyz WdMy.
Saba5So mimi ha5tya bulasK nawa5w.
da5La {e pa5La ha5wan. pruST ka5i dhar,
tay ba5zuK no45ay kay dya5i. Well done,
you descendants of Bulasing. They have
become helpless orphans. Take good care
of them, carrying them under your arm.
bazu5rgunDi rsuDL N. Wing; nWarWY
rWY ,qsMWX. Variant: bazu5rgunDi.

suDL N. The sleeve of a shirt;

dVZyN. From: Persian.
ba4a4 IJL Adj. Lazy; M ,PSxEy. ba4a4 }a,
bazu5ri

adya5ik a5sta ne bha5au. He is lazy and

cant even run. Variant: be45e.4
ba4hk JL V. To roast, fry; MVaWaEWX. a mos
ba4hm aKga5ra kay. I roast meat in the
fire. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
ba45i
JL N. Payment in kind for use of
something; MW`N M LxWY.
ba45i dek o JL V. To pay with flour for
use of mill; MVaWdm MW`N M LxWY. a sa ba45i
dem. I will pay him flour for the use of his
mill.
ba45i {ua5w Cw JL N. Manager of a mill
who takes payment for its use; M ik
__ MWZr V MW`N M LxWY ij M.
ba45i {uk w JL V. To receive payment
of flour for use of mill; MW`N M LxWY
MWar V. Loc: {ont, {ontr water-mill.
ba4kba45k JMJL Adj. Partly cloudy and partly
sunny; mMWX . di ba4kba45k thi }au.
The sky is partly cloudy.
ba4mba45i JMJL N. Tassel of corn bearing
pollen; rMij MWd MWanVaEWY M Ve. [The
Kalasha feed these to their animals.]
ba4K1 JL Adv. 1) Suddenly; ,m WdL
WaMik@L. se a5}i ba4K umra5aw. Suddenly
he opened his mouth. Restrict: This is
typically associated with the verb umre5k
open. Syn: pat. 2) Extremely, very; PSWX.
ba4K phreLk. Extremely bright. Syn: pak2.
ba4K2 JL N. Opening; ij E ,Myz.
}a5tara ba45Kuna pay mo lasa5i, tsatruma5
tay tyen. Dont let the goats go into that
opening, the Bashgali people will beat you.
ba45tsak DlJL Adj. Short of average stature;
VaVdIW`.
be L Adv. Well; OQil. }o43%as pruST be tye e,
paru. When you beat a dog well, he will
go away.
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bedana5 mrac4

berua5w

Adj. Good; VdW` ,ZWX. se kay a5sta

be ne hu. He will never be any better.
N. Good. khoda5y tay be mo
karuori. May God not do you good! Syn:
pruST; Zo5ya; sawz. Variant: beh; bekh.
bedana5 mrac4 gCt DCpL N. A species of
mulberry (small, slim, white); nVdy
H Wd@L OSEVZyz.
be5Di rL N. Battery, cell; rV`VdWX. Variant:
bedr. From: English.
beDr trL N. Sledge hammer; LquVZ. Syn:
metn; coTa5; Use: Thu5Kkik to pound;
Gen: aspa5p tools.
behaba5n DLDL N. Wilderness, uninhabited
area; MWXMVdW.X Syn: patia5li; jaKga5l; pariLo5y.
Variant: biaba5n. From: Persian.
behe5l L Adj. Blessed; L PSrWX. }a
mu5lki bo behe5l. This is a very blessed
country. Ant: nabehe5l; Syn: niama5t;
baraka5t. See also: rizk.
N. Blessing; PSrWX. Syn: rizk; niama5t;
baraka5t.
behe5l ka5rik sD L V. To wish good
things for someone, bless; MVaWdm PSrWX. tu
may tan bacaani na-behe5l ka5i,
niniha5i a5i. You cursed me and have
thrown me out of your kingdom. Restrict:
Only an elder can bless a younger person,
not the reverse.
behe5ST ZL N. Heaven; PSxzWX. [The
place to which good people go after death
including all Kalasha.] Syn: darga5; jana5t;
gayp; CPart: druZa5k hell. From:
Persian.
bek1 L V. To plant a tree or plant; MWaWX.
paLa5w muT ba5i a5am. Sa5Ti }au. I have
planted an apple tree. It has taken root.
Object: byak pit or kernel; muThk
sapling; Past(hearsay): ba5la he/she
planted. See also: bi dyek. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
bek2 L N. Bag; VdWZ. From: English.

be5kar sDL N. Female Monal or Impeyan

Pheasant; ZVdWZ mM. Male: LohS, LohST
male Monal or Impeyan Pheasant.
bekh L Adv. Completely, absolutely,
very; MIWX. may pha5sil a5j kaw bekh
}um ha5wan. My crops were completely
bad this year. a juwa5ri kSi a5is. bekh
ne ubuja5w. I planted corn. Absolutely
none grew. Restrict: This is normally used
with a negative sense. Syn: pak2. From:
Pashto.
bel
L N. Shovel, hoe; hkVdWX. From:
Persian.
belca5 DeL N. Small hoe, shovel; MW`ik
hkVdWX.
bem L N. Weaving sword; VaVaEWX `WY
ru. Whole: tron, trond loom.
benc fL N. Bamboo; wWaMWX. Gen: muT
tree.
benu5s {L Adj. Safe, well, healthy;
nVaZhV. benu5s jayga5. A safe place. a
benu5s thi a5am. Ive become well. Syn:
TanDa5rak.
bercik dtL V. 1) To be left behind; q
MWaMij. se berc a5au, ne abha5aw. ta5sa
phar a5sta gri a a. se pSTaw iu day.
He got left behind and could not carry his
load, so I took it and came here. He is
coming behind. za5ya thi du5ray berc
a5au. He hurt himself and is left behind at
home. 2) To lose courage; MWaqM PS.
Past(hearsay): bercu5na he/she was left
behind. Etym: vricyate2 extends beyond,
is emptied T-11861. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
beru5 tL KT. Husband; ryz. CPart: ja
wife. Variant: baru5 (Urtsun). Etym:
*bha2riya2pa- husband T-9467.
berua5w CtL N. Aggrieved husband whose
wife has eloped with another man;

Ve MWX y wij ryz MWaLrWY M ru

. ku5ra mo5cas ja nu haw, berua5was

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beruba5t ka5rik

bey-a5kul
khan namu5s ka5i beSa5aw. Tsiam Khan
hosted a feast and outdid the others. go4ho45k
tharpu5r no4pu5r ka5i beSa5aw. Gohok built
upper and lower stories and outdid others.
Past(hearsay): beSa5La he/she excelled.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
bethu5k UL N. Trap; LnVaWY. Syn: pha};
ka4mka45m; gru5i. From: Khowar.
beTa5n DYL N. Prophet, one who tells the
future; L War VaxzVdWY. [He also knows
the festivals and their timings.] Syn: deha5r.
bew1 L N. Willow tree; PSilqm M nVdWX. bew
pato4 bonkas ha5tya pruST. Willow bark
is good for tying. Gen: muT tree. Etym:
ve2ta- cane, reed T-12097.
bew2 L N. Menstrual period; Vdi.
beLwa5w CL Adj. Sexually mature (of
women); MWX. a5sa beLwa5w hkas thi
a5au. She has almost reached puberty. Syn:
mora4i5 .
beLwawchn hik dCL V. To
experience menopause; vMWd A
MWaMhkVaWY. se akkabr istr{a beLwawchn
thi a5au. That old woman has had her
menopause. Morph: bew-waw chin(ik).
bew {a5Lik Cw L V. To experience a
menstrual period; MWaN qLM OSq.
a5sa bew {a5Li }au. The time has come
for her period to begin. Syn: niwe3S% an hik.
bewda5 CoL
Adj.
Rascally,
naughty,
mischievous; qLz ,mVdWX. From:
Persian.
bey- &L Pfx. Without, non, un-, less; _WX
)dWX(. bey-jaza5t. Without permission.
Syn: we-...-u. Variant: be. From: Persian.
bey-aja5t SD\E&L Adj. Unnecessary; d
q. See also: aja5t.
bey-a5kul E&L Adj. Stupid, foolish; _WX
. Syn: nasara5; Ant: akulmn,
akulmndr; caspa5n; hu}ia5r; ucu5tu. See
also: a5kul.

mal de5lik. Whoever takes a mans wife,

he must pay the bride-price to the
aggrieved husband. [This term is only used
in reference to the giving of the brideprice.] Morph: beru-waw.
beruba5t ka5rik sD SDLtL V. To destroy;
MWar mMWXrWX. tu ka5as mo5ndruna thi, tan
zindag berbat mo ka5ri. Dont ruin your
life by listening to other peoples advice.
From: Persian.
bestr muT W tU}L N. Sage-like
evergreen bush or shrub; Lny M WdL
PSilqm qMWX. Gen: muT plant.
beS L N. Leftovers, extra, excess; VZM.
coomno u5STi, jaga5i, pu5ri mos. au5 {u5i,
beS a5sta. In the morning he got up and
looked and the place was full of meat. And
after he ate there were leftovers.
Adv. In excess, superfluous; nWdrs. tu
pars day se, may ko beS ka? Since
you are going, whats the use of my
coming (lit: Isnt my coming superfluous)?
tu goT se, may thara5r hko beS ka?
Since you are crazy, whats the use of my
being clever? a tre }or rupaya5 beS da5i
a5am. kakawa5Kkan ha5tya khu5rak gri. I
have given 300 rupees extra. Buy some
grain for the chickens. Syn: katso45a; Max:
beSa5r.
beS moc c L N. People not known,
strangers; mN XVaij@L , d.
beSa5r sDL Adv. Very abundantly; OSrV^.
ey khoday, tu ruziasa5n beSa5r beS
ka5ri. O God, give us abundant provisions!
tara5 bo au5 pron. beSa5r beS ha5wan.
They gave very much food there. It was far
more than we needed.
beSe5k L V. 1) To win in a contest or
game; MVaVZVdij ,MVaHWa N. a tay tha5ra gaL
beSe5m. Ill beat you in hockey. Restrict:
The object is marked by tha5ra over.
2) To excel, outdo; MWaMij OSrs MWX. tsia5m
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bey-a5yp

bey-parda5

bey-hu} &L Adj. Unconscious; _WX

vz. Syn: gayp park. See also: hu}.
Variant: beahu5}.
bey-hu} L N. Unconsciousness; _WX
z.
bey-isa5p OD}C&L Adj. Countless; qMz _WX.
See also: isa5p.
bey-iza5t SCvC&L Adj. Dishonorable; _WX
OSrs. Syn: uspu5k. See also: iza5t.
bey-iza5ti ka5rik sD TCvC&L V. To
abuse someone verbally or physically, to
shame, despise, dishonor; MWar OSrs _WX.
barnaha5k ka5as som bey-izat ne karik
baS. Dont despise someone for no reason.
Syn: uspu5k ka5rik; dire5k.
bey-izat TCvC&L N. Disrespect, abuse; _WX
rs.
bey-jaza5t SCuD\&L Adj. Unauthorized;
OSqsMijHL dWX. bey-jaza5t
krom.
Unauthorized activity. See also: jaza5t.
bey-ka5r sDL Adv. Without purpose, idle,
without work, unemployed; qM _WX. mic
barnaha5k mo ka5si, bey-ka5r gho3%i.
Dont just walk around thinking of nothing
worthwhile to do. kha5li bey-ka5r ka5si,
}e3he3% ku5ra hin e? Only going about
without purpose, who wants to be like that?
From: Persian.
bey-karu5n sD&L Adj. Unlawful; WaM
il. See also: karu5n.
bey-khaba5r sDLD&L Adj. Uninformed; _WX
Xil. See also: khaba5r.
bey-kusu5r s|L
Adj.
Innocent,
blameless; qVE _WX. Syn: bey-guna5;
bey-a5yp. See also: kusu5r.
bey-parda5 CosDPL Adj. 1) Naked; mrWY _WX.
Syn: }ru5ki; phLis; can. 2) Without
protection or care; h d. bey-parda5
thi ana5}aw. He died with no one to care
for him. Syn: bey-kusu5r; can. See also:
parda5.

RE&L Adj. Innocent, blameless;

PQVd _WX. Syn: bey-guna5; bey-kusu5r. See

bey-a5yp

also: ayp.
bey-daraja5 D\CsCoL Adj. 1) Unbalanced,
precarious; qsLVZ d. }e5mi }u5La
bey-daraja5 ka5i tha5i }an. This wood is
stacked
precariously.
Syn:
cu5puT.
2) Undependable, unreliable, tending to
damage things; qMVXVZL WXM MWa. se bo
bey-daraja5 moc. He is not dependable.
See also: daraja5.
bey-daraja5 hik D\CsCoL V. To be
restless and unsettled; d , MWa dik _WX
MWa qsLVZ. See also: daraja5.
bey-dara5k CsCo&L Adj. Good for nothing,
worthless; MWaMijL , Wa M M ij. se
bey-dara5k. He is without possessions.
Proverb: ban TanDa5rak, udrman
bey-dara5k. Outside the home he struts
like a king, at home he is good for
nothing.
bey-darka5r sDsCo&L
Adj.
Unhelpful,
unreliable, useless; qMqm _WX ,qMVXVZ@L _WX.
bey-dawa5 CCo&L Adj. Worried, concerned;
nVar ,L MWdLX. a5bi se laha5s gho3%i,
bey-dawa5 thi, ta5sa du5ra paro5mi.
Thinking she was sick, being concerned,
we went to her house. bey-dawa5 mo ha.
su5da khut te mi in. Dont worry! The
children will surely come by themselves.
Syn: }emk; peri}a5n. See also: parwa5;
gam; awiza5n (hik); dawa5.
bey-dl oL Adj. Timid, discouraged; _WX
Hm. Syn: righu; riganyo5k; bisme5;
bihanyo5k. From: Persian.
bey-gara5s {CsDL Adj. Neutral, neither on
one side or the other; qLnVXWaMij d. tu kas
gehe5n? a bey-gara5s. Whose side are you
on? I am neutral. From: Persian.
bey-guna5 D&L Adj. Innocent, blameless;
MVa _WX. Syn: bey-kusu5r; bey-a5yp. See
also: guna5.
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bey-parwa5

bha5Ta

bey-pardag CosDP&L N. Nakedness,

vulnerability;
mYVdWX
,VarWX.
bey-pardag ka5as ba5ti a5sta pruST ne. It
is not good for anyone to be without
protection.
bey-parwa5 CsDPL Adj. Worry-free, careless;
LrWY. See also: parwa5.
bey-ra5kum Cs&L Adj. Hard-hearted; _WX
m PShly ,iq. te5o }iho5ndyaka bi}ahu5r
pa5i bey-ra5kum thi a5an. Ever since they
went to Peshawar they have become hardhearted. See also: ra5kum.
bey-}a5rum sD&L Adj. Shameless; z _WX.
Syn: weLa5ju; bahaya5. See also: }a5rum.
bey-}a5y DL Adj. Worthless, valueless;
V. e5Li bo bey-}a5y moc. Those guys
are really worthless. Syn: gaybana5; aba5s;
phusu5l. See also: }ay1.
bey-tiphak DQT&L N. Disharmony,
disagreement; Mik MWa ,MWZHL _WX. a ghe5ri
tay ha5tya mri} ne him. sala5una thi
apa5w dek, bey-tipha5ki }um. I will not
scold you again. Lets live in harmony.
Disharmony is bad. See also: tipha5k.
bey-Tem X&L See main entry: bey-wat.
bey-wapha5 DPC&L Adj. Disloyal, untrue,
unfaithful; M _WX. Ant: waphada5r. See
also: wapha.
bey-wat SCL N. After working hours
when it is dark; PS MWa. bey-wa5tuna
krom mo ka5ri. Dont work when it is
after working hours to do so. bey-wa5tuna
mo5can biha5lak ka5riu day. Late at night,
men are frightened. Whole: bas1 day. See
also: wat. Variant: bey-Tem.
bey-yawa5n CDL
Adj.
Helpless,
defenseless; qM mnqMWd _WX. See also:
yawa5n.
bey-zara5r sCsCu&L Adj. Innocent, harmless;
q _WX. }a bey-zara5r moc a5au. He is a
harmless man. See also: zara5r.

bha5ik DL Aux. To be able to, to manage,

can; MVay. tu gho43 dyek bha5as e? Can
you sing a song? Restrict: The actor must
be animate. Variant: ba5ik. Etym:
bha2vayati causes to be T-9477. Prdm:
Class 2 (ma5trik).
bhala5 DL N. 1) Evil spirit; WX. apha5t bhala5
de5}a ka5ri. Send trouble and evil spirits far
away. Syn: bhut. 2) Trouble, problem;
x ,xz ,PSVXVdV. ek krom karik ne
bha5i, bhala5una pa5Li a5ik. Not being able
to do a thing, we are in trouble. dunia5as
ha5tya ka bhala5 thi }au haw, he3%ka
mu5caw day. What a great calamity has
occurred in the weather. It keeps raining
and raining. Syn: apha5t; c4ha5Kgar; }um.
bhala5 ka5rik sD DL V. To cause
trouble to happen to someone; LnVdWY xz
MWar. se dewa5una sa5ras dya5i ta5sa
ha5tya bhala5 ka5i a5au. He burned juniper
at the place of sacrifice and prayed that evil
would happen to him (another man).
Restrict: The object is marked by ha5tya
to.
bha5Kgut SDL N. Blind for hiding behind
while hunting or fighting; ,ikq ,OSM
ij VaVYik. Syn: kalahu5r; Create:
sawze5k to make; Use: dyek to build;
we5tyaw hik to hide behind.
bhas {DL N. Heat; wzVYWZ. aKga5r bha5suna
mo nis tay pira5nuna oS griu. Dont
sit close to the fire, your shirt will get hot.
Syn: tab; garm; Do: dyek to radiate.
Variant: bas. Etym: bha2sa5- light T9480.
bhas dyek o {DL V. To radiate heat;
MVahkVaWY wzVYWZ. aKga5r bhas dyeL day. The
fire gives off heat.
bha5Ta DXDL N. Gizzard; WaLnVay ,MW`WY.
bha5Ta paTa5kik DXDP DXDL Id. To be
restless; MWa MxzWdrWY ,MWa LqN _WX. tay ka
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bha5Ti

bhnik
badger; saKgawr otter; khinzr wild
pig; its bear; ga4wa4h43%ak rabbit;
maKga}u5rik squirrel; }u porcupine;
Sia5L coyote; tse3%tsaw squirrel; ugho5n
otter or marten; ugne5l mink-like
animal.
bheT dyek o ZL V. To glare at, to look
at in anger; MVaWdm y KV. dond e5ko
e5kin ha5tya bheT dyen day. Zar Sa5Tan.
The bulls are glaring at each other. They
will fight soon.
bhe45yak hik DL V. To play (as said
to children); MVaVd )d MWXqs hkWX(.
bhcik eL V. 1) To aim at, direct
toward, point at; MVaVd WaMxzWa. a }ara5as
bhci, tupe5kan tya5i, na}e5m. Aiming at
the markhor, I will shoot and kill it. Syn:
wajhe5k. 2) To radiate rays of light. su5ri
pe abhcaw haw, pay cuThophu5ri hu.
If the sun shoots its rays at a goat he will
die quickly. Etym: vkSate2 looks at, sees
T-12041.
bhnik L V. 1) To thread a loom,
arrange threads for weaving; MVaVaEWX. pa5Ti
ponj hast {e ek jiS ka5i bhni. Put five
cubits and a hand on the loom for the
cummerbund. 2) To weave; MVaVaEWX )rW`(.
Syn: bhu5Tik. 3) To lay in wait to harm
someone; MWaMhkWX Mij. ku5ra bhni a5au
may ha5tya. Who laid a trap for me? See
also: dro bhnik to lay in wait for
someone. 4) To lay (as a foundation);
MVaq )mMVdVaWX(. See also: or bhnik lay a
foundation. Etym: *vina2ti weaves T11773. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
bhnuni go5nDak Cr
L N.
Grooved stick for attaching yarn to lower
piece of the loom; d WaMVaWX `WY DL
ru L Wa MVZyHL. Whole: tron,
trond loom.
bhina5w DL N. One who ties the yarn on a
loom; L WaMhkVdWX.

ba5Ta paTa5kaw day? You seem to be

restless.
bha5Ti XDL N. Bundle, cluster, group, strand;
MV`. luc bha5Ti ka5i upua5i e, park.
Make the wood into a bundle and light it,
and we will go. bha5Ti gri bhu5tan. They
take the strands and braid them. Whole:
cu45i braid, plait.
bhaw DL Adv. Just, exactly, really, ever;
fr. tu khe3 bhaw ama5i i? What exactly
did you say? tu ko ne bhaw para5? So
just why didnt you go? a5ya ka bhaw ne
a5an. There is just no one here. khe3 bhaw
ha5waw? Whatever happened?
bhay DL N. Breeze, light wind; L. Do:
dyek to blow; ubunk to blow; Syn:
sra43; awa5.
bha5yra CtDL Adj. Despised, defiled, outcast,
incestuous; mMyz y qLm VZyzq XWdr VaWY@L
hlyz L War. [This word is used of
people who marry within their own clan
(which is considered very bad).] Variant:
bahra.
bha3%cik eDL V. 1) To pound, to
pulverize; MVaW`D. a lo43 bha3%cim day,
pa5yan ha5tya. I am pounding salt for the
goats. Instr: mu5saw pestle. See also:
pSik; dru5Kkik. 2) To thresh corn by
pounding with flails; MVaW`D. moc juwar
bha3%cin. Men thresh corn. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
bha3%cuni eDL N. Mortar (for pounding
ingredients); M. Matl: bribo5 walnut
wood; CPart: mu5saw pestle. Variant:
baca5ni (Urtsun).
bhero{anda5r sCpCwtL N. Wild animals (in
contrast to domesticated ones); Vaij
qWaMij. [This word includes domestic
animals that have become wild and do not
stay with the herd.] Spec: ra5us musk
deer; ro4a%3
mountain sheep; }a5ra
markhor; tanu5Su ibex; b}un rock
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bho5nik

bhut

L V. 1) Tie up something;
MVanWaMWX. 2) To bandage up a wound; )`WY(
MVanWaMWX. may baza5 abho5nimi. We

bhum L N. Earth, ground outside a

dwelling; dqs. Syn: chom. Etym: bhu2m
% iearth, ground T-9557.
bhumk L Adj. Aboriginal, native;
Wdm. a5bi }araka5t bhumk. We of the
Sharakat clan are original here. [The
people of Krakal, Batrik, and the Baramuk
clan claim to be bhumk to the Kalasha
valleys.] Ant: ihli.
bhu5mbur sML N. Wasp; pWaEWX. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles. See also:
trumu{a5k; tshik. Variant: bu5mbur. Etym:
bhramara5- large black bee T-9651.
bhut1 SL N. Evil spirit, a demon, ghost;
OSEWX. [These live in springs. They take the
form of an animal like a bull, goat, dog, or
horse. They get angry and steal, kill or rot
the crops.] Syn: bhala5. Variant: but.
Etym: bhu2ta5- any being, spirit, demon
T-9552.2.
bhut kame3%yu D SL N. Black
inedible mushroom; X Wdrqs. See
also: kame3%yu; braKga5lu; ku5tsi; }o43%a ko4.3
bhut Lawe5k SL V. To eclipse (of
the sun); r fjqy. [If this occurs the
Kalasha shake a bow to find out which
spirit took away the sun. Then a sheep
must be sacrificed following which the sun
will shine.] Syn: }er Sa5Tik.
bhut2 SL N. Shalwar, trousers, pants;
qLyz. Part: o43%Kga cuff; nipha5 seam for
pant tie. See also: palu5n. Variant: but.
Etym: *vr0tha- covering T-12071.
bhut sambie5k MD| SL N. The
ceremony of dressing a boy in a new suit
by which he becomes a man; HyzVd

bho5nik

bandaged up my arm. Past(hearsay):

bho5niLa he/she tied. Variant: bo5nik;
bha2nik (Urtsun (M)). Etym: bandhati
binds T-9139; badhna2%ti bind T14715. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
bhonak DL
N.
Wrapping
or
swaddling clothes for an infant; nVdWeLqsWa
ruVY VaV`VdVY hkWX.
bho5njaw D]L N. Earthquake; rsqs. Etym:
bhu2micala- earthquake T-9560.
bho3%jaw dyek o D]L V. To quake
(earthquake); MWaN rsqs. bho5njaw dyeL
day. There is an earthquake!
bhoK L N. Hashish, marijuana; VaWX.
moc boK ZiKga5an. Men smoke hashish.
Use: pik to smoke; ZiKga5ik to smoke.
Variant: boK.
bhoKg L N. Marijuana addict;
VaWX.
bho5Kki L N. Adze with wide blade;
AxWX. a5sa bho5Kki gri ta5nciu day. Hes
chipping wood with an adze. Dim:
bhoKkyak; Gen: aspa5p tool. See also:
tso5gun; cu5muSTi; nigho5n.
bhot SL N. 1) Food; MWaM ,q. Syn: au5.
2) Time to eat; PS M WaM MWaM. bhot
thi }au, au5 ko ne {us day? It is time to
eat, why arent you eating?
bhota5kal DDTL N. Suppertime; M Myz
PS M WaM MWaM. [This would be between
about 7 and 8 p.m.] Whole: bas1 day. See
also: ceSTa5kal; copa5kal.
bho3abho3%a hik CL CL V. To creep,
to crawl, ride a bicycle; MVaVaWdq. su5da
bho3abho3%a thi ka5siu day. The child is
creeping. Syn: chor po5Kgi dyek.
bhro5La ka5rik sD tL V. To make
ones voice rough and hard to listen to;
MVaMWa qsLN nWX. Ant: caKk ka5rik.

Vdx ru d wij qLWZ X

d WZr. [This is done when a boy is about

five to eight years old and is the second in

two rites of passage bringing a boy into the
male Kalasha community. Now the boy
becomes ritually pure and is able to go to

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bhuTe5k

bibis

U} L V. To sow seeds; gjVdWX

MWadWX. a juwar bi hstim. I will sow

bi hstik

the altar of Idreyin in Batrik with the other

men. The first rite is known as ceLk
sambie5k, and is done when the boy is two
to five years old. The two ceremonies
together are known as we3S kare5k.]
Restrict: The actor of this verb is typically
the boys maternal uncle. Whole: we3S
kare5k to initiate into Kalasha life. See
also: ceLk sambie5k; goSTnk ka5rik;
kupa5sik sambie5k.
bhuTe5k XL V. To braid someone elses
hair; MWar mn d WaMVaWX MVdW`Eik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
bhu5Tik1 XL V. 1) To braid ones own
hair; MWaMVaWX )MVdW`Eik(. cu45i bhu5Tan day.
They are braiding their hair. 2) To braid or
weave grass into a necklace; )qM M vM(
MWaMVaWX. c{gas gri, ci} bhu5Tan. People
weave grass necklaces with c{gas grass.
3) To weave baskets, weave leather into
stool seat; MVaVaEWX )rD y WZ ruik(.
bhu5TiLa ha5nyak bo DaK. A woven-seated
stool is very strong. [These are some things
that people can weave: ha5nyak stool,
}en bed, chire5w basket, sawe5lik
basket, soho5la basket, and }urubuTu5lak
braided bread.] Syn: bhnik. 4) To
weave a wattle; MVaVaEWX Yik. ca45pa4
abhu5Timi. We made a wattle. 5) To dam
off a stream and create a lake; MVanWaMWX nVaWX.
a5bi chat abhu5Timi. We made a dam on
the lake. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
bhu5Tik2 XL N. Dam; VZxzEWY ,nVaW.X
bi L N. 1) Seed; gjVdWX. Syn: byak. 2) Sperm,
semen; Wa. 3) Moth larva; WaM ruVY
LruVd L. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
Etym: bja- seed, semen T-9250.
bi dyek o L V. To plant seeds; gjVdWX
MWaWX. a juwar bi dyem. I will sow
jowari. See also: bek1.

corn.
biaba5ta DTDLDL N. The first grain taken from a
full storage container; MVd MVd y dil
fjMWa@L WY. [This grain is thought of as
special and the bread is only eaten by the
family itself.]
biabo5La LDL N. Nothing; dIWa WX hk.
a5sa biabo5La ne dik baS. Nothing should
be given him.
biaLe5w EL Adj. Saltless, hungry for salt;
MWa PSijMi Wa. tu biaLe5w thi a5as
e? Have you become hungry for salt? [This
happens to shepherds and their flocks
when they are in high pastures for a long
time.] Syn: welo4u
%3 . Morph: bey-aLe-u. See
also: we4kha5l; aLe5.
ban DL Adv. Outside; rMWX. ka5yo moc
ban nih, krom ka5au, ka5yo ware5k ka
ka5au, yaw mazdu5ri ka5au. Sometimes a
man will go outside and work, sometimes
he will do something else, or he will work
for hire. CPart: udrman inside. Variant:
bhan; biha5Kk; bianya5k. Etym: bahs
outside, except T-9186.
biare5yn park sDP sDL V. To play hide
and seek; MVaVd MVYEik VYEik. a5bi har
uca5Luna istri{agu5a4kan som biare5yn
park hik. Every Uchaw festival we play
hide and seek with girls. Gen: Labe45 game;
Syn: kuku5k hik; Luhk Luhk hik.
bia45
JL N. Seam; y. bia45 si. Sew up the
seam!
bbi ML N. Lady (part of womens names);
. From: Persian.
bibiawa5 CDML N. Eve (first woman);
Li. CPart: ade5m Adam (first man).
Morph: bibi awa.
bibis }ML N. Talkative person; WZMWX.
kawe5La gaLa5ksa mon pe praL ha5w,
ta5sa kay bibis gho3%an. If one talks about
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bicci

biho5Tik
me? Syn: zran ka5rik; Past(hearsay):
biha5lak he/she frightened. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
bihk L V. To fear, to be afraid; MWaqo. a
Daku5 pa5}i bihm. I am afraid of a robber.
Syn:
zran
hik;
Ant:
So5nDik;
Past(hearsay): bihu5na he/she was
fearful. Etym: bibhe2%ti fears T-9241.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
biha5lak ka5rik sD DL V. To be
afraid; MVa qo. be-Te5m mo5can biha5lak
ka5riu day. Late at night, men are
frightened. Syn: zran hik.
biha5lak DL Adj. Frightening; ,MWaLqo
MVail. biha5lak i}neha5ri. A frightening
thing.
bihanyo5k DL Adj. Afraid, scared,
timid; WYqo. a
bo
bihanyo5k.
kawalyak thi pa5rik ne So5ndiu. Hes
very much afraid. He lacks the courage to
go alone. Syn: bey-dl; righu; riganyo5k;
bisme5.
bihrik tL V. To carry things from one
place to another; y ij WdL rsVdik
MWaMij ij m. moc rela5una bat
bihrin. People carry stones in a
wheelbarrow. Gen: ha5rik to carry;
Past(hearsay):
bihriLa
he/she
transported. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
bihruni tL N. Something used to
carry things from one place to another;

all kinds of subjects they call him/her

BBC From: English.
bicci eeL N. A kind of skin disease; nij
qMVdWX .
bcim eL Adj. Possible; . bcim ki se
ta a5is ta5ra. It is possible that he came
there.
bic4ha5rik sDiL V. To untie, to open a
bag, to undo, untangle; MVa. [Things that
can be untied are knots, and things that are
woven like wool dresses and rugs.] Syn:
uka5Sik; Past(hearsay): bic4ha5riLa he/she
untangled. Etym: *vikSa2rayati causes to
flow away T-11648.
bic4hirk tiL V. 1) To become loose,
to become untied; MWaMij . gren
bic4hiru day, DaK ka5i gren dye. The
knot is coming apart, tie it tight! 2) To be
broken (as a curse); MWaMij )rW^@L M mMij(.
tupe5k band pe thi a}s haw, isto5Kgas
pe tupe5kas a5ran haw, pha5to tupe5kani
band bic4hiru. If a gun has a curse (on it),
and they do a sacrifice for the gun, then the
spell will be broken. Caus: bic4ha5rik to
untie. 3) To blossom, open up; MVaI. Syn:
aZiKgik; La5i dek. 4) To become known;
MWa vzM. ras bic4hir }au. The secret is
known. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
bic4hu4i%3 k iL V. To pull apart or
untangle wool or goathair into small
sections for fluffing; MVaVam. Syn: do4i5 k.
Etym: *vikSo2Tayati throws apart T11658.
bidro43%yak DspL N. Clear patch of sky;
KVi MV WdL M MN rWX mMWX.
Etym: vdhra5- clear sky, sunshine T12051.
bihanyo5k DL See main entry: bihk.
biha5r sDL N. The village of Bihar in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX.
bihe5k L V. To frighten, scare; MWaLqo. may
ka bihe5s? Do you think you can scare

y ij WdL WdrsVdik y mn wij N

eMij MWdMij WZ ij m.
bihoTa5i hstik U} DXL V. To throw
over a barrier; MVaVaVdWY MW`DL.
biho5Tik XL V. 1) To cross over a hill so
as to disappear from sight; MWaMij qrs. a

so5nay biho5Tis. I crossed over the high

pasture. 2) To set (of the sun or moon);
MWa OQr. su5ri chak dya5i, biho5Taw.
The sun, casting shadows, set. 3) To step

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biho3ce5k

biramo5r

over someone; MWaqrs y rWYDL . a

tay thar biho5Tis. I stepped over you.
biho3ce5k eL V. To open wide scissors
or someones eyes or mouth; MWaL. Syn:
upa5c4ik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
biho3%cik eL V. To open wide (ones
eyes or mouth); MVaE. Riddle: ka5siu ka5siu
a5}i biho3%ci thaw hu: It walks and walks
and its mouth will be left gaping open.
Answer = buT shoe; Syn: upuc4k; Caus:
biho3ce5k. Etym: *viya2n3chati draws
apart T-11833a.
bile5k L V. To cause to melt, melt;
MWaWY. [Things that the Kalasha melt are
fat, clarified butter, ice, snow, butter, and
metal.] Syn: dak ka5rik; Past(hearsay):
bila5iLa he/she melted (it). Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
bile5r tL N. Barrel, drum; rVdWX ,qo. Syn:
Dram. From: Persian.
bilik L V. To melt; MVaWY. srast
bilau day. The glacier is melting.
[Things that melt are clarified butter, salt,
wax, sugar, fat, and metal.] Reversive: o}
grik to freeze; Past(hearsay): bilu5na it
melted. Etym: vlyate2 is dissolved,
melts T-11906. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
billi L N. Walnut bread; L OUril@L
q. [This is made with a batter into
which nut meats are sprinkled. It is thinner
than ja43u5 walnut bread, which is made
with dough. It is eaten at cawmo5s the
winter festival during Manday Hik Rat.]
Gen: au5 bread; Syn: ja43u.5
blkul L Adv. Completely, absolutely;
rWY q ,MIWX. blkul sah.
Completely correct. Syn: pak2. Variant:
be5lkul; blkhul. From: Urdu.
biLah L N. Relative-in-law (relative of
ones daughter-in-law); WX
qLm VZyzq. [This is the relationship between

ones self and ones own sons spouses

relatives.] Syn: khaltaba5r.
bLaw ga5La D L Id. Person who died by
falling off the edge of a mountain; y quMWY
mN L Lr rr. Lit: from the edge he
went. [The idiom means that the person
fell over the biw, that is, the lip or edge of
the mountain.] Syn: dhe5ntani }uru5na.
Morph: biw-aw ga5La. See also: biw.
bim L N. Disease that spoils corn by
turning it white; qMVdWX WdL Ve
__ MWZMij nVdy LmWY y wij. juwa5ri
bim dya5i Su5Si pa5raw. The disease
attacked the corn and it completely burned
up. Do: dyek to attack. See also: no}.
bnDik rL V. To tie ropes or lines very
tightly together; MVanWaMWX w ,MWaM r.
Syn: gren dyek.
bnus hik {L V. To become
extinct; MWa PQWeM ,MWa Zil.
bo L N. Village of Bio in Birir Valley;
M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
bir
tL Adj. Wide; Vdy ,D. Ant:
awe45yak; traK. See also: phrak.
bra CtL N. 1) Adult male goat (two years
old, either virile or castrated); LrWX. [This
goat is the choice kind for sacrifice.]
Species: pay goats as a class; Female:
pay goat, female. 2) Male goat of any
age; LrWX. a5sa bra. Its a male. Etym:
vra5- man, hero, son T-12056.
biragha5s {DCtL N. A grass species eaten
by goats; vM WdL.
biramo5r sCtL N. The highest form of
merit feasting in which many male goats
are sacrificed; d wij zij M WdL
d WZr MWXr rWX mMWdqs PSWX. Gen:
namu5s merit feast.
biramo5r ka5rik sD sCtL V. To make
a sacrifice of many male goats and to feast
guests from the entire Kalasha community;

MWZ q@L MWar MWXr rWX mMWdqs PSWX

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bira43%a

bi}a45

MWa vzVd.

t ~L V. To be very cold;
MVa m. may bis agraw. I am very

bis grik

Gen: namu5s
ka5rik to give a merit feast.
bira4a%3 ItL Adj. Male (person or animal);
rWa ,r. CPart: istre3%yak female.
bira4u
%3 ItL N. Rat, large rodent; Vaij
Mik. See also: mizo5k small rat. Etym:
bDa2la- cat T-9237.
brbaLi DLtL N. Flat stone cover for the
phanD storage container; MVao M rVZWY.
bric ftL N. Small path in the mountains;
VZyLq WdqMWX M quMWY. Gen: phon,
phond path. See also: ra; re; reS. Etym:
virathya2- by-road T-11843.
bircio etL Rel. After; nWX vHL. ande5y
bircio tu }e3%he3 mo ba5ta ha. After this,
dont be like this!
Cnj. After; nWX vHL. se pai bircio,
a asta para5. After he went, then I also
left. Syn: to5a; pSTaw.
briLa tL N. Resident of Birir; Vaq M rWdrWX
L.
biru tL N. Birir, southern valley of the
Kalasha; mL vzVd WdL. Resident:
briLa resident of Birir.
biru5 tL N. Relative of any kind; qLm VZyzq.
[This word typically is coupled with
riwa5c.]
birunisa5r sD}tL N. The village of Benisar
situated at beginning of Birir valley; mL
M WY M rWdrWX.
biru5nzik vtL V. To shake off
someones grasp; MVaruij.
bis
~L N. The back of the head; M
KVi hkWY. bis paha5ra tyem. I will hit
you on the nape of the neck. Whole: jhan,
jhand body.
bisgu5dyak Do}L N. The indentation
on the neck just below the base of the
skull; rVd L MVdqm mr. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.

cold. Syn: o} ka5rik; tramo5na ka5rik.

bisko5T W}L N. Biscuit, cookie; PUxWX.
From: English.
bisme5 }L Adj. Afraid, shocked, fearful;
L Lqo. a5sa a kay ac4ha5Law e, bisme5
ha5waw, phato pi}tya5k a5aw. When I
scolded him, he became frightened and
came back. Syn: bihanyo5k; righu;
riganyo5k; bey-dl.
bistara5 CsDU}L N. Bedding; ZxWX. khaLa5K,
paTighu4i%3 , tola5y, dara, u5SiS dyuni, tu
tya5i, bistara5. Quilts, bed mats, quilted
covers, bedspreads, pillows, grouped
together, are bedding. Spec: brasn
pillow; khaLa5K blanket; paTighu4i%3 bed
mat; tola5y quilted spread; dara5i bed
spread; {il blanket; Syn: ustra5uni.
From: Persian.
bi}ahu5r sDL N. Peshawar (city); qMxzIWY.
bi}a5La DL Adj. Open-mouthed and wide (of
containers); )WZrWX( L Va E. bi}a5la
pruSThe5ni. A open-mouthed wide basket.
Ant: kuSu5Su; RootVb: bi}e5k.
b}ar sDL Adj. Partially castrated; MmN
VZilN. [This indicates that castration was
semi-successful or an animal has one
testicle or only one is descended. It usually
refers to billy-goats and rams.]
bi}awa5ik CDL V. To cause (someone)
to break (something); MWaLquWZ. [Typical
things that can be broken are pots and
wood.] Past(hearsay): bi}awa5iLa he/she
caused to break; RootVb: bi}e5k; to break
he/she caused to break. Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).
bi}a45 JL N. Wooden frame for stretching
an animal skin while working it; y M

Wa MVZyHL _Vd War rWa q@L WaqMWZDL MWX

Wdr M ru L.

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bi}e5k

bitra5zik

bi}e5k

Zhar; zaKkia5. Etym: viSa5- poison T11968.

bSa DL N. Bush bearing a bright yellow
flower used in Joshi; L WY mqqs
PSilqm.
Laburnum
anagyroides.
[Morgenstierne called this Caragana,
and quotes Schomberg as identifying it as
wild laburnum with the scientific name
Sophora mollis.] Gen: muT plant.
Etym: *viSaka- poisonous T-11969;
vr0Sa- name of various plants, a particular
bulbous plant growing in the Himalaya T12083.
biSa5k DL N. 1) Earwax; PRVdWY M.
2) Food or drink caught in the windpipe;
eMik MWd q VaWY d . la} pi. tu
mco biSa5k sathia5as. Drink slowly! You
make it get caught (in your throat). [This is
said when someone, especially a child,
drinks milk or tea or water too fast & then
chokes on it.] Proverb: mic biSa5k mo
sathas. Stop talking nonsense.
biSa5la DL N. The village of Bishala in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
bit, bitr tUL ,VL Adj. Clear (of the sky);
)MN( MV. di bit. The sky is clear.
Proverb: c4hir idro43%yakani bitr. Here
ends the story (lit: the intestines are clear
of milk); Max: Sa3w. Etym: vdhra5- clear
sky, sunshine T-12051.
bita5La DUL N. Broad level place in the
mountains; quMWY . se waLmo5c pay
bita5La ni a5is. That goatherd has taken his
goats to a broad meadow. Etym: bhittasplit timber, fragment T-9493.
bitra5zik uCtUL V. 1) To spray, to scatter;
MVaruik. uk mu5c4ani bitra5zim. I splash
water with my hands. bi bitra5zi hstin.
They throw seeds by scattering. Syn:
biZge5k.
2) To
dawn;
MVaV`WY WY.
witrazigwe5w. Dawn (lit: the scattering

L V.
MWaquWZ. bribo5

To break, chop, crack;

bi}e5m. I am cracking
walnuts. Syn: tra4i5 k; ku5Tik; chnik; Instr:
iSTLak stone nut cracker; Past(hearsay):
bi}a5La he/she broke. Etym: vSyati lets
loose, opens T-11992. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
bi}a5uni DL N. Breaker or chopper
(like an axe or knife); qLqs@L L WaquWZ.
b}i L Num. Twenty; wVdWX. Etym:
vi~s5at- 20 T-11616.
b}i {e da5} Co w }L Num. Thirty;
wVdWZ.
b}i {e da} {e e5ka DC w Co w L
Num. Thirty-one; wVdVZHL.
b}i {e ek C w L Num. Twentyone; wVdHL.
bi}k L V. To break, get broken; MVaW`W`.
Caus: bi}e5k. Prdm: Class 4 (a5sik).
bi}u5na DL Adj. Broken; L MW`W`.
bi}u5naley mo o5ni. Dont bring broken
ones! bi}u5na pa mo o5ni. Dont bring a
broken milk container! Syn: chna.
bi}l L N. 1) Electricity; hjWX.
2) Flashlight; fkqMW`. Riddle: Dzilaas bi}l:
the Creators flashlight. Answer =
mastru5k the moon. Variant: bicl; bi{l.
From: Persian.
bi}l ka5rik sD L V. To shine a
flashlight; MWar Vayzq.
b}un L N. Hyrax, mountain or rock
badger, coney, pika; M V vzril
__ MWZMij MWdMWY d quMWY ij qWaMij.
Procaviidae. [The Kalasha eat these.]
Gen: bhero{anda5r wild animals;
krizipo5Kgi class of small animals.
bi}unTo5k YL N. Large bird that eats
b}un rock badgers; ij nWarWY LruWX WdL
__ MWZr qMyz M qWaMij MWa xzVdWX.
biS
L N. Poison; rqs. to biS da5i na}a5i
la. Kill him by giving him poison! Syn:
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bitrise5k

bi{a5r

biw pelaTa5la khu4i5 DXP L N.

Bowl or pan with the top lip turned over;
WZrWX L Va .
biw2 L N. Big stones which fall or are
thrown from a high place; ij rVZWY ruWX
d WZMij WeLr MWd d WZr y quMWY.
Adj. Huge; LruWX. biw bat. A huge rock.
bwan tyek T CL V. To fight by
throwing large stones; qL y rVZWY ruWX
MWar. }a5sa moc bwan tya5i a5sa SiS
bi}a5aw. That man threw stones and
wounded his head.
byak DL N. Seed, kernel or pit of fruits
like a peach or almond; gjVdWX ,LmMWX. Syn: bi.
Etym: bja- seed, semen T-9250.
bizbiza5y ka5rik sD CvLvL V. To throw
someone out; MVaWdm Mm ruWY y WZM.
Syn: gonDgonDa5y ka5rik; umbra5}ik. See
also: bis. Variant: bazbaza5y ka5rik.
bzu vL N. A kind of tree which has
berries; W`ik d wij PSilqm M WdL
d VZ WY M W`ik. [The wood of this
tree is used to make ju yokes, haw
ploughs, alukutyu5 funnels, gonDa5li
milk-pails.] Gen: muT tree.
bi{a5r sCxL N. Wide shallow part of a stream;
VdWY M MWY. bi{a5runa day tya5i anda5y
i. Come across in the shallow water! Ant:
kokonDa5; paha5n. See also: tharka.
bi{a5r bi{a5r hik sCxL sCxL V. To
spread out, to fan out; mMWdqs MVZVXxWa M MWY
MVaVdWY rWY . }a5ya jayga5una uk bi{a5r
bi{a5r hu day. In this place the water
spreads out into many steams.
bi{a5rik sCxL V. 1) To cause to flow
over a wide area, to spread out; rVdWX MWY
MWaquik r. bi{a5ri uk Lasa5i. Irrigate the
field lightly! 2) To send ones young off on
their own; y hkWX VaWY@L M qWaMij
MWa nhVd. kakbo5y tan kua4kasi bi{a5ri
a5au. The leopard sent its cubs off on their
own.

time). Variant: witra5zik. Prdm: Class 1

(ka5rik).
bitrise5k }tUL V. To sprinkle, to splash,
to flick (liquids); MVaruik. isto5Kgas
karikwe5w Lu5i bitrise5k. When we
perform the ritual of purification we
sprinkle blood. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
btsa DmL N. Gap, crack; quLqm. mos
dando45yak btsay parin day. Meat gets
into the gap in my teeth. pok diga45 btsay
a5taw. My foot fell in a gap in the wall. See
also: ba} btsa.
Adj. Ajar, slightly open; Myz.
darwaza5 btsa thi }au, a5La li}a5i. The
door is ajar, shut it tight! Ant: Sit; Syn: ZeK.
bitsha5n bitsha5n hik DmL DmL V.
To shirk ones work; MWaLZ a. krom ne
ka5io, bitsha5n bitsha5n hu day. He
shirks his work.
biTrk tYL Adj. Flat-nosed; ,)MWa( `VYik
)MWa( m MWd V`VdWX. ta5sa ek chu
a5au. biTrik-go5ni. aja5p bo mon del. He
has a daughter. She is flat-nosed. She says
amazing things.
biw1 L N. 1) The lip, upper edge or limit of
a container or object; VaE M WZrWX . mo
Dhok ka5ri, mo dit ka5ri, bLas som
ka5ri. Dont make it heaping, and dont
leave any gaps, fill it just to the brim. Syn:
cu45ik; Duk; mun; SiS; bro; phur. 2) Mouth;
Va. Idiom: bo ma5sti mo ka5ri, tay
bLaw nihn. Dont be a showoff, one day
you will have nothing to show (lit: they
will come out of your mouth). Variant:
biL.
biw dyek o L V. To cover or shut a
vessel with a flat stone; MVaLo MVao. Syn:
upho5ni dyek; Object: phan, phanD
storage container.

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bi{irk

bonj

bi{irk txL V. To spread out; MWa VdWY.

[Things that can do this are goats and
water over a field.] Syn: heT hik;
dandawa5} hik; Caus: bi{a5rik. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
biZge5k zL V. 1) To spread out, to lay
out flat; MWaVdWY. Syn: bitra5zik; ustre5k.
2) To lay a roof; MWaMhkWX )MWdru rWY PSik(.
moc kaT biZge5n. The men lay out the
roof. 3) To open a book; MWaVdWY )OQMVZ(.
Syn: upa5c4ik; Past(hearsay): biZga5La he
spread out. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
bie5k L V. To decorate with flowers;
MWaMhjy. gando5Li e, }a5ya c4hirga5las e
gando5Li o. na5ri {e asma5r a5sta bia5i...
When Gandoli comes, --, O Gandoli, also
decorate Nari and Asmar. (This is the
beginning of a song sung in Joshi to recite
the places where the Kalasha kingdom
used to extend.) SiKmo3% bie5k. Lets
decorate the SiKmo3% altar. [A typical flower
used to decorate is the bSa laburnum
flower.] Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
blats kL Adj. Short of stature; n W`ik
L. From: Khowar.
blok L V. To wither like a flower;
MWaMijrE. ko achni e {e, gambu5ri blo
}au. Why did you cut the flower, it has
withered. Syn: mra5ik. From: Khowar.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
blok L N. The bud of a flower; yz.
bo L Adv. Very; PSWX. se bo mi }i}o5yak
a5au. She is indeed very beautiful! Syn:
su5ja; pak2.
Adj. Many; PSWX. bo moc ta a5an.
Many men have come. Syn: baha5na;
baLu5nta. Etym: bahu5- much, many,
great T-9187.
bo5ac cCL Adj. Heavy, burdensome; qs.
may ha5tya bo bo5ac ha5waw. It has
become a heavy burden to me. Syn:
gu5raka; Ant: lots; ph%}tyak.

bogu5zu uL See main entry: bat, bat

manDrak.
bon, bonj ^L ,L N. A mint plant;
LmWY L Wa MVZyHL rWY q Lm.
[This is used to make suleman tea.] Gen:
muT plant. Variant: bonj.
boje5y &\L N. Cloth bag; qWX. tana5
khawa5ay dyen, yaw boje5yay dyen.
The separated-out ones they put into
baskets or bags. From: Pashto.
bolDize5r tvrL N. Bulldozer; qqspWX.
From: English.
bolu5cu dL N. Newly formed unripe fruit;
yz WY y VaWY WY. See also:
aZa45i.
bolu5cu hik dL V. To bear fruit,
to emerge as a fruit; MVaVaWX WY y EWY.
paLa5w u}k SiSira5w pe haw, bolu5cu
hu. If the apple blossom falls, the fruit
will appear
bome5k L V. To cause to vomit, turn
ones stomach; MWaN . a may bome5l.
This makes me vomit. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
boma5lak DL Adj. Causing to vomit,
nauseous, detestable; qN . boma5lak
mon. Detestable words.
bo5mik L V. To vomit; MWar . Syn: ok
ka5rik. Etym: va5mati vomits T-11294.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
bon, bond pL ,L N. Cut tree about 2-8
inches in diameter; ru qM X VZWY.
See also: Lu5ndur.
boniLau3%}ak DL N. Male adult cat;
IWX. Species: phu5}ak cat. Variant:
baLiLau3%}ak.
bonj ^L N. Holly oak, evergreen oak; Myz
WX. Quercus baloot. [This has a yellow
flower. It is considered to be o5njeSTa
ritually pure, but not as much as sa5ras
juniper. It can be used as a substitute for
sa5ras to purify things for a sacrifice.]
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bonja4ya5k

brest
Past(hearsay): bra5LiLa it bit. Prdm: Class
2 (ma5trik).
braLa5ki CtL Adj. Biting, vicious (said of
an animal); )eMWYik( L VaW`M.
brambhe5l MCtL Adj. Big (of animate
beings and body parts); VdWdm ,LruWX.
brambhe5L SiS. Big head.
N. Monster; Wdm ,Hij.
braKga5lu DCtL N. A kind of mushroom;
XE. DiDayo5K pe praw haw, ha tu tu
tu kutsi {e braKga5lu, gho3%i se ma5iLa e,
kuts {e braKga5lu pha5to ubujn. If it
thunders and says the words, Ha tu tu tu
kutsi and branggalu (mushrooms), then
they will grow there. Gen: }ak vegetable.
See also: kame3y
% u; }o43%a ko43; bhut
kame3%yu; ku5tsi.
bra5Kku4i CtL Adj. Stripped to the waist,
shirtless; dWX Vd. See also: sasri;
ritswa5k.
brasn |CtL N. Pillow; WaM . khaLa5K,
paTigu43%i, tola5y, dara5y, brasn tu tya5i,
bistara5. Quilts, bed mats, quilted covers
bedspreads, pillows, grouped together, are
bedding. Syn: uSS; Gen: bistara5
bedding. Variant: wrasn. From:
Khowar.
brazanLo5 CuCtL N. Flying squirrel; OSLq
L WaquDL. See also: tse3%tsaw;
maKga}u5rik. Variant: wrazanLo5; dadro5k;
dradro5k; ratbara4i5 ; phosba5Ti.
bra4ua45 IItL Adj. Rancid; MWX. See also:
maska5 butter.
bre tL Adj. Woolly, hairy, overgrown;
vM We ruWX MWd MWX _ruWX. ame45a bre
thi a5an, badha5ik baS. The sheep have
become woolly, we must shear them.
bronz bre thi }au, La5ik baS. The lawn
has become overgrown, we must cut it.
Syn: jala5S; jacu5.
brest U}tL N. A kind of grass; WdL
vM. Gen: muT plant.

Seed: bonja4ya5k acorn; Part: rozk oak

leaf buds; Gen: muT tree; Spec: dza4r%3 ay
muT a kind of oak tree. See also: tra4hli.
Variant: bon; bonz (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
*van3ja- oak T-11209.
bonja4ya5k DJ]L N. Acorn; M WX Myz
WY. bonjaya5k gri coT dyen. They make
designs with an acorn. [This is the
instrument of choice for making designs in
dough.] Whole: bonj oak.
bos {L Adj. Thick; MW`. ghu43%i bo bos
hin. Goat-hair coats are very thick. bos
ka5i bi hsti. Sow the seed thickly. Ant:
thon2; paLinca5k; Syn: ba5uLa; ghaT.
bosda5r sCp|L Adj. Stout (of people); MW`
)mN(. Ant: thonda5r.
boyugra5 CtL N. Bird (generic word);
nWarWY. From: Khowar.
bo5zda CouL Adj. Weak, anemic; qrs. Syn:
pu5li; phawg; dakma5. See also: poKga5r
park.
bo{en wL Adv. Half yours, half mine; m
MmN MmN ,L MV`WX Vd KVi. a c4hetr
may {e may ba5ya mo5cuna bo{en.
This field is half mine and half my
brothers.
bo43 L N. 1) Slug, ball, arrowhead; nVaWX
. See also: }a4 bo43. 2) Quill of a
porcupine; MV`WaM M xVdy. Etym: ba2Na5arrow T-9203.
brak hik CtL V. To become tired;
MWaMij WZ. a kala5m kho5ji, kho5ji brak
ha5wis. I looked and looked for the pen but
got tired out (and could not find it).
bra5Lik CtL V. 1) To bite (with an animal as
the actor); MVaW`M. }o43%a gri. may bra5Liu
day. Grab the dog! Hes biting me. Syn:
danda ka5rik. 2) To attack something;
MVaWX LMm. baw gro5muna bra5LiLa. The
army attacked the village. Restrict: The
object is marked by -una in.
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bre5Zu dek

bru5mbu4a

bre5Zu dek o ztL V. To terrify; il

MWaN. may bre5Zu del. It terrifies me.
bribo5 MtL N. 1) Walnut; OUril@L. Phase1:
bribo5yak Lu5ik appearance of little
walnut; Phase2: DanDu5zak unripe
walnut; Phase3: dzaLe5ki fully formed
walnut with covering; Phase4: dzaLe5ki
aZiKik splitting open of walnut
covering; Phase5: khalo43%yak ripe walnut
without covering; Degrad: trak spoiled;
Part: Sa5LaS outer covering; i}la5k shell;
phoT skin of the nut meat; ja43 nut meat.
2) Walnut tree; PSilqm M OUril@L. [In {o5}i
the spring festival the people take small
walnut branches and shake them when they
go from one dance floor to another in
Batrik. Walnut is a choice wood for making
the bowls for making bread.] Gen: muT
tree; Seed: bribo5. Variant: birbo5 (Urtsun
(M)). Etym: *vr0mra- globular fruit,
walnut T-12079.
bribo5yak DMtL N. The first phase of a
walnut; OUril@L MW`ik. Sequence: brbo;
Do: Lu5ik to bud.
brimbra5k ka5rik sD CtMtL V. To make
a loud noise; MWar MWXLz qyz. Syn: ghum
dyek; Gen: char ka5rik to make a noise.
brKkik tL V. To sell; MWar PSilr. se
tan moTe5r ta5sa brKki a5au. He sold him
his car. Reversive: grik to buy;
Past(hearsay): brKkiLa he/she sold.
Etym: *vikriNa2ti barters T-11640.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
briSTa5w DYtL N. Forced labor; .
bro tL N. Mountain top or succession of
peaks which make up a ridge; ik. Syn:
Duk; mun; SiS; biw; cu45ik; phur. Etym:
br0ha5nt- tall, high T-9302.
brombo45yak DMtL N. 1) Single grape;
WaLm M qWa@L. 2) Bell ornament hung on
womens headdress; rVaE. [This is
smaller than a bac4he43%a bell, and is

preferred to it for decoration on the

headdress.]
Syn: bac4he43%a;
ga4Kga45i.
3) Eyeball; VZWY WaN. Variant:
brumbu45yak.
brombo45yak Tok hik X
DMtL
V. To begin to ripen (of grapes);
MWa z MVaWY qWa@L. jia5i, brbo
aZiKgia5w.
Drac4
brombo45yak
Tok
ha5waw. Look! The walnuts have ripened.
The grapes are getting ripe. [This verb, Tok
hik, seems to have only grapes as its
subject.] Syn: La5i dek; aZiKgik.
bronz vtL N. Lawn, grazing field, meadow;
M Lrik. pa5ri uk anda5y ghera5i, bro5nzay
Lasae5li. Go and change the flow of the
water over here; we must irrigate the
meadow. [These stay short because cows
and other animals graze on them.] See
also: daLa5y; c4het, c4hetr; machiLo5y; }ay2;
min, mindr; mayda5n. Variant: bron;
brhun(z) (Rumbur (M)); brha2nz (Urtsun
(M)). Etym: *marja- meadow T-14738,
9886.
bru5c4ak DhtL N. Testicles; VdVil. Syn:
muS; ku}kuLu5k; Loc: wa4 scrotum;
Whole: jhan, jhand body. See also:
wam.
bru5c4akani ka{o45i wD DDhsL N.
Scrotum; ,VdWZ VdVil. See
also: wa4.
bruk tL N. Kidney; mrD. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. Variant: ba5Ta. Etym: vr0kka5kidneys T-12064.
bru5mbu4a CMtL N. Burning coal; MVZm
We. aKga5r khul pe ha5waw haw
bru5mbu4a hu. When the fire is finished it
becomes coals. [The difference between
this and ra4ya5k is that bru5mbu4a is one
whereas ra4ya5k are many.] Group: ra4y
5 ak
coals burning; Syn: cwir.
bru5mbu4a Lot dyek o S CMtL V.
To roast meat by placing on and turning
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bru5ndik

bumbara5k

over hot coals; MVaWaEWX rWY We VZm. a

mos aKga5ra bru5mbu4a4 Lot dyem. I roast
meat turning it over the coals in the fire.
RootVb: Lote5k to turn something over.
bru5ndik ptL V. 1) To grind ones teeth
together; MWaMVXik. moc kaha5r ka5i,
dando45yak bru5ndin. When men are angry
they will grind their teeth. 2) To chew
something, to grind something with ones
teeth; MWaMVXik. moc yaw daruga45 yaw
juwa5ri dhan bro5ndin. ha3} {o bru5ndin.
Men chew grain or roasted corn. Horses
chew barley. [The number of things that
can be chewed like this are few. Most
things are eaten {uk.] Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
bru5SiS tL N. Precipice which drops off
into a stream, river or gully; MV`ik ru.
Syn: drok; dre4a%3 . Etym: *bhra~s5iSThavery steep T-9645.
bru43a DtL N. The village of Brun in
Bumburet Valley; Wd@L M PSWdqEVXWX mL
)ErWX( M.
bubu5yak DLL N. Hoopoe; MxVdij nEnE
nWarWY qLm WdL. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.
buc4uc4k hhL V. 1) To blossom, break
open (of a bud); MVaI. 2) To smile;
MWaLrxE. mic mo buc4uc4. Dont just
smile! From: Khowar. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
bud oL N. Haircut; PSMhji.
bud ka5rik sD oL V. To give a
haircut; MWar PSMhji. a a5sa bud ka5rim
day. I am cutting his hair. Syn: SiS bade5k.
budan tyek T DoL V. To give a
haircut; MWar PSMhji. Syn: SiS bade5k.
budye5k DoL V. To break into the plough,
train to plough; MWaMnEy. batsha5 pe
budya5i a5imi haw, ta5sa kay budya5la
batsha5 gho3ik. If we have trained a young
bull, we call him a broken-in bull.

Past(hearsay): budya5la he trained.

Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
buDa5Lak CqL N. Goatherd hero of the
grape harvest festival of Birir; q rWdrWX

MLrik VaVd qMik MWd dWZ ij MLrik d

MWZ MWZ Wdz d Vd nWX WaqLrs d.

[He is selected some time before phu43 the

grape harvest. He must stay in the high
pastures and goat stables for a certain time
(three to four months) and not have
relations with any women during this time.
But returning at the phu43 festival, he may
have any woman he chooses. The custom
seems to be no longer practiced.] Variant:
boda5Lak; buDha5lak.
buje5k \L V. To waken someone; MWaMij.
Syn: Te k
5 ; aKga5 hek; uSTe5k. Etym:
bu5dhyate2
is awakened, observes,
understands T-9279. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
bu5jik \L V. To awaken; MVaMij. abu5ji e?
Good morning! (lit: Did you wake up?).
Caus: buje5k; Syn: u5STik; Past(hearsay):
bu5jila he/she awoke. Variant: pu5jik.
Etym: bu5dhyate2 is awakened, observes,
understands T-9279. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
bujuSana5w DD\L N. A kind of gravy
mixed with butter; qMVdWZ y ahlWd
__ MWZMij MWdH Wdm d wij ru.
[This is a kind of dessert, and is made
when a celebration is in order.]
bulasiKge5 |L N. The Bulasingge clan
of Brun; VdVX WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
bulbu5l ML N. Darling; qMVdWY ,LqMVdWY. ey
may bulbu5l... O my darling...
bumbara5k CsDML Intj. Congratulations!;
mMWX qMVX rWY wzWeLnVdWY V`VdWX. bumbara5k
la
ba5ya.
omn
tay
Sa5baS.
Congratulations brother! Thank you!. [This
is said to a person if he gets married or his
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bumbu5r

fEq nWX d. Syn: pa5ri

bu{u5ik

{u5ni. See also:

za5ra} {u5ni (hik).
burube5rik tLsL Adj. Same age;
r. imra5n {e }er khan burube5rik.
Imran and Sher Khan are the same age.
burujikna D\sL N. Solid black or
white goat with different colored marking
on the face; We hjy y Waq VZhl
LrWX MWd rWX L ik.
buS L Adj. Mature, uncastrated, virile,
able to reproduce; MVd MVd Wa il. [This
only applies to billy-goats, rams and
bulls.] Ant: ku45iLa.
buS bra CtL L N. Adult virile male
goat (two years old and older); Wa il
LrWX MVd MVd. Child1: ba5tya kid (male, 1-5
months old); Child2: mu5ti kid (m/f, six
months to one year old); Subadult:
dwaSa kid (male, one to one and a half
years old); Adult: bra male goat. See
also: paranTho5 mature virile male goat.
but sra43 It| SL N. Whirlwind; M L
qVaWX. See also: sra4.3
butha5l DTL N. Bottle; WZWX. From:
English.
butwa5} hik CTL V. To go
somewhere with a spirit and vanish for a
time; MWa PQVdWeM WZMy fq. Syn: gayp
hik; SuTk aKgu45yak hik; tapacu5k hik.
buT WL N. Shoe, boot; MWZij ,OUEWX. See
also: kirmc; campe5L; ta5ciK; capLe5y;
ka5Lun. From: English.
buzu5ruk suL N. Saint, holy man; qrsWX.
buzu5ruk mizo5kas ha5tya suwa5l ka5da.
mizo5k baDu5La phu5}ak saws hu5La. The
saint cast a good spell on the mouse. The
mouse was changed into a fat cat. From:
Persian.
bu{u5ik wL V. To do something very
slowly; MWar M ,MWar ZxEy. Variant:
gu{u5ik.

son or nephew is born or married, or if a

person builds a new house.] Syn: Sayda5r
congratulations on your daughters birth.
Variant: mumura5k. From: Arabic.
bumbara5k ka5rik sD CsDML V. To
congratulate; MVaWdm mMWX qMVX. tay pu5tr pe
ubu5jiu ha5w, bumbara5k ka5rim. If you
have a son, I will congratulate you.
bumbu5r sML N. The Bumbur clan of
Krakal; VdVX WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
bumphal DQL N. Groundnut, peanut;
WY Wa. Etym: bhu2%mi- earth,
ground T-9557; pha5la- fruit T-9051.
buniade5m oDL N. Mankind, people,
human beings; mN VaWX. Syn: insa5n;
banda5; jhon. From: Arabic.
bunya5t SDL N. Bribe money; OSyzq. Use:
ka5rik to give; dek to give.
bunya5t ka5rik sD SDL V. To bribe
with a gift; MVaWdm OSyzq. se ta5sa bunya5t
a5raw, pha5to Lasa5an to. He promised
bribe money to him, so they released him.
Syn: petye5k.
burida5 CpsL N. Boundary, border; ni.
may c4het {e tay c4he5tras mo5cuna, }a
muT burida5. This tree will mark the
border between my and your fields. Syn:
jhaw; hat.
burtun TsL N. Evil spirit; fEq nWX. ta5sa
som burtun a5}is. He had an evil spirit.
[These are thought of as being always bad,
whereas par are sometimes good and
sometimes bad.]
burtun hik TsL V. To be
possessed by an evil spirit; MVa fEq nWX.
pa5ri pe apa5}aw haw, se burtun hu.
burtun thi mon dek ne bha5au. If a
man sees a fairy, he will become
possessed. And he will not be able to talk.
burtuni {u5ni w TsL N. Person
possessed by an evil spirit; wij hlyz
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bu45ik

cal

bu4i5 k L N. Thigh or upper arm of both

man and animal; Lq. Whole: jhan, jhand
body; khur leg.
bu4ya5n DL N. Fried meat; L MVaEWX d
PSyz.
b45ik L V. To surround in order to
capture; MWar Mh. o5nja ho5ma tara5
Lawa5k b%ik a}s. Now, in our place, they

are having the fox-capture celebration.

2) To form a bow as a rainbow, arch;
MVaVaWX )Vam(. idro43 b%i }au. The rainbow
has arched. 3) To bulge out; MVaEWY. may
kuc b%i trupa5au day. My stomach is
hurting all over. Past(hearsay): b45iLa they
surrounded.

c
caca5w ga5da CoD DdDd Adj. Four-part, in
quarters; )rsVdik( We ruW` qMik. caca5w
ga5da kap ka5ri. Fold it in quarters.
Morph: caw caw ka5da.
cage5s ~Dd N. Whip; WXMik. Syn: dura5;
koLa5; Use: dyek to lash, strike.
cak Dd N. Readiness; qMVdW.Z ba}a5lay
parm gho3%i, cak thi a5au. She is almost
ready to go to the Bashali. he3S muckas
cak thi }au. Its pretty much about to
rain. Syn: taya5r.
cak ghere5k t Dd V. To teach
someone a lesson for wrong-doing; VXy
MVaWdm Lrsy ,MWaMy. Syn: sam pa}e5k; cak
pa}e5k; La45ik.
cak pa}e5k DP Dd V. To teach
someone a lesson for wrong-doing; VXy
MVaWdm Lrsy ,MWaMy. Syn: sam pa}e5k; cak
ghere5k; La45ik.
ca5ka DDd N. Manner; fr. tu khe3 ca5ka
ka5i kakbo5y na}a5i? How did you kill the
leopard?
ca5ka} DDd N. Cowrie shell; qu. sujk
gri ca5ka} karo4e5n. pha5to sujk gri
upa5c4in. pha5to khu45yak thi upuc4u. They
take a needle and make a hole in the
cowrie shell. Then taking the needle they
pry it up. Then the little bowl-like piece
breaks loose and pops out.

ca5ka} chna Dd DDd N. Animal with

white mark on its face; MxzWa nVdy rWY _WZM
qWaMij L. Gen: coT design.
cake5r ka5rik sD tDd V. To take a walk
or trip; MWar dy. tara5 pa5i, cake5r ka5io,
pi}tya5k a5La. She went there and having
toured around, returned. Syn: kosa5w
park; ka5sika park. From: Urdu.
cakn Dd N. Raw vegetables cut up for
salad; my. Gen: }ak vegetable. From:
Pashto.
cakrak DtDd N. Mold for forming cottage
cheese; ikMy M WaMVaWX rVdVaWY. monD preSa5i,
c4aS5 a cakrak kay dye. c4aS5 a cakrak
kay dya5i then. Skim the whey off the
cottage cheese and put it in the mold!
Having stuffed the cottage cheese into the
mold they put it aside. [This is made from
willow or pine bark into the shape of a
squat cylindrical tube. The cheese is put
into it to form its shape.] Variant:
chrakak.
caku5 Dd N. Jackknife; Mik. See also:
khaKga5r; niza5; kata5r; nira5K. From:
Persian.
cal1 Dd N. 1) Skill, ability, cleverness,
cunning, technique, knack; Wdr. may
ha5tya cha5tuna wa5zikas cal ne hu
day. I cannot swim. dur sawza5ikas cal
pe man a}s haw, bo }i}o5yak ka5i dur
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cal

capacunDa5Li dyek

WDd N. Thumbprint; _W`Wa@L

ORMik. Use: SaTe5k to imprint. See also:

camu5T

sawzel. If he knows how to build a house,

he will make a beautiful one. 2) Plan;
WXVVa. }a may cu5ndiu gho3%i tan
ha5tya soc ka5i phkar ka5i cal sawzaLa.
He thought to himself, this thing will kill
me, so he made a plan. 3) Method; Wdr.
kaLa5Saas dastu5runa ja ka5rikas du cal
}an, kho5ji {e aLaSK ka5i. In Kalasha
customs there are two methods of taking a
wife, namely engagement and elopement.
Syn: tharika5. 4) Trap; Mik. tu may ha5tya
cal ka5i a5as. You have laid a trap for me.
cal ka5rik sD Dd V. To trick someone;
MVaik Mik. tu may ha5tya cal a5ri. You
tricked me.
cala5k Dd Adj. Clever, cunning; Mik.
tu may pi a5sta cala5k thi a5as. You have
become more clever than I. From: Persian.
calak Dd N. Cleverness, cunning;
Mik. tu may ha5tya calak ka5ris day.
You are fooling me.
cal2 Dd N. Mane; MWd@L. ha3%}as cal. Horses
mane. Etym: *ca2la- moving T-4768.
caleyga5r sDDd N. Cloth; LruVY. See also:
cewbe5w.
calu5 ka5rik sD Dd V. To turn on a
machine; MWar Mik. From: Urdu.
cama5 DDd N. Ornament worn on a womens
dress; VaWY@L dWZq vzVd ij qWdqs WdL
d M rWY vMVX. [Morgenstierne defined
this as circular brass brooch with a small
bell, worn on the cap; H. Siiger defined it
as round brass flowers with pins.]
cama5k DDd N. Steel for striking a
flintstone; N MWaLrEWY M Waij N. See also:
aKgarwa5t.
came5n Dd Adj. Tangled; _hjDL )MWX(.
Syn: no}; gren tshr; karo4i%3 k.
camiaga5r sDDDd N. Shoemaker; ik.
campe5L QDd N. Plastic slippers; VYik. Use:
dyik to put on. See also: kirmc; ta5ciK;
capLe5y; ka5Lun; buT. From: Urdu.

daskha5t. From: Khowar.

can Dd Adj. 1) Poor; PQWdr. Syn: garp;
naca5r; pudru5L. 2) Naked; MVaWa. Syn: }ru5ki;
bey-parda5; phLis.
N. Poor person; )mN( PQWdr. Proverb:
ca5nas mal nase5n ka5siu A poor persons
belongings walk around (meaning: people
readily steal from the poor). From:
Khowar.
can, candr spDd ,Dd N. Ray of sunlight or
light; rH. Syn: li}.
candre5k spDd V. To shine, appear;
MVaik. su5ri kumba45aw day candra5aw.
The sun has shone through the smoke hole.
Syn: cimkik; upu5ik. Etym: candra5shining T-4661. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
canDu5l rDd N. Ball; nVaVd. Syn: pLinz;
pin; c4ikk; plots. Variant: camDu5l.
ca5ni Dd N. Piece; LruW`. ek ca5ni pa}t.
One rib (lit: piece of ribs). See also: da5na;
ka45wa1; kham2; phaLk; gLak; }uru5p.
cans ~Dd N. Chance, opportunity; .
ta5La mo5cay ek du mi cans }e3he3%
mila5w ha5waw ki a may ja5a som
ma}ku5l ha5wis. During that time I had
only one or two chances to talk with my
wife. From: English.
caKk ka5rik sD Dd V. To make ones
voice light, beautiful and easy to listen to;
MWar OSqVWXil qsLN. caKk ka5i mon de.
Speak beautifully. Ant: bhro5La ka5rik.
cap ODd Adv. Very, extremely; PSWX. cap
cru5ka kiLa45. Very sour cheese. Syn: pak2.
cap dyek o ODd V. To crouch down
like a cat; MWaM OSM. phu5}ak cap dya5i
paru day. The cat has crouched and is
creeping up (on its prey).
capacunDa5Li dyek o CrdDPDd V.
1) To have a pricking or prickling
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capa5k

caspa5n

sensation; )y rW` MWd VXEik rsVdik (

may baza5una capacunDa5li
dyel day. My arm is all prickly. 2) To be
uneasy or restless; MVa Wa m. may
capacunDa5Li dyel day. I feel uneasy (I
dont want to stay here). Syn: ne nisia5lak
hik.
capa5k DPDd Adj. Flat, smashed; MV`VYIik. khu45i
capa5k ha5waw. The metal bowl got
smashed. [Things that can become flat or
smashed are tires, blown-up skins, and
aluminum utensils. Noses can also appear
to be flat.] Syn: lep; }ata5k.
capa5n DPDd N. Long coat of honor worn on
special occasions; ik OSqVWXil.
cape45 PDd N. The flat of the hand.; ruVYWZ.
Syn: pe4.3 Variant: ca4pe54.
cape45 {uk w PDd V. To take a slap, get
hit; MWaM ruVYWZ. se cape45 a5}aw. He was
slapped (lit: he ate a hand).
cape4ya5ka tyek T DDPDd V. To slap
someone with an open hand; MWaqM ruVYWZ.
Restrict: The object is in the dative case.
Etym: *carpa- flat T-4696.
cape45i PDd N. Scar; MxzWa M ilqs MWd M ij.
ca5pi PDd N. The stem on a watch by which
it is wound or set; Mik. Whole: gaL
watch. From: Urdu.
capLe5y &PDd N. Mens Peshawari sandals;
VYik qMxzWY. Use: dyik to put on. See
also: campe5L; ta5ciK; kirmc; ka5Lun; buT.
Variant: caple5y.
capot TPDd N. A type of thick bread;
q rVdil. [This is made from dough
which is put aside for a time to season.]
Gen: au5 bread, food.
ca5puS tara4i%3 k IsDT PDd N. Stick-tight,
thistle; mWY qLmqMil WdL. Gen: muT
plant. See also: a3%c4ak stick-tight seed
pod.
car
sDd N. Grass for grazing; LqMik. }o5njo
kirikm daLa5yaw ne wilaw. }e3%he3 tho,

car a5sta kam hu. Even now the snow

itself will not have dried off the pastures.
Therefore there will also be little grass for
grazing.
ca5rik sDd V. To graze on grass or
leaves; MWarik. pay ca5rin day. The goats
are grazing. Noun: car fodder. Etym:
ca2ra5yati grazes T-4760.2; ca5rati
moves, grazes T-4686. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
cara5 CsDd N. Means, wealth; wWX. mo5cas
cara5 pe a}s haw, ja nik bha5au. If a
man has the means, he can get married.
Syn: wa5sa. From: Persian.
carada5s {CoCsDd Adj. Wealthy; d@L. se
carada5s moc. Hes a wealthy man.
care5k sDd V. To cause to graze; MWaLrik.
may c4he5truna juwa5ri La5i, ista5w nih
}au. gak tara5 n, cara5a. I have
harvested the corn in my field and it is now
without corn. Take the cows there and let
them eat! Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
carkha5na DDsDd Adj. Talkative; EWZMWX. se
carkha5na. He is a chatterbox. Syn: mon
dia5ki.
caro4a%3 CsDd N. Multi-stranded strong thread
for sewing; Mm MW`. sutr gri, caro43%a
sawze5n. They take thread and make a
rope. [They use this to repair torn clothing.
Goathair or wool can be used to make
these.] Gen: sut, sutr thread; Create:
sawze5k to make.
ca5ru sDd N. Cooking oil; Wdm. See
also: preco5na.
ca5ru dyek o sDd V. To grease
something, to oil something; MVa .
caru5sti U|sDd N. Shawl of sheeps wool
worn by women; Myz VaWX y DL ruVdWX.
caspa5n DQ|Dd
Adj.
Clever,
quick,
intelligent; Mik PSxEik. Syn: hu}ia5r;
ucu5tu; DnTa; zehenwa5La; kabl; To3%cuk;
Ant: bey-a5kul.

MVaW`DL mqm.

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cat

cay

cat
SDd N. Argument; nV.
cat ka5rik sD SDd V. To stick to a
position, to insist, to argue; MWar nV. ek
ne hik baS kro5mas ba5ti cat mo ka5ra.
Dont stick to talking about something that
could not be done! se cat ka5i mon del.
He sticks to his own position. Syn: tikra5r
ka5rik; TirTa5r ka5rik.
catr tTDd N. Tent; Vdil.
catra5k SaTe5k XD CtTDd V. To become
angry and excited; MWa KV. ka catra5k
SaTa5i khondie5s day? Why are you calling
in that angry way? sudo5n SaTawa5i catra5k
SaTa5i krom mo karawa5as. Dont angrily
force children to work.
ca5truma DtTDd See main entry: tsatruma5.
caTka5} DXDd N. Mustard (a kind of grass
with medicinal value); vM WdL

kilograms. Eight baTi make one sawe5w

basket.]
ca5war sCDd N. Human hair; MWX. SSani
ca5war. Head hair. Gen: jac1 hair; Unit:
kes a single hair; Syn: SiS jac. See also:
parca5m.
cawghu5ri sDd Adj. Four-footed; ik
MWdMWY. ga5kan, pa5yan, ame43o5n, }o43a5n,
gra5stan, cawghu5ri gho5an. People call
cows, goats, sheep, dogs and wolves fourfooted. Morph: caw khu5ri. Etym:
*catuSkhura- four-hoofed T-4636.
cawtra CtUDd Adv. Four days from the
present; nWX m qMik. See also: o5nja
today. Variant: cohtra.
cawko43%yak DDd Adj. Rectangular,
four-sided; qik.
cawmo5s {Dd N. Winter solstice festival
held in December, perhaps chief of
Kalasha festivals; vzVd rilN My
nVd. Gen: khawsa5Kgaw festival. Etym:
ca2turma2sya5- name of three sacrifices at
the beginning of the 4-months T-4742.
cawmo5s mastru5k tU|D {Dd N.
The month in which Chawmos is
celebrated, December; M qLWZ vik
)Xm( VaVd. Whole: he5man winter.
cay Dd N. Tea; eMik. Spec: trup cay salt
tea; a{a5} ca5y herbal tea; kawa5 cay
green tea; o5c4cay green tea; Sora5b cay
walnut tea. Variant: cey. From: Persian.
cay ma5y D Dd N. Refreshments, food,
tea and cake; d eMik. u5STi ho5ma
ha5tya cay ma5y a5ran. They got up and
got us something to eat. [This word is an
instance of reduplication in which the word
is spoken twice but the second time the first
letter of the word is replaced by m. The
resulting compound means tea and the
things that go with it.] See also: m-.
cayju5} ]Dd N. Tea kettle; VZVd.
Variant: caydu5}.

,__ Mij WeM rWY MxzVdWY d qMVdWX ij

y ,Lq. [This has yellow flowers and

seeds. The seeds are made into a paste and

applied to the forehead for medicinal
purposes. It is also drunk with milk.] Gen:
khas1 grass.
caw Dd Num. Four; qMik. Etym: catva2%rah4
four T-4655.
caw b}i {e da5} Co w L Dd Num.
Ninety; Wa.
caw b}i {e da} {e e5ka w L Dd
DC w Co Num. Ninety-one; eWaMHL.
caw b}i {e e5k C w L Dd Num.
Eighty-one; MVdHL.
caw b}i L Dd Num. Eighty; @L.
caw a34%gu I Dd N. Four-finger span
measure; VM M VdWa@L qMik. ek jiS {e
caw a43%gu. One hand-span and four fingers.
See also: nmuS; jiS, jiST; hast; caw a43%gu;
paSu5k; khoS.
caw baTi XDL Dd N. Measure of grain
equal to about ten kilograms; M WdL
WaMVdWY MyzVd LruWX. [One baTi makes 2.5
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ca4

cew

cayna5k DDd N. Teapot; VaVdWeMik.

ca4 Jd N. 1) Clapping; MWZ. ek baza5 gri, ca4
ne hu. You cannot clap with only one
hand. Use: dyek to clap. 2) Quick tempo
dance accompanied by clapping; MWZ
fkMWa ZWdLq rsVdWZ rWY MWZ. ca4 ka5rik. We
dance the ca4. Gen: naT dance. See also:
Dhu5}ak; dra{a5yLak; Du5si Sa5Tik; tren
Sa5Tik.
ca4 dyek o Jd V. To clap the hands;
MWaMhjWX MWZ. ko}an pe ha5waw haw, ca4
dyek. When we are happy, we clap our
hands.
ca4ha5ka DDJd N. Thick bread made of corn
or wheat flour dough; Ve MWY rWY We
q . Gen: au5 bread, food; Syn:
TaTo5ri.
ca45pa4 JPJd N. Wattle, a fence or partition of
interwoven branches and canes; VaHWZ
quMWX VaW.X Dim: ca4pa45yak.
ce d N. Deep fissure or hole in ground,
trench; Mru ,WeM ,quLqm .
Proverb: ka5as ha5tya ce mo ko5ci,
wa5naga tum taLa5y Dont dig a hole for
someone else, maybe you yourself will fall
into it; Syn: khuS; ga4K; guT.
ce}ma5k Dd N. Eye glasses; M WaN
zik. From: Persian.
ceSTa5kal DDYd N. Mid-morning (around
ten oclock); PS M WY y WYm. su5ri
dya5i, ek thome5s ta }au, ceSTakal th
}iau. The sun has risen and climbed in the
sky a few degrees and it is about mid
morning. [These times of day may refer
originally to times to eat during the day.]
Whole: bas1 day. See also: copa5kal;
bhota5kal.
cew d N. Woven woolen dress of Kalasha
women; vMVX DL M dWZLil Myz. [In
former times this word always meant a
woolen dress, woven by the Kalasha
themselves. Nowadays they buy other cloth

and use the same word to refer to them.]

Dim: ceLk; Syn: pira5n. Etym: ce2laclothes, garment T-4910.
ceLk sambie5k MD| d V. 1) To
dress a boy in his first white kamiz (long
shirt) as a male child; hkWX W`ik
MWaMVaWY Vd. [This is a rite of passage for
a boy which marks the first step in bringing
him into the community as a full
participating male. It is done by his
maternal uncle when he is two to five years
old. The coat is given in the morning and
then that night, the sacrifice called pu5}aw
mara5t isto5Kas is done for him, and the boy
becomes ritually pure. From this time the
boy is no longer permitted to eat from
womens dishes. He is then able to go to
the cattle shed. The 2nd rite, bhut
sambie5k comes when he is about five to
eight years old.] Restrict: The actor of this
verb is typically, perhaps uniquely, the
boys maternal uncle. Syn: bhut sambie5k;
kupa5sik sambie5k; goSTnk ka5rik; Whole:
we3S kare5k to initiate into Kalasha life.
2) To dress a girl in her first Kalasha dress
as a female child; Vd VdhkWX ik
MWaMVaWY. [At this point a girl is given her first
Kalasha womans dress (a cew) with pa5Ti
cummerbund, and a kopa5s headdress.
They also make the girl ritually pure by
doing the SiS au5 suce5k ceremony. From
this time on she takes her place as a
woman and pure and impure rules begin to
apply to her. She will get her SuSu5t head
band, sometime later.]
N. Ceremony in which a boy is brought
into male society and a girl into female
society; WaMVaWY Vd hkWX W`ik
q. Whole: we3S kare5k to initiate into
Kalasha life.
ceLk d N. Shirt put on a boy at his
initiation ceremony; hkWX W`ik
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chak

char

Vd. co5pa suda5as ceLk sambie5n.

tro5mi}o pu5}aw mara5T isto5Kgas ka5rin.
In the morning they put the coat on the
boy. In the evening they do a special
sacrifice (for him).
cewbe5w Ld N. Clothes, clothing;
vMVX. [This word may be a case of
reduplication of the word cew, plus the
substitution of b for the first letter. See
also page 474 below.] Use: sambik to
put on; Syn: anja5rum; sambuni. See
also: caleyga5r.
chak Dd N. 1) The shadow of an
inanimate thing; WdMy. su5ri chak praw e?
Has the sun cast shadows yet? Syn: baDa
cha5k; Do: dek to set (of sun). 2) Shade;
WdMy. a5ya su5ri. cha5kuna nisk. Its
sunny and hot here. Lets sit in the shade.
Morph: chag. See also: nicha5k. Etym:
cha2ya2%- shade, shadow, reflection T5027.
chak dek o Dd V. To become
evening or time of shadows; WdMy ,MWa Myz
MVaVdWY.
chak ko43 Dd N. Late afternoon (4
p.m.-sunset); MVaruWX eMy PQij nWX WYm
d WZ z. chak ko43 aghe5raw. It
turned late afternoon. Do: ghe5rik to
become; Whole: bas1 day. See also:
witrazikwe5w; co5pa; huLu5k; usugn;
tro5mi}; rat.
chak wa3%ik C Dd V. To cast a
shadow; MVahkVaWY WdMy. chak wa3i }au. The
sun or light has cast shadows. Actor: su5ri
sun; mastru5k moon.
chakdikwe5w pDd
N.
Late
afternoon, when shadows fall, from 4-5
oclock; PS M OQr. Whole: bas1 day.
Morph: chag dikwe5w.
chaLe5k Dd V. 1) To pull out, take out, to
extract, or remove (something inanimate);
MVaMWa. e5Li }u5La u5gani chaLa5n day.

Theyre pulling wood out of the water. sa5ri

kakbo5yas a5tra Sa5TiLa chni pa5i a5au
gho3%i ku5ro gonDk chaLa5i a5an, ku5ro
bado5k chaLa5i a5an, ku5ro kaw gonDk
chaLa5i a5an, ka5nda gonDk, pha5to moc
pa5i a5an. Gathering together they knew
that he was caught in the trap and then
broke loose, so some got clubs, some got
axes, some got olive clubs, some almond
clubs, then they went (after him). [Typical
things that can be taken out are: thorns,
slivers, nails, potatoes from ground, grain
from storage containers, trees from
ground, hay, leaves, or manure from the
storage pile.] Anim: ninihe5k remove
(something animate); Syn: uphue5k;
upa5c4ik. 2) To stick out; MVaMWa. Proverb:
go5kas raw jhip mo chaLa5as. Dont
stick your tongue out like a snake. 3) To
take (a picture); MVahkVaVd. phu5Tu chaLa5i.
Take the picture! Etym: ca2la5yati shakes,
jogs, drives away T-4772. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
chaLa5uni Dd N. Extractor, puller;
N L Wa MVZyHL _Vd VaMWa hkD.
chaman DDd N. Cheese (generic word);
dVaWY. Spec: c4aS5 a cottage cheese; tsikr a
kind of cheese; kunDa aged cottage
cheese (sharp); saco43% rich cheese; katak
c4aS5 a; kiLa45; pandr; Degrad: pha43Kga4.5
chaK Dd N. Jews-harp; Vaik. From:
Persian.
char sDd N. Noise, sound; MV` ,qyz. char
hu day. I can hear a sound. [The word
chircha5r is a doubling of the word char
and may only add a slight alteration to the
meaning. It probably means noise and
associated things.] Syn: awa5s. Variant:
car.
char ka5rik sD sDd V. To make a
noise.; MWar MLru ,MWar qyz. Spec:
brimbra5k ka5rik make a loud noise;
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chat

chnik

Thra}Thra5} ka5rik make a rustling or

scratching sound; ThriSThro3Se5k make a
suspicious noise; DipDa5p ka5rik make a
loud noise; ghum dyek make a loud
noise.
chat SDd N. Pool in a stream, lake, pond;
OQMWZ ,Vdij ,i. Syn: sardawa5y; sar2;
pu5tsas.
chat awa5t SCC SDd N. The shore of a
pool or lake; qMVa M i.
chat dyek o SDd V. To chop
something up; MWar ruEW` ruEW`. bado5k
gri mos chat dyel day. Hes chopping
up meat with an axe.
chaT WDd N. Time, occurrence; VXWZr ,m.
bo chaT im day. I come many times.
Syn: bar; nji. Etym: *jhaTT- sudden
movement T-5327.2 or; *cuTT- cuts off,
*strikes T-4857.2.
chaw Dd N. Unison, symmetry; VaN .
e5li tre istri{agu5a4k cha5wuna na5Tin day.
Those three girls are dancing in unison
with each other.
chaw gon, chaw gonD Dd , Dd
r N. The apparatus used to raise and
lower a millstone to control grinding; WY

hu. If glass falls it will break into pieces.

Syn: khay hik.
cher td N. Cut branches of holly oak,
willow, almond, mulberry and other
woods; VdilMyz xzil WX Myz. bonj
}oK chni cher hin. When you cut the
branches you get cut branches. ek }oK
cher o5ni. Bring one cut branch. Syn:
ka5mbaL.
chetguru5 sUd N. The village of
Chadguru in Rumbur Valley; M qVXq mL
M WdL.
chia5ik Dd V. To dry up (of a spring or
an animals milk supply); MWa xzil
)zik MWd mm(. c4hir chia5is. It stopped
giving milk. may pay saw chia5i a5an.
}a5ru ha5waw. All my goats have dried up.
Fall has come. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
chik d V. 1) To break; MVaW`W`. 2) To be
paid up, be repaid; MWa Lm@L )r(. dec
achs. The debt is repaid. 3) To be stopped
or disconnected (of water); MWa nVaWX )MWY(.
uk achs. The water is disconnected.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
chna Dd Adj. Broken; L MW`W`. Syn:
bi}u5na.
chik d N. A death; OSM. rugmu5 chik
th }iau. mo5mala c4h%i a5an. They had a
death in Rumbur. They have summoned
the people of Bumburet. Syn: khawga5ni.
See also: na5}ik die.
chinawa5ik CDd V. To cause to break
or cut; MWaLquWZ.
chine5k d V. To cause to separate out
(of milk), precipitate out; Lo MWY M m
M WaMVaWX rVdVaWY r. pha5to se c4hir
china5i c4a5Sa ka5riu. Then separating the
milk he will make cottage cheese. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
chnik d V. 1) To cut, to break; MWaquWZ.
dando45yak gri, chni, {u. Hell bite it off
with his teeth and eat it. Idiom: hard chin

hkVdWa rWYDL OUMWY y wij N M ik

d WZr. Whole: {ont, {ontr water-mill.
cha5wik Dd See main entry: }at.
che d N. Leather strap or rope
connecting plough tongue to the yoke;

qLqs@L L Waik ij q WdL

__ MVZyHL d. Whole: haw1

plough.
che5La d N. Piece, part; LruEW` LruWX. du du
che5La ha5wan. It became two pieces. Syn:
phas2; cu4ak
5 ; Dim: che5lak. Etym: che2dasection, piece T-5064.
che5lak me5lak hik d
V. To become broken into pieces; rsWdq rsWdq
MWa. }}a pe a5taw haw, che5lak me5lak
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chiKke5k

chu5tyak

chor po5Kgi dyek o P sd V. To

crawl; MVaVaWdq. Syn: bho3abho3%a hik. From:
Khowar.
chu d KT. 1) Daughter; `VdWX. Dim:
juru5k; CPart: da5da father; a5ya mother;
Syn: da5daso; a5yaso. 2) Niece (brothers
daughter if speaker is male, brother or
sisters daughter if speaker is female);
hjVdVZWX. CPart: da5da uncle (fathers
brother); na5na aunt (sister of mother or
father); Syn: na5naso. 3) Niece-in-law
(daughter of spouses brother or sister);
ijMWX. CPart: baya5ya aunt (wife of
mothers
brother).
4) Stepdaughter;
`VdWX VdWZy. CPart: dadu5k stepfather;
na5na
stepmother.
Etym:
duhitr50daughter T-6481.
chuLkik d
KT.
Beloved
daughter; `VdWX qMVdWY.
chu ha43%ha43ha43ha43 JJJJ d Intj. Giddap!
(Command to make horse gallop); qu
qsLN _Vd WaMWX . See also: ha3}.
chu5ik d V. To dip bread into stew;
MWaWXo. za5una au5 chu5i chu5i {u. Dip your
bread in the stew and eat it! Syn:
c4hu5ndrik.
chumuTke5r tXd N. Marriageable girl,
maiden; ru MWX. Variant: cumuTke5r.
chumuTke5ri tXd N. Youthful
strength of girls; Lij. tay cumuTke5ri
tay som ne thaw ha5waw. Your youthful
strength is finished.
chu}e5y &d Intj. Shoo! (said to goats);
i M Vaik rWX. See also: pay.
chu5tyak DTd Adj. 1) Small, young;
MW`ik. chu5tyak ba5ba. Younger sister.
Ant: ga5Da; Syn: usku5rdi; tsha5tak; tsan.
2) Childish; My M KhkWX. su5da rhan rhan
chu5tyak hu day. This boy is becoming
more and more childish. Variant: chu5tak.
Etym: *cho2TTa- small T-5071.

thi a5ik We have become disunited (lit:

we have broken our hearts); Instr:
chnuni cutter, breaker; Max: phaS; Syn:
tra4i5 k; ku5Tik; bi}e5k. 2) To stop a leak in a
water channel; MWar nVaWX )MWY(. 3) To steal
by force; MVaLo Lo. te ta5sa pay chni
nLa. They took his goats away by force.
4) To plough a field; MWaik . may c4hetr
chni a5am. ponc bas pSTaw bi
ghere5m. I have ploughed my fields. After
five days I will sow seed. Syn: kSik. 5) To
quench thirst; MWaMhjEWX )vMVdWY(. a tcak uk
pi Dahan ra5y chni im. I will drink some
water to quench my thirst and then I will
come. 6) To break in (force unlawful
access); MWaM PQWa. ko5ki se may duka5n
chni a5au, a ta5sa khila5una arz dem.
Because he broke in to my store, I will file
a case against him. Past(hearsay): chniLa
he/she broke. Etym: *chindati cuts off,
splits T-5046. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik). Redup: chni
phni.
chnuni d N. Cutter, breaker; WaquWZ
N M VaW`M MWd. cmbar chnuni gir.
Metal-cutting saw.
chiKke5k d V. To cause to sneeze;
MWaN VaVdik. se pe tay noma5w haw, tay
chiKke5l. If he praises you, it will make you
sneeze. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
chKkik d V. To sneeze; MVaVaVdik. a
chKkam day. Im sneezing. Etym:
chikka2- sneeze T-5032. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
chom d N. 1) Earth; dqs. Syn: dunia5.
2) Floor, ground inside a dwelling; vzr.
Syn: bhum. Etym: kSa5m- earth T-3656.
chom oKga5c4a DhDC d N. A kind of
small berry, raspberry; vq WdL
rWX. Rosaceae family, Rubus genus. [This
is a small plant and grows close to the
ground.] Gen: muT plant.
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chu34 hik

cine5Tuk

chu34 hik d V. To ride or mount a

horse or donkey; MWa qLy. chu34 thi mo
nis. Dont mount the horse and sit! Syn:
isto5ri hik.
cicie5k ed V. To burn or smart (as salt
in a wound); MVaij M ilqs. }a dawa5i may
ec di} cicia5aw. This medicine really
burned my eyes. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ciclak ed N. Immature corn; ik.
Adj. Tender, soft; rWa. mos ciclak th
}au. The meat became tender. Syn:
holo5lu; Ant: dzaro4.%3
cidn pd N. Cooking pot; VdVZWY.
cige5ri td Adj. Fair-eyed; WaN VdWa
L. [This is said of eyes that are not dark
brown.]
N. Person with light-colored eyes; VdWa
hlyz L WaN.
ckar Dho5Kka Dq sDd N. Seesaw,
teeter-totter; Eij Eij ,pVa. Gen:
Labe45 game. See also: ckarak hik.
cika5s
cika5s dek o {Dd V. To be cruel to
someone; MWaMo .
cika5s ka5rik sD {Dd V. 1) To be
cruel to someone; MWar . su5da cika5s
mo ka5ri. Dont be cruel to the boy. Syn:
zu5lum ka5rik. 2) To defeat; MVaWdm PSxyz. a
doS labe45 thi to cika5s a5ris. pre5o a5bi
saw pa5i e5Li cika5s ka5rik. I defeated him
yesterday. Lets all go and defeat them.
cila5 d N. Cold, cold season; m.
cila5 dyek o d V. To turn very
cold; MWa m PShly.
cila5 mastru5k tU|D d N. The first
month of winter (a very cold month);
VaVd WdL M M. margha5so waphada5r.
cila5ay bic4hiru. The jonquil is the faithful
one. It blossoms in the cold season. Whole:
he5man winter.

cila5ur sd N. A kind of plant which grows

in the water; LmWY N WdL. [This plant is
good for food.] Gen: muT plant.
cilm d N. Hubble-bubble, hookah; i.
cilm ZiKga5an day. They are smoking a
hookah. Use: pik to smoke; ZiKga5ik to
smoke. From: Pashto.
cilKgi d N. Sparrow; WdL
MWdruik ik. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
Variant: tsirKki.
cLu d N. Stomach worms, round worms;
ruVd PUVdWY.
cmbar sDMd N. 1) Iron; M. 2) Metal;
OSMm. [This word seems to primarily
denote iron, and seems also from this
meaning to indicate all metals. Although
several metals are listed below, exact
identification of the specific metals is
indefinite.] Spec: azs lead; ha5riLa
cmbar brass; Tim1 tin; cru5ka1
copper; su4a%3 gold; soho5rum gold; ru5a
silver. Etym: cmara- copper T-14496.
cimcilt hik Ved V. To be quiet;
MWa vzMil. khe3 his day, cimcilt thi.
What are you doing, staying quiet? Syn:
kipko5p hik.
cimik son }d
N.
Chimik,
a
mountain pasture of Rumbur; qVXq
MWa M MLrik WdL. Gen: son summer
pasture.
cimike5k d V. To shine something;
MWaMik. a rugLu45uni tara5 kay cimike5m
day. I am shining the mirror over there.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
cimkik d V. To shine; MVaik. ta5ri
cimkaw day. The star is shining. Syn:
upu5ik; candre5k. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
cimta5 DUd Adj. Strong; qVZM . cimta5 don.
A strong bull.
cine5Tuk Yd N. Clitoris; VVhl eMij.
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
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cir

coK

cir

thinking, mind T-4799; ctti- thought

T-4801. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
cit Vd N. Choice, will, intention,
thought; r. Syn: khia5l; kuTrts; rza;
ta5biat; marz.
citwa5La CUd N. Person in authority, God;
M M r ,LrWX. Syn: hakda5r.
citro4y
5 ak DtUd N. Decorative woven
band, sash or garland; `WY vzVd. [These
are used to tie the deceaseds mouth shut
at a funeral. It is made like a }uma5n on the
knee, but is more slender. It also has a
fringe on it.] Gen: }uma5n cloth belt; Syn:
}okhe5k;
pa5tyak.
Etym:
citra5conspicuous, bright, variegated T-4803.
ciTa5k DYd N. A fifty-gram measure of
weight; WaMV`ik.
ciT Yd N. Holiday (break from work);
`ik. From: Urdu.
cu ka5rik sD d V. To burn; MWaij. tay
cu ka5riu. It will burn you. Usage: Said to
little children. Syn: du5ik.
cwir td N. Burning coals; We MVZm.
Syn: ra4y
5 ak.
c{gas {Dxd N. A kind of grass; WdL
vM . Gen: khas1 grass. Variant:
c}gas.
c{in xd N. Pine tree species with long
needles; ruVdik. Pinus Roxburghil. [This tree
is very tall with reddish bark, having
longer needles than kuhe5rik, and wood
that is good for torches.] Gen: muT tree;
Part: rawe5Sa evergreen needles.
c{ina Dxd N. The village of Chizhina
near Anish in Bumburet; M PSWdqVXWX mL
M WdL.
ckarak hik CsDd V. To seesaw,
teeter-totter; pVaA. See also: ckar
Dho5Kka.
coklo5k d See main entry: klok.
coK d N. Beard; quLm. Etym:
*juKgha- beard, moustache T-5254.

td Adv. Late; rWdm. tu cir aya5 a. You

came here late. tay cir ha5waw. You are
late. Syn: mala5l; Ant: rage5STi. Etym: cira5long, lasting T-4824.
cir ka5rik sD td V. To be late; rWdm
MWar. cir mo ka5ri. Dont be late! Syn:
mala5l hik.
cire5w td N. Basket with a built-in stand or
base; MWXMik. Matl: bew willow; sa5ras
juniper. See also: soho5La; pruSThe5ni;
khawa5; khapo5; grio5ni; sawe5w; dray.
cir td N. 1) Place in barn where cows
are fed and milked; vM _Vd qWaMij
ij VaLo. 2) Hardened manure; PShly
mM.
ci}
d N. 1) Feather and grass ornament
for the womens headdress; W` vzVd
rsVdik WaMhjy rWYDL. 2) Grass necklace;
Lrhj M WdL. c{gas gri, ci} bhu5Tan.
People weave grass necklaces with c{gas
grass. Create: bhu5Tik to braid, weave.
cSTaka DDYd Adj. Bitter; Lru. cay
cSTaka a}s. The tea was bitter. Syn:
i}ke5T; aSgha5r. Etym: tr0STa5- harsh, rough
T-5938.
ciSTha5ki DYd Adj. A little bitter; M
Lru.
ciSTe5k Yd V. 1) To cause to stand; Lru
MWar. 2) To stop someone from moving;
MVaq. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
cSTik Yd V. 1) To stand, to stop; Lru
MWaMij Eq ,MWa. Restrict: This verb requires
an animate subject. Syn: ruk hik; Onset:
Tham suddenly. 2) To remain behind; Eq
MWaMij q ,MWaMij. may du pay adra5kuna
cSTiLa. Two of my goats have stayed
behind in the mountains. Variant: cu5STik.
Etym: tSThati stands T-5837. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
ctik Ud V. To think; MVaiky. Syn:
du5nik; soc ka5rik; dunki park; Noun:
cit thought, choice. Etym: citta5- visible,
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coKk

cru5ka

coK bade5k oDL d V. To shave off

ones beard; MVaW`M quLm. Instr: c4hor oldfashioned razor; phre5Lik razor.
coKk d N. Thorn; MV`WaM. may khu5runa
coKk Sap para5w. A thorn went straight
into my foot. Do: dyek to prick;
kha5mpik to prick or pierce; park go;
Syn: a3%c4ak. Etym: *jhaKk- clump, cluster
T-5323.
co5pa DPd Adv. 1) Tomorrow, morning;
,gVXV. See also: o5nja today. 2) The
future; VXVZx. co5po tay putr ba5ta
ubu5jiu. tu ta5a kay khe3 ma5as? In the
future your own son will be born. What
will you tell him? Variant: cupe5li.
copa5kal DDPd Adv. Morning time; gVXV
PS M. Whole: bas1 day. See also:
ceSTa5kal; bhota5kal.
copamna DDPd Adv. Morning time;
PS M gVXV. Whole: bas1 day. Variant:
coamna.
coT Wd N. 1) Design, pattern; wzWa
qMWa. Dim: co5tyak tattoo marks on the
face; Spec: maLe5ri coT temple design;
ha5ndaw coT temple designs; ca5ka}
chna white-mark faced; }a5waLa saltand-pepper color (of goat); kha4piSTo5k
black-backed (of sheep or goat);
}arke4na black-faced (of white sheep);
surmage5ci black-eyed and beautiful;
rua5ni Lac4ha brown-faced (of white
sheep); krSna pa4go4na white with black
feet (of sheep or goat); krSna daLo5ma
black with white face; SSani go5yrak
having a white spot on head; prawa5Tani
go5ra white-bellied (of animals); SiKga45k
coT v-shaped design; Create: dyek to
make (a design). 2) Writing; rWdrhWZ.
co5tyak DTd N. Tattoo marks, designs;
qMVay MVaWX ,MxzWa ,rWdrhWZ.

coT dyek o Wd V. To create patterns

in cloth and other surfaces; qMWa wzWa
MWar.
coTco5T WeXd Adj. Patterned or colored
(versus plain); L qMWa wzWa ,VdWaq.
may }a pay coTco5T, sa ku5a4k a5sta
coTco5T thi ubu5ji a5au. bo }i}o5yak. This
goat of mine is spotted, its kid also was
born spotted. Its very beautiful!
coTe5k Xd V. 1) To carve a design in
wood; MWar qMWa wzWa. 2) To write;
MVa. 3) To sew a design on something;
MWar qMWa wzWa y Mm y.
Past(hearsay): coTa5la he/she made a
pattern. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
coTa5 DXd N. Hammer for chipping or
breaking rocks; quVZ. a coTa5 gri bat
ta5ncim. I will chip the stones with a
hammer. Gen: aspa5p tools; Syn: beDr;
metn; Use: Thu5Kkik to pound.
co45i
d N. Ectoparasite of livestock
similar to or a phase of a ka45am; ruhkhkik.
[This could be a leech or a tick.] Syn:
ka45am.
co4i5 n d N. A kind of tree; M WdL
PSilqm. [Its leaves are soft and good for
fodder for young goats. Its wood is used
for firewood. Morgenstierne writes about
it,: ...a shrub with small lens-shaped
leaves, about one inch long, and white
blossoms grouped in clusters, resembles
somewhat those of a lilac.] Gen: muT
tree.
cra5ki Ctd N. Large intestines; PSWaN ruWX.
Whole: jhan, jhand body; CPart: idro4%3
small intestines. Variant: tsira5ki; cira5ki.
Etym: cakrya- pertaining to wheels T4555.
cru5ka1 Dtd N. Copper; MVXWaMWZ. Gen: cmbar
metal.
cru5ka2 Dtd Adj. Sour, spoiled; MV`. Max:
cap. See also: c4hir. Variant: tsru5ka;
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cu5cu

cu5nDik

cukuSe5k d V. To tease, annoy

someone;
MWaruVdik. trumu5{ak ne
cukuSa5eli. You shouldnt annoy hornets.
See also: taK ka5rik; maskara5 ka5rik;
maza5k ka5rik; dru5{ik; kawia5 karik; To5ka
ka5rik; awace5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
cu5mphiT hik ZQd V. To die
quickly; MWaMij r m WdL. su5ri pe
abhcaw haw, pay cu5mphiT hin. If the
sun shoots its rays at goats they die
quickly. [This seems to be limited to
animals that get too much sun.] Syn:
cuThophu5ri hik; na5}ik.
cumunDa ka5rik sD Drd V. To
pinch someone; MVaW`M V`ik. Restrict: The
object must be in the dative case.
cu5muSTi Yd N. Chisel-like tool for
chipping holes in wood or stone; ,xWX
aVdik. cu5muSTi gri {ontwa5t khu5Spin
day. Taking a chisel they are making a
hole in the millstone. [This has a long
metal head to which is attached a wooden
handle. It is hook-shaped to dig a hole.]
Gen: aspa5p tools. See also: tso5gun;
bho5Kki; nigho5n.
cumu5Tu Xd N. Colorful tassels worn on
braids; LnWaLrWY. Variant: cumu5Ti.
cu5nDik rd V. 1) To sting, to bite; MVaW`M.
Syn: c4ake5k; Onset: pLak. 2) To burn, bite;
MVa rsVdWZ WeL. kunDa cu5nDiu day. The
kunDa cheese is sharp. Etym: cu5NTati
cuts off, strikes T-4857.3; *kSundati
crushes T-3717?. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
cu5nDiLa rd Adj. Bitten, stung; L Myo.
Proverb: gok cu5nDiLa moc, }a5waLa
rajhu5k pa5}i bihiu5 A man bitten by a
snake will be afraid if he sees a spotted
rope (meaning: once bitten, twice shy).
cunDa5ki Crd Adj. 1) Prone to sting;
)ruVd( L VaW`M. 2) Prone to burn or bite;
)fkr( MVa.

tru5ka. Etym: cukra5- sour, sharp to the

taste T-4850.
cu5cu dd N. Breast, nipple; Mik LxWa.
Whole: jhan, jhand body. Etym:
*cuccu- female breast, nipple T-4855.
cu5cu dek o dd V. 1) To nurse,
breastfeed; mm MVaWY@L hkWX M OSq
MWaWY. a5yas tan ku5a4ka cu5cu da5i, umu5ru
ka5riu. to5a ku5a4kas umu5ru hu. The
childs mother nurses her child, and quiets
his crying. Then the child is comforted.
2) To feed from a bottle; mm y WZWX
MWaWY.
cu5cu pik P
dd V. 1) To
breastfeed, to be nursed; MVaVdWY mm M M.
2) To drink from a baby bottle; y WZWX
MVaVdWY mm.
cucu5yak Ddd N. Nipple; ,MVZxWY
VYHWa.
cue5k d V. 1) To shake; MVaV`ij. saw
moc brbo po43 cue5n day. All the people
are shaking down the walnut leaves.
[Apricots are harvested in this way.] See
also: DhaKge5k; Tuke5k; dzaLake5k; c4hLik;
c4ho43%ik. 2) To shake ones head, to nod;
MVaV`ij. Etym: cya5vate2 moves to and fro,
retires T-4939. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
cukr td N. Thorny bush with sour
leaves which are eaten as a vegetable; WdL
LmWY MV` L WaMij MWdM M . Gen: muT
plant. Variant: curuk. Etym: cukra5name of various sharp tasting plants T4850.3.
cukro43% td N. A kind of bush whose
branches make a good complement to
meat; MV` d WeLqs ij mWY Vaij WdL
__ MWZ.
cukumbS hik Md V. To
swing; MVaij VaVdWY ,MVaEij Eij. su5da
har a5dua cukumbS hin. Children swing
every day. Syn: piophT hik.
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cunjo4k

cu45yak

cunDo5ku rd Adj. Spicy hot, tasty (of

cheese); L WeL rsVdWZ.
cunjo4k ]d N. Magpie; ,LK VZIik
WeMWY Vd. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
cu5puT WPd Adj. Precarious, on the edge of
something; qsLVZ d. a5sa cu5puT }au,
aLayha5k kheza5i wac ka5i tha5i. That is
precarious. Move it over and carefully put
it there. Syn: bey-daraja5.
curcu5r sdsd Adj. Very ragged, full of
holes; qEikqEik. Syn: puru5t; lok; waSwa5S;
laKge43% laKge43%; baze43% baze43%.
curikumba5runa DsDMsd
N.
The
Churikumbaruna village in Birir Valley;
M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
curu4e5k sd V. To cause to drip, to drain
off, wring out; MWaMVYW`. piala5ani uk curu4a5i.
Pour the water out of the cup. pira5n
monDo p%i, uk curu4a5io, su5ira dye.
After you wash the shirt, wring the water
from it and put it in the sunshine. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
curu4k sd V. To leak in a steady
stream, to ooze, to run (of a liquid), to
overflow, exude; MVaVYW`. uk curu4u day.
The water is dripping. krom ka5i huLu5k
thi kheL curu4u. When you work and get
hot, you sweat. Syn: }o5ndik; SiSirk; uchu5i
dyek; za5zik. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
cust V|d Adj. Beautiful, handsome,
attractive; OSqVWXil ,wzm. cust
istr{a. A beautiful woman. Syn: }i}o5yak;
nazu5k. From: Persian.
cu5Sik d V. To suck; MVayik.
cuSo5nyak Dd N. Corn stalks or
other food that can be sucked; Vayik
MVaWZ M Ve ,rsVdik.
cuThophu5ri hik sPXd V. To die
quickly; MWar m WdL. su5ri pe abhcaw
haw, pay cuThophu5ri hin. If the sun
shoots its rays at goats they die quickly.
[This seems to be limited to animals that

get too much sun.] Syn: cumphT hik;

na5}ik. From: Khowar.
cu5Tik Xd V. To touch; MWaEik. tum
mco a5La cu5Tis, a5sa pi aktia5t ka5ri. a5sa
o5njeSTa. You yourself be careful about
even touching him. He is holy. [A person
who has been ritually purified becomes
defiled by touching an impure person.]
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
cuTk Xd N. Snap of the fingers; V`Eik.
Adj. Easy; MyN. may ha5tya cuTk, a
ka5rim. For me its easy, Ill do it.
cuTk ka5rik sD Xd V. To snap
ones fingers; MWaMhjWX V`Eik.
cuTo5nu Xd N. Thief; qik. Syn: he45ru;
LawaLa5Li.
cu4 d N. The upper main trunk of a tree or the
large branches of a tree above the main
trunk; ik. Whole: muT tree; Dim:
cu45ik.
cu45ik d N. The top of a tree or
mountain, point of an object; ik. Syn:
Duk; mun; SiS; biw; bro; phur; Whole:
muT tree.
cu4a5k Ih N. Piece; LruEW`. ek cu4a5k au5
may de. Give me a piece of bread. Syn:
che5La; phas2.
cu4enk d N. Black bird (smaller than
a crow); nWarWY M M WdL. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
cu45i
d N. 1) Braid, plait; Eik. Part:
bha5Ti strand. 2) Crest on a bird; .
3) Cockscomb, comb; r. Syn:
khes. Etym: cu2%Da- knot of hair T4883.2.
cu4imudhk pd N. The whorl of
hair in the center of a persons head; M
d WZ fr rVd MWX Mij KVi .
cu45yak Dd N. Cornsilk; V`y K
MWX.

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c4ac4ukre5 hik

c4at

c4
c4ac4ukre5 hik thDh V. 1) To hold
tight to someone; MWaruWY y VXV. may
Lasa5i. c4ap c4ac4ukre5 thi khe3 his day?
Let me go! What do you mean by holding
so tightly onto me? Restrict: The person
held is marked by som with. Syn: c4aK
hik; Max: c4ap tightly. 2) To be devoted
to something; MWa VXV d MWdHL. te
tan masaha5puna c4ac4ukre5 thi a5an. They
are very devoted to their religion.
c4aha43%kik JDh V. To scream out (in
pain, fear, or hunger); MWaqM VdhlVdik. Max:
c4aw. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
c4akabro5nz vtLDDh N. A kind of grass used
as fodder for goats; vM WdL.
c4akapara5} hik CsDPDDh V. To call or
cry out loudly (for help or attention);
MWaik MVahlVdik. ka c4akapara5} thi a5an
pay. welo45u thi a5an e kia haw? Why
are the goats all upset. Have they run out of
salt or something? [Goats do this when
they are hungry for salt or fodder, or when
their young are released among them for
feeding.] Syn: kuckaraTa5w ka5rik.
c4ake5k Dh V. 1) To reach a goal; MWaMhkVaWY.
tu andye5y uTki may po5ay c4aka5i. Jump
from here and reach my footmarks. 2) To
sting; MVayo ,MVaW`M. rat hu5paLa ek ne, du
ne, tre caw bar may c4aka5aw. Last
night a scorpion stung me not once or
twice but three or four times. Syn: cu5nDik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
c4ame5k Dh V. To imagine or suppose
someone to be something; hk ,MWaM qsLnWa@L
MVahj q@L. tu tramaSu5Kay a5i e, a tay
bhut c4ame5s. When you came in the
darkness, I thought you were a ghost. See
also: jo5Sik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

c4aK hik

Dh V. To embrace, to hug;
MWa rVd WX. pha5to se da5das u5STi, ta5sa

som c4aK thi tro5na. Then her father got

up and embracing her wept. Restrict: The
object is marked with som with. Syn:
c4ac4ukre5 hik; ga45ias hik.
c4a5Kgan DDh N. Wild carrots; rijM Vaij.
Gen: }ak vegetable. See also: thu5ruk.
c4ap ODh Adv. 1) Completely through,
tightly; y EVXV. coKk
c4ap
akha5mpaw. The thorn pierced (his hand)
completely through. may khur kre5}una
c4ap aSa5Taw. a ho5nci upa5c4is. My foot
got really stuck in the mud. I pulled it out.
Syn: pak2. 2) Extremely; PSWX. c4ap
ma5wra. Extremely sweet.
c4apc4ap
5 Sa5Tik XD ODiPDh V. To be or
become sticky; MVaVYik.
c4aS5 a DDh N. A kind of cottage cheese; WdL
dVaWY M . c4hruna nu des, c4a5Sa hu.
If you put buttermilk in the (boiling) milk,
it becomes cottage cheese. Spec: katak
c4aS5 a cottage cheese made from milk of a
newly freshened goat or cow; Gen:
chaman cheese.
c4aSku5 Dh N. A kind of evergreen tree;
PSilqm qMWX Lny M WdL. Gen: muT
tree; Part: rawe5Sa pine needle.
Variant: caSku5.
c4at
SDh N. Moment, an instant; Lq. c4at
e5can ka5rik. Wink! se bo ko43%uKk moc,
c4at5 una mon saKga5aw. He is a man who
hears everything. He hears everything
immediately.
Adv. Quickly. a c4at du5ra pa5io im. I
will go home and quickly return. Syn: gaST.
c4a5tas som | {DTDh Adv. Immediately,
quickly; Lq ,y nij. se laha5s moc
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c4at tha5i sa5ras

c4hetra5w
from the trees.] Whole: }a5ru fall.
Variant: c4aKc4o5ri
mastru5k. From:
Khowar.
c4ha5Kgar sDDh N. 1) Misfortune, disaster;
PSVXVdVE. tara5 du5ra c4ha5Kgar pa5Li }au
gho5an. ba}a5r do5yo park. tara5 pa5i te
pa5}ik. In that house they say a misfortune
has occurred. Lets go to offer our
condolences. We will go there and see the
bereaved. [People say that God causes it,
khoda5y ahstaw.] Syn: apha5t; bhala5;
}um; Do: pa5Lik to happen, occur.
2) Sickness; qMVdWX.
c4haKpo5c cQDh N. Sacrifice; MWXr. Syn:
mara5T; kurbon; Use: ka5rik to make.
c4haKpo5c ka5rik sD cQDh V. To
sacrifice an animal in the house or goat
shed; MWar MWXr. Syn: mara5T ka5rik;
isto5Kgas ka5rik; khoda ka5rik.
c4ha3%c4ik iDh V. To thrust into, pierce;
MWaVXik ,MWaMxVaWY ,MVaquM. c4hat }o5K c4ha3%c4i,
batya5k ama5raw. He poked the juniper
branch into the wall and sacrificed the kid.
Syn: c4hmbik.
c4hek h N. Trouble, bad time; PSiqs.
c4hek ka5rik sD h V. To give
someone a bad time, to cause trouble;
MVaWdm PSiqs. a tay ha5tya c4hek a5ris. I
gave you a bad time.
c4het, c4hetr tUh ,Vh N. Cultivated field;
PSVd. ho5ma pruST dewla5t de, pay de,
gak de, c4het de. Give us a lots of riches.
Give us goats, cows, and fields. Syn:
kiSma5n; Part: phonD section of a field;
}ay2. See also: min, mindr; bronz;
machiLo5y. Etym: kSe2%tra- land T-3735.
c4hetguru5 sUh N. Place in Rumbur
Valley; M Wd@L M qEVXq mL.
c4hetra5w CtUh N. Chitral; LZik.
c4hetra5ri sCtUh N. Person from Chitral;
LZik.

ca5Tas som na}Ta. That sick man died

quickly.
c4at5 pat SDQTDh Adv. Immediately; nij
Lq ,y. c4at5 pat park. Lets go quickly!
[This word may be a form of reduplication
of the headword much like cay may which
means cay tea and things that associate
with that word.] Variant: chatpat.
c4at tha5i sa5ras {CsD|
DT SDh N.
Ceremony in honor of Sajigor in Rumbur;
q X WdL qVXq mL. [Bread is
offered on the altar with juniper fire.]
c4aw Dh Adv. Very, bright, extremely; PSWX.
c4aw Lac4ha. Bright red. c4u Lac4hak.
Bright red. Dim: c4u; Syn: pak2.
c4aw dyek o Dh V. To oppose
someone; MWar PSMhl. hami}a5 may c4aw
dyel day. may som ka zit }au haw
ta5sa. a ne jho5nim day. He is always
opposing me. He may have something
against me, I dont know.
c4ac%3 i4 k iDh V. 1) To eat meat off of
bones; MWaMVXik. aTh c4ac%3 i4 o thaw hu5Lo
so43%on det. Clean off the bones and give the
leftovers to the dogs. 2) To wound badly in
a fight; MWar ilqs fr rEWX . se
ga5Da }o43%a to tsha5takley tara5 kay
ac4ac%3 a4 w. That big dog fought and wounded
that little dog there. Syn: bra5Lik; danda
ka5rik. See also: don c4a3%c4ik.
c4a3Ja5 DaJh N. Pinewood torch; xz. Syn:
Luc.
c4ha5Lik Dh V. To scold, to discipline;
MVaV`WaLo. se may ha5tya insa5w araw, ne
ac4ha5Law. He let me off, he didnt scold.
Restrict: The object is marked by ha5tya
for. Syn: mri} hik; awa5cik. Prdm: Class
2 (ma5trik).
c4haKc4ho5ri mastru5k tU|D siDh
N. Month of autumn; VaVd M ruij PSWY.
[This is the month before cawmo5s the
winter festival when all the leaves fall
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c4he43%a

c4hir

c4he43%a Jh N. Body; nWX. rage5STi u5STi,

c4he43%a lots hu. Get up early, your body
will be fresh. Syn: jhan, jhand; bada5n;
kalp; ada5m; khaml; jsom.
c4hc4e ih Intj. Shoo! said to goats;
Vd VZWX _Vd VaWaM WdrWX. See
also: pay.
c4hic4he5k ih V. To separate cheese
from whey; MWar @L MWY y rVdVaWY. Object:
c4aS5 a cottage cheese. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
c4hik h V. To begin to wane (of the
moon); MVaV` M nWaMik. mastru5k ac4his.
The moon has started to wane. CPart: Lu5ik
to appear; Actor: mastru5k moon. See
also: c4hndra. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
c4hik h Adj. All; PQy. a5bi c4hik aZa45i
{uk. We will all eat apricots. tu c4hik
payda5 ka5i a5sas. You have created all.
Syn: saw; khul; pLik.
c4hLik h V. 1) To knock down fruit or
acorns or leaves; MWaLr WY y W`. Instr:
ta4 harvesting pole. See also: Tuke5k;
cue5k; DhaKge5k; dzaLake5k; c4ho43%ik. 2) To
card wool; MVaVaEm. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
c4hmbik Mh V. To pierce, thrust into;
MVaquM. a u{u45i gri c4hmbim day. I am
digging with a pick. a jaw c4hmbim day.
I am making a fence (by poking the
branches into the ground). Syn: c4ha3%c4ik.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
c4hmbuni Mh N. Pick (something to
poke with); N M VaquM.
c4hin h Adj. Dark; LdnWa@L. trap c4hin thi
}au. ka e5ca ne ha5wan. It was pitch
dark. You couldnt see a thing. Syn:
tramaSu5K; gir2; Max: trap.
c4hndra Csph Adj. Waned; L MV` )nWaMik(.
mastru5k c4hndra. The moon has waned.
Actor: mastru5k moon.
c4hir th N. Milk; mm. [If milk becomes
tsru5ka it is not thought of as a bad thing as

it can be made into butter and buttermilk.

But if it becomes no} it can be made into
butter, but it does not turn out well. If it
becomes very no}, they throw it out.]
Degrad: cru5ka sour; no} sour; Pos:
ma5wra sweet; Do5Kga fresh. See also:
kata5k Jhir. Etym: kSra5- milk, thickened
milk T-3696.
c4hir ba5ya KT. Son of the woman who
helped in one s birth; WeMWX MVq.
c4hir chu5 d th KT. Baby girl whom the
midwife helped to be born; y mn WeLm
ru nyz LnVdW.Y [Every girl child who is
born by a midwifes help becomes that
womans c4hir chu. She also has the same
relationship to the midwifes husband.]
CPart: gaDa5ya midwife.
c4hir idro43%yakani bit DDspC
th
VL Id. Its finished!; Wd rV^@L( Zil
)__ MWZMij M rWY Wa Zil V MWd M.
[This phrase is said at the end of a story. It
literally means milk is clear from the
intestines.] Variant: c4hir idro43%yakani
bitr; c4hray dro43%akani bitr.
c4hir pip QP th N. Festival of milkdrinking at beginning of Joshi; vzVd WdL
__ MWZMij MV`WaMWX mm d wij zij.
Variant: c4hirpk.
c4hir pu5t SP th KT. Baby boy whom
the midwife helped to be born; mn WeLm
Mru nyz LnVdWY y. [Every boy child who is
born by a midwifes help becomes that
womans c4hir put. He also has the same
relationship to the midwifes husband.]
CPart: gaDa5ya midwife.
c4hir uchundk pdC th Id. To be
kind; MWa MWX. Lit: ones milk
descends. ka tay c4hir uchunda5w e,
a5jo tu pruST mon pra? How come you
are being kind and saying something good
(for a change)?
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c4hiu5

c4hundre5k

c4hraLi Cth Adj. Abundant milkgiving; )qWaMij( L VaWdm mm mMWdqs.

c4hirgalak DDth N. A kind of grass
with a milky sap; d wij LmWY M WdL
__ MVZWa mm y. [Women take this and
put designs on their faces. They also eat it
thinking that it will increase their supply of
milk.] Gen: khas1 grass.
c4hirwa5La Cth N. Goat that gives
abundant milk; L mm mMWdqs. [This is
probably the most prized of all ones
goats.] Syn: dhoiwa5y; Ant: istorphal.
c4hiu5 h Adj. Very happy; vzil PSWX. a5sa
c4hiu5 thi a5au. He is very happy. da5da
pu5tras pi bo c4hu hiu, to pa5}io. The
father is very pleased when he sees his son.
Syn: ko}a5n; thrusthrusa5nyak (hik).
Variant: c4iu5.
c4h%ik h V. To summon, to call
together; MWaEWX. rukmu5la c4h%i a5an. brila
a5sta c4h%i a5an. They have called the
people from Rumbur. They have also
called the people from Birir.
c4ho
c4ho bho5nik L h V. To harness
several oxen together for threshing grain;
MVanWaMWX qWaMij _Vd Waik VdHWeLm.
c4ho ka5rik sD h V. To thresh grain
by driving cows over it; MWaik VdHWeLm. Syn:
monDe5k.
c4hok h N. The waste left from squeezing
juice or honey from fruit or beeswax; dyz
rsVdik WeE hkWX r MHW.a
c4homk h N. Pain, aching, sickness;
qMVdWX ,mqm. ta5ra du5ra c4homk }au.
There is sickness in that house. [The
combination of c4hek c4homk is also used
to refer to bad times and sickness.] Etym:
kSama2- patience T-3659.
c4hor sh N. Old-fashioned razor; LZyDL.
[When this razor is new it has a blade of
up to 3 1/2 inches wide.] Syn: phre5Lik2.

Etym: kSaura- performed with a razor

T-3756.
c4ho43 h N. Leisure time, free time; qM. a
pa5rim day. may c4ho43 ne hu day. I am
going. I dont have time to waste. {o5ntray
c4ho43 }au e? Is the mill free (lit: is there
free time in the mill)? Syn: go}.
c4ho43%ik h V. To harvest walnuts by
knocking them down with a pole; OUril@L
MWaqMWZDL. o5nja bumbure5t brbo c4ho43%in day.
They are harvesting walnuts now in
Bumburet. Instr: ta4 harvesting pole. See
also: DhaKge5k; dzaLake5k; tuke5k; c4hLik;
cue5k. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
c4ho43%i h N. Walnut harvest; WarWZDL OUril@L
M. brbo c4ho43%i pe ha5waw haw,
brbo c4ho43%ikas ba5ti, saw mo5can go}
ne hu. If walnut harvest comes, it means,
no one has any free time.
c4hu5c4a Dhh Adj. Thick, viscous, pasty; MquM.
phaw bo aco4y
5 ak, adhek c4hu5ca4 ka5ri.
The mud is too watery, make it a little
thicker. [This can be said of butter,
clarified butter or yogurt as well.] Ant:
aco45yak; Syn: Zak.
c4hum h Adv. Suddenly; m WdL. se c4hum
akra5taw. She suddenly smiled. Restrict:
This is typically associated with the verb
kra5tik laugh. Syn: pat. Etym: *kSumbati
smiles T-3725.
c4humc4hu5m ih Adv. Well, very
nicely; y qVWXil. se c4humc4hu5m
katra5w. He laughs very nicely. Restrict:
This word seems to be restricted to the
verbs kra5tik to laugh, and to ka5sik to
walk. The latter is used to describe how a
child walks when he is first learning.
c4hundre5k sph V. To envelope, cause
to sink into and be covered by something;
MWaMxVam. krik may c4hundre5l day. The
snow is enveloping me. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
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c4hu5ndrik

c4uc4hu5

close to death; r@L PQWdr. a5sa c4ok thi

a5au. He has become weak (close to death).
c4okk h V. To bargain with or persuade
someone by a lot of talking; Lq
MWar VdWZMWX y qqs qqs _Vd War. a ta5sa
som c4okm. I will bargain with him. Syn:
tokma5t ka5rik. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
c4o5ktu Uh Adj. Steeply ascending; Mruik.
bo c4o5ktu a5sa phond. That path is very
steep.
Ant:
undruhakala;
Syn:
puchumala; uprali.
Adv. Up; d L rWYDL. Syn: diha5k.
From: Khowar.
c4u h See main entry: c4aw.
c4uc4hk hh N. Dried fruit; WY xzil.
c4uc4hk kruha5i c4uc4hiko5k ka5rin. By
rehydrating dried fruit they make stewed
fruit. [The Kalasha dry apricots, apples,
pears, and mulberries.] Adj: c4uc4hu5 dry.
Etym: *s5ukSa- drying up T-12508 (via
Khowar).
c4uc4hk ka5rik sD hh V. To dry
fruit in the sun; MWar xzil WY.
c4uc4hiko5k hh N. Stewed or
rehydrated fruit (apricots, apples or pears);
MWXqyz M WY xzil. Create: krue5k to
soak. Morph: c4uc4hik-uk.
c4uc4hu5 hh Adj. Dry, dried up; ,xzil
MEy. wa5kti tara5 behaba5nuna uk
c4uc4hu5 hu5La e, maDra5k ma5iLa ki,
yardu5s a5ta payrana5k nihm day. Once
in the wilderness when the water dried up,
the Frog said, Friend, I myself am going
over there. muThk c4uc4hu5 ha5waw The
sapling dried out. Syn: Su5STa. See also:
Su5Su hik.
Adv. Without injury or apparent cause;
ijWX. may khur c4huc4hu5 trupa5aw. My
leg pains for no reason. Variant: aSu5Sal
(Urtsun). Etym: *s5ukSa- drying up T12508 (via Khowar).

c4hu5ndrik sph V. To dip into a liquid;

MWaWXo. au5 za5una c4hu5nDrim day. I am
dipping my bread in the sauce. Syn: chu5ik;
Caus: c4hunDre5k. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
c4ic4hawa5ik CDih V. To cause to teach;
MWaLVdy ,MWaMVdy y Wdq m .
se se5ta SaTawa5i ta5sa kala5Sa mon
c4ic4hawa5iman a5is. He was having Syed
teach him Kalasha. (More literally, By
means of Syed, he taught him Kalasha.)
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
c4ic4he5k ih V. 1) To teach; MWaMVdy. a
kala5Sa mon c4c4ham. tu kala5Sa mon
may c4ic4he5s. I will learn Kalasha. You
will teach me Kalasha. Caus: c4ic4hawa5ik
to cause to teach; Syn: bande5k; jhone5k.
2) To send word to someone through
someone; MVahjVdWX MVdWY. a tay ta5da mon
c4ic4he5m ta5sa ha5tya. I will send a message
with you for him. se tay ha5tya sale5m
c4ic4ha45i a5au. She sent her greetings to you.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
c4c4hik ih V. To learn; MVaVdy. a tay
pi kala5Sa mon c4c4ham. I will learn
Kalasha from you. Caus: c4ic4he5k; Syn:
ibra5t grik. Etym: s5k
Sate2 learns T12430. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
c4ikk h N. Ball used in playing snow
golf; Vd d rWX y wij nVaVd ru
__ MWZMij. Matl: tar a hardwood; pho4
birch; Syn: piN; canDu5l; plinz; plots.
From: Kati.
c4ikk gaL D h See main entry: pin,
pinD.
c4ikpa5k DQh N. Loud noise from talking
and arguing; hk ,MWXLz qyz.
c4kpak ka5rik sD DQh V. To talk
loudly; MWaMhk qyz.
c4ok h Adj. 1) Unstable, loose or broken
(as a rock wall); Vdo ,qrs. diga45 c4ok
ka5i dya5i }au. The wall is not built well.
Syn: kha3S; lak; Ant: DaK; mezbu5t. 2) Very
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c4uc4ubw

nWarWY MW`ik M.

c4uc4ubw Lhh N. Small bird with a sweet

call living in the high mountains; WdL

Variant: cikubu.

daLa5y
Gen: pac4h%yak bird.

d
Co Intj. Take this! Here you are!; . a5ma
da. Take this!
dabdaba5 DLCpLCo N. Pomp, honor; WXnWXm. ta5sa
kho}an bo dabdaba5as tha5ra ha5waw.
His celebration was very wonderful. From:
Persian.
dabdaba5 pa5}ek DP DLCpLCo V. To do
something remarkable; MWaMm WXnWXm. se bo
dabdaba5 pa}a5aw. He has done something
very remarkable.
da5da CoCo KT. 1) Father; nL. CPart: put,
putr son; chu daughter. 2) Uncle
(fathers brother); Mhkik. CPart: put, putr
nephew (brothers son); chu niece
(brothers daughter). Etym: *da2ddafather or other elderly relative T-6261;
*da2ddata2ta- fathers brother T-6262.
da5dako CoCo KT. 1) My dear father; d
WX@L qMVdWY. CPart: da5daso nephew, niece.
2) My dear (paternal) uncle; qMVdWY d
Mhkik.
da5daso |CoCo KT. 1) Dear son or daughter
(of father); qMVdWY d ,V`VdWX qMVdWY d
`VdWX. 2) Dear nephew or niece (of uncle);
hjVdVZWX ,hjVdVZWX. [This is used as a term of
endearment in place of put, or chu.]
CPart: da5dako dear father; Syn: put,
putr; chu.
dada5wt, dada5wtr tTDCo
,SCoCo N.
Fathers (as a group); OSLqs Mhkik ORMWX
MWX. Unit: da5da father. See also:
baba5wt; baya5wt.
dadu5k oCo KT. 1) Uncle (husband of
aunt); MWYWY. 2) Stepfather; ORMWX VdWZy.

CPart: put,
putr stepson; chu
stepdaughter. Variant: dudu5k.
da5i
Co V. Giving, participle of dek to
give; r m. Proverb: chu dai, putr
When you give a daughter, you gain a son
(lit: giving a daughter, a son). See also:
dek.
dak Co Adj. Very hot (as of shortening);
)( r PSWX.
dak ka5rik sD Co V. To melt clarified
butter or shortening in a pan on the fire in
preparation for frying; ,MWaWY
MWar r. Syn: bile5k.
dakma5 DCo Adj. Chronically sick; ,qMVdWX
qrs. Syn: pu5li; phawg; bozda5. See
also: poKga5r park. Variant: dhakma5;
dagma5.
da5La Co Adj. Very weak; qrs PSWX.
da5La {e pa5La DP w Co Adj. Orphaned; _WX
VdVZWd q@L LqMy. Saba5So mmi ha5tya
bulasK nawa5w. da5La {e pa5La ha5wan.
pruST ka5i dhar, tay ba5zuK no45ay kay
dya5i. Well done, you descendants of
Bulasing. They have become helpless
orphans. Take good care of them, carrying
them under your arm. [This is said of
people or animals whose mother has died.]
Syn: tshawgu5. Etym: pa2la5- protector T8125.
daLama5r sDCo N. Robber, murderer; Lo.
daLama5r pa5}i bihm. I am afraid when I
see a thief.
daLa5y Co N. Beautiful green lush meadows;
qLqs rsVXy. }o5njo kirikm daLa5yaw ne
wilaw. Right now the snow itself is not

da

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dam

danda da4u5

damk dek o Co V. To threaten;

MVaWdm m. se ta5sa ha5tya damk praw
ki tu may krom ka5ri. ne pe a5ri haw,
a tay jlay diawa5am. He threatened him
by saying, Do my work, otherwise I will
have you thrown into jail. Restrict: The
object is marked by ha5tya for. From:
Urdu.
da5mtaL dyek o DUCo V. To perform a
ceremony for safety using a nail; PSMi
MWar Mm m rMil . mo5cas pay pe
Dhumb ha5waw haw, damta5L dyel. If a
mans goat is lost, he will perform the nail
ceremony (and a leopard will not eat the
goat). [A mullah will say some words and
blow onto a nail to make good luck charm.
This is then given to the Kalasha to tie to
the horn of one male goat. This is also
done by blowing over a knife three times
and praying and then sticking it into a post
or the wall. It is left there until the goat is
saved. It is a charm to keep leopards from
eating the goats.]
da5na DCo N. Unit; mn. ponj da5na brbo
may de. Give me five walnuts. [This word
is used when counting numbers of objects.
If the objects are very small, the word
phaLik may be used. For example, beads
can be either dana or phaLik. Examples of
the kind of words modified by da5na are:
walnuts, apricots, peaches, apples, figs,
eggs, bananas, stones, stools, trees, and
bees.] See also: ka45wa1; kham2; phaLk;
gLak; ca5ni; }uru5p. From: Persian.
dandawa5} hik CCpCo V. To become
spread out or scattered; MWaMij rWX. Syn:
heT hik; bi{irk.
danda4u5 IpCo N. Chin; quW`. Whole: jhan,
jhand body.
danda da4u5 Io DpCo N. A kind of red
bean; MVdWX fl M WdL. Gen: da4u5
bean.

melted from the lush meadows. See also:

bronz.
dam1 Co N. 1) Healing breath; wWbMy.
2) Moment, instant; WaMikL. ek dam.
Instantly. From: Persian.
dam dyek o Co V. To blow in order to
heal a sickness; r Mm MWd ZVa _Vd Myz
MVaruWY m ,MVaEWY. [Both men and women
can do this.]
dam SaTk XD Co V. To attach a cure
to a problem; MWa VX m ,MVa m. gak
pe mo5cas ispra5pasa mon pron haw,
to5a moc copamno u5STi iKgro5k
ghu5Tani SuTik upra5i, anday kay muc4a
dya5i tre chaT phu5Siu. phuSio se
ma5aw, ey khoday, may }ia dam
hu5paLa cu5nDikas ba5ti Sa5Tawori. If cows
talk to a man in his dream, then in the
morning the man will get up and take some
ashes from the fireplace, put them in his
hand and blow them three times and say, O
God, may my breath be attached to this
scorpion bite (to heal it). ey khoda5y may
}a dam }a5ya caku5una Sa5Tawori. O
God, may my breath be attached to this
knife.
dam2 Co Adj. Spoiled (of meat); OQLril
)PSyz(. Syn: ghond. See also: mos.
dama5 ka5rik sD DCo V. To rest, take a
rest; MWar LqN. Syn: wica5ik. From: Pashto.
dame45i Co N. Tail; Em. Proverb: gak
ho5nDi, dame45iuna {aLa5io, park Dont
leave a job half done (lit: skinning the cow,
having reached the tail, to go). Variant:
gu}k (Urtsun). Etym: *dumbha- tail T6419.
dame4i%3 Tha3T% ak DYDX Co N. Tail bone
of an animal skinned and ready to be
cooked and eaten; M xij Em qWaMij
__ MWZMij MWdMWY r qMWZDL. [When slaughtering,
this is given as a reward to the shepherd
who has taken care of the animal.]
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danda ka5rik

dara5Li

danda ka5rik sD DpCo V. To bite (with

humans as actors); MVaW`M y VZWaLm. te
tyektye5k thi danda ka5an. They will
bite when they fight. Syn: bra5Lik. See also:
kham2 ka5rik.
dando45yak DpCo N. Tooth; PSWaLm. Whole:
jhan, jhand body. Variant: dan
(Urtsun). Etym: da5nta- tooth T-6152.
da5ndur spCo N. Wooden heddle shaft or rod
used in weaving; hkVdWa Mm `WY

the mattress or bed mat.] Gen: bistara5

bedding.
daraja5 D\CsCo N. Good position or rank;
ijqm. khoda5y sa bo gho5na daraja5 da5i
a5au. saw moc sa iza5t ka5rin day. God
has given him a high rank. All men honor
him.
Adj. Important, valuable, dependable;
qn. khoda5yas mon daraja5 grikas baS.
We must think of Gods words as
important. From: Arabic.
daraja5 hik D\CsCo V. To be held in
place, fastened; MWa qsLVZ ,MWaW`. }a
muT }sa ek isno5sas tha5ra daraja5 thi
}au. a5sa pe ne }au, prec4u dya5a. This
tree is held in place by its single root. If it
doesnt have it, it will fall.
daraja5 ka5rik sD D\CsCo V. 1) To hold
back; MVaq. a a5ma daraja5 ka5i a5am,
dya5a Zot para5w dya5a. I held him back,
otherwise he would have already gone.
2) To make something secure or solid, fix
in place; MWar qsLVZ. }a5ma bey-daraja5
}u5La daraja5 ka5ri. Make that unbalanced
piece of wood secure.
dara5k CsCo N. 1) Mind, memory; . Syn:
dima5k. 2) Information, news; dil ,VZWY
Xil. ta5sa ka dara5k ne ha5waw. There is
no news of him.
dara5k ka5rik sD CsCo V. To find out
about something, investigate; ,MVaVd Xil
MWar vzWZ. Syn: pa5ta ka5rik; mahalu5m
ka5rik.
dara5kuna dyek o DCsCo Id. To
understand something, take something in;
MWaN d hj. dara5kuna pra e? Did you
understand (lit: did you put it into your
mind)?
dara5Li
dara5Li ga4K J CsCo N. Anus; WaMilMWY
ij Mil VaWa. Whole: jhan, jhand
body.

ru L Wa MVZy@L _Vd War

Va. Whole: tron, trond loom; Syn:

kuSpk go5nDak.
dants nCo N. Fly-like insect, horsefly, gadfly;
ruWX WdL. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles. Variant:
dats. Etym: da~s5a- stinging insect T6110.
danu5 Co N. Coriander; MVdVam.
daple5y &PCo N. Tin for tobacco; o dHW`
)Lm qLxWa(. Syn: nazwarni. See also:
nazwa5r. Variant: dable5y; thaLo5k (Birir).
dar sCo N. 1) Timbers, beams (generic
word); ru qM. Spec: ba} support
beams; thu43 posts, columns; kaT
boards; sanj plank. See also: slipe5r.
2) Joist; ru vzr. [These joists rest
on the ba} support beams.] Spec:
nagda5ru joists. Etym: da2%ru- piece of
wood T-6298.
dar hstik U} sCo V. To lay roof
beams on a house; MWaMhkWX ru. Sequence:
sastrik to roof a house.
dara5 CsCo N. Large valley or vale; qm. Syn:
gha gully. From: Persian.
dara CsCo N. Bedspread, bedsheet; Ln.
khaLa5K, paTighu43%i, tola5y, dara, u5SiS
dyuni, tu tya5i, bistara5. Quilts, bed
mats, mattresses, bedspreads, pillows,
grouped together, are bedding. [This is a
light spread that goes under the body on
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darano43%

dase5

darka5r sDsCo N. Sorrow, sympathy; vxL.

a tay }urue5s ka darka5r. I made you
fall, I am very sorry!
Adj. Useful; qMqm. a5sa mon darka5r ne
ha5waw. His word was not useful (to us).
From: Urdu.
darkha5s ka5rik sD {DsCo V. To request
that something be done; MWar PSyLilqm. a
tay kay darkha5s ka5rim day may ha5tya
}a5ma krom ka5ri. I request you to do this
work for me. Syn: iSkal ka5rik; baLe5k.
From: Persian.
darphada5r hik sCoDPsCo V. To leave
ones home or village to roam around
aimlessly; MWa qnWXqm. tu darphada5r thi
a5as. You have become a wanderer. From:
Persian.
daruga45 JsCo N. A kind of small sweet bean;
MVdWX MV`Vd M WdL. moc daruga45 yaw
juwa5ri dhan bro5ndin. ha3} {o bro5ndin.
Men chew beans or roasted corn. Horses
chew barley. [These are small beans and
can be ground to make bread.] Gen: da4u5
beans.
darwaza5 CuCsCo N. Door, doorway; qsLqm.
From: Persian.
darz usCo N. Tailor; qsqm. darz pira5n
su. A tailor sews shalwar kamizes. From:
Persian.
das dyek o {Co V. To shake hands; WZM
MWa. das dye. Shake hands! mumure5tey
moc pe a5aw ha5w, das dyek. If a man
comes from Bumburet, we shake hands.
See also: baza5 phreLe5k. From: Persian
da}.
dase5 |Co N. Patch; nWaVdWY. may ja may
bhu5tuna dase5 dya5i a5au. My wife has
patched my pants. Proverb: kr{na a}o5,
go5ra a}o5una dase5 ne hu. A black cloth
will not make a patch for a white garment.
(The meaning is that people who have

dara5Li Tom, dara5Li Tomb ,X

CsCo
NX CsCo N. Buttocks; ruWZEik. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.
darano43% CsCo N. Open shelter on the roof of
livestock barn; mij rWY@L WaMil zWd
PSik Zxz rWY qLWdm dWZ. [These are
also in the in the high pastures. They are
used for storing hay, feeding goats and
sheep, and eating.]
dara5s {CsCo N. Plane for cutting grooves in
wood; nWaq M WdL. See also: randa5.
darazguru5 suCsCo N. The village of
Darasguru in Bumburet Valley; mL
M WY M PSWdqVXWX.
darba5t SDLsCo Adv. Short time or period;
rWdm quWZ. ek darba5t sa5bur ka5ri. Wait
just a little while. darba5t darba5tan tro5is
day. You keep on crying. Syn: saha3%t;
Thuk.
darga5 DsCo N. Heaven, the place where God
lives; The place where a person lives;
Mqm. khoda5yas darga5una kay, taga5ro
khayr tazagas som, tu a5sta is khut. (I
am also praying) to God in Heaven, that
you in full good health will surely come.
Syn: behe5ST; jana5t; gayp; CPart: druZa5k
hell. From: Persian.
da5ri sCo N. 1) Brother or sister by adoption
ceremony; WX MWd MWX WX Va. ka5as som
da5ri hik? With whom should I become
brother? [In this ceremony, each partner
feeds the other half of a cooked kidney of a
newly sacrificed goat.] 2) Friend of the
same sex; PSym. [This kind of friendship
is not just casual, it usually implies a more
serious commitment to each other.] See
also: yardu5st; dus; malgri; yar; yarmo5c.
3) Clan; VdVX. }arakat da5ri. The Sharakat
clan. Syn: kam1 clan. Etym: da2rakaboy, son, child T-6294.
dariya5 DsCo N. River; MWdqm. Syn: pati}oi;
babayu5k. From: Persian.
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daskha5t

MVaWdm qLr m q@L.

dawa5t

a5sa ta5nte
daw baLa5i mon deL day. ware5k ka5as
mon ko4 ne ka5riu day. He goes on
talking and talking and doesnt listen to
others. Variant: dew baLe5k.
dawa5 CCo N. Influence, effect; wWX. tay som
dawa5 ne hu. tu bo tagla5 moc. Nothing
can be done to (hurt) you. You are a very
strong man. a ta5sa kay mon pra pra e,
ka da5wa ne ha5waw. ne than praw.
pha5to a5o a. I talked and talked to him but
he did not listen to me. He did not agree.
Then I came back. From: Arabic.
dawa5 ka5rik sD CCo V. To make a claim
about something; MWar m. tu ko dawa5
ka5ris day, a may i}neha5ri. Why do
you claim this, it is mine. se may du5ras
ba5ti dawa5 a5raw. He claimed my house as
his. Restrict: The thing claimed is marked
by ba5ti for or tha5ra on. Gen: ma5ik to
say; gho3%ik to say. From: Arabic.
dawagr tCCo N. Claimant; rVd m.
}sa c4he5tras ba5ti a {e se dawagr a5ik.
We both claim this field as our own.
da5wa ka5rik sD CCo V. To bury a body;
MWar m. ek moc ana}a5w e, ha5i da5wa
a5ran. When a man died, they took him and
buried him. Syn: DhahaKge5k; khaLe5k;
(aTh) hstik.
dawa CCo N. Medicine; Lm. dawa asa5r
ka5i, may kuch sua5is. The medicine
helped my stomach get better. From:
Arabic.
dawajaLa%yak DD\CCo N. A kind of
bird; nWarWY WdL. [This bird imitates
sounds. People fear its glance. It is
regarded as sacred.] Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.
dawa5t SCCo N. Festive occasion, party;
OSm. se tan tre chu5Lasi dawa5tuna
kho5jiLa. He invited his three daughters to a
party. From: Persian.

earned much merit through feasting do not

mix with those who have not).
daskha5t SD|Co N. Signature; hlVZym. See
also: camu5T. From: Persian.
dastarkha5n DsDU|Co N. Tablecloth or
cloth put down for eating; LilZym. Syn:
mezpu5}. From: Persian.
dastu5r sU|Co N. Custom, tradition; qVZym.
cawmo5s may dastu5r. Chawmos is my
tradition. Syn: karu5n. From: Persian.
da} Co Num. Ten; vm. Etym: da5s5a ten
T-6227.
da} {e a5STa DYE w Co Num. Eighteen;
qMW`@L.
da} {e ca5wa CDd w Co Num. Fourteen;
mik.
da} {e du5wa Co w Co Num. Twelve;
qMWX. Variant: da{du5a (Urtsun).
da} {e e5ka DC w Co Num. Eleven;
qMVd. Variant: da{e5ga (Urtsun).
da} {e no5a C w Co Num. Nineteen;
wVdWaDL.
da} {e po5nja D]P w Co Num. Fifteen;
qnVaWY.
da} {e sa5ta DTD| w Co Num. Seventeen;
Zy.
da} {e So5a C w Co Num. Sixteen; y.
da} {e tre5a DtT w Co Num. Thirteen;
dWZ.
daSgo5raLa CsCo N. 1) Spirit being
revered in Krakal village in Bumburet;
VZyzr Myz WdL. [His power is regarded
to be equal to Mahandeo. He is said to be
an authority among the spirit beings.]
Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings. See also:
ra5mon. 2) Altar to Dashgorala in Krakal;
M MWXr MLr M. Variant:
da}igolala.
daSma5n DCo N. Mullah, Muslim priest;
. From: Persian.
daw baLe5k DL Co V. To talk someone
down by forceful speech; MWaLVa OSMWX aWYL
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dawr

dec

dawr sCo N. Period, time, era; qm. o5nja

zamana5una }um dawr }au. Its a bad
time in the world now. Syn: zama5na.
From: Arabic.
dawra5n CsCo N. Period, time; Lqm. ta5ra
dawra5nuna Da5ran ne man a}s ko5ki
adra5k bo a}s. At that time mud slides
did not used to happen because there were
lots of wooded hills. Syn: zama5na.
dawta5r sDTCo N. Office; Zm. se dawta5runa
ha5tya pa5i a5au. He went to his office. Syn:
nisike5yn. Variant: dafta5r. From: Persian.
dawtso5n lCo N. A kind of small leopard,
wild cat; WX Vaij. Gen: gadhya5k
predator.
day1 Co Rel. From, by way of, by; y ,rWY.
ek gehe5naw day gu5raka }iha5La. One
side was heavier (lit: on one side it was
heavy). duna day jaha5s a5La. A vehicle
of some kind appeared in the sky.
day2 Co Aux. Continuous aspect; q ,Mq. a
parm day. I am going. Variant: dra
(Urtsun).
da4
da4 hik Io V. To be content with
ones surroundings; MVa m. ta5sa da4 pe
ha5waw haw, apa5w deL. If he is content,
he will stay. may da4 ne hu day. Im not
content.
da4a CIo N. Gap, blank space, unfinished
section; ij Mil.
da4a ka5rik sD CIo V. To leave gaps or
blank spots; MWaquik ij Mil. kiSikwe5w
c4e5truna da4a ka5da his. While ploughing
in the fields, it seems you left a blank
space. Syn: thon ka5rik.
da4ida5p }ak D OCpIo N. Edible fungus;

Io Adj. 1) Hard, dried out; ,xzil

)rsVdHik( PShly. }a au5 pa5ci da4k thi }au.

da4k

This bread has baked so much it is dried

out and hard. 2) Very weak and thin; PSWX
qrs . }a5sa moc mic da4k thi pa5i
a5au. That man has become extremely
weak.
da4i5 m Io N. 1) Pomegranate fruit; qMWaL.
Gen: me3w
% a fruit. 2) Pomegranate tree;
PSilqm M qMWa@L. Gen: muT tree. Etym:
da2Dima- pomegranate tree T-6254.
da4u5 Io N. Beans; MVdWX. Spec: ra5}muk
black spotted beans; yumo5 white beans;
goraLa5 white beans; danda da4u5 red
beans; daruga45 small sweet beans.
da45u tatu5 TDT Io N. Festival of beans held
after Chawmos; hkWX d wij qLWZ WdL

d WZr ij MVdWX yr r e VZikMWa

d WZM m m q@L. [This is

celebrated a few days after cawmo5s the

winter festival. Children go dancing in the
villages and collect beans. The next day
they divide the boiled beans and eat them.]
Gen: ko}an celebration.
da4uo5k Io N. Bean curry; M _VdWX
MWXqyz.
da3u5 Co N. Large drum; o. [This is
played with a smaller drum called a wa3c
for the Kalasha dances, the smaller drum
giving a lighter counterpart to the larger
one.] CPart: wa3c small drum. Variant:
manDu5 (Urtsun) (Birir).
dec fo N. Loan, debt; r.
dec chnik d fo V. To repay a debt;
MWaMW` r. a dec achnis. I repaid the
debt.
dec dek o fo V. To lend; MVaWdm r. a
du }or {e kho5nDa rupa5ya dec da5i
a5am. I have lent 250 rupees out. CPart:
dec grik to borrow; Syn: panda5r ka5rik.
dec grik t fo V. To borrow; r
MVaVd. a sa pi paysa5 dec gri a5am. I have

VZilqm ij WeM L WaMij M r MWY

__ LnVdWY rWY VaWZ. Ascomycetes
Daldinia. [This is highly valued and quite
tasty.] Gen: }ak vegetable.

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deha5r

de5nta
d-es you give
d-el s/he gives
pr-a I gave
pr-a you gave
pr-aw s/he gave
d-e give!

borrowed money from him. Restrict: The

source is marked by pi from. Syn:
panda5r grik; CPart: dec dek to lend.
dejho43%i ]o N. Debtor; qLnVr. se
moc ta5sa dejho43%i a5au. That man is his
debtor. Morph: dec-ho43%i.
deha5r sDo N. Shaman (Kalasha religious
leader who predicts the future); M Myz

d-et you give

d-en they give
pr-o5mi we gave
pr-a5li you gave
pr-on they gave
d-et give!

-as dek; o {C- To begin to do

something; MVa Wa-. te park-as pron.
They began to go. Restrict: This
construction is suffixed to the infinitive
form of the verb and given the suffixes
appropriate to the subject. Syn: }uru5k
ka5rik.
deka5n Do N. Hired farmer, hired man; ,rWa
Mm. may zemin kroma5ikas ba5ti
deka5n a5au. There is a hired farmer to look
after my fields. [In this kind of
relationship, the hired farmer will work
anothers field for a portion of the
harvest.] Syn: nawka5r; khesmatga5r.
Variant: daka5n. From: Persian.
deka5ni Do N. Hired farming work;
rWa.
dekan ka5rik sD Do V. To work for
hire; ,MWar M d VZVd m
MWar Mm. se may ha5tya du kaw {a
dekan a5raw. He worked for me for hire
for two years.
dekde5k po Adv. Almost; PQWdr PQWdr.
te dekde5k in. They have almost arrived.
a atra5 dekde5k sath a}s. This almost
got stuck (up) there. Syn: zarza5r. Variant:
de5k. From: Khowar.
de5nta DUo N. Mountain composed mostly of
rock; quMWY. [A mountain is thought of as
o5njeSTa ritually pure by the Kalasha. It
also carries the sense of being a dangerous
type of terrain.] Spec: gamba5k de5nta
mountain facing the Krakal village;
gorimo5n de5nta mountain facing and to
the right of Krakal village; batrk de5nta

OSML VXVZx ij MVaq X WdL

__ MWZMVZWX d qMWX . [This person is

known for his ability to go into a trance

and make proclamations about the future
or the source of certain curses.] Syn:
beTa5n. Variant: dehal (Urtsun).
dek o V. 1) To give; MVaWdm. se may
kita5p da5i a5au. He gave me a book. Syn:
pe{emk; Reversive: awcik to receive;
grik to take; Caus: diawa5ik to cause to
give. 2) To send a letter; MVahjVdWX. ku5ra ki
may ha5tya kaga5s niwe5}i da5i a5is,
}ata5sa ha5tya kaga5s niwe5}i dem day.
Whoever writes and sends a letter to me, I
will write and send a letter to them. 3) To
permit, allow, let; MVaWdm War. phaw {u5una
suda5yakas mo de. Dont let the child eat
dirt. ek a5dua su5ja a5dua, dond kamde5n
ka5i, kiS a5ris. kiS ka5io ram ka5runa ne
da5i Lasa5i, uk pie5s. One day all day, I
yoked up my bull and ploughed. When I
did this I didnt allow him to chew the cud
and I gave him water. Syn: Lase5k.
Aux. Verbal auxiliary. jia5i de. Look at
(it)! [Its meaning as auxiliary may be an
emphasis which it adds to the verb.] Past:
praw he/she gave; Past(hearsay): dta
he/she gave; Instr: duni dispenser.
Etym: da5da2ti gives T-6141, 6140;
pra5dada2ti gives away T-8655. Prdm:
Causative II (dek).
Causative II Suffixes
Singular
Plural
d-em I give
d-ek we give
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de}

dha5rik

de5wa dur so Co N. Altar to spirit beings

located near Batrik village; ij MWXr.
[This is lower down than the altar to
Idreyin. People frequently go to this altar.
They only go once a year to Idreyin.]
dewalo5k Co N. Supernatural being,
angel; VZyzr MWY. dewalo5k tha5rey day
ka5siu. The spirit man walks in the upper
sky. [He comes every cawmo5s the winter
festival. He was a man but vanished from
earth.] Etym: *de2valo2kya- belonging to
heaven T-6540.
dewla5t SCo N. Riches, wealth; PSm. tay
som bo dewla5t }au. You are very rich.
From: Persian.
dewlatma5n DTo Adj. Rich; PSm
nVa. pay pe bo ha5waw haw, se moc
dawLatma5n. If a man has many goats, that
man is rich. Variant: dyawladma5n.
dey &o N. Village; M. Syn: grom.
Variant: deh. From: Persian.
dhan Do N. Roasted corn, popcorn; VaEWX
WaLm Ve e. moc yaw daruga45
yaw juwa5ri dhan bro5nzan. ha3} {o
bro5nzan. Men chew beans or roasted corn.
Horses chew barley. [This refers to both
popped and unpopped corn.] Syn:
phukac4a5Sa. See also: juwa5ri. Variant:
dan.
dhar dyek o sDo V. To lean back
against something while sitting or
standing; MWaM VdW`. se dhar dya5i nisa5w.
He sat down and leaned back.
dha5rik sDo V. 1) To care for, keep,
guard, look after, raise; MVaMWY. a5bi sayu5ru}
dha5rik. We keep a hawk. Syn: Lu4i5 k;
gecda5ri ka5rik; sektk. 2) To hold out so
as to contain something; MWaruWY r VdWY.
piran To5T dha5ri. Hold out your apron (to
hold something in it). khoS dha5ras. Make
your hand cupped. baza5 dha5ri. Hold out
your hands. 3) To set a trap; MWaM )LnVaWY(.

mountain facing and to the left of Krakal

village; Dim: denta5yak. Variant: dhe5nta.
de5ntani }uru5na Ds DUo N. Person
who died by falling off the edge of a
mountain; LE Lr y quMWY. Lit: from the
mountain he fell. Syn: bLaw ga5La.
denta5yak DDUo N. Hill composed of
rock; quMWY. Variant: dhenta5yak.
de} o N. 1) District, valley; wWdm. Syn:
batha5n. 2) Kalasha people from another
village; M m. pre5naw thi
a, de}. O Kalasha people, you have come
from downstream! Etym: de2s5a5- point,
region, part, province, country T-6547.
de5}a Do Adj. Far, distant, entire; qEm.
phu5}akta para5w, mizo5kas ha5tya de5}a
dunia5. The cat went and the whole world
belongs to the mouse. ta5sa grom, may
gro5mani ek bica5n de5}a }au. His
village is one rest stop distant from mine.
Syn: lakh. Etym: de2s5a5- point, region,
part T-6547.
de5}a ha5rik sD Do V. To take away;
MWaMij qEm.
de5}a ka5rik sD Do V. To drive away,
to chase away, take away; MWar qEm. a gok
de5}a ka5am. I will chase the snake away.
de5}a thek T Do V. To put away for
safe keeping; MVaq qEm. Syn: hai thek.
de5wa Co N. 1) Spirit being of the Kalasha;
VZyzr Myz WdL. ey muLa5wata de5wa tu
khayr {aLa5i, apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri
aba5tas tha5ra aba5t ka5ri. O Lord Dewa,
bring us prosperity. Drive away all evil.
Multiply our children again and again!
Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings. 2) The
place where sacrifice is done; M MWXr.
dewa5una kaLa5Sa moc khoda ka5an.
Kalasha men sacrifice at de5wa.
3) Messengers who go between men and
God. Variant: de5wal. Etym: de2va5heavenly, a god T-6523.
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dho5i

diacho5m

dhu5uni ghuT W o N. The hollow

in which the milking bowl is placed to
keep it from spilling while milking the
animals; M Vaq WZrWX _Vd VaMWa mm
Mru. Whole: iste43%aw cattle yard in high
pastures.
dhu5uni wat SC o N. Stone on
which the goatherd sits while milking; rVZWY

Syn: uje5k. Variant: da5rik. Etym:

dha2ra5yati holds, carries, keeps T-6791.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
dho5i o Adj. Milk-giving (said of goats,
sheep and cows); L VaWdm mm. Variant:
do5i.
dhoiwa5y Co N. Goat kept at home for
milk; d r rMil mm ij rWX
WeMij q. Ant: istorphal; Syn:
c4hirwa5La.
dhoiway ku5 Co N. Pen in cattle
yard where the milking goats live; mm
ij Vaq rWX L VaWdm. Whole:
iste43%aw cattle yard in high pastures.
dho5mik o V. 1) To gulp down; ,MWaM
MVaxWaW`. sra43 dhoma5k sra43 dho5miu
am}. The swallow always gulps air. 2) To
eat ground things like pounded corn,
barley, and dried fruit; WdrsVdik We IWY
MWaM. moc pha5ki ka5i, dho5min. People
make pha5ki and eat it. [If you tell a person
to eat using this verb, it means that you are
joking with them.] Syn: {uk; wiTilk;
Idiom: SuTk adho5maw. He made a big
mistake (lit: he ate ashes). Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
dhra5k dek o Cto V. To lie down; PUVd
MWaMij. a }e5nuna mic dhrak dem day. I
am only lying down on the bed. Reversive:
u5STik to stand up. Variant: drek dek;
drak jmis (Urtsun). Etym: dairgha5lying down, stretched out T-14623.
dhuk o V. To milk an animal; mm
MVam. da5da gak dhuu day. My father is
milking the cow. Loc: dhu5uni ghuT place
where goats are milked; Instr: dhu5uni
a5Luk milking gourd. Variant: du5ik; dho
(Urtsun (M)). Etym: *do2hati milks T6592. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
dhu5uni a5Luk C o N. Gourd for
milking; M n Mil _Vd Vam mm
WZrWX.

MWdm mm M WdHrWX r V`VdWX rWY wij

__ MWZMij.
di1 o N. Sky; MN. Syn: asma5n. Etym:

diva5- sky T-6331.

di go5ra hik Cs o V. To begin to
get light; MWa z Vayzq gVXV. pre5o
u5STa. di go5ra th }iau. park Come on,
get up! It is beginning to get light. Lets
go!
di2 o Adv. Now, then; OQ@L. di pa5ri. Go now!
a makta5c ha5wis. may pha5Lak khul
ha5waw, di khe3 ka5rim ha5waw? the5di
ku5ra may pha5Lak del? may su5da
ano5ra ha5wan. I have become bereft. My
grain is finished. Now what shall I do?
Who will give me grain? My children are
hungry. Syn: o5nja; thed; a5jo. From:
Khowar.
di ka D o Intj. Of course! Indeed!
What else?; MVd q@L.
di3 o V. Give (root of verb dek to give);
m. pa5i dhe5nta tha5ra u5STi, du ca4pa45yak
ka5i, mu5c4a dta. They went and climbed
the mountain. He made two wattles for
wings and gave (hearsay) them to him.
di }u5kur s o Intj. Gesundheit!, God
bless you! (said after sneezing); M Lnil
ryz. Syn: iS.
diacho5m dDo N. World, earth and sky;
dqs q@L MN. diacho5mas ha5tya tonj
ta }au, tilsum ha5waw. Bad times have
come on the world, it is raining so badly.
Syn: dunia5; chom.

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diawa5ik

dir

dik2 o V. To eat; MWaM. a5sa ka4K adaw.

He ate quickly. Syn: {uk.
dilasa5 D|o N. Hope, encouragement; ,xWZ
MyHm. From: Persian.
dilasa5 dek o D|o V. To encourage
someone; MVaWdm Vi ,MVaWdm Mym. ta5sa
dilasa5 dek. Well comfort her. Syn:
hawsala5 dek; tasal dek.
dilasa5 ka5rik sD D|o V. To comfort
someone who is grieving, quiet a crying
child; MWar xWZ. a to dilasa5 a5ris, pha5to
se dilasa5 ha5waw. I comforted him, then
he became encouraged. Syn: hawsala5
ka5rik; hard dek; umu5ru ka5rik; ba}a5r
ka5rik. From: Persian.
dima5k Do N. Mind; Mm. a5sa dima5k
pruST. He is intelligent. Syn: dara5k.
Morph: dima5g. See also: ze5hen; a5kul.
From: Persian.
dima5kuna mon hstik
DDo
U} Id. To remind someone; d Mm
MVaLo OSMWX. Syn: ka5ri To4e3 k5 ; hu5}una hstik;
khabarda5r ka5rik.
diKdiKge5k po V. To push
someone or something along against its
will; MVaWdm m. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
dio5r so KT. Brother-in-law (husbands
younger brother); qWdm. CPart: bahu5
sister-in-law (brothers wife). See also:
i}pa5}ur. Etym: de2vr05- husbands younger
brother T-6546.
dipudo5pu PoQo
Adv.
Unevenly,
incorrectly; y . a5sa tan cew
dipudo5pu samb a5au. She put her dress
on unevenly (by mistake). Variant:
drikudro5ku.
dipudo5pu ka5rik sD PoQo V. To do
something wrong inadvertently; r WX
MWar .
dir
to N. The town of Dir; )yz( rWdm. se
Derwe5r homa a5sta gri, dra parkas

diawa5ik CDo V. To cause to be given,

give indirectly; MWaLm. tu tan ja5aw
SaTawa5i putra5w kita5p diawa5i. You gave
your son a book through your wife. Prdm:
Class 2 (ma5trik).
dic
fo Adv. Just before, a while ago;
WY rWdm quWZ. se dic paraw. He went
just a while ago. dic co5pa. Just this
morning. Syn: kay dic; Zot; the5su;
}onjaro5.
dic4
jo N. Period of three days of sexual
abstinence in winter festival; Wa MWY
q. dic4 o5njeSTa hin. In the days of
sexual abstinence men become ritually
pure. dc4una bo bra ma5rin. They
slaughter many male goats during the time
of sexual abstinence. te dic4 ato5n. They
began the period of sexual abstinence. [In
some places it is a three-day period, in
others it may be seven. Even the women
become ritually pure to the extent that they
do not touch Muslims.] Use: atk to
enter.
dic4hik io V. To hate, dislike; nxi
MWar nVaxWY MWa ,MWar. tu }o43%a pa5}i, dic4hs
day. You dont like dogs. Syn: aSke5k; Ant:
pon dek; moaba5t ka5rik. From: Khowar.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
diga45 Jo N. Wall; qLWdm. Syn: la5mbur.
diha5k Do Adv. Upward, skyward; rWYDL
r. de5nta kimo5n ho5tila ha5w,
}amonm diha5k wa5re} upulu. The
hawk will fly as ever high as the mountain
may be. Syn: c4o5ktu. Morph: di hak.
dik1 o V. To be given; MWaMij MWdm. Restrict:
Most, if not all other verb forms are built
on this root rather than on the causative
form dek. Caus: dek to give.
dikwe5w o N. The time of giving;
PS VZWdm. a tay mon dikwe5w saKga5i
a5am. I heard when you spoke. Morph: dik
wew.
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dira5 dyek

don
point are called mu5ti bu5s. When the males
come to this stage, only one or two are
allowed to remain virile; the rest are
castrated.] Species: pay goat; Adult:
bra; Female: }enya5t young female goat.
Variant: dbaSa.
diwa5yak DCo N. Small kerosene lamp;
MWdHm M `.
do o Intj. Call for a dog (nearby) to come;
qsLN WaWX VZD. See also: }o43%a dog.
do5a Co N. Cake of sacred cheese; dVaWY MWY.
go5STuna pa5i a5is, c4a5Sa he5ri do5a o5nim
day gho3i. I had gone to the goat shed
thinking that I would go and bring the
ritually pure cheese back. [This is a kind of
c4aS5 a cottage cheese made during uca5w
the harvest festival and {o5}i the spring
festival from the total milk received in one
or two days. Because it is holy it is only
eaten by men.]
dom o N. Measure of wool or goat hair of
about one kilogram; Mhk M DL.
do5mik o V. 1) To become less, to
become thin; MWa . }e5mi jac do5mi
}an. The hair of these (goats) has become
thin. 2) To become small and sickly; qrs
MWa. a5sa pay do5mi a5au. That goat has
become small and weak See also: phawg.
don o N. Tooth; PSWaLm. From: Khowar.
don c4a3%c4ik iDh o V. To bite and
hold tightly in the teeth; MVaW`M PSWaLm. Syn:
danda ka5rik. See also: c4ac%3 i4 k.
don nisk } o N. Celebration of
the cutting of a childs first tooth; hkWX
MWaMVa zEil VaHWa PSWaLm. Lit: tooth
coming out. [For this celebration, seven
types of beans and grain are cooked.] Gen:
ko}an celebration. From: Khowar.
donmo5s {o N. Gums; _quEx.
Whole: jhan, jhand body; Syn: niTa5k.
Etym: dantama2~sa- the gums T-6158.

ha5tya ne than praw. That driver did not

agree to take us to Dir.
dira5 dyek o Cto V. To stay for a long
time in a place other than ones own home;
MVaLo LrWdo. te tara5 pa5i, dira5 dyta. They
went there and stayed for a long time.
dirda5r hik sCoto V. To bump
someone; MWaLruru. dirda5r mo ha. Dont
bump (me)!
dire5k to V. To insult someone; OSrs _WX
MWar. te ho5ma ru5aw ta5sa kay ka ctse
ma5i to dira5an. They insulted him in front
of us, saying this and that. Syn: uspu5k
ka5rik; bey-iza5ti ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
dista5r sDU}o N. Turban; ruWY. From:
Persian.
di}1 o Adv. Quite, completely, very,
extremely; mMWdHqs PSWX ,PShly. di} peru5k.
Very similar. e5li moc di} Tak. These
people are very miserly. Syn: pak2.
di}2 N. Dislike; nVaxWY MWa. a {e a tan
mocuna di}. We dont like each other.
gok mos pa5}i may di} del. When I see
snake meat I dont like (it).
dit Vo Adj. Almost full; L LrWX MVXWdrWZ. dit
lo43 }au. Its almost full of salt. See also:
Dhok heaping.
dit ka5rik sD Vo V. To make a space,
to pour some off; LquWZ y e rWX
MWar. }ur}u5r ha5waw la ba5ya, tcak dit
ka5ri. Its full to the brim, brother, pour a
little off. mo Dhok ka5ri, mo dit ka5ri,
bLas som ka5ri. Dont make it heaping,
and dont leave any gaps, fill it just to the
brim.
dta DUo V. He/she gave (hearsay); MWdm.
Adj. Given; MWdHm. may dta mon ko43
ka5ri. Listen to what I have said.
dwaSa DCo N. Male goat (one to one and a
half years old); LrWX M My m MWd WdL.
[The males that are not castrated at this
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don, dond

dram

don, dond po ,o N. Bull; VdWX. dond

khe3%lay hal as? What kind of bull did you
bring? Gen: gakgu5r cow, bull; haywa5n
domesticated animals; Species: gak
cow; Phase1: bac4ho45a calf (one to two
years old); Phase2: batsha5yak calf
(male, two years old); Phase3: batsha5
calf (male, two to four years old); Imp:
ha5haha; Sound: Su ka5rik snort. Etym:
da2nta5- tamed, tamed ox T-6273.
do5ndSiS po N. A kind of woodpecker
with yellow, white and gray markings; nE
nWarWY M fr nE. [This is about the size
of an owl. It may be a golden-backed
woodpecker. It is larger than a gonaTa5k
white and red-marked woodpecker.]
Gen: pac4h%yak bird. See also: mutsu5ak.
dono5st V|Qo N. Cowhide; M VdWX.
Morph: dond po5st.
dork so V. To endure, put up with;
MWar PSyzLmrWX. Syn: barda5} ka5rik; kheSk;
guzara5n ka5rik; tap o5nik; jira5ik.
dosie5k |o V. To appeal to, to seem
good to; MWa yz. may aKgre5zi mon
ma}ku5l hkas ba5ti kuTts dosia5aw e,
a. I came hoping to converse in English.
From: Khowar. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
doS o Adv. Yesterday; Lqrs. See also:
o5nja today. Etym: do2Sa2%- night, night
personified T-6590.
doS o5si |C o Adv. The night before
last; OSLq yrWY. do5S osi tu ne ta a5i.
You didnt come the night before last.
do4 hik o V. To remain in a place a
long time; MVaWa Wa rMWX y r. se
udrmana do4 thi a5au, bia5no ne
draZnu day. He is staying a long time
inside, he does not come outside.
do4i5 k o V. To fluff wool, to card wool
and goats hair; MWar MVam q. Syn:
bic4hu4i%3 k to pull apart, untangle. Variant:

dhu4i%3 k. Etym: dhu2no2%ti shakes T-6846,

14652. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
do4e5nik o N. Bow for fluffing wool;

L Wa MVZyHL d MWam q
qLqs@L. do4e5nik gri paS do45in. They take a

bow and card the wool.

do3%yo3 o Adv. So, then, therefore; rWY.
do3%yo3 tu {o5ntras pi gawr m ne ka5ris
day hu5La. Then it seems that concerning
the mill you do not really take good care of
it. Variant: do3%ho3yo3.
drac4 gCso N. 1) Grapes; qWa@L. Gen: me3w
% a
fruit. 2) Grapevine; PSilqm M qWa@L. Gen:
muT plant. Etym: dra2%kSa2- vine, grape
T-6628.
drac4 ruts ks gCso N. Bunch of grapes;
Mhk M qWa@L.
drac4To5k YhCso N. Bird that eats grapes;
__ MWZM qWa@L ij nWarWY WdL.
drac4ho43%yak DhCso N. Earring; MVdMWX.
Use: dyik to put on.
dradro5k soCso See main entry: brazanLo5.
draga5ST ZDCso N. Starvation, great hunger,
famine; WX nWdnyz. ho5ma draga5ST Sa5Ti
}au. We are starving! Etym: *durarghahigh-priced T-6426.
draga5ST dyek o ZDCso Id. To be
very hungry, starve; MVa WX nWdnyz. Lit:
to place a famine. se draga5ST dya5i a5au.
He has become very hungry.
dragaST dyta DUo ZDCso Adj. Starved,
extremely hungry; MWX PSWX.
drakdra5k CspCso Adj. Very tired; y WZ
qEik qEik. a may pay kho5ji, drakdra5k
ha5wis. ne sapre5s. I got all tired out
looking for my goats. But I didnt find
them.
dram Cso N. Roof; PSik. Whole: dur
house. Variant: Dram (Urtsun). Etym:
dha5rman- support, prop, established
order T-6757.
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dra5muc4

draZne5k

dra5muc4 gCso N. Claws (as of a cat or bird);

ij. Syn: kaw3; ghraw. Variant:
dramu5c4ak.
dramu5c4 dyek o gCso V. To scratch
or claw with claws like a cat; MWaqM EilMWa.
Syn: kaw dyek; ghraw dyek; drikdrk
ka5rik.
draS, draSk Cso ,Cso N. Small amount
or bit of something; LquWZ. ek draS c4hir
de. Give me a small amount of milk. may
ha5tya ek draS ne hu. I can do that
easily (it will not be even a bit of time).
Adv. Quickly; y rsVdWZ ,nij. krom
draS a5raw. He did the work quickly. may
ha5tya draS. For me it is quick (easy). Syn:
gaST.
draSnk yCso V. 1) To come out, to
emerge; MVaWa. bo43 rapa5Lani draZnu. The
slug goes out of the rifle. Syn: nihk;
upuc4k; Onset: khaS suddenly; SaKk
suddenly. 2) To dislocate; )quij(
MWaMij. ba5naw draSn }au. My wrist has
dislocated. harknaw draSn }au. My
elbow has dislocated. 3) To rise (of sun or
moon); MVaWa ,)fjqy(. Syn: nihk;
Past(hearsay): draSnu5na he/she came
out. Morph: draS-nihik. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
drawa5w CCso N. Metal plough tooth, colter
of a plough; WY M . Whole: haw1
plough. Variant: drawo5.
draws {Cso N. Drosh, Drosh township;
)yz( vzqm.
drosa5nu D|so N. Resident of Drosh;
nVayzMWX M vzqm.
dray Cso N. Large basket with open bottom;
LrW` LruWX. [This is about 4 ft. high and 1.5
feet in diameter.] See also: soho5La;
khawa5; khapo5; cire5w; grio5ni; sawe5w;
pruSThe5ni.
draze5k uCso V. To load something on the
back of someone; MWam rWY V`VdIWY )H (.

soho5La may draza5i, a parm. Load the

basket (on my back), I will go. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
drazawa5r hik sCCuCso V. To hang on
someone in an bothersome way; MWar VaWZ.
drazawa5r may ha5tya mo ha, aLa5yhak
ha. Dont hang on me, get over there!
dra5zik uCso V. To load (something) onto
ones own back for carrying; MWam rWY V`VdWY.
juwar dra5zik. We carry corn on our
backs. Instr: dra5zuni a basket of some
kind to use to carry things; Gen: ha5rik to
carry.
dra{e5k wCso V. 1) To make something
large or long and drawn out, stretch out; MVX
MWar. a gho43 dra{a5i, dyem. I will sing a
song, stretching it out. 2) To cause one to
stretch; MWaVdWY nWX. may dra{e5l. It makes
me stretch. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
dra{a5yLak CwCso N. Story-telling folksong sung in a drawn out manner at
festivals; Lq X. [A person sings to
others first. Then they also repeat the song
while the women dance slowly in a long
line. The verb dra{e5k means to stretch
out and the words of the song are sung in
this way.] Gen: gho43 song; naT dance.
See also: ca4; Dhu5}ak; Du5si Sa5Tik; tren
Sa5Tik.
dra5{ik wCso V. 1) To stretch oneself; MVaWY@L(
MWaVdWY )nWX. a dra5{am day. I am
stretching. 2) To grow longer (of grape
branches); MVaVdWY. dra5c4ani kandra5k dra5{i
gho5na thi pu5ri muT hu. The grape
branches growing longer will fill the tree.
Restrict: The subject of this verb is limited
to kandra5k grape branches. Syn: ba5dik.
Etym: *dra2hyate2 is stretched out T14633. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
draZne5k yCso V. To take out; MVaMWa rMWX.
pha5to }er ma5iLa, may kapha5sani
bihana5k draSna5i. Then the tiger said,
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dra3%c4u4i

dro3%c4ik

drikdrk ka5rik sD spso V. To

scratch someone; MWaM vzLril. Syn: kaw
dyek; ghraw dyek; dramu5c4 dyek.
drKkik so V. 1) To clean up by
wiping; MVaikWY ,MWar MV. Instr: a}o5
rag. 2) To clean by shoveling or raking
out; MWar MV )y hkVdWX(. nasku5n gri
SuTk drKki chaLa5i. Take the hoe and
scrape out the ashes. [This also includes
cleaning debris from the ground.] Instr:
nasku5n hoe-like tool; bel shovel. 3) To
strip leaves from a tree for food for
livestock; MWaqMWZDL )VZWY(. Variant: drkik.
driKma5K Dso Adj. Tall (of people);
MVX. Syn: drga.
dru so N. Inflated goatskins used as a raft
to cross bodies of water; xz EWY.
Variant: dril (Urtsun (M)). Etym: dr0t5 iskin of leather, leather bag, hide, bellows
T-6511.
dro bhnik L so V. To plan how to do
wrong to or harm someone; il
MWar vzqsMy. bo moc ta5sa ha5tya dro
abhnan, to na}e5k gho3%i. Many men
planned how to kill him. Restrict: The
object is marked by hatya to. See also:
dro5ik.
dro5ik so V. To kill someone; MVaLo qM. te
to dro5i a5an. They killed him. se ta5si
mu5c4a dro5un ga5La. He was killed by their
hand. Syn: na}e5k. See also: dro bhnik.
drok so N. Very steep and precipitous
cliff; MV`ik Lo q@L ikDL. Syn: bru5SiS;
dre4a%3 .
dro5kum so N. Precious object like gold
or precious stones; rVZWY ZVd ,MWay. Syn:
su4a%3 ; soho5rum; Gen: cmbar metal.
drosa5nu D|so See main entry: draws.
dro3c% i4 k iso V. To scrape off, peel off,
pry up; MVaikrE. bado5k gri batu}k dro3%c4i,
kho5Say dya5i, ha5i, khu4una dya5i, to
krua5io, za5ya pa5yas pie5n. They take an

Take me out of the cage! Syn: ninihe5k.

Morph: draS-nihe5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
dra3%c4u4i iCso N. Right hand; MWdLm. CPart:
kha45wi left hand. Variant: dra3c4 (Urtsun).
Adj. Right. Etym: da5kSiNa- right
(hand) T-6119.
dra4u
%3 Iso N. A kind of plant or bush with
white flowers; LmWY M WdL. [Its leaves
are used as medicine and it is also used to
make brooms. Morgenstierne writes that its
name is, Artemisia, a bitter-tasting shrub
used as a medicine for malaria.] Gen:
muT plant. Etym: *dramaNa- a sweetsmelling plant T-14631.
dre3S, dre3ST Zso ,so Adv. In sight,
visible; VaMy rWa. har gehe5n kay
dre3S (}au). There is a view in all
directions. Syn: were5k; pa}u5nyak;
jhona5wak.
N. Where one can be seen; VaMy.
dre3S% Ta i. Come into sight.
dre4a%3 Dso N. Slope, incline, hillside;
Lo. dre43a5ay mo pa5ri, i}lage5L tay.
Dont go up on the steep slope, it will
make you slip and fall. Syn: drok; bru5SiS.
Adj. Sloping; qLMWa. dre43%a c4he5tray uk
dyek bo gira5n. batra5lak uk uSn.
Sloping fields are hard to irrigate. The
channels leak water. Ant: kham.
drga Dso Adj. 1) Long; MVX. Ant: tsan,
tsand; usku5rdi; Thaho45yak; Syn: druKga5r.
2) Tall; n qsLqm. Syn: driKma5K. Etym:
drgha5- long, tall, deep T-6368. Pl:
dridrga.
drigo5lak so Adj. Oval, egg-shaped,
oblong; LrWZVX. o5nDrak drigo5lak. An egg
is oval. Syn: LaTo5ra; punDu5ri.
drikdrk spso Adj. Skinned, scratched;
mqs vzLril. may baza5una drikdrk thi
}au. I have a scratch on my arm.
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dro43c4e5nik

dubaja5

du b}i {e da} {e e5ka Co w L o

DC w Num. Fifty-one; MVdHL.
du b}i {e da} Co w L o Num.
Fifty; vMhkWY.
du b}i {e ek C w L o Num.
Forty-one; wVdMVZHL.
du b}i L o Num. Forty; wVdMik.
du }or s o Num. Two hundred; y m.
du guLe43%a ka5rik sD D o V. To fold
in half; MWar WZ. a5ma du guLe43%a ka5ri. Fold
it in half! Syn: kape5k; kap ka5rik. See
also: guLe43%a.
du ku5a4k I o N. Twins; ,hkWX Lruij
LWZ.
du za5nti UCu o Adj. Two-year old; m
My. Variant: du za5nt.
dua5 Co N. Prayer (Islamic); Mm. From:
Arabic.
dua5 ka5rik sD Co V. To pray
(especially Islamic); MWar Mm. See also:
suwa5l ka5rik; nime5} ka5rik; sayda5 ka5rik.
dua5 pace5k dDP Co V. To divine a magic
cure; MWar mMij. se dua5 pace5l day. He is
studying to discover the cause or cure of a
problem. See also: thom kuche5k; iste43%iKk
kuche5k.
duaLiwa5Li CCo N. Spirit beings; MWZWdm.
[The shepherds sacrifice to them if the
goats begin to give less milk or if some
other sign of their displeasure is seen.
People pray to them for the health of their
cattle and give thanks to them for good
hunting.]
dubaja5 D\DLo N. The confluence of two
streams; d wWYN MWdnWa m Mij ij
d. [At the entrance to the Bumburet
Valley, there is a check post which people
call dubaja5 because two streams join
there.] Variant: duba5c. Etym: dva-,
*bhajyati two + divide T-6648 + 9360
(via Khowar; G. Buddruss, personal
communication of 17-8-1999).

axe and scrape off the fungus, put it into

their cupped hands, take it, put it in a pan,
soak it, and feed it to a sick goat. Instr:
aKgu5{i spatula; bado5k axe.
dro4c3 e4 n
5 ik iso N. Small bread made
from last of the batter; nWX WaMWY q

ik We VaWX y W`N e hkWX d rilN

rsVdik We qMWZDL r fkEr ,q.
druKga5r sDso Adj. Very long; MVX PSWX.

[You can say that a man is drga tall, but

not that he is druKga5r. Stories, songs, and
paths are druKga5r.] Syn: drga; Thaho45yak;
Ant: usku5rdi.
dru5Kkik so V. To mash, grind;
MVaxVdWY. a ja43 dru5Kkim day. I am mashing
walnuts. [Things typically mashed are salt
and walnuts.] Instr: iSTLak grinding
stone; Syn: pSik. See also: bha3%cik; pSik.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
dru5pik Pso V. To drink by sipping; MVaVdIWY.
Syn: pik; tsa5kik.
drus, drust V|so ,{so Adj. All, entire;
PQy. drus moc {un. All men eat. drus
dunia5. The whole world. Syn: su5ja; pu5ri.
dru5{ik wso V. 1) To reach out to take;
MWaMruWX WZM. 2) To tease, bother, molest;
MWaM WZM qsMWa HVaV. tu khe3 his day?
ka dru5{as day. aLayha5k khe5zas. What
are you doing? Why are you teasing me?
Get away! See also: awace5k; taK ka5rik;
maskara5 ka5rik; maza5k ka5rik; taK ka5rik;
cukuSe5k; kawia5 karik; To5ka ka5rik.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
druZa5k Cyso N. Hell; flqsm. [This is
considered a place of fire where the
enemies of Kalasha go after death.] CPart:
jana5t heaven; behe5ST heaven; darga5
heaven. From: Persian.
dru3%yak Dso N. Corner; MWa. Syn:
kurku5n; SuK. Variant: du4y
%3 ak.
du o Num. Two; m. Etym: dva- two T6648.
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duba5rabar rat

dunk

duba5rabar rat SCs sDLCsDLo N. Midnight;

OSLq mN. Syn: kho5nDa rat; Whole: bas1
day.
duc4ho43% ho Adj. Two parts; KVi m. bat
duc4ho43% ha5waw. The stone split in two.
du5ik o V. 1) To burn, get burned; MVaij.
aKga5r se5nda mo pa5ri tu du5as. Dont go
near fire or you will get burned! mo cu5Ti,
duwdu5w }au, tay baza5 du5aw. Dont
touch it, its hot, youll burn your hand!
Adj: duwdu5w hot; Syn: cu ka5rik; Max:
phaS; Lam. See also: Lu5Sik; TaTawa5r hik;
jhu5Kkik. 2) To dry up and die; MWaMij y.
pha5silo }e3he3% thi, du5i paro5n. The crops
being without water, completely dried up
and died. 3) To pain sharply; MVaij. may
piST Lam adu5aw. My back is hurting me
greatly. 4) To burn with cold; )y m(
MVaij. krikuna may baza5 adu5in My
hands burned me in the snow.
Past(hearsay): du5na it burned. Etym:
du2yate2 is burnt, is consumed with
sorrow T-6494. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
dujs ~\o Adj. Double; MVaEm. may ja5a
ba5ti dujs mal agran. For my wife they
took double the bride-price. Syn: du5kna.
See also: ekjs; trejs.
dujs ka5rik sD ~\o V. To double
something; MWar MVaEm. donwa5Li pe halo5mi
haw, ta5sa ba5ti a5bi dujs ka5i don dek.
If we marry a girl who is already someone
elses wife, we have to give double brideprice for her. Syn: du5kna ka5rik.
duka5n Do N. Shop; MEm. From: Persian.
dukanda5r sCpDo N. Shopkeeper; qLnWaMm.
dukha5 ka5rik sD Do V. To deceive;
MVaWdm Mm. may som dukha5 a5raw. He
deceived me. Restrict: The object is
marked by som with. Syn: phan dek;
lawe5k.
du5kna Do Adj. Double; MVam. Syn: dujs.
From: Urdu.

du5kna ka5rik sD Do V. To double an

amount; MWar MVam. Syn: dujs ka5rik.
duli}e5k o V. To join two strands of
thread together to make a stronger strand;
MWaquij d wWYN. Morph: du-li}ek. See
also: rajhu5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
dumac4ha5 DhDo Adj. Confused; hjDL. khe3
ka5rim haw, a dumac4ha5 ha5wis. What
should I do? I have become confused. Syn:
markhanda5; kha5mduma.
dumac4ha5 ka5rik sD DhDo V. To
confuse someone; MVaLo d hjDL. tu may
mic dumac4ha5 a5ri, dya5pa a para5 dya5a.
If you had not confused me I would have
gone.
duna45ya DJo N. Mixture of roasted ground
barley and water; MWY q@L ij e ij
Lm VaWX y rhkx. [This is applied
to the forehead to prevent headache.] See
also: {o. Variant: duna45yak.
dunia5 Do N. 1) Weather, atmosphere; .
dunia5 khe3? Hows the weather? dunia5
mu5caw day. It is raining. Syn: mosm.
2) World, earth; MVdWam. may chuLkiko ki
khe3% a5as chom tha5ra dunia5? My darling
daughter, what has become of you here in
the world above the ground? phu5}akta
para5w, mizo5kas ha5tya de5}a dunia5. The
cat has gone; the wide world belongs to the
mice. Syn: chom; diacho5m. Variant:
dunya5. From: Arabic.
dunk o V. To plan, think about
something, meditate; MVaiky. a a5sa ba5ti
dunm day. I am thinking about it. Syn:
ctik; soc
ka5rik; dunki
park;
Past(hearsay): dunu5na he/she thought.
From: Khowar. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
dunki park sDP o V. To fall
into deep thought, to think deeply about
something; MWaruWY d fky. ka dunki
para5 e? Have you fallen into deep
thought? Syn: soc ka5rik; ctik; dunk.
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dur

dur so N. 1) House; r. Part: duru5S,

duru5ST yard; kaTTha5r porch; dram
roof; Create: sawze5k to build; ka5rik
to build; Syn: khatuma5n; aba5di; ku;
ku}. Variant: han (Birir); onth (Urtsun);
durwa5t (Urtsun). 2) Door; qsLqm. }e3he3%
cti, du5runa pa5i, dur Dhamba5La.
Thinking like this, he went to the house,
and knocked on the door. See also: du5rgaT.
Etym: du5r- door T-6423; *duva2radoor T-6459.
du5ra atk TC Cso N. Custom of initial
entering of the wifes parents home after
the marriage; Ly M mMLm qMWX WY
MWaMij Va r L. Actor: jamo5w
son-in-law.
du5ray gaDe5rak CtqD
Cso
N.
1) Manager of the house; LrWX M r.
Syn: sarbara5. 2) Wife; VdW.X Syn: ja.
du5ray manDri tpD Cso N. Manager
of the house, housewife; VdWX r. [This
means that she is as permanent a part of
the house as the manDri built-in shelves.
It is used as an endearment term.] Syn: ja.
Variant: du5rey manDr.
du5rgaT WDso N. Doorframe without
doors; PUik. Morph: dur-kaT. See also:
dur.
du5rSiS so N. The header of a door
frame; KVi MWX M qsLqm. Etym:
*dva2ras5rSa- top of door T-14639.
dur gehe5n so Adj. Pregnant; Mi.
}ase5 istr{a dur gehe5n thi a5au. That
woman has become pregnant. Syn: oSwa5Li;
uzurda5r (hik); gra5nu; umetwa5r. See
also: hala5un (park); jahtrumi. Etym:
*durgrahiN- having spasms T-14611.
dur ka5rik sD so V. 1) To build a
house; MWaMVaWX r. 2) To close the door;
MWar nVaWX qsLqm. dur ka5ri. Close the door!
dur niwe3}% i ka5rik sD so V.
To dedicate a newly-built house; WaMVaWX r

MWaMVa q WdL d zil .

durdana5

[A newlybuilt house is not lived in until the

following autumn when this ceremony can
be performed.]
dur niwe3%}i so N. Housewarming ceremony; War dWZ r
q WdL d zil. [Part of this
ceremony is to sacrifice goats and throw
blood on the walls of the house.] Gen:
ko}an celebration.
dur we5tyaw DU so N. Area behind the
house; PSxzEWY r. See also: duru5S,
duru5ST.
dur {ua5w Cw so N. Heir; OTqL. Lit:
house eater. Syn: miraskho5r; baS {ua5w.
durk so N. Window; ru. Lit: small
door.
dura5y moc c Cso N. Household
people, family; r.
duro5yo so N. Family or clan members;
mLr@L LnWaMil ,WaMil HmLr@L.
durTe5k Xso N. Household manager;
LrWX MWd M r. durTe5k du5ray
krom ka5riu. The household manager does
the work of the house. [This can be used of
male or female and refers to the person
who stays home and is in charge of the
house.]
dura5 Cso N. Whip; Lqu. zina5 karikwe5w
ek istr{a pa5}i, dhura5 pron. When they
saw a woman in adultery, they whipped
her. Syn: cage5s; koLa5; Use: dyek to
strike. Variant: dhura5.
durbha5T WDLso N. Household dishes;
WZrWX Wdr. durbha5T aLayha5k ka5i tha5i.
Put the dishes away!
durbn Lso N. Binoculars, field glasses;
dWXqm. Variant: dubn. From: Persian.
durdana5 DCoso N. Beauty, dear; MWd LqMVdWY
OSqVWXil. may chu5Liko soho5rum
durdana5... My beloved little girl, golden
beauty...
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duru5S, duru5ST

dyik

duru5S, duru5ST Zso ,so N. Yard in

front of the house; VaMy r ,hV. a
tay duru5STuna ita a5is. tu ne a5i. I came
to your house but you were not there. Da
po, parm, duru5S {e mrac4 no45ik.
Having drunk wine Ill go (sit) under my
mulberry tree in my yard. CPart: dur
we5tyaw area behind the house.
dus, dust V|o ,{o N. 1) Friend of the
same sex; PSym. 2) Female friend;
xz. CPart: hew illicit male lover;
jaba5S illicit female lover. See also:
yardu5st; malgri; da5ri; yar; yarmo5c.
From: Persian.
duSa5Kki Do Adj. Forked, two-pronged;
ilMyz m. istr{a duSa5Kki go5nduna kay
}okhe5k sawze5n. Women make bands on a
forked stick. [This also refers to a double
ear of corn or double heads of wheat which
are classified as o5njeSTa ritually pure. A
male goat must be sacrificed and juniper
burned for this.] See also: treha43%Kki;
-Sa5Kki.
duSma5n Do N. Enemy; zm. Syn:
}irk. From: Persian.
duSman Do N. Enmity; azm. ta5si
a}ek duSmanuna bade5l ha5waw. Their
love turned to enmity. From: Persian.
duwdu5w oo Adj. Hot to touch; r PSWX.
bukharas ta5da mo pa5ri duwdu5w.
andayha5k kay labe45yak ha. Dont go
near the heater, its hot! Play over here!
Syn: pec4; iSpo5na; oS; Ant: o}. Variant:
duhudu5hu.
duwdu5w hik oo V. 1) To
become hot; MWa r. 2) To have a fever;
MVaruik qMhlWX. a duwdu5w thi a5am. I have
a fever. Syn: pec4 ukutk.
dya5pa DPDo Adv. 1) Contrafactual; Waq. a5bi
ne pe paro5mi, te on dya5pa. If we
hadnt gone, they would have come. te
a5sta pe atha5i, dya5pa pe a angis

dya5pa. If you had put them (out) as well, I

would have washed them. se man pe a5is
dya5pa, }onj a5aw dya5pa. If he were
coming, he would have come by now. a5bi
tha5raw pe a5imi (dya5pa) ta, thaw
ha5wimi dya5a. If wed been at the top, we
would have stayed there. 2) Otherwise;
WZ VdWa. a du5ra ne a5is, dya5pa ta te on
dya5pa. I wasnt at home, otherwise they
would have come. may bo apsu5s a tan
ha5tya niwe5}ik ne bha5am day, ko5ki tu
jho5nis. a dya5pa har a5dua tay ha5tya
khat niwe5}i dem. I am very sorry that I
cannot write, as you know. Otherwise I
would write you a letter every day. Syn:
mco. Variant: dya5a; ja5pa.
dyek o V. To place or put; MVaLo MWd MVaq.
to gri ni jlay pron. They took him and
put him in jail. Restrict: This verb is used
with many other words to make them
actions. When used like this, dyek takes on
the meaning of the word with which it is
used. For example, krik dyek to snow
(lit: snow put). Syn: thek; Past(hearsay):
dyta he/she put; Past: praw he put.
Variant: jek; gim (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
da5dha2ti places, lays on, gives, seizes T6145. Prdm: Causative II (dek).
dyuni o N. Container; M Vaq hk
Lm ,ij MWd WZrWX. lo43 dyuni. Salt shaker.
Adj. Giving, dispensing; WZrWX( M Vaq
)ij MWd. lo43 dyuni kunDo5k. A container
for dispensing salt.
dyik o V. To put on or don footwear,
eyeglasses, and jewelry; MVaVaWY. Syn:
sambik; Reversive: njik to take off;
Past(hearsay): dyta he/she donned;
Object: dyuni something worn on the
feet. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
dyik o V. To be put; MWaMij Mq.
nokphe5Ti ka5i a5am. taLa5y uk dyik baS.
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dyli

dzu5nik

dyili dyek o o V. To pain, to

throb; MWa mqm nWdnyz. may nila45una kay
dyli dyeL day. My forehead aches.

I have made a new field. It must be

watered. Caus: dyek to put or place.
dyli o N. Severe pain in head; nWdnyz
mqm. [This occurs in forehead, eyes, teeth,
and ears.] Syn: khila5; phas.

dz
D V. To shake something;
MWa ,MWar wzWZr. See also: Tuke5k; cue5k;

dzaLake5k

leaves of this oak are not prickly like those

of the holly oak. Its wood is hard and is
used for making wood planes, and plough
tongues. If the goats eat the leaves of this
tree they give lots of milk. One variety is
bigger than a walnut tree.] Gen: muT
tree; bonj oak tree. Variant: za5na4i
muT.
dze3%is, dze3%ist V} ,~ N. Wave;
. uk dze3%is dyel day. The waves are
washing in.
dze3%ist dyek o V} V. To move
(as a wave); MWaN ) MWY(. uk dze3%ist
dyel day. The waves are washing in.
dzok N. Yak; MWd ,VdWX Vaij. Gen:
haywa5n domesticated animals; Lotpo5Kgi
large-legged animals. Variant: zok.
dzoLe5y & N. 1) Pocket; PQVdij. Syn: jhip2.
2) Cloth bag; VdWZ. [Children also make a
bag out of their hats or some other cloth
for gathering walnuts in. They refer to
these as bribo5 zole5y walnut pouches.]
Variant: zole5y.
dzu5nik V. 1) To tread (grapes); MWY
MVahk y. Drac4 dzu5ni, Da ka5rim. I make
wine by treading grapes. 2) To press on,
massage something; MWaMWXm. Syn: p4i5 k;
TrikTrike5k. Variant: zu5nik. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
dzon N. Winepress; VaMWa qWa@L
PQW` M ru L. drac4 dzo5nay pira5io i.
Go to the winepress and bring back some
wine. [This is made out of walnut,

DhaKge5k;
c4hLik;
c4ho43%ik.
Variant:
zaLake5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
dzaLa5kik D V. To shake (as from
wind or earthquake); MVa ,MWar WZ WZ.
}a dur bho5njaw dya5i, dzaLa5kaw day.
This house is shaking from the earthquake.
Syn:
tsaTe5Kgik;
paTa5kik;
khe5zik;
ku{ubk; Caus: dzaLake5k. Variant:
zaLa5kik.
dzaLe5ki D N. Unshucked walnuts
which are fully formed but not yet ripe;
OUril@L Mhk. [This phase takes place about
two months after the bribo5yak little
walnuts first appear. They may be called
this because they fall off prematurely.]
Sequence: bribo5 walnut. Variant:
zale5yki. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
dzaLe5ki D See main entry: dzaLa5kik.
dzara5y CsD N. Rennet from a lamb or kids
stomach; WdM rVdVaWY ,mM M WaMVaWX dVaW.Y
dzara5y gri kiLa45 sawze5n. They take
rennet and make kiLa45 cheese. [This is used
to curdle milk to make cheese.]
dzaro4%3 sD Adj. Tough, hard; L MWY. bonj
dzaro43% th }iau. The oak (leaves) have
become tough (for the goats to eat). Ant:
holo5lu; ciclak.
dzaw D Adj. Delicious; qLnWdrs ,WeLqs vzil.
Variant: zaw.
dza43%ray muT W CtJ N. A kind of oak
tree; PSilqm M WX Myz M WdL. [The
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Da

DanDe5k
Variant: Da dzo5n; zon.

mulberry, or cedar wood with a funnel at

one end for the grape juice to flow from.]

D
Da

Cq N. Wine; qWa@L. [Snow is thought

Dakha5na DDCq N. Post Office; WaMhlLo.

rejiSTer ka5rik gho3%i Dakha5nauna
paro5mi e, Dakha5na band }iha5La. When
we went to register a letter at the post
office, it was closed. From: Urdu.
Daktha5r sDUCq N. Doctor; rV`Lo. a
Dakthara5n pi bo naome5t ha5wis. I began
to really mistrust the doctors. Variant:
Daktha5r. From: English.
Dakthar ka5rik sD sDUCq V. To give
a checkup; MWar OR@L Vdik.
Dal
Cq N. Group of several people or
animals; r. ek Da5luna e5o. Come in a
group! Syn: ruts; rhom; baw. From:
Pashto.
DalDa5 CrCq N. Vegetable shortening or
clarified butter; ,LpLo. Syn: hoc4.
From: Urdu.
Damba5 DMCq Adj. Blunt, dull; nVaD. Ant:
rha5zaw; tsiLa5ka. Variant: To5mba (Urtsun
(M)). Etym: *Tho2mba- defective T5514.2.
Dan Cq N. Loss; MVWa. may tha5ra Dan
a5aw. I suffered loss (lit: loss came on me).
Syn: noksa5n; kasa5ra; zia5n.
Dan {uk w Cq Id. To suffer loss;
MWaMW`DL MVWa. Lit: to eat loss.
karoba5runa Dan a5}is. I lost in the
business (lit: in the business I ate a loss).
Syn: noksa5n {a5Lik.
Daname5nT ZDCq
N.
Dynamite;
PUVdWeMMVaWeLo. From: English.
DanDe5k rCq N. Furry growth on the sides
of a goats neck; mnE Wa rWY rWX.
[A goat with these growths is considered
o5njeSTa ritually pure.]

by the Kalasha to be o5njeSTa ritually

pure, more pure than water. Grapes and
wine are even more so than snow.] Create:
sawze5k to make; Degrad: no} sour.
From: Persian daru.
Dawa5n, Dawa5nD rDP Cq N. Vat for wine;
ij Vdqs rWdqs Vaq . Morph: Da
phanD. Variant: }in.
Da dzo5n Cq See main entry: dzu5nik.
Daba5 DLCq N. Pail, container; WXo. Syn:
kunDo5k; thalo5k. From: Urdu.
Daba5li DLCq N. Coin; Jy.
Da5Da} CqCq Adj. Clustered; Mhk. }a5ya
}o5Kuna paLa5w DaDa5} thi }an. On this
branch the apples are heavily clustered. See
also: ruts.
DaDe5 qCq Adj. 1) Dried up, dry and hard;
PShly ,L My. au5 ac4u5i DaDe5 thi }an.
The bread has dried up and become hard.
Syn: }ara5w; kirko5T; ka4kse5; ac4u5na. See
also: ac4u5ik. 2) Very weak; qrs PSWX.
Da5gari sDCq N. The Festival of Crows;
qLWZ M . Part: Dha5mba rat song to
praise the crow; Gen: ko}an festival.
Dagina5y DCq N. Folk-song story and
dance of the Joshi Festival; PSVd M qLWZ.
Gen: gho43 song.
Da5han DCq N. Thirst; vMVdWY. may Da5haN
ka5i }au. I am thirsty. CPart: ano5ra
hunger; Syn: pia5lak. Variant: Dayn
(Urtsun).
Da5han ra5y Cs DCq N. Thirstiness; vMVdWY
OSnyz . a tcak uk pi Da5han ra5y chni
im. After drinking a little water, I can
control my thirst. See also: ray.
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DanDo5 ka5rik

Den

DanDo5 ka5rik sD rCq V. To ride someone

piggyback; MWar qLy rWY V`VdIWY. suda5yak pe
ka5sik ne abha5an ha5waw, DanDo5 ka5i
machilo5yay ha5tya nik. If the children
cannot walk we give them piggyback rides
to the fields.
DanDu5zak CurCq N. Rotten walnuts;
OUril@L OQLril e eMijr. DanDu5zak ne
pa5ci pa5Lan. The rotten walnuts fall
without having ripened.
DaK Cq Adj. Hard, strong, tough, tight;
PShly ,EVXV. tu DaK thi may tha5ra
nis. Sit tightly on me! Ant: kha3S; phok;
lak; c4ok; ma43u5cak; phla}; pra}; Syn: jim;
mezbu5t.
Adv. Soundly (sleep); . a DaK
Du5DiLa him. I must have slept soundly.
DaK jage5k D\ Cq V. To stare at;
MWaqD. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
DaKge5k Cq V. To make hard, to make
firm; MWar PShly. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
DapSKga bra CtL DPCq N. Male goat
with horns that fold back following contour
of head; VaVdy We ruE r _hkVdWY
LrWX L.
Da5ran CsCq N. Flood, flash-flood, mud slide;
OQVdy. Da5ran ta, {ay ahe5raw. When
the mud slide came, it washed away the
irrigation channel. Syn: pra}o5k.
Daro5 sCq N. Rocky place; WdHrVZWY. a5sa
Daro5una pa5i bat o5naw. He went to a
place with a lot of rocks and brought back
some stone. Syn: LaKga5.
Daw Cq N. Tambourine-like instrument
(without metal disks); m. From: Persian.
Daw dyek o Cq V. 1) To play a
tambourine-like instrument with the fingers
or sticks; MWaMhjWX m. 2) To tap ones fingers
on a surface; MWaMhjWX m. Prdm: Causative II
(dek).

Dawgo5n Cq Adj. Hairless, bare-skinned;

MhjVa. may pa5yan jac uphu, pay saw
Dawgo5n ha5wan. My goats hair shedding,
they became hairless.
Daz uCq Adv. Suddenly, quickly; m WdL.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb u5STik get up. Syn: pat.
Da5zi ka5rik sD uCq V. To shoot off a gun
in celebration (as for a sons birth or
wedding); mMyz qL wzHWeLnVdWY hkWX
MWaik nVaWX rWY zil.
Da43%ya DIq N. Powder, loose dirt; y.
Da43%ya prec4a5i. Dissolve the powder!
Adj. Powder-like; WdqMWX PSWX. da43%ya
krik. Powder snow. da43%ya phaw. Powder
earth. Variant: dha43%ya.
Dekse5n }q N. Datsun truck; W`Lo.
taLe5y copamna rege5STi Dekse5nuna nsi
dra ha5tya paro5mi. Early in the morning
we got in the Datsun and left for Dir.
From: English.
Den q Adj. Forbidden, against harvesting
rules; rWY qLLnVdWY VZVd q@L WY ,Vaij
nVaWXMWY Ve nHWeM WZ OSn Mil.
Den ka5rik sD q V. To make
something forbidden or against harvesting
laws; rWY qLLnVdWY VZVd q@L WY ,Vaij
MWar nWeM nVaWXMWY _Vd OSn Mil. te
Den a5ran a5jo a5bi drac4 {uk ne bha5ik.
They have made (eating grapes) forbidden,
now we cannot eat grapes.
Den moc c q N. Kalasha men who
guard crops and impose and enforce fines
for violations; qr rWY nVaWXMWY. [Each
area has a different number and they serve
one year.] Syn: ro. Variant: Den wal.
Den SaTe5k XD q V. To fine someone
for breaking harvesting laws; ,V

il nVaWXMWY rWY WY q@L Vaij

MWar MWaMrij L War qsq. may du

don Den SaTa5an. They fined me two oxen.

See also: jirmana5 SaTe5k.

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Derwe5r

Dhay

Derwe5r ttq N. Driver; qVdWeLqo. sirp

paysa5 may ba5kasaw chaLa5i a5sau tre
haza5r rupaya5 te ha5i, Derwe5ras da5i
a5au. He only took out 3000 rupees from
my box and gave it to the driver (for me).
From: English.
DhahaKge5k DDq V. To bury someone
or something; MWar m. a pandr
DhahaKge5m day, he5man o chaLa5i {uk.
I am burying this cheese. In winter I will
take it out and we will eat it. Syn: khaLe5k;
da5wa ka5rik; (aTh) hstik. Etym:
*Dhakkcover
T-5574.2. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Dhak Dq N. Waist; r. a Dha5kuna pa5Ti
bo5nim. I will tie a belt on my waist.
Whole: jhan body. Variant: Dha3k
(Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: *Dha2kka- back,
waist T-5582.
Dha5kaw chaLe5k Dd DDq V. To rape
and cause injury; MWaqs ZymrWXqs y OSq
MWar ilqs r. ku5ra moc a5ini Dha5kaw
chaLa5i a5an. Whatever men were there
raped (her). Syn: zo5ran gri {a4w
5 ik.
Dhak badr soDL Dq N. Belt; nVaWX r.
Dha5mba rat SCs DMDq N. Song praising the
crow; PSVd L WaMij WeM rWY qLWZ .
[This is sung after cawmo5s the winter
festival in the Dagari celebration.] Whole:
Da5gari crows festival.
Dhambe5k MDq V. To knock on a door or
house, pound on a door; MWaMV`V`. }e3he3
cti, du5runa pa5i, dur Dhamba5La.
Thinking like this, he went to the house
and knocked on the door. Syn: Toa3se5k.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
DhaKge5k Dq V. To shake something;
MVaV`ij ,MWa. [The things that are shaken
are trees, men, and children (to put them to
sleep).] See also: cue5k; Tuke5k; dzaLake5k;
c4hLik; c4ho43%ik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).

Dha5Kgik Dq V. To shake; MVa. {ont

Dha5Kgaw day. The mill is shaking
(without any grain feeding in). Prdm:
Class 2 (ma5trik).
Dhap ODq N. Large level or semi-level
place on hillsides where goats can graze;
Vdqs qL quWZ d quMWY. a
Dha5puna uSTa e, pay nis a5sta. When I
climbed up onto the plateau the goats were
lying down. Syn: aTa5lak.
DhapDha5p hik OCrPCq V. 1) To be
hilly, rough, or mountainous; fr VaWdqs
MWa qL y ij ij. se jayga5 DapDap
thi, para5w. a ka5sik ne abha5is. That
place was very hilly. I was unable to go
that way. [Although Dhap means plateau,
to get from one to another entails a lot of
climbing.] 2) To travel from mountain top
to mountain top; y ik WdL quMWY
MVaruik rWY ik m. te DapDap thi,
paro5n. They went on and on from plateau
to plateau [The implication is that in going
from flat area to flat area, they had to
descend and ascend steep mountain sides.]
Variant: DapDa5p hik.
Dhar dyek o sDo V. To lean on or
against something with ones shoulder;
MWaM VdW`. a dhenta5as som Dhar dya5i
nis a5am. I sat down and leaned against
the mountain. Syn: barga5 dyek.
Dhay Dq N. Stack of grain sheaves or
firewood or similar material; PQVdWZrWZMWX
do. ba5Sik dya5i gu5um Dhay khara5p
ka5au day. di aLa5y ha5tya ka hal
chaLe5k. The rain will spoil the stacks of
wheat. Then how shall we save the
situation there? Syn: gra; Part: pu5La
sheaf. Variant: Day. Etym: dha2ya5layer, stratum T-6786, 14647.
Dhay dyek o Dq V. To stack wood or
sheaves of grain or similar material;
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Dha3s Sa5Tik

Dhum, Dhumb

do y PQVdWZrWZ vM y MWd MWdru

MWaM.
Dha3s Sa5Tik XD ~Dq V. To fight by
butting heads; Lru VdHxzWd. bra Dha3s

DQq N. 1) Chopping block; M ru

M rsVdIik We r q rWY wij LruW` LruWX
eMij. Matl: mrac4 mulberry; bonj oak;

Dhpa

bribo5 walnut. 2) Stool for milking made

from a section of log; LruW` LruWX M ru
y Mij MV`VdWX rWY wij. Etym: *Dhappalump T-5580?.
Dho5c dyek o cq V. To squat down, to
sit on ones haunches; MVaV`VdWX r MW`DL VaV`D.
Syn: Tun dyek.
Dhok q N. High forests; L rWY quMWY
Vaij MikDL. Dho5kay pa5i, dar chnan.
They go into the high forests and cut
beams. Variant: Dho5ka.
Adj. Heaping; L LrWX ,L M do. ek
Dhok kipnyak dye. Put in a heaping
spoonful! See also: dit.
Dhok ka5rik sD q V. To make
heaping, to heap up; MWaM do. }akho5r
pila5una Dhok ka5i hsti. Fill the cup up
heaping with sugar! saco43% Tmuna Dhok
ka5rin. They fill the tin and heap it up with
cheese. mo Dhok ka5ri, mo dit ka5ri,
bLas som ka5ri. Dont make it heaping,
and dont partly fill it, fill it to the brim.
Dhor sq N. Hopper, grain bin; M ik

Sa5Tan. The goats are butting each other.

[This is said of sheep, goats or cows.]
Dha3%}ak DDq N. Fringe of a cummerbund,
headdress or cloth; rMij. pa5Ti Dha3%}ak.
Cummerbund fringe. Syn: Dho5ri. See also:
paraLak. Variant: dha3%}ak. Etym: das5a2fringe of a garment T-6236, 14596.
Dha3%}ak bhut SL DDq N. Mens wool
pants with decorative fringe; L rMij
qLyz DL. [These come to below the knees
where they are bound by puttees down the
legs.]
DheKk q N. Knee; MVaV`D. a }uru5i
DheKk gria5i a5am. I fell and have hurt my
knee. Whole: jhan, jhand body. Etym:
*Dho2Kga- projecting part of body T5605.
DheKk ku}u5ruk s N. Kneecap;
aVYik VaV`. Whole: jhan, jhand
body.
DheKk thek T q V. To kneel
down; MWa WX VaV`D. se DheKk tha5i
suwa5l a5raw. He kneeled down and
prayed.
Dher tq N. Stomach, underside of an
animal, belly; PUVdWY. ek ba5ta ma5i a5au, ey
dame4i5 Dher no4 dta, anda5y draZn. tay
sa5mlat gho5na, may ghona? gho3i ma5i
a5au e, phato draZn a5au. One of them
said, Hey, you with your tail under your
belly, come out here! Is your mustache
bigger than mine? When he had said that,
the leopard came out. Syn: kuc.
Dherga5ci dDtq Adj. Big-bellied; ruWX
L PUVdWY.
Dhim q N. Upper body (from waist to
neck); ij M rWYDL y r. CPart: acikre5Ti
lower body; Whole: jhan, jhand body.

Lo hk _Vd VaxVdWY d wij KVi

eMij. [This is wooden and holds the grain

being fed into the millstone. Its dimensions

are about one foot in diameter, and about
two feet high. It is cone-like in shape.]
Matl: rha cedar; Whole: {ont, {ontr
water-mill. Etym: dhara- holding,
supporting T-6740.
Dho5ri sq N. The embroidered or
colorfully stitched lower edge of a
womans headband; W` WZq vzVd
rMij M. SuSu5tr Dho5ri. The embroidered
edge of a headdress. Syn: Dha3}ak.
Dhum, Dhumb Nq ,q Adj. 1) Lost;
L MWd. tre tak Dhum ha5wan. Three
buttons got lost. 2) Dead; mr. a Dhum
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DhuKk hik

Dzik
thunders, when he says, ha tu tu tu
kuts and braKa5lu, then those
mushrooms will grow there.
DiDayo5K dyek o Crq V. To
thunder; fjr ,MVaru )M hjWX MN(
MWa. ban DiDayo5K dya5i, kha5ca thi
mu5cau day. Outside it is thundering and
raining cats and dogs.
DDi} rq See main entry: rha.
DnDak Crq N. Frightful apparition or
vision; ij. DnDak may na}o5nu a5raw.
The vision scared me to death and I may
die.
DnTa DYq Adj. Efficient, capable; PSxEik.
Syn: kabl; hu}ia5r; caspa5n; ucu5tu;
zehenwa5La; To3%cuk.
DipDa5p ka5rik sD OCrQq V. To make a
loud noise with ones feet; MVahlV`WY WZij.
Gen: char ka5rik to make a noise.
DpTi YQq N. Duty, work; Wdo. From:
English.
Dzik vq V. To create out of ones mind
things like designs, pictures, statues,
beings; MWar VdHhlWZ. wa5wa ganDa5w Dzi
a5au, {e DziLa Diza5w wa5wa Dzi a5au.
Grandfather created the statue and God
created grandfather. Syn: sawze5k. Etym:
*de2hati makes, builds T-14621.
DziLa Diza5w Cvq vq N. Creator God;
Lnil ,qMmqrWY. [He creates people,
animals, birds, the sun, the moon, the stars,
spirits, everything.] Syn: khoda5y; maLe5k;
paydagara5w; parwardiga5r. Variant:
Diza5w.
DziLa wat SC vq N. The place where
there are likenesses of goats on the stones;

ne ha5wis. a taza5 a5sam. I have not died.

I am alive. Syn: na5}ik. Variant: Dum.
Dhumbe5k Mq V. 1) To lose
something; MWar D. a tay dro kada5r ne
Dumbe5m. I will not lose even a hair of
your things. 2) To kill someone; MVaLo qM.
Syn: na}e5k. 3) To keep (a secret); )qsLq(
MVaq nVdyzWY. Object: ras secret. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
DhuKk hik q V. To meet
someone; MVa d VZyLq. ga5La, ga5La, cas
DhuKk hu5La. Going along, she met a bear.
Syn: ro5ytu dek. Etym: *Dhukyati
approaches T-5592.
Dhu5Kkur sq N. 1) The room in a barn
for storing milk; mm d WaMil zWd
r M Vaq. [This is very well made to
keep the milk and cheese from becoming
spoiled.] 2) The room in a barn for storing
hay; r M Vaq wWaEWY vM.
Dhus tyek T {q V. To collide with or
bump into something; MWaqM rW`. se du5ras
som Dhus pa45aw. He collided with the
house.
Dhu5si Sa5Tik XD |q V. To dance in
the Dhu5}ak; qM r ruWY m WdL
MVaikMWa d. [This is done by holding each
other by the shoulders in a line and
running at another such line saying, Ha,
mura45 Dhu5si, ha, ha, ha.]
Dhu5}ak Dq N. Medium-fast dance and
song performed at festivals; d qLWZ
q WdL L Wa. Dhu5}ak park. We
dance the Du5}ak. [The dance lasts about
ten minutes, is louder and quicker than the
dra{a5yLak and is done in lines.] Gen: naT
dance. See also: ca4; dra{a5yLak; tren
Sa5Tik; Du5si Sa5Tik.
DiDayo5K Crq N. Thunder; mMWX
fjr. DiDayo5K pe praw haw, ha tu tu
tu kuts {e braKga5lu, gho3%i se ma5ila e,
kuts {e braKga5lu pha5to ubujn. If it

rWY rVZWY Mij MWa M ij Wd@L WdL

d Wd WdHrWX.
Diza5lik Cvq N. Spirit being for
childbirth; VZyzr L War LnVdWY hkWX.
[It is said that she is the sister of Diza5w
the Creator. Women pray to her to make

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Don, DonD

DuKke5k

their birth easy.] Gen: baS {ua5w spirit

beings.
Don, DonD rq ,q N. Double bride-price
for taking an already married girl as ones
wife; MVd Lm@L r mMyz y ru nyz mMyz
M MVaEm L. See also: mal.
Don dek, DonD dek o rq ,o q
V. To pay a double bride-price;

put the child to sleep. Prdm: Class 2

(ma5trik).
DuDe5k qq V. To put someone to sleep;
MWaEy. a to DuDe5s. I put him to sleep.
Caus: DuDawa5ik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
Du5Dik qq V. To sleep; MWay. Du5Di a5au.
Shes asleep. Caus: Dude5k to put to
sleep; Onset: Thuk; Lap; Syn: prasu5ik;
ispra5puna park; ac4u5ik; SanJu5ik. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
DuDo5nyak Dqq Adj. Very old (of
people); MquWX PSWX. Syn: akhabr; baSa5ra;
kru3%kus; trak; ba5LuS; Inan: La5Zna.
DuDure5k sqq V. To roll something;
MWaMruD. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
DuDurk sqq V. To roll; MVaruD. Caus:
DuDure5k. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
Duk q N. Top; ik. dhe5nta Du5kuna
mo pa5ri }uru5is. Dont go on top of the
mountain, you will fall! Syn: SiS; cu4i5 k;
mun; biw; bro; phur.
DumaDa5ra CsCqDq Adj. Diagonal, crosswise,
upside-down; MV`DL ,MruVdW`. DumaDa5ra thi
Du5Di a5as. Youve slept crosswise (on the
bed). pho5nduna ek bon DumaDa5ra ka5i
tha5i band ka5ri ko5ki gak ta5ra day
parn day. Block off the path with a log
because the cows are going by that way.
DunDula5T Wrq N. The village of
Dundulet in Rumbur Valley; M qVXq mL
M WdL.
DuKke5k q V. To strike ones self on
something, stumble; MWaMEm ,MVa rW`.
daro5ay day mo pa5ri, tu khur ba5tay
Duke5s. La3ST awa5tay day ka5si. Dont go
by the stony way, you will stumble on a
rock. Take the smooth way! Variant:
Duke5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

v@L rWY War MVdWX y VdIWX hlyz

MWar LmL M MVaEm rWY q WaMrij.

DonDwa5Li pe halo5mi haw, ta5sa ba5ti

a5bi dujs ka5i Don dek. If we marry a girl
the second time, we have to give double
bride-price for her.
DonDwa5Li Crq N. Girl who is married
but who is ready to marry again; ru

mMyz m r quik ryz VaWY@L ij

__Mik War. may ja DonDwa5Li a5is, may

pi bo mal agran. My wife was married

already, and they took lots from me. See
also: Don.
DonDa}k Crq N. Cluster of walnuts
strung together; Mhk L MVaWX M OUril@L.
[These are made by women and given to
acquaintances as gifts.]
DonDa}k ka5rik sD Crq V. To
make a cluster of unshelled walnuts;
MWaMVaWX Mhk M OUril@L.
Do5Kga Dq Adj. 1) Fresh, raw, sweet (of
milk); )mm( Mhk. Syn: ma5wra.
2) Unripe (of fruit); )WY( Mhk. Variant:
Dho5Kga.
Dram Csq N. Drum or barrel; qo. Syn: biler.
From: English.
Du5c4uni hq Adv. Very quickly; PSWX
nij. Du5c4uni pa5i uk o5ni. Go very
quickly and bring water. Syn: gaST.
DuDawa5ik CCqq V. To get someone to
put another to sleep; MVa WaEy. a a5sa
SaTawa5i to su5da DuDawa5is. He got her to

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ek dara5kuna

e
C Adv. Question indicator; MVd ,)VdLy(.
uk wSau da5y e? Is the water boiling?
cay de5m e, ba5ya? May I give you some
tea brother? [This word goes on the end of
a clause to make it interrogative. The
accent goes on the last syllable preceding
the e.]
e2 C Cnj. While; PQij. se }e3%he3 ctiman a5is
e... While he was thinking like this...
pha5to Su5SiLa se... Then when they have
dried... Variant: se.
ec fC N. Eye; WaN. Whole: jhan, jhand
body; Part: ec phe5Luk eyelash; ec
mama5yak eye socket; ecpo5st eyelid;
ec brombo45yak pupil; ec ga5nDuk
eyebrow; ec umbo45yak eyeball; e5cani
mock pupil; Degrad: Se5a blind. Etym:
a5kSi- eye T-43.
e5ca hik DeC V. To appear to someone
(as an angel might); MWaN rWa. Syn: pa5yda
hik; were5k hik.
e5can ka5rik sD DeC V. To signal with
ones eyes as a sign, to wink; MWaqM WaN.
[This is used as a sign of a previously
understood plan. For example, it is used
between lovers when planning to elope.]
See also: ha5stan ka5rk; i}a5ra ka5rik; niSa5n
ka5rik; u5STan ka5rik.
e5cani mock d DeC N. Pupil of
the eye; VZEWY WaN.
e5cay jage5k D\ DeC V. To look
someone in the eye; dWaN d WaN
MVaWdm r Lo. du moc ogoe5kin e5cay
jage5n. Two men look each other in the
eye.
ec bho5nik L fC V. To work
illusions; MWar EmMij. a5sa paLu5 ka, ec

bho5niu day. Hes not a magician, he only

makes it look like that.
ec ga5nDuk rD fC N. Eyebrow; WdWX.
Etym: gaNDa- cheek T-3999.
ec mama5yak DDD fC N. The eye
socket; WaMil M WaN.
ec phe5Luk P fC N. Eyelash; dWY.
Riddle: su5jak ra ja5Lik: a small cedar
woods. Answer = ec phe5Luk eyelashes.
ec po5st V|P fC N. Eyelid; zik mrWY.
ec umbo45yak DMC fC N. Eyeball;
Vdo M WaN.
e5cik eC N. Eye of a needle; M y
MWa. su{k e5cik. The eye of a needle.
Whole: su{k needle.
egaso5ra Cs|DC Adv. 1) One after another;
rWdm nWX Wd. egaso5ra a}a5w. He ate
one after another. [It has the connotation of
doing it quickly.] 2) One on the other; WdL
rWYDL m. egaso5ra kay tha5i. Put
one on top of the other.
ege5ra CtC Adv. In sync, together; qMVXWd.
se du au5 ege5ra a5}aw. He ate both of
them together.
ek C Num. One; WdL.
N. One person.
Adj. A, an. Morph: eg. Etym: e2%kaone T-2462.
ek }or {e ek C w s C Num. One
hundred and one; WdL y WdL.
ek }or s C Num. One hundred; WdL
y.
ek c4hrani Cth C Adj. From the same
mother; y M WdL. Lit: of the same
milk. te du ek c4hrani su5da. Those two
are from the same mother
ek dara5kuna DCsCo C Id. Without
stopping; dWX Eq ,AxAxE. tu ek

e1

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ek hik

e5mi

-e5li - Vsfx. Obligatory aspect. may

krom kar-e5li hu. I will have to work.
may krom kar-e5lik. I must work. [The
difference between this verb aspect and the
-ik baS form is that this has a stronger
emphasis of obligation attached to it.]
Restrict: This is suffixed to the root of the
verb or to the causative suffix. It is
optionally followed by an inflected form of
the verb hik to become. Syn: -ik baS.
Variant: e5lik.
e5Li C Pron. 1) They (nominative, present,
remote); . Oblq: a5si. 2) They
(accusative, present and remote); dWaDL.
Adj. Those (nominative or accusative,
present, remote); DL ,. tu ka hayra5n
his day, e5Li }e3he3% jaha5s pa5}io? Why are
you so surprised seeing those kind of
airplanes? [See the Personal Pronoun
Chart on page 475 below for other
personal pronouns.]
e5Li ek C C Pron. Those others
(nominative, present, remote); m
L.
e5mi C Pron. 1) They (nominative,
present, near); Wd. e5mi nihn }o5on, nsi.
to5a pSio pa5ri. Until these go, sit down!
Then do your grinding and go! Oblq: si;
Rmot1: e5Li those (remote); Rmot2: te
those (absent). 2) Them (accusative,
present, near); dWaHL.
Adj. These (nominative or accusative,
present, near); HL ,Wd. ma5gam ma4ko45yak
ma5iLa ki, e5mi haw du chela5k a5sta
may, ko ki a toLkuna me5nat ka5i a5am.
But the monkey said, These two pieces
are also mine because I worked to weigh
them. [See the Personal Pronoun Chart
on page 475 below for other personal
pronouns.] Variant: hemi (Urtsun).
e5mi ek C C Pron. These others
(nominative, present, near); L m Wd.

dara5kuna {us day. You are always

eating. ba5so ne ka5i ek dara5kuna iu
day. a5sa au5 de. He doesnt stop but
keeps coming, give him something to eat!
ek hik C V. To be together; V`L
MWa WdL ,MWa. ek thi kawa5y pa5ra day?
Where are you going together? [This
literally means becoming one.] Syn:
imit hik. See also: tu tyek.
ek kimo5n C Adj. Some, a few;
hk ,WdL nVaik. ek kimo5n moc {a5Kuna
ha5tya pa5i a5an. Some men went to fight.
ek ku5ra Cs C Pron. Someone; We
WdL.
ek mu5Ski C Adj. Deformed by
having one undescended testicle; WdL
L . [This is usually said of goats or
rams.] See also: muS, muSk.
ek ne ek C C Adj. Something or
other, some time or other; WdL Wa WdL. ek
ne ek a5dua a waL parm. Some day I
will go to tend the goats.
-eki1 - Sfx. Associated with or
characterized by. tramaSuKg-e5ki. A being
who comes in the dark. baLiwas-e5ki. An
insistent person. baSik-e5ki. A boastful
person. manDawjaL-e5ki. A being from the
graveyard. dzaL-e5ki. fallen walnuts
-eki2 C- See main entry: -waki.
ekjs ~]C Adj. Single; WdL ,MVaD WdL
KVi. ekjs ka5i mal griu. He will take a
single bride-price. See also: dujs; trejs.
eksira5 Ct}C N. X-ray; WdL. From:
English.
ekwa3 CC Adv. Over; MV`DL. ekwa3% pelaTa5i.
Turn it over!
ekwa3% ghere5k t CC V. To turn
something over; MVaV`DL ,MVaWdm PUDL. cew ekwa3%
ghera5i, su5ira dye. Turn the dress over
and put it in the sun! Syn: pelaTe5k; prost
ka5rik; mu5San ghere5k; ulu5T pulu5T ka5rik.
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-emna

gada5y hik

-emna D- Sfx. Like, as though; MxVdij. }a

su5da saw may putr-emna. This boy is
just like my son. saw ka phaw{ sala5mi
ka5rin-emna. Just like soldiers who are
saluting. See also: -mna.
-e5nik - Vsfx. Remainder, left over,
small amount; L MhkWX ,MWX ,VdWX.
dro43c4-e5nik. Remains of food left on the pan
to be scraped off. may {e tay
jhonaw-e5nik. Something small we know
together (meaning I have a riddle). brbo
ko4a5i a5an. a5jo khojaw-e5nik ka5rik. They

have gathered the walnuts. Now lets look

for the gleanings. Variant: -we5nik.
e5}i ka5rik sD C V. To live it up, live
without restraint; MWar zMVd. From:
Arabic.
ey &C Intj. Oh!, Hey!; _WX@L ,L ,. ey gaDe5rak.
O Sir! Variant: ay (Birir).
-eyn - Vsfx. The place of an activity;
ij War M WX We. naTik-e5yn
kawa5? Where is the dancing place?
Restrict: This suffix is appended to the
infinitive form of the verb.

e3
C Intj. Oh!; L ,@L. its

Adj. Like this, like that; fr vL. a5bi

to }-e3he3% de5}a behaba5nuna ni ahstimi
ki se kawa5y park ne bha5au. We took
and abandoned her so far into the
wilderness that she will not be able to go
anywhere.

ma5iLa ki, e3,

hayra5n ne tho, duna ka5siu day jia5i
de, pac4h%yakas raw. The bear said, Oh,
how could I not be surprised! Look at it
walking in the sky like a bird.
e3he3% C Adv. Like this, like that. }-e3he3%
ka5ri. Do it just like this! Ques: khe3
how?; Syn: ke5wo.

e3

e43
C N. Ayun, a town south of Chitral;
MWa M M WdL ,Wd@L.

DC
L Vaq.

e43he43%ia

e43he43%

N. Resident of Ayun;

M Wd@L

g
ga

D V. Go (hearsay root of park to go);

MVd. ek ware5k mu5lkani ba5caas pu5tras

gada5y hik CoD V. To become aimless

or a wanderer; vznWX WaMil ,MWa qLN. a
gada5y thi ka5sim. Ill wander as a
vagabond. Syn: bagoLa5 hik.

iSka5r ka5rika jaKga5luna ga5-La. It is told

that a kings son from another country
went to hunt in the forest.

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gade5ri

gak

gade5ri toD Adj. Crazy, wild, mentally

disturbed; MWY. [This term seems to be
milder than goT crazy, insane.] Syn: goT.
gadhya5k DoD N. Predator; nWaqm. [Some
think that only the things that eat goats are
in this class. Therefore bear and jackal
would not be included.] Spec: kakbo5y
leopard; grast wolf; its bear; Lawa5k
fox; Sia5L jackal, coyote; dawtso5n wild
cat.
gadra45a CIsoD Adj. Lazy; PSxEy. Syn: kaha5l.
gaduLa5y oD N. Choker of beads worn by
women; M VZVdWY. Syn: ghu4;3 gahana5.
ga5Da CqD Adj. 1) Big or mature of animate
beings; LruWX. Ant: chu5tyak; Inan: gho5na
big of inanimate things. 2) Elder; LruW.X
Etym: ga2Dha- dived into, pressed
together, thick, firm T- 4118.
ga5Da ba5ba DLDL CqD KT. Older sister; ruWX
WX.
ga5Da ba5ya DDL CqD KT. Older brother; LruWX
MWX.
ga5Da baSa5ra CsDDL CqD N. 1) Senior
Kalasha men and women; MqrsWX.
2) Ancestors; mLnij@L MWXN. o ga5Da
baSa5yrak, ta {u {e po pa5ra. O
honored ancestors, come, eat and drink and
go. [This is said in the Chawmos festival.
Different kinds of food are placed outside
the temple and the ancestors are called to
eat it. After a little while, the unmarried
girls are allowed to eat it.] Variant: ga5Da
baSa5yrak.
ga5Da i}pa5}ur sDQC
CqD
KT.
Grandfather-in-law (spouses grandfather);
MWaMWa MWd LmLm M OSMVdi HWdz.
ga5Da ispre5s ~tQ}C
CqD
KT.
Grandmother-in-law
(husbands
grandmother); MWa MWd mLm nWaMil.
gaDa5ya DCqD N. Midwife; WdLm. CPart: c4hir
put boy born by the help of the midwife;

c4hir chu girl born by the help of the

midwife. Morph: ga5Da a5ya.
gaDa5ra CsCqD Adj. Eldest, first born; MW`WY.
ba5ca chu5Las kay suwa5l ka5da ki, may
gaDa5ra chu, tay ku5ra pa5yda ka5i a5au?
The king said to his daughter, My firstborn daughter, who has made you? Ant:
tshata5ra; Syn: Sumbe5r ju45yak. Variant:
gaDeri (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: ga2Dhataramore intense T-4119.
gaDe5rak CtqD N. 1) Elder man, leader;
qpVd. Syn: mer; ro. 2) Sir!; OQMVaij. See
also: ga5Da.
gaDeraka5n DCtqD N. Elders, council, or
official ruling body of a Kalasha village;
PSMij qpVd ,MqrsWX.
gaDwaD ka5rik sD qCqD V. To mess up or
disarrange; MWar ruWXru. Syn: gaTniwa5c4
ka5rik.
gagye5 D N. A kind of porridge; q@L W`N
Vdm mr qMVdWZ y . [This is made as a
by-product of clarified butter production. It
contains corn flour, water, salt, milk solids
and froth from melted butter.] See also:
mul; iSpo5nyak. Variant: gage5.
gahana5 DDD N. Garland made out of rupee
notes; qM. Syn: gaduLa5y; ghu43.
ga5i
D Adv. Sometimes; qMVX VX. ga5i-o
a taLa5y parm. Sometimes I go there.
gak D N. 1) Cow (generic word); eM.
Gen: haywa5n domesticated animals;
jho5nta sheep, goats and cows; Lotpo5Kgi
class of large-legged animals; Male: don,
dond bull; Sound: ba5}ik to moo; Imp:
hu5}ey Shoo; Child1: bac4ho4a5 calf (m/f,
one year old); Child2: bare4tyek calf
(female, two years old); Child2:
batsha5yak calf (male, two years old);
Subadult: batsha5 calf (male, three years
old); Subadult: bare4i5 k calf (female, three
years old). 2) Female cow; eM. Product:
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gakjp

gam

D N. Ball game of any kind; Vd.

Spec: pin gaL, c4ikk gaL game like golf,
played in the snow; plots gaL hockey,
football; photba5l gaL football.
ga5La D V. He/they went (hearsay); Mij ,MVd
Mik. ek ware5k mu5lkani ba5caas pu5tras
iSka5r ka5rika jaKga5luna ga5La. A kings
son from another country went, it is told, to
hunt in the forest. Restrict: This is the third
person sg/pl form of reported action which
the speaker did not actually witness. If
(s)he witnessed the act, (s)he would say,
para5w. The rest of the forms are as in the
table below. See also: park. Etym: gata5gone T-4008.
gaL

c4hir milk. Morph: gag. Etym: *ga2vaox T-4147.

gak c4hr th D N. Cows milk; M eM
mm.
gak ku5 D N. The pen in livestock shed
for cows; ij VanWaMWX eM. Whole: goST
barn.
gakgu5r sD N. Cattle (generic word
including cows, bulls, and calves); ,eM
d wVaVdWX. Spec: gak cow; don,
dond bull.
gako5st V|D N. Cowhide; M eM.
Gen: post leather; Syn: gaw. Morph: gak
post.
gakjp R]D N. A kind of plant that looks
like a cows tongue; M fr MWXqs eM
mWY WdL. [These are a special favorite of
cows for grazing on. Goats also eat them.]
Gen: muT plant.
gala5t SD Adj. Wrong, inaccurate; . se
gala5t krom a5raw. He didnt do the work
correctly. Syn: abatha5. From: Arabic.
gala5t ka5rik sD SD V. To make a
mistake; MWar . gaL jia5ika ne pa5i,
gala5t a5rimi. We made a mistake in not
going to see the game. Syn: a5but park;
khata hik.
galt hik UD V. To make a mistake;
MWa . may pi galt ha5waw. I made
a mistake. Syn: khata hik; a5but park.
From: Persian.
gals ka5rik sD ~D V. To satiate or fill
up to the point of satisfaction; m WaM
MWaMij rWX m ,MWar Wa. a bo preco5na {u5i
a5is. may gals a5raw. I ate a lot of butter.
It satiated me.
galmala5 ka5rik sD DD V. To be
repulsive (for eating), to nauseate; ij
MWaVZ. }a5sa za may galmala5 ka5riu day,
a a5La {uk ne bha5am. That dish repulses
me, I cant eat it.

Forms of ga5La
Singular
Plural
ga5La himI went
ga5La hik we went
ga5La his you went ga5La ha5Li you went
ga5La
s/he went ga5La
they went
gaLaga5Li DD N. Song sung by women in
the bean ceremony during Chawmos; WdL
MWa M PSVd . Gen: gho43 song.
gaLa5kse }D Adv. Ever; WX. ka gaLa5kse.
Whatever. ku5ra gaLa5kse. Whoever.
kawa5y gaLa5kse. Wherever. khe3 gaLa5kse.
However. kay gaLa5kse. Whenever.
gaL D N. Clock, watch; ru. Use: dyik
to put on; Part: ca5pi key to set watch;
}un, }unj hands of a watch. From: Urdu.
gaLiba5n DMD N. Watchband; nVaWX ru.
gaLu5tsun lD N. Stick like a golf-club for
playing snow golf; M VaVd M fr M
N. Syn: pac4e5w.
gam D N. Concern, worry, distress, pain;
. Syn: awiza5n (hik); peri}a5ni (Sa5Tik);
parwa5; }emk. See also: bey-dawa5.
From: Arabic.
gam hik D V. To become worried;
MWa . a tay ha5tya kawe5y a5sta
khu5raka onim. ko mos o5nim. ko
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ga5mba muT

ganDa5w

ware5k i}neha5ri o5nim {u5kas hatya. tay

ka gam ne hu. I will bring you food,
meat, and other things to eat from
wherever I can. You will not have a worry.
gam ka5rik sD D V. To worry; MWar .
tay piSTuna hckia ne }au. a nsi
a5am, jie5m day. tu gham mo ka5ri, pre.
Nothing is happening on your back. I am
sitting here looking around. Dont worry,
lets get going! biro5n gham mo ka5ri.
Dont worry about the male goats.
gam {uk w D V. 1) To feel sorry for
someone; MWaM . har ka5as ba5ti gham
ne {ue5li. You should not feel sorry for
everyone. Syn: aSka5 dek; wal dek. 2) To
miss someone; MWaM . a may ja5a ba5ti
bo gham {um day. I am missing my
wife badly.
gamgn D Adj. Anxious, sad; ,d
vLmDL. Syn: kapha5; troa5lak.
ga5mba muT W DMD N. A kind of tree with
blue flowers; PSilqm WdL L WY VdWa.
Gen: muT tree.
gambu5ri sMD N. Flower; EWY. Spec: gul
samba5r marigold; gula5p rose. Etym:
*gandhapu2rika2- flower T-4015.
game5S D N. Buffalo (male or female);
wVaVdWX. Gen: haywa5n domesticated
animals; Gen: Lotpo5Kgi class of largelegged animals. Variant: meS gak
(Urtsun).
gana5sk |DD N. Stubble or stalks without
grain; MWX d PSVd ij V`WaW` mWY
d WZMij q. Syn: nia5.
gandila5k pD N. Small bush growing in
the high pasture; PSilqm Vaij M WdL
d M MWdrWX ij. [This bush is used as
fodder for the goats.] Gen: muT plant.
gando5Li pD N. Song in which old places
of Kalasha reign are recalled; M vzVd
PSVd WdL. [This is sung at {o5}i the spring

festival.] Gen: gho43 song. See also:

b|4e5 k.
gando5Li dyek o pD V. To sing the
Gandoli song in the Joshi Festival and
wave branches; MWaM PSVd r MVdVaW`.
gandu5irak CtpD N. Fragrance; VXyzEil.
gandu5irak dek o CtpD V. To give
off a nice smell; MWaN VXyzEil. }ande5y
gambu5riani }i}o5yak ganduirak del
day. This flower smells sweet. Syn: ghond
dek.
gandu5irak ka5rik sD CtpD V. To
smell something; MVaWaEy. a name5r
gandu5irak ka5rim day. I am smelling the
name5r plant. [The object could be flowers,
food, or even something bad smelling. Of
the three ways to say to smell something,
this one is most used.]
ganduirake5k CtpD V. To smell
something nice; MVaWaEy. a5bi gambu5ri
ganduirake5k day. We are smelling the
flowers. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ganDa5w CrD N. Statue of a deceased
person; Vd mMWd ij OSqE ru
__ Mij WeMVaWX. [This is made to honor a
person after his/her death and is
accompanied by the holding of a feast.]
Matl: rha cedar; kuhe5rik pine.
Variant: gaNDa5li (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
gaNDa- trunk of tree from root to
branches T-3998.1.
ganDa5Lik CrD N. Statuette; M ru
hj MW`ik. Syn: kundurk.
ganDa5w ka5rik sD CrD V. To honor
someone by making a ganDa5w for him and
giving a feast; M ru d mMWd
MVaWdm OSm r MVaWX hj. Gen: namu5s
ka5rik to give a feast for merit.
Id. To bore someone or tire him out
mentally; MWaM . may SiS ganDa5w mo
ka5ri. Dont bore me. Syn: SiS {uk.
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gar

gayp

gar

hu. If one swears an oath, hell end up

getting a goiter.
gasguru5 s|D N. Gazguru village in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL. Variant:
gazgur5u.
gaST ZD Adv. Early, soon, quickly; nij.
pha5to ge5{i ghe5rian day, gaST {a5yo
ka5rik ne aba5imi. Then, being alone, we
were not able to repair the aqueduct
quickly. Syn: tes; Zar; draS; Du5c4uni;
triptra5p; khaSa5p; c4at; tsrekh. Variant:
ga3ST; ghaST.
gaTik XD V. To win, obtain; MVaVZVdij. a gaL
gaTia5. I won the ballgame. Syn: baSe5k.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
gaTniwa5c4 gCXD Adj. Disordered, mixed up,
confused; ruWXru. [Things that become
disordered are goats and yarn strands.]
Variant: ganiwa5c;4 gaTwa5T; ganwa5T.
gaTniwa5c4 ka5rik sD gCXD V. To put
into disorder, to scatter; MWar ruWXru.
gaw D N. Cowhide; M xzil eM.
Syn: gako5st.
gawr sD N. Care, attention; q. ga5wras
tha5ra krom ka5ri. Do your work carefully!
Syn: aktia5t. From: Arabic.
gawr ka5rik sD sD V. To take good
care of, do carefully; MWar q. do3%yo3 tu
{o5ntras pi gawrm ne ka5ris day hu5La.
Then it seems you do not take good care of
the mill. gawr ka5i, krom ka5ri. Do your
work carefully! Restrict: The object is
marked by pi from or tha5ra on. Syn:
wa3c ka5rik; pruST ka5rik.
gaybana5 DDMD Adj. Lazy, worthless, useless;
qsMWX Vdi. a ka }ay ne, bo gaybana5
moc. He is not able to do anything, he is
very lazy. Syn: aba5s; bey-}a5y; phusu5l.
Morph: gayr-bana.
gayp RD N. Invisible or unknown things
and places, heaven; ,PSxzWX ,rsVdik Wdm @L
PQVd. ga5ypuna kay ka jho5nik? What do

sD Adv. Suddenly, quickly; m WdL.

Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb gerdk to turn. Syn: pat.
gar chik d sD V. To split open;
MWaMij wVam. zemn gar chikas tha5ra
bo moc ana5}an. Many people died when
the earth split open.
gara5w CsD N. Doer, performer, actor; ,M
L War. Morph: kar-a5w.
garbatku5i TDLsD N. Garbatkui village of
Birir Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
ga5rik sD V. To flow down or drain into
the ground; MWa d Vdqs M MWY. }a uk
}anday daro5ay ga5ri khul hu day. This
water will drain off as it flows over the
rocky place.
garp RsD Adj. Poor; PQWdr. se garp. He is
poor. Syn: naca5r; puDru5L; can.
N. Poor people; PQWdr. garban tha5ra
Sa zu5lum ka5riu day. The king is cruel to
the poor. Morph: garb. From: Arabic.
garmazu5 uDsD N. Witchs broom (a kind of
bush); quMij WdL. [This is used as fodder
for the goats.] Gen: muT plant.
garm sD N. Heat, warmth; r. bo
garm sau. Its very hot. Syn: tab; bhas;
Do: ka5rik to radiate. From: Persian.
ga5rum sD Adj. 1) Rich or hot (of food);
OQrhkE ,ArE. [Some foods that are
considered hot are cream, nuts, eggs,
mutton, butter, cheese, and clarified
butter.] Ant: }ekt; Syn: Zak. 2) Busy,
humming with activity; r ,. o5nja
baza5r ga5rum }au. Now the market is
humming with activity. From: Persian.
garu4i5 sD N. Goiter; ru ,MVaVd. may mon
da5i da5i, ga4 garu45i hu day. mon ko43 ne
ka5riu day. I will get a goiter talking so
much. He doesnt listen. Variant: garu5Di
(Birir).
garu4i5 hik sD V. To get a goiter;
MWa MVaVd. }at pe aca5wan haw, garu45i
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gayr

ga45una aTh
jhan, jhand body. Etym: gala- throat,
neck T-4070.2; grva2%- nape of neck, T4387..
ga4 {uk w J V. 1) To burn in ones
throat; MWaij . bra4ua45 ma5ska ga4 {u5iu.
Rancid butter burns your throat. 2) To fail
to grind well; )ik( MVaxWY OQLril. }a
{ontr ga4 {u5iu day. a5ma ujae5li. This
mill does not grind well. (We) must repair
it.
ga4 pio5nyak DP J Adj. Causing to
choke; L Va . }a scin ga4
pio5nyak }au. This jujube fruit chokes
you. See also: pio5nyak control knob.
ga4he5Tuk YJ N. Larynx, Adams apple;
i. Syn: gra45wak.
ga45ias hik {DJ V. To put ones arm
around anothers shoulders; MVa .
istr{a ogoe5k pa5}i, ga45ias thi, tro5iman
a5ini. The women seeing each other were
putting their arms around each other and
crying. Syn: c4aK hik. See also: ga4 throat.
ga4K J N. Hole which goes through an
object; flLqy. [If you can see the bottom of
a hole, it is a khuS.] Syn: khuS; ce; guT;
gec; Create: chaLe5k to bore; ka5rik to
make.
ga4K ka5rik sD J V. To make a hole
in something; MWar flLqy. a ca5ku gri,
ga43K a5ris. I drilled a hole with the knife.
Syn: khu5Spik.
ga4Kgawa5t SCDJ N. Gangawat mountain
pasture belonging to Rumbur; Vd qVXq
MWa M MLrik WdL. Gen: son summer
pasture.
ga4Kga4 JJ N. Large bell (typically tied
to the neck of a male goat or bull); MV`Va.
Syn: bac4he43%a; brombo45yak.
ga45una aTh XC DJ Adj. Worthless, pain in
the neck; p d OQMVX ,V. Lit: a
bone in the throat. tu bo ga45una aTh

we know about the invisible or the

unknown? Syn: behe5ST; jana5t; darga5.
Adj. Invisible; PQWeM. From: Arabic.
gayp hik RD V. To disappear; PQWeM
MWa. se gayp ha5waw. He disappeared.
Syn: tapacu5k hik; SuTk aKgu45yak hik;
butwa5} hik.
gayp park sDP RD V. To become
unconscious, go into a coma; d VZy
MWaMij. Syn: bey-hu5} (hik).
gayr tD Rel. Without; dWX. khoda5yas
ho5kumas gayr mu5Tani po43 ne pa5Lau.
Without Gods authority, the leaf of a tree
does not fall. Syn: sarga5yr. From: Arabic.
gaz uD N. Yard (measure); rs. See also:
to5Lik. From: Persian.
gazida5 ka5rik sD CpuD V. To tire
someone out; MVaWdm MWZ. mic gazida5 mo
ka5ri, aLayha5ka pa5ri. Dont bother me, go
over there. Syn: awace5k; cukuSe5k; maza5k
ka5rik; cukuSe5k; taK ka5rik; dru5{ik.
gaZaga5Zi yDCyD N. Walnut butter; OUril@L
My mr qMVdWZ r wVdWY y r . brbo
dru5Kki lo43 mi}a5i, lat dya5i, gaZaga5Zi
ka5an. Mashing walnuts, mixing with salt
and sugar, kneading, they make walnut
butter. [This is a thick mixture in contrast
to ja43ga.] Syn: ja43ga.
gaZe5k yD V. 1) To remember, to recall; mMWd
MWar. du5ra saw moc tay bo gaZa5iman
a5ini. At home everyone remembers you.
Proverb: moc tay ku5ra gaZa5an day
Someone is remembering (praising) you
(this is said as a response if someone
sneeze). 2) To praise, worship; WdrWZ
MWar OSmMVX ,MWar. khoda5y gaZa5a, se
ko}a5n hu. Worship God, he will be
pleased. Syn: sipha5t ka5rik; i}tikhe5k.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ga4 J N. Throat, front side of the neck; . ga4
p%i, aza5p da5i moc na}e5m. I will kill a
man by choking and torturing him. Whole:
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ga4wa4h%ak

gerde5k

may ha5tya. You are a worthless person to

me.
ga4wa4h%ak DIJ N. Rabbit; vzril.
Gen: bhero{anda5r wild animals.
ga43ha5ba DLDJ N. Burl, lump; `. SiS
ga43ha5ba. Skull.
Adj. Obese, round, burl-like; . a
pruST ne, mic ga43ha5ba }uLa5. This isnt
good, it is just a round burl. See also: o}
ga43ha5ba. Variant: ga4ha5mba.
gec f N. Hole in the skin bag used for
churning butter; flLqy d xz. Syn:
ga4K.
gec botik TL f V. To perform
magic; MWar EmMij. Syn: ja5du ka5rik.
gec bota5k DTL f N. Magician;
rEmMij. Syn: paLu5; jaduga5r.
gec dyek o f V. To spy on someone
or something and plan how to get it; OSM
MVaq d. a }a5sa istri{agu5a4kas ha5tya
gec dya5i a5am, ja ka5rim gho3%i. I have
spied on that girl and planned to get her,
hoping I would marry her.
gecdar ka5rik sD sCpe V. To look
after, to guard temporarily; MWX Wdm
MWar. tu sudo5n tha5ra gecdar ka5ri. Look
after the children. a ga5kan gecdar
ka5rim day. I am watching the cows.
[Things that typically stand as object are:
goats, children, possessions.] Syn: dha5rik;
Lu45ik; sektk.
gechawa5ri sCDe N. Evil spell (by
means of the evil eye); nWX IrWa. Syn: tayt.
gechawa5ri hik sCDe V. To
become sick or useless because of the evil
eye; MVa nWX IrWa. gechawa5ri ne hu
gho3%i a5bi thum dyek. We make a smoke
screen to ward off an evil spell.
gechawa5ri ka5rik sD sCDe V. To
perform sorcery by the evil eye; nWX IrWa
MWaM. [It is believed that just looking at a
desirable thing or animal can cause it to

later break or get sick and die.] See also:

jhip SaTe5k; ta yt ka5rik; ser ka5rik.
gechawa5w CDe N. Mediator in a love
affair; WXLq MVdqm xz q@L yzM
L WaLr. se ho5ma gechawa5w moc. He
is our mediator. See also: sulagara5w;
nanawa5ti.
geche5k e V. To aim (at something);
MVanWaMWX WaMxzWa. se pruST mru5an moc ne,
geche5k ne bha5au. He is not a good
hunter, he cannot aim. Syn: niSa5n ka5rik;
anda5z ka5rik. From: Khowar. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
gehe5k V. To use; MWa d MVZyHL.
caku5 {e bado5k khatarna5k. e5Li aktia5t
ka5i geha5ik baS. Knives and axes are
dangerous. These should be used with care.
Syn: aja5t ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
geha5rum sD N. Utensils (things that
are used as equipment); ,WdrsVdik MVZyHL
WZrWX. Syn: aspa5p; sama5n; Spec: gileT
cooking pan. See also: -a5rum; {uba5rum.
gehe5n N. Side, direction; r , PQWaMij.
may gehe5naw day ta5sa bo i}pa5ta ka5ri.
Greet him warmly for me! e5kta ta5sa
dra3%c4u4i, ek kha45wi gehe5naw. One on his
right, the other on his left side. tu ka5as
gehe5n? a begara5s Whose side are you
on? I am neutral. See also: paha5ra.
ger ka5rik sD t V. 1) To understand;
MVahj. may mon ger a5ri e? Did you
understand what I said? Syn: jho5nik;
ma{k. 2) To feel, experience; vxh
MWar. bho5njaw ger a5ri e. Did you feel the
earthquake? [Things that can be sensed or
felt include pain, wind, thunder, touch,
thirst, love, sadness, hunger, famine, and
happiness.]
gerde5k ot V. To whirl something
around; MWaMD. Syn: phirike5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
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gerdk

ghe5rik

gerdk ot V. 1) To turn, rotate, spin,

revolve; MVa ,MWar vzmr. a gaka5n
pSTaw gerdm day. I am following the
cows around. Syn: ghe5rik; phirkik;
Onset: gar suddenly. 2) To walk around;
MWaM rik. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
gere5k t V. To mate with, impregnate
(of animals); WZ Vaij M qWaMij. bra
pay gere5l day. The male goat is mating
with the females. [This is said of most
animals except dogs.] Able: buS mature,
virile; Syn: }uthu5k park; SuKgu5 park.
See also: {a4w
5 ik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
gerz park sDP ut V. To migrate
from one place; MWar OSrhj.
ges ~ N. Kerosene lantern; wVd
)L Vayzq(. From: English.
get
V N. Dust (such as that settles on
things); qMVXmr. pile5Taw {e Durba5taw
get sapha5 ka5ri. Wipe the dust off the
plate and pots! c4hruna upho5ni dye,
mco get nisu. Put the lid on the milk or
the dust will get in it. Syn: udho43%; kha5tur.
gezere5k tv V. To spend or pass
(time); MWaqLrs )PS(. wat gezere5m day.
Im spending the time. Syn: }okse5k; tere5k.
Variant: guzere5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ge5{i x Adv. Alone; Vd@L. ge5{i ghe5rian
day, gaST {a5yo ka5rik ne abha5imi.
Being alone, we could not quickly fix the
irrigation canals. Syn: kawalak. From:
Khowar.
gha D N. Small valley, vale or ravine
where a stream or streambed flows; ,mL
qm. a gha, aya5 bat in. mo pa5ri. This
is a ravine, here stones will fall. Dont go!
Syn: dara5. Variant: ga; gah; gahal (Urtsun
(Tu)). Etym: *ghala- stream T-4453.

gha awa5t SCE

D N. Riverside,
streamside, ravine edge; nWa ,qMVa M MWdqm
qMVa M.
ghac cD N. Song sung in the spring
festival; PSVd M qLWZ. Gen: gho43 song.
ghac dyek o cD V. To sing this song
while waving pear branches in the Joshi
Festival; M mr rWY qMWX Hzij
MWaM r MVdVaW` MVYyzMWa. [This is
done by the men during the Joshi festival
when they go off by themselves while the
women play at the dancing floor.]
ghanTa DYD N. Hour; V`Va. From: Urdu.
ghaT WD Adj. Dense, overgrown, thick;
MVa. khas ghaT. The grass is thick. Syn:
bos; ba5uLa.
gha5Tik XD V. 1) To ask for something;
MVaWaM. kha5li bianya5k pa5i ka5sio, ta,
du5ra ta, kha5rca gha5Tis day. }e3he3%o ko.
All you do is go out, and come back home,
and ask for spending money. Why do you
do like that? a tay pi kurs gha5Tim. I ask
you for a chair. Restrict: The source is
marked by pi from. 2) To beg; MVaWaM.
Etym: *ghaTTati decreases, is wanting
T-4415. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
ghere5k t V. 1) To turn over, rotate;
MWaMV`WY ,MWaqu. kita5p ekwa3 ghera5i. Turn
the book over! Syn: pelaTe5k. 2) To turn or
change the flow of water; MWY d MWa
MWaquik. u5ko ghere5s ne. {o5ntro ujen.
Change the flow of the water and repair
this mill! 3) To bring water into the
channel; MWaqu flq M MWY. pa5ri uk anda5y
ghera5i bro5nzay Lasae5li. Go and change
the flow of the water; we must irrigate the
meadow. Etym: *ghe2r- make go round,
surround T-4474.2. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ghe5rik t V. 1) To turn, rotate; MVaV`WY.
madra5k jho5niLa ki, o, a may
cu5nDiman a5sta gho3%i. madra5k ekwa3%
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ghon, ghond

ghraw
(of smallish things). Variant: go5na;
gha5na (Urtsun). Etym: ghana5- compact,
firm, dense T-4424.
ghonddre43%u sop N. A species of plant
that gives off a bad smell; LmWY M WdL
__ N WXnWX y wij.
ghone5rak Ct See main entry: gho5na.
ghont V N. Turn, time, opportunity
(especially to get ones grain ground);
qMWX. Syn: war; pho. See also: payra5.
ghoS N. Dough (for making bread);
MW`N L MnVa ,MW`N L rVdil. Syn: krSniLa
at. See also: maya5k. From: Khowar.
gho3%ik V. 1) To say, speak; MVa. gho3%i
ama5aw. Saying, he said. [The example is a
standard format for reporting speech.]
Actor: gho3a5w; Syn: mon dek; ma5trik;
Past(hearsay): gho3%ta he/she said; Spec:
aba5yo dek shout; waze5k ka5rik speak
clearly; was ka5rik to give a speech.
2) To think, intend; MVaiky. kay parm
gho3%i ctis day? When are you thinking of
going? From: Persian go5ya. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
gho43 N. Song, ballad, folk-song; PSVd.
Spec: dra{a5ylak slow folk-song ballad;
gando5Li; ghac; Dagina5y; ga5Laga5Li;
nagayro5; Use: dyek to sing; chaLe5k to
sing.
gho43 chaLawa5w CDd N. Singer, a
person gifted in composing songs; rMyz.
gho43 dyek hik o V. To
engage in a singing contest; M Vdy
MWar WXM.
gho43 dyek o V. To sing a song;
MWaM PSVd. a gho43 dyem. I will sing a song.
gho43dro5w sp N. Singer; L WaM MWaM.
Syn: }ar.
ghraw Ct N. Claws (as of a cat or bird);
ij. Use: dyek to scratch; Syn: kaw3;
dra5muc4.

ghe5riLa. hupala5o uk ha5da. When the

frog understood that the scorpion had been
stinging his back, he turned over. And the
water took away the scorpion (which had
been sitting on his back). kaw aghe5raw.
New year (lit: the year turned) (as at the
winter solstice). Syn: gerdk; phirkik.
2) To wander around; MWar mr qLN.
Etym: *ghe2r- make go round, surround
T-4474.2. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
ghe5ri ik C t V. To return, to come
back; MWaN rWY. tu ka5yo gher is? When
will you return?
ghe5ri t Adv. Again; qMWXm. Syn:
nokda5r; niSger; a5ci.
Adj. Next. ghe5ri kaw. Next year. ghe5ri
co5pa. Tomorrow.
gherim ka5La D t Adv. The year
after next; nWX My WdL. See also: aj
kaw.
ghon, ghond p , N. Stench, bad
smell; WX nWX.
Adj. Spoiled, bad smelling. Etym:
gandha5- smell T-4014.
ghon dek o V. To give off a bad
smell, to stink; MWaN WX nWX. ho5ma ka haw
khaca5 ka5i ghond dkas praw.
Something or other is beginning to smell
really bad to us. durk ka5ri bhanaw day
ghond del day. Shut the window,
something is smelling bad outside. Syn:
wa4kloc hk; gandu5irak dek. See also:
mos.
gho5na D Adj. 1) Big (of inanimate
things); LruWX. dra5c4ani kandra5k dra5{i
gho5na thi pu5ri muT hu. The grape
branches are growing longer and will fill
the (oak) tree. Ant: tsha5tak; chu5tyak;
Anim: ga5Da big (of animate things).
2) Important, great; Vd. [Probably this
sense is only used of people or personified
beings.] 3) Rich; rVd@L. Dim: ghone5rak big
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ghum

ghraw dyek o Ct V. To scratch with

claws like a cat; MWaqM ij. Syn: dramu5c4
dyek; kaw dyek; drikdrk ka5rik.
ghum N. Multi-stranded bunch (of
beads); qM. ek du ghum ma43k grim. I
will take one or two multi-stranded bunch
of beads. Unit: li} single strand.
ghum dyek o V. To make loud
noise; MVaij. di} ghum dyel day. Da5ran
u day e, ka haw? Its making a lot of
noise. Is a flood coming? What will
happen? Syn: brimbra5k ka5rik; Gen: char
ka5rik to make a noise.
ghusgha5p OD| Adj. Dirty; wij. may
cewbe5w ghusgha5p thi }an. My clothes
are all dirty. Syn: naz; phalt; wa4klo5ti.
ghuT W Adj. Concave or bowl-shaped;
L WeL. may c4hetr ghuT. My land is
bowl-shaped.
N. Pit, indentation, shallow hole;
ij. hawzu ghu5T. Pit-like goal into
which stones are thrown. dhu5uni ghuT.
The milking place in cattle yard. iKgro5k
ghuT. The fireplace in the center of the
room. Syn: khuS; ga4K; ce. Morph: ghuD.
Variant: guT.
ghu43 N. Necklace; qM. Syn: gadula5y;
gahana5. See also: ja43 ghu43; ja4j3 ay ghu4.3
ghu43%a C N. Wooden pole; ,MWX ,ru X
MVX. o5nja bonj ghu43%a o5ni a5am. Now I
have brought a holly-oak pole. Use: hen
ka5rik pry up; Syn: thu4.3
ghu43%i N. Goathair coat worn by
goatherds; ik DL. Syn: waLghu43%i. See
also: paTighu4i%3 . Variant: gu43%i. Etym: go2Nsack T-4275, 14454.
-gi
- Sfx. Nominalizer. taza-g. Health.
pagiza-g. Cleanliness.
gila5s { N. Cherry-like fruit; ZWd
Vd. Gen: muT plant; me3%wa fruit.

Y
hkWdm.

gileT

giwga5w

N. Aluminum cooking pan;

Gen: geha5rum utensils.
Variant: gile5T.
giliuta5r sDT N. Prisoner; qMVZr. a tay
skuna giliuta5r ha5wis. I have become a
prisoner of your romantic magic. Syn:
band. From: Persian.
gilt V N. Gilgit (town and district in
northern Pakistan); PS. glta jaha5s
pa5LiLa gho3%i hu5li thi }au. In Gilgit the
news that the airplane crashed became
known.
giLa ka5rik sD V. To complain;
MWar. se khoda5yas ha5tya giLa a5raw,
khoda5y tu may ko }e3%he3 a5ri, gho3%i? He
complained to God saying, God, why did
you do this to me? se he5Kka }a5ma giLa5
ka5riu day ki a ta5sa som me5har ne
ka5rim day. She always complains that I
do not love her. Syn: oSa5rik. Variant: giLa5
ka5rik. From: Persian.
gir1 t N. Saw; LqN. Use: dyek to saw;
Gen: aspa5p tools.
gir dyek o t V. To saw; ,MWaik LqN
MVaW`M y qN. }uLa5 gir dya5i. Saw the
board!
gir2 t Adj. Dark; LdnWa@L. tap gir
ha5waw. It is pitch dark. Syn: tramaSu5K;
c4hin; Max: tap.
gira5n Ct Adj. 1) Difficult, hard; xzE.
Syn: mu}kl; Ant: aska5n. 2) Harsh, strict;
L KV. se gira5n moc, ta5sa som
guzara5n ka5rik mu}kl. He is a strict man,
it is difficult to live with him.
3) Expensive; MVa. Syn: kima5t; Ant:
aska5n; arza5n. From: Urdu.
girba5kas {DDLt N. Gearbox, transmission;
wWX rVeVd. Whole: maTo5r jeep. From:
English.
giwga5w D N. Argument; Eqyz.
Variant: gawga5w.
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glok ka5rik

gonaTa5k

gole5y & N. Tablet, pill; )WeLm( .

gole5y SiS trupa5ikas ha5tya asa5r ne
a5raw. The pills did not improve my
headache. From: Urdu.
goLasa5k D| N. Species of small pear;
MVYyzMWa WdL. Gen: me3wa fruit;
Gen: ToK pear.
goLba5n DM N. Scarf; nVaWX. From: Urdu.
gon ku4nj ^ N. Wooden ladle;
WeLo ru.
gon, gonD r , N. Pole, stick, club;
ruik. istr{a duSa5Kki go5nDuna kay
}okhe5k sawze5n. Women make bands on a
forked stick. Variant: gunD; ganD
(Urtsun). Etym: gaNDa- joint of a plant
T-3998.1.
gon dyek, gonD dyek r ,o
o V. To put a stick in a persons navel
to discover an illness; War PSMWdqm qMVdWX
MWaMD r q rWY MWa ruik _Vd . gon
dya5i Len. They put a stick (in the navel)
and turn it. [After they discover the illness
they do the khet thek in order to heal it.]
See also: khet thek; Tako5r dyek; Lu5ian
dyek.
gonD bho5nik L r V. To make a
stretcher from poles; MWYqMik y pWao

giwga5w ka5rik sD D V. To argue,

debate; MWar Lruij ,MWar MWXLz qyz. atra5
ka giwga5w ka5i a5an? What did they
argue about?
glok ka5rik sD V. To burp, to belch;
MVaVd qMo. Variant: grak ka5rik.
gLak N. Swallow (of liquid); PUWa. ek
gLak Da may de la. Give me a swallow
of wine! See also: da5na; ka45wa1; kham2;
phaLk; ca5ni; }uru5p.
goane5r tC N. Governor; rWaq. From:
English.
gob L N. Cabbage, cauliflower; WX.
Gen: }ak vegetable. See also: kaLa5m.
goc pa5rik sDP c V. To go searching for
something; MVaWa d vzWZ. a5bi pu5tra
ha5tya ja goc pa5rik day. We are going to
look for a wife for our son.
gok N. Worm; qu ruVd. Variant:
go5hik.
go5ik phawa5Tik XCDP N. The
class of living things including insects and
reptiles; OSLzi. Spec: u{u4k
cricket;
{o5}i gok snail; pre5nja gok lady bug;
gok snake; uk ziKga5k dragonfly; bat
manDra5k turtle; bhu5mbur wasp;
pillak ant; upaLa5k spider; trumu5{ak
wasp; dants kind of fly; }iwiLa
centipede; baDacha5 large red insect;
gonDak ha3%} praying mantis; khawe5zak
bedbug; kundue5yak firefly; maDra5k
frog.
gok N. Snake; PRWaMy. Proverb: gok
cu5nDiLa moc }a5wala rajhu5k pa5}i
bihu. A man bitten by a snake will be
afraid if he sees a patterned rope; Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik reptiles or insects;
Sound: }i}pe43% ka5rik to hiss. Variant:
cua5na (Urtsun). Etym: gave2dhuka- a
kind of snake T-4104.
gokTo5k Y N. Mongoose; VdWa.
Herpestes edwardsi.

y pWao rsVdik qMWX WX ,MWaMVaWX

MWaMW`DL r nWaMWX. Lit: to tie poles. te to

gonD bho5ni, halo5n. They brought him on

a stretcher.
gonDk r N. Stick, cane; ,W`
ruik.
gonaTa5k DXD N. A kind of woodpecker
with white and red markings; fr nE nE
nWarWY M. kha5li SuSua43%Kk bribo5, gonaTa5k
alba5t a5}aw. This is only an empty walnut
shell, maybe a woodpecker has eaten it.
[This species is the size of a myna bird.]
Gen: pac4hy
% ak bird; Syn: mutsu5ak;
dondSS.
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gonDak ha3%}

go}nago5{i ka5rik

gonDak ha3%} D Cr N. Praying

mantis; LruVd M WdL. Lit: stick horse.
Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
gonDa5Li Cr N. Wooden milking pail with
a handle; WZrWX M ru L VZym. Matl:
bzu a kind of wood. See also: pa.
gonDgonDa5y ka5rik sD Crr V. To
throw someone out forcefully; rWdm m
MVaMWa. a tay gonDgonDa5y ka5am tu }ehe3%
pe ha5wi ha5w. I will throw you out if you
act like this. Syn: bizbiza5y ka5rik;
umbra5}ik.
-go5ni - Sfx. Quite, fairly, somewhat,
pretty, -ish; MxVdij ,My-. he3S }i}oyak-go5ni
jhone5s day. You seem quite attractive.
Restrict: This is suffixed to adjectives to
indicate an approximate degree. Syn: he3S.
gonj ^ N. Storeroom in a house; Lm.
go5njay chircha5r awa5s ha5waw. A noise
was heard in the store room.
gonpa5k DQ N. Wooden shoes; ru
WZij.
gor s N. 1) Grave, hole; X ,q. Syn:
ma5nDaw. 2) Foolishness or nonsense;
VdWX. go5raw mon mo de. Dont talk
nonsense! 3) Witch; Wdruik ,r mMij.
Syn: rhu5{i; kaphu5si. From: Persian.
gorwa5w; Cs Old witch; mMij quWX
Wdruik quWX ,r. From: Persian.
go5ra Cs Adj. White; nVdy. Gen: raK
color; Dim: go5irak; Max: pak2; Do:
dyek to get gray. Etym: gaura5- white,
yellowish, pale red T-4345.
go5ra dyek o Cs V. To become white
or gray; MWa nVdy MWX. cti {e du5ni may
co5Kay go5ra pron. Thinking and
pondering my beard become gray.
gora Cs N. Repeating rifle; nVaWX. [This
may be more powerful than a yawba5ni
rifle.] Gen: tupe5k gun; yara5k weapon;
Use: tyek to fire, shoot.

goraani kartu5s {TsD DCs N. Rifle

cartridge or bullet; nVaW.X Gen:
kartu5s, kartust cartridge.
goraLa5 Cs N. White lentils or beans; WdL
VdWX nVdy M . Gen: da4u5 beans.
gordo5k os N. Donkey; Mn. Proverb:
gordo5k tu5Sas ma5za ka jho5niu. What
does a donkey know about the taste of
straw? (meaning: an unlearned person
doesnt know about the finer things of
life); Sound: c4a4ha43%kik to bray; Gen:
haywa5n domesticated animals. Variant:
gardo5k; kha2r (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
gardabha5- ass T-4054.
gore5Tuk Lac4ha Dh Ys Adj. Reddish
orange; WeM ilE. Gen: raK color.
goria3%c4ak DiDs N. A kind of thorny
bush which goats graze on; WdL
quMij qLmqMil. [They say that if goats eat
this, they will give lots of milk.] Gen: muT
plant.
gorimu5n, gorimu5nd ps ,s N.
Peak called Gorimun; WdL PSWdqVXWX
ik quMWY. [This is thought to be the
home of fairies.]
gorLaKga5 Ds N. Place of large rocks; ruWX
ij L rVZWY ruWX. See also: LaKga5.
gorLo5ma Ds Adj. Sheeps wool-colored;
Waq M ruVdWX. Gen: raK color.
gorwa5za CuCs N. Partially ripe fruit of any
kind; WY L MWY LquWZ. See also: bolu5cu.
gorwe5lik s N. Vulture or other kitelike bird of prey; n. [Its big, white
feathers are dyed for headgear.] Gen:
pac4h%yak bird. Etym: garuDa5- a
mythical bird T-4041.
go} N. Free time, leisure; ,PSLr
PSVr. go} thi, ne go} gho3%i, guna5. It
is wrong to say you dont have free time if
you do. Syn: c4ho4.3
go}nago5{i ka5rik sD wD V. To
glean, gather up the remains of a harvest;
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goSa5ras

gra5nu

MWar MVaEik. sarie5n

han temple of Jestak, or in a house.]

Gen: ko}an celebration; we3S kare5k.
See also: bhut sambie5k; ceLk sambie5k;
kupa5sik sambie5k. Variant: goZnk
ka5rik.
goT W Adj. 1) Crazy, insane; MWY. Syn:
gade5ri; bey-a5kul; ric4 {ua5w; nasara5;
namaku5l; goTa5ni; kama5kul; goTha5nzur;
Ant: thara5r. 2) Asleep, without feeling; E
MWa. may baza5 goT ha5waw. My hand is
asleep. 3) Foolish. Variant: ghoT (Urtsun
(M)).
goTha5nzur svDX N. Foolish or crazyacting person; hjMWa. ey,
may
goTha5nzur. Hey, my crazy little one! [This
can be used as an endearing term to say to
a son or daughter or grandchild.]
go5zdum ou N. Trash, rubbish, foreign
object; PUr Lqu. go5zdum histi. Throw
out the trash! e5cay go5zdum pa5i }au.
Theres something in (my) eye. Syn:
tsapo5t.
goZ durk so y N. Festival of
womens milk collecting at the goat sheds
during Joshi; vzVd d wij qLWZ WdL

pe haw to5a, te brbo

ko4awa5w
su5da
go}nago5{i
ka5an.
go}nago5{i ka5i, kimo5n brbo sapra5an
pe haw te brbo tasim hin. After they
bring the walnuts into one place, the
children who have been picking up the
walnuts now pick up the gleanings and
whatever they find will belong to them.
Syn: khojawe5nik ka5rik. From: Khowar.
goSa5ras {CsD N. The purification
ceremony which begins Chawmos; zWd
q War MWY WaMil. [In this
ceremony, all places are purified and nonKalasha are prohibited from coming into
the village. Women are purified by SiS au5.]
Morph: goST-sa5ras.
goSni N. Rolling pin; MVaVdWX. Syn:
nakLa5cu. From: Khowar.
goST Z N. Barn, livestock house, goat
shed; WaMil zWd. [This place is
considered o5njeSTa ritually pure.] Part:
ba5tya ku little goats pen; gak ku cow
pen; ame43%a ku sheep pen; bac4ho45a ku
calves pen. Etym: go2STha5- cow-house
T-4336.1.
goSTnk ka5rik sD
Y
V.
Ceremony in which the maternal uncle
gives first new clothes to his nephew or
niece; VaWY@L vzVd d wij qLWZ WdL

gij mm y WaMil zWd MWZ dWZq

d r. Morph: goST durk.
gra Ct N. Stack of stalks of cut grain;
EWY V `. gu5um gra. Stack of cut

vzVd dWaDL r MVaWY ruVY vzVd hkWX

d WZMVaWX. a goZnk ka5rim day. may

wheat. juwa5ri gra. Stack of cut corn. Syn:

Dhay.
grambe5}u MCt N. Neighbor; ruWY. a
may grambe5}uas du5ra pa5i a5is. I had
gone to my neighbors house. See also:
grom village. Etym: gra2%ma- troop,
village 4368; ve2s5a5- inhabitant T12124.
gra5nu Ct Adj. 1) Pregnant (of women);
Mi. [Perhaps the least offensive way to
refer to pregnancy is hala5un park. gra5nu
is also more euphemistic, causing less
embarrassment.] Syn: oSwa5Li; umetwa5r;

pu5tra bhut sambie5m day. I am doing the

goZnk. I will dress my son in new clothes.
[This ceremony is for boys and girls and is
done in cawmo5s the winter festival and
{o5}i the spring festival. It is done twice
for boys and once for girls. The boys get a
new kamiz or shirt; the girls get a womens
headdress, kupa5s, (later she will get a
SuSu5tr head band). Its purpose is to
make the child a full member of the
Kalasha people. This is done in the je5stak
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granzu5

grie5k

gren t N. 1) Knot (as of rope); V`WaM.

gren bic4hiru day. DaK ka5i gren dye.
The knot is coming apart. Tie it tight!
2) Joint of two beams in a wall. [This layer
of beams is all fastened together at the
corners to tie the house together. A house
usually has three of these layers.] See also:
jaw gren. Etym: granth- knot, bunch,
protuberance T-4354.
gren da5r sCo t N. Interlocking timbers
in a wall structure; WaMij quij d qLWdm
ru L. Etym: gaNDa- joint of plant
T-3998.
gren dyek o t V. To tie a knot;
MVanWaMWX V`WaM. a su5tr gren dyem day. I
am tying the thread in a knot. Syn: bnDik.
gren SaTe5k XD t V. To interlock
beams by cutting in joints; dWZ M
MWaquij WZMy WdL dVZyz d. }e5mi
mi gren da5r gri gren SaTe5k. Well take
these very beams and interlock them.
gren tshr tl t Adj. Knotted and
tangled; MVahjDL M Mm. rajhu5k gren
tshir ha5waw, bic4ha5ri. The rope is all
tangled up, untangle it. Syn: no}; came5n;
karo4i%3 k.
greS t Adj. Peak, intense, high; nWdnyz.
greS neLa5. Peak summer (when it was very
hot). greS he5man. Peak winter (when it
was very cold).
N. Stink, foul smell, bad odor; PSWX
WXnWX. ka greS lo5chi }au. What is
smelling so badly.
gri1 t N. The village of Gri in Birir;
M WdL M rWdrWX mL. gruna {o5}i
ka5rin. They celebrate Joshi in Gri.
gri2 t N. Dancing place in Birir; mL
d VZikMWa Mij M WdL M rWdrWX.
grie5k t V. 1) To get ones self stuck;
MWaMxVaWY. a may baza5 ga45Kgay gria5i a5is. I
got my arm stuck in a hole. 2) To hit and
wound; MVa Mij. a tupe5k gri, tsas

uzurda5r hik; dur gehe5n. See also:

hala5un
park; jahitrum. 2) Slow
ripening; )gjVdWX( MWaLrWY. gra5nu bi. Seed that
is reused from year to year (ripening
slowly). Ant: lots.
granzu5 vCt N. 1) Passageway, path
between houses in a village; . Syn:
kulca5; Gen: phon, phond path. 2) Place
in a village to throw away trash; qu
do M PUr.
granzu5lak vCt N. A kind of dance
done during the Joshi festival; M WdL
d WZr d qMWX Hzij ij fkMWa. [In this
kind of dance, people can take coils of
willow branches and link together, or
women from one village form in rows with
arms linked and alternately approach
other lines.] Gen: naT dance.
grast V|Ct N. Wolf; MWdruVdWX. Gen: gadhya5k
predator; Sound: hu5i dyek to howl.
Variant: grhas (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
grastr0- swallower T-4362.
gra45wak CIt N. Larynx, Adams apple,
voice box; i. may gra45wak trupe5l
day. My throat hurts. Syn: ge4he5Tuk.
gree5k t V. 1) To hit something; Mij
qL OQMVdM ,MVa. a tupe5k gri, tsas
gree5s. I shot at and hit a bear. may pa5yas
bat DuDur ta grea5aw. A stone rolled
down and hurt my goat. 2) To hurt
something; MWar ilqs. a }uru5i, may
baza5 grea5i a5am. I fell and hurt my arm.
Syn: zaya5 hik. Prdm: Causative II
(sawze5k).
grek t Adj. Very dry, well-seasoned (of
wood); xzil MVZWaHL. }a }u5La bo Su5Si
}ia5La. phaka5t grek thi pa5i }ia5La. sak
pruST aKga5r hu. This wood has really
dried well. It has become very well
seasoned. It will make a really good fire.
Syn: pa5ki.
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grik

guda5s

grio5ni t N. Basket; rW`. Matl:

bew ta5Li willow branches. See also:
soho5La; khawa5; khapo5; cire5w; sawe5w;
dray; pruSThe5ni.
griwa5n Ct N. Shirt collar; MVXWdr. From:
Persian.
grom t N. Village; M. Syn: dey.
Variant: ghrom; deh (Rumbur). Etym:
gra2%ma- troop, village T-4368.
gro5muna Dt N. The village of Gromuna
in Birir and Rumbur Valleys; rWdrWX mL
M M qVXq q@L.
gron, gronD rt ,t N. Airport,
grounds, playground; pWaLr. From:
English.
gro5Kkik t V. To snore; MVaVd W`Lril.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
gru t N. Trap for birds; nWarWY
LnVaWY M WaruWY. [This is made by propping
up a stone which later falls on the bird(s).]
Syn: ka4mka45m; pha}; bethu5k trap; Use:
uje5k to set. Etym: gr05bhi- holder T4237.
grundu5ik pt V. To purr like a cat; rEil
MWar rEil. Variant: gundru5ik.
gruKgu5sti U|t N. Person who
speaks through his nose (as because of a
cleft palate); L VaWX y MWa. [This is
also used as an abusive term.]
gru43 t N. Nasal mucus, snot; WX. gru43
curu4u day. His nose is running. Etym:
ghra2Na5- smelling T-4531.
gua5 C N. Witness; L. gua5 guah del. A
witness bears witness. From: Persian.
guah dek o C V. To testify, bear
witness; MVaWdm L. Syn: baya5n dek.
guah C N. Testimony, witness; L.
guda5s {Co Adj. Difficult, troubled,
involved, tired; L VaWdm MWZ ,xz. Syn:
Zek.
N. Trouble, effort, hardship; VdWZ. aj
kaw {o5}i pruST mu5ci, beS guda5s ne

grie5s. I shot at and hit a bear. a }uru5i,

may baza5 gria5i a5am. I fell and hurt my
arm. Syn: za5ya hik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
grik t V. 1) To take, grasp, hold,
catch; MVaVd. Restrict: The thing that is
grasped is marked by -ani from. Onset:
Tap suddenly; Reversive: dek to give;
Syn: awcik; Max: Tap suddenly;
Past(hearsay): ghre5Da he/she took. 2) To
buy; MWanWdril. Reversive: brKkik to sell;
Past(hearsay): gre5Da he/she took.
Variant: ghrik. Etym: gr0bha2ya5ti takes,
seizes T-4236.1, 4235. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
gri t Rel. With, instrument; y. bado5k
gri, a5ris. I did it with an axe. [Although
this word is technically the participle of the
verb grik to take, we have classed it as a
relator meaning with since that is its
major use.] Variant: ghri. Etym:
gr0bha2ya5ti takes, seizes T-4236.1, 4235.
grike5yn t N. Handle or handhold;
VZym. mu5Ta u5STikas ha5tya grike5yn ne
}au. There is no handhold for climbing
the tree.
grLa t Adj. 1) Wet; Vd. may
kasakdaru5 bo }i}o5yak. aya5 wes grLa
ne hu. My gunpowder is very nice. Here
it will not get wet. Syn: tok. 2) Alive (of
plants); nWaqs. Variant: grla (Urtsun).
Etym: *grilla- wet, damp T-4386.
grim t N. A kind of lentils; WdL
Lm. See also: tsi; baDara5k.
grinj ^t N. Rice (refined but uncooked);
Mik hk. Syn: }al; pakt.
grKga Dt N. Silver or metal neck
ornament; . Etym: *graiviya2Kkanecklace T-4397.
grKga aTh XC Dt N. Collarbone; xVa
)p (. Whole: jhan, jhand body.
Etym: *grva2KkuTa- neck-angle T-4388.
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gudza5k ka5rik

guma5n

gula5p O N. Rose; OQ. Gen: gambu5ri

flower. Morph: gula5b. From: Persian.
gulpark sDQ N. Dedication ceremony
of newly born children at Joshi; qLWZ WdL

a5raw, surak ne e? This year in Joshi it

has rained well. The sun didnt make too
much trouble, did it?
guda5s hik {Co V. 1) To take
trouble, to trouble oneself; rWY ORN VaWYL
MWa VdWZ. aya5 za5zir {o5ntruno ku5ra
guda5s hu? Who will trouble himself in
this broken-down mill? Syn: khando5r hik.
2) To
become
worn
out,
tired,
inconvenienced; MVaVdij Zhly. khawalak
moc }e3%he3 tho guda5s his day alba5t.
When a man is alone like that, you will
perhaps wear yourself out (with work).
Syn: Zek hik; agra5ik; khesma5t hik;
japaja5 hik.
guda5s ka5rik sD {Co V. To tire
someone out, trouble someone; d xz
MWar VaWZ ,MVaLo. se ho5ma guda5s ka5riu
day. Hes tiring us out.
guda5si |Co N. Trouble; VdWZ ,Zhly.
gudza5k ka5rik sD D V. To soak, to
get thoroughly wet; MWar Vd. a5ma
nisike5yn a5sta gudza5k ka5da his. It
seems that you have gotten this sitting
room all wet. Variant: guza5k ka5rik.
guki Cnj. As though; MWd ,xVdij. se
may pa45aw guki ki a he4 ka5i a5is. He
hit me as though I had stolen something.
guju5r s\ Adj. Gujar (of or pertaining to
the Gujars, a semi-nomadic shepherding
people); __Lrik vznWX WaMil ,rhjD. guju5r
gro5m. Gujar village (in Rumbur Valley).
N. Gujar person; mr rhjD.
gul N. Crowd, throng; hj. atra5 ka
gul thi }au? Whats that crowd over
there (doing)? See also: alagu5l.
gul samba5r sDMD| N. Yellow flower
similar to a marigold; WY mqqs WdL. Gen:
muT plant; gambu5ri flower.
gu5lak bribo5 MtL N. Walnut nut that
comes out of its shell whole; OUril@L MxWd@L
Wa PSWXMW^ rWY WaquWZ ij.

hkWX e LnVdWY rWX My d wij

__ MWZ zij q@L __ Mij ZVa. [Each

mother must bring several kilos of fruit in a

basket.]
gulparik khu45 sDQ N. Decorative
hat worn by children for the Gulparik
ceremony; qLWZ WdL ij W` WdL
d WZMVaWY hkWX W`ik rWY.
gu5Lak N. Raw brown sugar; ru.
guLe43%a D N. Folded layer; WZ. caw
guLe43%a. Four folded layers. Syn: kap.
guLn N. 1) Lap; m. a5ya i. may
guLna nis. Come here! Sit on my lap!
2) Front panel of ones shirt or dress;
ij. su5da guLna kay, bribo ko4a5n.
Children gather walnuts and put them in
the apron of their shirts.
guma5n D N. Thought, suspicion, idea,
supposition, guess; M. may ghuma5n
se tay praw, ma5gam ne dta. I suspect
that he gave it to you, but it seems he
didnt give it. Syn: khia5l; cit. From:
Persian.
guma5n hik D V. To suspect
someone of doing something; MWa M.
may tay pi ghuma5n hu day, tu may
ka5pi he4 ka5i a5as. I suspect that you have
taken my copy book. may ghuma5n hu
}a5sa mo5cas thara. I suspect him (of the
wrongdoing). Restrict: The object is
marked by pi from or tha5ra on.
guma5n ka5rik sD D V. To suspect
someone of doing something; MWar M.
Restrict: The person suspected is marked
by pi from.
guman jho5nik \ D V. To
guess, estimate; MWaM qsLnWa@L. se ne5ji u e,
a guman ajho5nis, se u day gho3%i.
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gumLe5t mastru5k

guzara5n

guru5r ka5rik sD ss V. To be proud;

MWar qr.
gurze5n us N. Garden (near the house);
MWX. gurze5nay gambu5ri. There are
flowers in the garden. See also: bak; kher.
From: Khowar.
gurzk us V. To threaten someone by
moving angrily towards them; d KV
MVaruWX N. tu ka gurzs day? Why are
you bumping (me)? Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
gu5spik Q| V. 1) To look for
something; MWar vzWZ rmDL rmHL. ka
gu5spas day? What are you looking for?
Syn: kho5jik. 2) To monkey around, waste
time; MWar WeMV PS r rmDL rmHL.
Syn: sakera5t hik; rim}a5m dyek; simso5m
hik. 3) To do something very slowly; We
MWar VZxN VZxN WX. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
gu}k N. Vulva; M z OSq.
Syn: ge5yni; }aru5m; Whole: jhan, jhand
body.
gu}ik ga45K J N. Vagina; HLnWa@L
MWa. Whole: jhan, jhand body.
gu5um N. Wheat; nVa. gu5um {e a4n,
puru5S awe5l day le5tras Sa5Tan. The men
first begin by harvesting the wheat and
millet. Gen: pha5sil grain crop; niama5t.
Variant: gu5m; gom (Urtsun). Etym:
go2dhu2%ma- wheat T-4287.
guzara5n CsCu Adj. Good enough, not
perfect but passable; qLrs. From: Persian.
guzara5n ka5rik sD CsCu V. 1) To get
by; MWar qLrs. a tay ek }or ru5pia pra.
}sa tha5ra guzura5n ka5ri. I have given
you 100 rupees. Get by with this! 2) To
endure, to put up with; MWar qLrs. se
gira5n moc, ta5sa som guzara5n ka5rik
mu}kl. He is a strict man, it is difficult to
live with him. Syn: barda5} ka5rik; kheSk;
jira5ik; tap o5nik; dork.

Since he has not yet come, I guess he is

coming.
gumLe5t mastru5k tU|D
V N.
Month of wheat harvest (July); nVa
VaVd M MV`. Whole: neLa5 summer.
gumph Q Adj. Split, cloven; quLqm.
zemn gumph }au. The earth is split (as
from an earthquake).
guna5 D N. Evil deeds, bad works, fault,
blame; MVa. guna5ani draZnk, khoda5y
pa5}i bihk. (It is good) to go away from
evil deeds and to reverence God. Syn: ayp;
kusu5r. From: Persian.
gunaga5r sDD N. Evildoer, sinner; MVa
qM.
gu5Kgur s Adj. Hollow (of trees);
. }a muT gu5Kgur hu5La. This tree
has become hollow it seems.
gu5raka DCs Adj. 1) Heavy; qMWX. Syn:
boac; Ant: lots; ph%}tyak. 2) Important,
meaningful; )OSMWX( ruWX. bo gu5raka mon
praw. He said important things. 3) Proud,
unwilling to help others; qr. Ant: lots.
Variant: agu2r% ak (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
guru5- heavy T-4209.
gurdumk os V. 1) To jump so as to
attack; MVaV`VYij. 2) To become angry; N
MWa WX. ka gurdum a5as? may ka
bihe5s. Why are you angry? You cant
scare me. Syn: aKga5r hik. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
gurgiT }a45 J Zs N. Match stick; wikM
VdWZ . gurgiT }a45 gri, aKga5r upue5n.
They kindle a fire with matches.
gurgu5nT Zs Adj. Deep (as of water);
L ,Mru. Syn: paha5n; kudhu5m; khuS;
Ant: tharka; bi{a5r.
gu5ru s N. Guru village in Birir Valley;
M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
guru5r ss N. Pride; qr. Syn: pha5kur. See
also: joSTo5ruk. From: Arabic.
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gu{uka5n

hal

gu{uka5n Dw N. Large red species of

mulberry; OSVZyz M WdL. Gen: mrac4
mulberry.
gu3%zi v Adj. Dented; L _ru. khu4i5
ba5tay mo tye. gu3%zi gu3%zi ka5i tha5la his
gu3%zi thi }iau. Dont hit the bowls with

rocks. It seems you kept denting them and

put them down so they are dented.
N. Dent; e ruWY rWY gy WZrWX
_ru. Variant: gu5nzi.
gu3z% i ka5rik sD v V. To dent
something; MVaLo _ru.

h
D N. Breath; Mij ,wWaMy. moc pe
ana5}aw haw, ta5sa ha draSnu. If a man
dies, his breath immediately leaves. Syn:
phuS. 2) Spirit; fq. Syn: ruk.
ha ka5sik |D D V. To breathe; wWaMy
MVaik. a5sa ha ka5siu day. He is breathing.
Syn: phuS ka5sik.
ha kase5k |D D V. To breathe in and
out; MVaVd wWaMy. Syn: phuS kase5k.
-ha D- Sfx. Direction; PS ,r. de5nta
kimo5n ho5tiLa haw, }amonm di-ha5-k
ware} upulu. The hawk will fly as high
as the mountain may be. Variant: -hak.
ha5haha DDD Intj. 1) Command to oxen to
turn around; i VdWX. 2) Call men
make when dancing; VZikMWa ij qsLN WdL
d VZMWa e. See also: don.
ha5i
D V. Taking (present participle of
ha5rik to take); r Mij .
ha5i thek T D V. To put something
away; MVaq r Mij . Syn: de5}a thek. See
also: ha5rik.
hak D N. Rightful possessions; i. ka5as
ha5kas tha5ra mon ne dieli. One should
not say anything about anothers
possession (without knowing what he is
talking about.) [Things that qualify as
ones hak are: his wife, his children, his
livestock and his land. A woman may also
claim these things as her hak, but she
ha1

cannot claim her husband in this way.]

From: Arabic.
hakda5r sCpD N. Elder, authority, person
who has responsibility; qLm i. may a5ya
{e da5da may hakda5r. My parents are my
elders. Syn: citwa5La. From: Arabic.
hakida5 CpD N. Religious belief, tradition,
superstition; nVd . moc sa5ras dyel haw,
hakida5as tha5ra dyel. A man who offers
juniper on an altar does it because of
religious belief. o5njeSTa mos istri{o5n ne
den hakida5as tha5ra. They do not give
holy meat to women because of religious
belief. From: Arabic.
hakida5 ka5rik sD CpD V. To observe
rules of traditions; MWar nVd. onja5aw
kaLa5Sa juana5n hakida5 ne ka5rin. The
Kalasha youth of today do not keep the
rules of traditions.
hakta5 DUD Adj. Sterile (of people or
animals); mr MWa ,il. ku45iLa biro5n kay
hakta5 gho5an. They call castrated billygoats, hakta5. Syn: isto5ra; hinDa5w;
abaDo45i. Variant: akta5.
hal
D N. Condition, destiny, fate; Mi. tu
pe may hsti para5 ha5waw, ma5yo ka
hal? If you forsake me and go away, what
will happen to me? Syn: siha5k; }kil.
From: Arabic.
hal chaLe5k Dd D V. To remedy or
save a bad situation; MVaMWa i. ba5Sik dya5i
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hala5k

hamla5 ka5rik
this (indicated) way! Variant: -ala; -ali;
-la.
halk D V. 1) To bring something
(animate); MWa )qLnWaMij(. don khe3%lay hal
a5as? What kind of bull did you bring? a
ko5ci, {ay ka5i, uk halm day che5truna
ha5tya. I will bring water for the fields by
digging and getting the channel ready.
Restrict: Other than human beings, water
and motor vehicles can also fill the object
position. CPart: nik to take something
(animate); Inan: o5nik bring something
(inanimate). 2) To bear a child; aij )hkWX(
MVaWdm. se du ku5a4k ka5i, put hal a5au. She
has given birth to twin sons. Object: put,
putr son; chu daughter; Past(hearsay):
halu5na he/she brought. Variant: alk.
Etym: a2%labhate2 takes hold of, obtains T1362. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
halikapTe5r tYPDD N. Helicopter; Vd
rV`WYM. From: English.
haliwa5 CD N. Sweet dessert; i. From:
Arabic.
haLe5k D V. To cook in boiling water;
MVaMWXDL. a ciclak haLe5m. I will cook some
sweet corn. mos haLa5i. Cook some meat.
Syn: pace5k; wiSe5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ha5Li D V. You (plural) become!; .
Restrict: This is the irregular 2nd person
plural and imperative form of hik
become. See also: hik.
hami}a5 DD Adv. Always; xzVd. Syn:
muka5m. Variant: ami}a5; ham}. From:
Persian.
hamla5 ka5rik sD D V. To attack
someone; MWar i. baDu5La phu5}ak
jaKga5li phu5}akas tha5ra hamla5 ka5da.
The fat cat attacked the wild cat. Restrict:
The object is marked by tha5ra on. From:
Arabic.

gu5um Dhay khara5p ka5au day. di aLa5y

ha5tya ka hal chaLe5k. The rain will spoil
the stacks of wheat. Then how shall we
save the situation there?
hal grik t D V. To spy; VZWY Mi
MWar yMij ,MWar.
hala5k D Adj. Emaciated, weak, thin;
VZWY WXEm ,qrs. Syn: kamzo5r.
hala5n ka5rik sD D V. To think about,
take notice of, consider; r ,MVaiky
MWar. hala5n ka5ri ki co5po du5ras khaun
u day, onja a5ma sawzae5li. Remember
that tomorrow the owner is coming. We
must repair it today. Variant: ala5n ka5rik.
hala5t SD N. Difficult condition; PSMi.
zu5lum ka5i pe krom banda5an haw,
mo5cas tha5ra hala5t iu. If they are cruel
and make a man work really hard, it will be
hard for him. Syn: guda5s. From: Arabic.
hala5t o5nik C SD V. To make
someone work hard; MVaWdm VdWZ. ba5ya
ho5ma tha5ra hala5t o5ni a5au. Our brother
made us work hard.
hala5un park sDP D V. To become
pregnant; MWa Mi. se hala5un pa5i a5au.
She has become pregnant. [Of the different
ways to refer to pregnancy, this one seems
to be quite acceptable.] Restrict: This is
simply the passive construction of ha5lik.
Syn: uzurda5r hik; umetwa5r; dur gehe5n;
gra5nu; oSwa5Li. See also: jahitrum.
hale5k D V. To allow someone to live or
stay; MWaLW`. a tay aya5 hale5k ne
bha5am. I am not able to let you stay here.
Syn: apa5w dek. Variant: ale5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
-hala DD- Sfx. In the direction of, towards;
r ,PQWaMij. pre3hak-hala. In a
downstream
direction.
a
phon
undruhak-al-a. This path leads in a
downward direction. }e3he3-la pa5ri. Go in
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han, hand

hard

har awa5ta DTCE sD Adv. Everywhere; r

ij. har awa5ta juwa5ri Len day. They
harvest corn everywhere.
har ek C sD Adj. Every, each one; r
WdL. From: Persian.
harge5z vsD Adv. Whenever; rs r.
harge5z ne. Never. Syn: kay a5sta.
har2 From: Urdu.
har hik sD V. To lose; MWaMij qM. a
har ha5wis ta5si pi. I lost to them. Ant: jit
(hik).
har ka5rik sD sD V. To win; MVaWdm Lr.
Lit: make to lose. a te har a5ris. I beat
them.
har mank D sD V. To accept or
admit defeat; MWar VdxWZ PSxyz. may
tha5ra beSe5s day, a har man a. You are
beating me, I have accepted defeat. har
mo man. hawsala5 ka5i SaLo5m Sa5Tas.
Dont accept defeat. Be encouraged and
start wrestling!
hara5ik CsD V. To swallow; MVaWa. a
gole5y dem, tsapa5as mo, hara5as. I will
give you a pill; dont chew it, swallow it!
Syn: }ophk; {uk; Past(hearsay): hara5iLa
he/she swallowed. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
harda5u CosD N. Feed for cows; VdxzWd
Lqil. [This is made from old bread,
flour, water, salt and other leftover food.]
hard osD N. Heart, soul, emotional center;
m. Syn: h|4a5 . Etym: ha2%rdi- interior of
body, heart T-14064 (via Khowar).
hard dek o osD V. To encourage;
MVaWdm m. Syn: dilasa5 ka5rik; ba}a5r ka5rik;
umu5ru ka5rik; hawsala5 dek.
hard lots ka5rik sD k osD V. To
become encouraged (by talking out a
problem); MWar M m.
hard Lu5Sik osD V. To please;
MWaMij m. }a5sa istr{a may hard
aLu5Saw. That girl pleases me very much.

han, hand pD ,D N. 1) Temple of the

goddess Jestak; Mij M MWd M LruWX WdL
Vd WZr Lm@L OSMEyq VZhl vzVd.
ha5nduna tyap pu5ri moc a5an. The
temple is full of people. [Every clan used
to have a temple, but many have now
collapsed or are falling into disrepair.] See
also: je5STak. Variant: je5STak han; rikhni
(han) (Birir). 2) House (Birir dialect); r.
Variant: dur (Bumburet). Etym: *handhaplace, house T-13970.
ha5ndaw coT Wd CpD N. Designs used
in the temples; qMWa wzWa M OSmMVX.
Gen: coT design.
han saras {DsD| D Id. Let it be, amen;
VdN. [This is a phrase said by the Kalasha
in the singing of na5gayro, in cawmo5s the
winter festival. A man or woman sings a
lead line and the people answer with this
phrase.] Etym: *sa~ryate2
flows
together T-12995.
ha5ni D Adv. That much (as much as one
might expect); MVaWZDL ,MVaWZHL. o5nja ha5ni ne
bihn. Now they are not that much afraid.
}a5se istr{a ka ha5ni }i}o5yak ne. That
girl is not all that beautiful. Syn: }amo5n.
ha5nu D N. 1) Pillow cover; . 2) Knife
sheath; VdWZ Vaq Mik. Syn: ka{o45i.
ha5nyak DD N. Four-legged stool; ,MVYWZ
V`y. [The legs are made of bribo5
walnut, the cross bars of bonj hollyoak. The seat is woven bull hide.] Syn:
kurs; Create: ka5rik to make; bhnik to
weave. See also: nisk. Etym: hayanacovered palanquin T-13977.
haK D N. Music, tune; Lq ,Vdy.
ka haK ka5i a5as? kaLa5Sa haK. What
music have you played? I have played
Kalasha music. Syn: sas.
har1 sD Adj. Every; r. har a5dua adhe5k
adhe5k kha5Si. Apply a little every day!
From: Persian.
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hardia5r park

ha5rik

hardia5r park sDP sDosD V. 1) To forget

about something; MWaMij WX ,MVaHHWa y m. a
ek mo5cas du5ra pa5i a5is. may ha5tya
pruST ksmat a5raw. may hardia5r ko
paru? I went to a mans house. He treated
me very well. Why should I forget that? ek
moc may kay kha5ca mon praw. may
hardia5r ko paru? A man said some bad
things to me. Why should I forget what he
said? Syn: pra5Smik. 2) To be satisfied,
have ones desire realized; MWarWX ij. a aj
a5dua sayl ka5i a. may hardia5r para5w. I
went for a walk today and my desire was
satisfied. Variant: hardio5 park.
hara hik DsD V. To imitate, mimic;
MWaqMWZDL Wa. ka5as hara hik? Whom shall
we imitate? may hara mo ha. Dont
imitate me! Syn: peru5k hik; na5kal ka5rik.
ha5rik sD V. To take or take away
something (inanimate); MWaMij . preu, }u5La
ha5rik. Lets go, lets take the wood!
go5STuna pa5i a5is, c4a5Sa he5ri do5a o5nim
day gho3%i. I had gone to the barn to bring
back the package of c4aS5 a cheese. Anim:
nik to take something (animate); Spec:
ku5Ski dyek carry in ones arms; a5Sa
thek carry on shoulder; dra5zik carry on
ones back; bihrik carry from place to
place; ku5tulak no43 dyek carry under
ones arm; kuLm ka5rik carry in arms;
uchu5nyak ka5rik carry in arms;
Past(hearsay): ha5da he/she took; Past:
ahe5raw he took away; Ppl: hai taking.
Etym: a2h
% arati fetches, gets T-1541,
13980.1. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).

}a5sa cay bo ma5wra }ia5La, may hard

aLu5Saw. That tea was very sweet, I liked it
very much.
hard park sDP osD V. To become
love sick, infatuated; MWaN m. Lit: ones
heart goes. }ato5 istr{a pa5}i, may hard
para5w. When I saw that girl I fell in love.
Syn: a}e5k hik.
hard Sa5Tik XD osD V. To fall in
love, become romantically inclined toward;
MWaN m WY . Lit: ones heart connects.
may }a5sa istr{agua45kas som hard Sa5Ti
}au. I lost my heart to that girl. Syn: a}e5k
hik.
hard thek T osD V. To concentrate
hard on something, be engrossed in; y m
MWar. a5La hard tha5i niwe5}iu day. He is
concentrating hard as he is writing.
hard ukute5k TC osD V. To feel
nauseous; MWaN VZ ,MWar `DL. may hard
ukute5l day. I feel nauseous. Syn: kha5ca
sos ka5rik. From: Khowar.
hardichn hik eosD V. To have
ones fill of something; ,MWa VZyzLmrWX m
MWaMij rWX m. a5bi hardichn thi a5ik. We
have had our fill (of that). Morph: hard
chnik hik.
hardipha5t hik SDQosD V. 1) To
long for someone or something, be
lonesome for or miss; MWaN mMWd ,MWar mMWd.
hardipha5t thi a5sik. We are heavy hearted
(because we are not home). [The person or
place missed is marked by ba5ti.] 2) To be
distressed or worried; MWa vLmDL m.
kawalyak thi, hardipha5t him day.
Being alone, I am getting worried. From:
Khowar.
hardipha5ti ka5rik sD TDQosD V. To
grieve, to mourn for a deceased loved one;
MWar . se ta5sa ba5ti hardipha5ti ka5riu
day. He is grieving about her. Syn: }ok
ka5rik.

Past tense of ha5rik

Singular
Plural
ahe5r-is I took
ahe5r-imi we took
ahe5r-i you took ahe5r-ili you took
ahe5r-aw s/he took ahe5r-an they took

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harlak

haw

harlak sD Adj. Green; rsVXy. Max: phik;

Gen: raK color. Variant: ha5rra (Urtsun
(Tu)). Etym: ha5rita- yellow, green T13985.
ha5riLa sD N. Nausea; VZ ,WX. mo5cas
ha5riLa }au. The man is nauseated. may
ha5riLa ka5riu day. I feel sick. Gen: lahaz
sickness.
ha5riLa cmbar sDMd sD N. Brass,
copper, bronze; VZVdWY. Gen: cmbar
metal. Etym: ha5rita- yellow, green T13985.
ha5rkin sD N. Elbow; Va. Whole:
jhan, jhand body. Variant: harka5.
has, hast V|D ,{D N. 1) Measure from
elbow to fingertips, a cubit; WZM
)wzWeMVdWY(. pa5ti ponj hast {e ek jiST ka5i
bhni. Put enough wool on the loom for
five cubits and one hand-span! Syn: baza5.
See also: nmuS; jiS, jiST; caw a43%gu; khoS;
anjl; paSu5k. 2) Forearm, wrist; We.
may iste43%ik may ha5stay }au. My bangle
is on my forearm. Etym: ha5sta- hand,
forearm as measure of length T-14024.
ha5stan ka5rik sD DU|D V. To signal
with the hands; MWar qMyzHL M WZM. se
anda5y i gho3%i ha5stan a5raw. He signaled
us to come to him. See also: i}a5ra ka5rik;
niSa5n ka5rik; e5can ka5rik; u5STan ka5rik.
has khaLe5k D {D V. To make a
circular motion in greeting with the hands
down and away from the body; M WZq
MWar y y WZM. Restrict: This is only
done by a Kalasha woman to a Kalasha
man. It is accompanied by a curtsy. The
man returns the greetings by saluting and
saying, i}pa5ta. Syn: i}paDe5k; wa5{ik hk;
sawa5{ hik; khu5Ti dyek. Morph: hast
khaLe5k.
hast hik V|D V. To come into
ones possession or power, to be found;
MWaN WZM. gordo5k may hast ha5waw. a

gordok tha5ra nsi a. The donkey came

into my possession. I mounted him. se
may hast hu. He will come into my
grasp. Syn: mu5ca4 ik.
ha5si |D N. Food after a time of not
eating, breakfast; VZyzMWa.
ha5si hik |D V. To eat a little bit;
MWaM hk. ha5si ne thi a5am. I have not
eaten anything. Ant: weha5si hik; awe5ri
hik.
weha5si hik |D V. To go
without eating; MWa eM hk dWX.
Morph: we-ha5si.
hat
SD N. 1) Physical boundary; ni. Syn:
burida5; jhaw. 2) Control, limit. tu bo
ha5tani nSki thi a5as. You are out of
control. Morph: had. From: Arabic.
ha5tya DTD Rel. 1) To; . a c4aTra5w ha5tya
pa5rim day. I am going to Chitral. 2) For
(the benefit of); _Vd . a5bi yaw peTrol
gri, yaw kakawa5Kkan ha5tya khu5rak
gri Zar i. Either get some petrol, or feed
for the chickens and come quickly! 3) For
the purpose of; _Vd . pha5to te au5 {u5kas
ha5tya nisu5na. Then they sat down to eat.
3) About; d qMWX . tu alba5t may
ha5tya ba5cas chu5Las gho3%i ctis day.
You are perhaps thinking about me that I
am a kings daughter. 4) With; WZMy . a
ta5sa ha5tya a}e5k ha5wis. I fell in love
with her. Etym: a5rtha- aim, cause T638.
haw1 D N. Plough; . a haw gri kiS
ka5am day. I plough with a plough. Matl:
bribo5 walnut wood; Part: he3S, he3ST
plough tongue; drawa5w plough colter;
ha3%stak plough handle; kyu wooden
wedge; patwili wedge securing plough
tooth in plough; ju go5nDak part of yoke
around oxs neck; che leather strap
connecting plough tongue to yoke;
achardni wedge for holding the plough
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haw

hazr a5sik
day, krom a5sta ka5ri ne. You are only
drinking water, try also to get a little work
done as well! From: Arabic.
hawyu5 D N. Attempt; wzyz.
hawyu5 dyek o D V. To try hard to
do something; MWar wzyz PShly. a bat
upre5m gho3%i bo hawyu5 pra, ma5gam ne
abha5is. I tried hard to lift the rock but I
couldnt. Syn: ku}u5} ka5rik.
hawyu5 Sa5Tik XD D V. To try hard
to do something; MWar wzyz PShly.
hawzu5 uD N. Game like horseshoes
played by throwing stones; wij Vd WdL
d WZMij VaVdWY rWY WaMxzWa rVZWY d. anda5y
eu5, hawzu5 mu5{ik. Come on, lets play
hawzu [This is a game like horse-shoes
but played with stones. Stones are thrown
by about six or seven men into a specified
area. The closest stones score.] Gen: Labe45
game; Part: Tuc goal to which stones are
thrown; hawzu ghuT pit. Variant:
awzu5.
hawzu ghu5T W uD N. The pit-like
goal into which stones are thrown in the
game of hawzu5; VaVd r VaVdWY rVZWY
ij. Whole: hawzu5.
hay ka5rik sD D V. To yawn; Mij
MVaVd. may hay ka5riu day. I am yawning.
hayra5n CtD Adj. Surprised, amazed;
Ldi. sa krom pa5}i, tu hayra5n his.
You will be surprised when you see his
work. Syn: tajb (pa5}ik). From: Arabic.
haywa5n CD N. Domesticated animals;
LVdi. Spec: pay goat; ame43%a sheep;
gak cow; ha3} horse; }o43%a dog; phu5}ak
cat; gordo5k donkey; game5S buffalo;
dzok yak; Syn: malaha5l; loga5r. From:
Arabic.
haza5r sCuD Num. One thousand; qLrs. From:
Persian.
hazr a5sik |C tuD V. To be present (of
animate beings); MWa Mi. a tara5

share in place; Use: kSik to plough. See

also: kamde5n yoke-pole. Etym: hala5plough T-14000.
haw2 D Aux. 1) Subjunctive, hypothetical
aspect. tu may tha5ra isto5ri pe ha5wi
haw, a tay payrana5k waze5m. If you
will get up on my back, I will take you
across the water. 2) Ever. ka kSis haw,
}atom Les. Whatever you sow, that you
will harvest. a ne jho5nim, te kay paro5n
haw. I dont know when (ever) they went.
Cnj. When. lado5Si ubu5ji a5sau haw,
ga5Da tho se5o pa5i, biruay ja ka5i
a5sau. When Ladoshi was born, he grew up,
went to Birir and got married.
haw3 D V. Became (past tense root of hik
to become). ha5w-aw. It happened.
hawala5 ka5rik sD CD See main entry:
awala5 ka5rik.
hawl D N. Wall around a house; qMik
qLWdm.
hawsala5 D|D N. Courage; Vi.
From: Arabic.
hawsala5 dek o
D|D V. To
encourage someone; MVaWdm Vi. se may
hawsala5 praw. mo bih. a tay som
a5sam. ku5ra tay khe3 ne ka5rin. He
encouraged me. Dont be afraid. I am with
you. No one will do anything to you. Syn:
1dilasa5 dek; tasal dek; umu5ru ka5rik.
From: Arabic.
hawsala5 ka5rik sD D|D V. To be
encouraged, be strong; MWar Vi. har
mo ma5ni. hawsala5 ka5i SaLo5m Sa5Tas.
Dont accept defeat. Be encouraged and
start wrestling! Syn: dilasa ka5rik; hard
dek; umu5ru ka5rik; ba}a5r ka5rik.
ha5wul D Adv. 1) Exactly, just enough,
just; Lqqs. a kirmc ha5wul may tsat.
This shoe is exactly my size. ha5wul pec4
th }au. It is just warm enough (not too
hot). 2) Only; . tu ha5wul uk pis
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ha{a5}

he}
su5ri sat bas nsiu day. The sun appears
to stay in one place for seven days in
winter solstice. CPart: ne5La thon summer
solstice; Gen: su5ri mo43 solstice.
hen ka5rik sD V. To lever or pry
something up; rsVdik Wdqqs
MWaMW`DL. jaba5l gri bat hen ka5rin. They are
prying up the rock with the crowbar. Instr:
jaba5l crowbar; ghu4a%3 pole.
he5Kka D Adv. 1) Just, only; . tu
he5Kka ware5gin ha5tya ka ctse ma5as.
You only talk bad to other people. homa
he5Kka au5 ko des day, mos a5sta o5ni.
Why do you give us only bread, give meat
as well. Syn: phaka5t; khal1; sirp.
2) Continuously; xx. dunia5as ha5tya
ka bhala5 thi }au haw, he5Kka mu5caw
day. What a great calamity has occurred in
the weather, it keeps raining and raining.
3) Completely, thoroughly, fully; OU@L
)MWaMij(. may khur he5Kka kre} ha5wan,
phon tok }ia5La. The path was wet so my
feet got thoroughly muddy.
he5Kkik V. To sob and sigh (as in
after crying); MVaVd xHy. se tro5io, bo
wat {a he5Kkikas praw. Crying, for a
long time he sobbed and sighed. See also:
tro5ik.
her t V. Took, took away (past tense root
of ha5rik take away). Da5ran ta, {ay
a-he5r-aw. The mud slide came and took
away the irrigation canal. See also: ha5rik.
he5ri t Adv. In order to get or bring; Wa
_Vd . c4aS5 a he5ri paro5n. They went to
bring some cheese. te }u5La he5ri paro5n.
They went to get wood.
he} Intj. Amen (to a prayer), So let
it be!; VdN. tazagas tha5ra tazagi m
ka5ri, o ku5lani je5STak, he}. Give us life
again and again, O Jestak of the home. So
let it be! [Mainly the women do this but
only in the Sarazari rite at cawmo5s the

maglsuna hazr a5is. I was present there

at the meeting. Syn: mawju5t. Variant: azr
a5sik. From: Arabic.
ha{a5} CwD N. Caraway seeds; rWdqs.
-ha54Kki J- See main entry: -Sa5Kki.
ha4a CJ N. Knot in a board; V`WaM PSilqm.
ka5Tuna ha4a bo }an. ka aja5tas baS ne.
There are many knots in the board. It is of
no use.
ha4a krtsa Dmt CJ Adj. Full of knots,
knotty; L V`WaM. a5sa muT ha4a krtsa.
a5La mo chni. That tree is full of knots,
dont cut it! Ant: hila5.
ha3%stak DU}D N. Plow handle; VZ .
Matl: bew willow; Whole: haw1
plough.
ha3} D N. Horse; Lqu. Gen: haywa5n
domesticated animals; Lotpo5Kgi; Imp:
chu ha43%ha43ha43ha43 Giddap; Sound: {ndrik
to neigh. Variant: ghora (Urtsun (Tu)).
Etym: a5sv
5 a- horse T-920.
ha3} ga5L D D N. Polo; WY.
ha3} ku5a4k nisike5yn } I D
N. The womb of a horse; hkWX qu
Lm. Gen: jhan, jhand body.
ha3%ya DD Intj. Well done!, Good work!, Do
more like it!; xWd@L ij M. ha3%ya,
Sa5baSta tay ha5tya. pruST ama5i. Good
work, well-done! It is good, what you said.
[This is said while an action is going on.]
Variant: he3%ya3.
he5man D N. Winter season; M H.
he5manmina krik dyeL, ho5ma o}
ka5riu. In the wintertime snow falls and we
feel cold. Whole: kaw2 year; Gen: zuba5n
season; Part: cla mastru5k a month of
winter; Se5a mastru5k month between
winter and spring; cawmo5s mastru5k the
month in which Chawmos is celebrated.
Etym: he2manta5- winter T-14164.
he5man thon T D N. The winter
solstice; nhj@L vLq. he5man tho5nuna
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heT hik

hik

he3

winter festival. It is sung in front of each

home. It is intoned like a Gregorian chant
with four registers--the first long, then a bit
higher, then dipping down low, and finally
leveling off back close to the original
register. The final note is drawn out. The
word he5} requests that the request be taken
to God for them.]
he} dyek o V. To say Amen to
a prayer; MVa VdN. sarase5runa istr{a
dur du5ray pa5i he} dyen. In the Sarazari
rite, the women go from house to house
and say amen to prayers.
heT hik Z V. To spread out, scatter;
MWa Lr ,MWa nVa LrWY. may ame43%a heT
thi a5an. My sheep are scattered. Syn:
dandawa5} hik; bi{irk.
he5Tuk Y N. Core of apple or other fruit;
WY MVd MWdM.
hew N. Illicit lover, paramour; MVayzN. se
pu5ruS ek istri{a5as hew thi a5au. That
man has become a certain womans
paramour. CPart: dus, dust friend;
jaba5S lady friend. Variant: he5ru.
he4 N. Theft; qik.
he4 dek o V. To accuse of stealing,
blame; MWaM LrsHL M qik. a a5sa he4 dem
day. a5sa may ame43%a Lawa5i a5au. I am
accusing him. He stole my sheep. Restrict:
The person accused is in the dative case.
he4 grik t V. To prove theft. ta5sa
he4 pe agran haw, to jil dyen. If they
prove that he is the thief, they will put him
in jail.
he4 ka5rik sD V. To steal; MWar qik.
a5sa may kita5p he4 ka5i a5au. He has
stolen my book. Actor: he45ru thief.
he45ru t N. Thief; qik. RootVb: ha5rik
take; Syn: cuTo5nu; LawaLa5Li. See also: he4
ka5rik. Variant: ahe45ru; ahru. Etym:
he2raka- spy T-14165.2.

Intj. Get going! Get up and go! Start!;

ik. capa45yakta mu5c4a da5io, ek du tre

ka5io, he3 gho3%ta, se its taLe5y dhe5nta

tha5rani, upuLm day gho3%i, undruha5k
a5La e, ta o5gaLa se5nday tya5i phas phas
thi ga5La. The fox gave the woven wings to
the bear, and said, One, two, three, go!
The bear said, Im flying, and from the
top of the mountain fell to the bottom
where he hit and broke into pieces. Syn:
pre.
he3%cakan DDe
Adv.
Continuously;
xx. a he3%cakan doSa5w anda5y krom
ka5rim day. I have been working
continuously since yesterday.
he3S Adv. Little bit, fairly, somewhat,
quite; My LquWZ. he3S peri}an-go5ni a5as.
You are fairly worried. he3S }i}oyak-go5ni
jhone5s day. You seem quite attractive.
Syn: -goni.
he3S, he3ST Z , N. Plow tongue;
WY M. Matl: dza3r% ay oak, a kind; Whole:
haw1 plough. Etym: r0S5 Ti- spear, lance
T-2461.
hie5k V. To cause to become or be.
See also: hik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
hik V. To be, to become; MWa. se
ama5aw, a ta5sa ja him, gho3i% . She said,
I will become his wife. Past(hearsay):
hu5La he/she became; Past: ha5waw
he/she became; Ppl: thi being; Caus:
hie5k to cause to be. Etym: bha5vati
becomes, is T-9416. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
Verbal Suffixes of hik
Singular
him
I become
his
you become
hiu
s/he becomes
ha5wis I became
ha5wi you became
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hikma5t

hi}...ne

histawa5ik CDU} V. To have someone

abandoned or something thrown away;
MWaLquik ,MWaLVaVdWY. tu may }a5ma jayga5
histawa5i a5as. You had me abandoned in
this very place. See also: hstik. Prdm:
Class 2 (ma5trik).
hstik U} V. 1) To throw; MVaVaVdWY. Syn:
partawe5k. 2) To leave, to abandon,
forsake someone; MWaquik. tu pe may
hsti, pa5ra haw, a khe3 thi apa5w dem?
If you leave me and go, how can I go on
living without you? 3) To put off,
postpone; MVaLo. Proverb: onja5aw krom
co5pa ha5tya mo hsti. Dont put off
todays work till tomorrow. 4) To put;
MVaq. te to pa5yas mos tara5 hsti,
kakbo5yas ha5tya ka4mka45m uja5i a5an.
They put that goats meat there, and set the
trap for the leopard. moc nagda5r hstin.
Men put in the joists. 5) To bury; MWaMVam.
aTh hstio on. They buried the body and
returned. Syn: DhahaKge5k. 6) To stop
doing something; MWaquik. a naswa5r ka5rik
ahstis. I stopped using tobacco. 7) To
forgive someone for something; MWar M.
a tay galat tay ha5tya ahstis. I forgive
you for your mistake. Restrict: The object
is marked by ha5tya for. Syn: (guna5)
Lase5k; ba}nda ka5rik; mua5 ka5rik. Etym:
*adhiyasta- thrown over T-14210.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
hstiLa mstiLa U}
U} Adj.
Superfluous, unneeded; q d.
hi}...ne ... Adj. Not any, none; gkVd
VdWa hk ,VdWa. tu pa5rwa mo ka5a. tay
pSTuna nsi a5am. hi} ka kha5dra ne
}au. Dont worry! I am sitting on your
back. There is no danger.
hi} ku5ra ne Cs Pron. No one;
VdWa WX . hi} ku5ra ne a5an. There is
no one. ne bihm a hi} ka5as pi. I am
not afraid of anyone. hi} ka5as som mo

ha5waw s/he became

ha
Become!
Plural
hik
we become
ha5Li
you become
hin
they become
ha5wimi we became
ha5wili you became
ha5wan they became
ha5Li
become!

C- Desire or
-a5lak hik;
inclination to do something; rsVdik
wzLil War. may pari-a5lak hu day.
I want to go. may kaLa5Sa mon jon-a5lak
hiu day. I want to learn the Kalasha
language. Restrict: The form -a5lak is
suffixed to the root form of the verb and
only hik to become is inflected as
necessary. The subject of the sentence is in
the dative case.
-as hik; {C- To be about to do
something; MWa L Wa-. se k-as thi
a5aw. He was about to come. Restrict: This
construction is suffixed to the infinitive
form of the verb and given the suffixes
appropriate to the subject.
hikma5t SD N. Courage; PS. From:
Arabic.
hila5 Adj. Clean without knots (of
lumber); ru Lm _WX qL. a5sa muT
hila5. That tree is without a lot of knots.
Ant: ha4a krtsa. Variant: ila5.
hinDa5w Cr Adj. Sterile (unable to
procreate children), barren; ijMWX. Syn:
abaDo45i; naruts; isto5ra; hakta5. Variant:
inDa5w. Etym: *hiNDa2la- wandering T14090.
hKkik V. To hiccup; MVaVd hk.
Etym: hikkati hiccups, sobs T-14074.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
hrwen t N. Heroin; WerVd. From:
English.
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hiu5 ka5rik

ho5ma

pa5ri. Dont go with anyone! [Note that in

the example above, mo Dont substitutes
successfully for ne not.] Oblq: hi} ka5as
ne. Variant: hic ku5ra ne.
hi} wat ne SC Adv. Never, at no
time; VdWa WX VX. h} wat ne Lase5m.
I wont release (it) at any time. Variant:
h{ wat. From: Persian.
hiu5 ka5rik sD V. To cause to fall;
MWaLr. [With this type of verb, it is not a
person that does the causing, but the
dangerous place.] Syn: }urue5k.
h|4a5
D N. Heart; m. Whole: jhan, jhand
body; Syn: hard. Variant: he4 (Urtsun);
hra (Urtsun (M)). Etym: hr05daya- heart
T-14152.
h|4a5 aDu5ik qE D Id. To have a heart
attack; MWaruWY qm M Hm. Lit: heart to swell.
se h%a aDu5i ana5}aw. He had a heart
attack and died.
h|4a5 nih park sDP D Id. To be
suddenly startled, to be greatly frightened;
MWaLX M m. Lit: ones heart coming out
to go. tu nawa3%ts mu5Ta uSTi cu45ika para
e, may h%a nih para5w. When you went
up in the top of that dangerous tree, I was
greatly frightened.
h|45a }oKgeLk D N. Large
artery of the heart; MWdz L WaN y m.
hia}uk gha5s {D D N. A kind of
grass; vM WdL. [Regarded as
very pure.]
hoc4 g N. Oil, shortening, or clarified
butter; . Syn: DalDa5.
hoc4 ka5rik sD g V. 1) To fry in oil or
clarified butter; MWaM MruWZ. 2) Put hot oil or
clarified butter on food; MWaM MruWZ.
paktuna hoc4 ka5ri. Put the clarified
butter on the rice!
ho5kum N. Providence, authority,
order, will; i. se khoda5yas ho5kum,
rat du baja5an se goST ntsi }au.

According to Gods will, at two oclock at

night that barn collapsed. khoda5yas
ho5kumuna kay ka mon dek ne
bha5ik. We can say nothing against the
providence of God. From: Arabic.
ho5kum dek o V. To give
command to someone; MVaWdm i. pha5to
ba5ca ho5kum dta ki, tes a5ma ande5y
nogo5rani biha5Kk niniha5 gho3%i. Then the
king gave command, Quickly remove her
from inside this palace! Syn: a5mur ka5rik;
bande5k. Variant: hu5kum dek.
ho5kum ka5rik sD
V. To
command, to order; MWar i. may
ho5kum ka5ri. a taya5r. Give me a
command! I am ready. Syn: bande5k; a5mur
ka5rik.
holo5lu Adj. Tender, young, small;
qsMWZ ,rWa. bonj holo5lu }an. The oak
(leaves) are tender. chu5tyak su5da holo5lu.
A small child is young and tender. Syn:
ciclak; Ant: dzaro4.%3 From: Khowar.
hoLu5Lu ka5rik sD V. To become
wormy; ruVd d mqil eMVdyz@L xzil
MWaruWY. jijay ghu43%ay hoLu5Lu a5ran. The
necklace of apricot pits has become
wormy. [Some things that can become
wormy are dried fruit and nuts.] Variant:
uLu5Lu ka5rik.
ho5ma D Pron. 1) Our; LqM. ho5ma
gro5muna piliwe45 thi, du bas krik
dya5i, ek hast atha5w. In our village it
began to snow and after snowing two days
18 inches fell. 2) To us; d. 3) Us
(accusative); d. khoda5y ho5ma sawza5i
a5sau hu5La. God has made us. 4) Us
(oblique); qM. se ho5ma ha5tya a5raw.
He did it for us. [See the Personal Pronoun
Chart on page 475 below for other
personal pronouns.] See also: a5bi1.
Variant: ha5ma (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
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ho5ncik

hu5Luk

ho43%ik V. To kill a person; MVaLo qM.

}a5ma moc ho43%ikas baS. This man needs
to be killed. Syn: na}e5k. Etym: ha5nati
strikes, kills T-13963.
hu V. Became (past hearsay root of hik to
become).
hu Sa5Tik XD V. To form a chain by
holding onto each others shoulders and
singing; WZM rWY nVa m WdL
MVaikMWa r q. hu Sa5Tan day. They are
making a line by holding each others
shoulders or waists and singing uwaha5 la,
uwaha5 la, hahaha5 la. [This is done in
cawmo5s the winter festival.]
hu5i dyek o V. 1) To call for help;
MWar mMWdr. 2) Howl like a wolf or leopard.
See also: grast; kakbo5y.
huk N. Utterance, sound; qsLN.
huk ka5rik sD V. To talk, to tell,
speak up; MVaMWa qsLN ,MVaWdm OQLij. huk a5sta
mo ka5ri. Dont even utter a sound!
Restrict: This is typically used with
negative aspect.
hukuma5t SD N. Government; PSi.
Syn: sarka5r. From: Arabic.
hu5li hik V. To spread around
quickly (especially of news); Vaij M Xil
MVaVdWY fr N d. glta jaha5s pa5LiLa
gho3%i hu5li thi }au. In Gilgit the news that
the airplane crashed spread around. See
also: pre5gi dyek.
huL hstik U} V. To fight
someone of ones own group; Vaij WaMil
MWar. a5bi aya5 huL mo hsta. Dont fight
among yourselves here!
hu5Luk N. 1) Noon; WYm. hu5Luk
ha5waw. It is noon. Whole: bas1 day.
2) Heat; r. huLuke5n na5}im day. I am
dying of the heat.
Adj. Hot (of weather). dunia5 huLu5k
ha5waw. The weather became hot. huLu5k
th }au. Its hot! Ant: o}; tramo5na;

asmad- base of oblique cases plural of

1st person pronoun T-986.
ho5ncik e V. To pull, stretch, draw;
MVahkVaVd. a5bi rajhu5k ho5nca day e? Are
you all pulling the rope? Past(hearsay):
ho5nciLa he/she stretched. See also:
kaSale5k; kaSe5k; rakeSk. Etym: a2%n3chati
stretches, draws, sets (a bone) T-1099.
ho5nttyai DUU Adv. Jokingly; OUij
OUE. mic honttya5i }e3%he3 ma5am day. ne
o5ni a5am. I am only joking. I really havent
brought (it).
hoskige5ri t| N. Correctness,
rightness, legality; PSLnV. se may tha5ra
gala5t
dawa5
a5raw
e,
a
tan
hoskige5riuna u5jak mon pra. When he
accused me wrongly, I told the truth that I
was innocent (lit: in the right). se har
krom hoskige5rias tha5ra ka5riu. He does
everything legally.
hoTo5l X N. Hotel, restaurant; W`.
Variant: hoTe5l. From: English.
ho5{a Cw Adj. Loud, hard, strong; nVaWX
)qsLN(. ho5{a awa5s. A loud noise. ho5{a
ka5i ma5as. Speak loudly! sra43 ho5{a ka5i
dyel day. The wind is blowing strongly.
Variant: ho5}a.
ho4 N. Walnut harvest; M VaWY OUril@L
PS. bribo5 ho4. Walnut-harvesting season.
[This applies only to the harvest of walnuts
not to other harvests.] See also: -wa5ki; Let.
ho3%{ik x V. To say, to answer; OQLij
MVa ,MVaWdm. se aho3%{aw. He said. Restrict:
This seems to be used only in the past
tense and is quite rare. Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).
-ho43%i - Sfx. 1) Inhabitant of; L Vaq M.
kraka4-ho43%i. An inhabitant of Krakal.
ani}-ho43%i. A person from Anish.
2) Characterized by. mucik-ho43%i th }iau.
It has become rainy. a5sa dejho43%i. He is a
debtor.
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hun

hu5tik

tsrekh. Etym: *hu2lukka- heat T14148.

hu5Luk ka5rik sD V. To be hot;
MVa r. may huLu5k ka5riu day. Im
hot.
hun N. Saddle; W`M.
hu5nDik r Adj. To skin; MWaqMWZDL M. a
bra hu5nDim day. I am skinning the goat.
Syn: post chaLe5k. Variant: ho5nDik. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
hunDa5Li Cr N. Reward of meat to the
man who skins an animal; M WaqMWZDL M
nWX. [This meat can be the heart or meat
around the inside of the stomach cavity.]
hu5paLa DP N. Scorpion; hkWX. hu5paLa
cu5nDiu day. A scorpion is stinging.
Variant: upara (Urtsun (Tu)); u5paLa.
Etym: utpa2taka- a kind of animal T1821.
hu} Adj. Conscious, aware; vz. See
also: bey-hu}. From: Persian.
hu5}una hstik U} D V. To
warn someone, inform someone; d vz
MWa. a tay hu5}una hsti pa5i a5is. I
warned you and left. Syn: dima5kuna mon
hstik; ka5ri To43ek
5 ; khabarda5r ka5rik.
hu5}una hik D V. To become
alert, become awake; MWaN d vz. ey
moc, hu5}una thi mon de. Hey, fellow,
think clearly and then talk (dont speak
without thinking). Syn: aKga5 hik. See
also: bey-hu}. From: Persian.
hu5}aw park sDP D V. 1) To think
oneself to be someone great; MVaVaWX LruWX. se
no45a pira5n samb hu5}aw pa5i a5au.
Putting on a new suit, he thinks he is
someone great. tu ghogho5na mon des
day, hu5}aw pa5i a5as e ka haw. You are
talking big, it seems that you think you are
someone great. 2) To become unconscious;
MWa vz _WX. ta5sa bat gria5aw e, se

hu5}aw para5w. When he was hit with a

stone he became unconscious.
hu5}ey & Intj. Shoo! said to cows; eM
i M Vaik. hu5}ey. }a gak c4het ca5riu
day. ey su5da, }sa ga5kas aLa5y tye.
Shoo! This cow is grazing in the grain
field. Hey boy, hit that cow over there (and
shoo him away)! See also: gak.
hu}ia5r sD Adj. Wise, clever; qMVdyz.
Syn: caspa5n; akulwa5La; ucu5tu; DnTa;
zehenwa5La; kabl; To3%cuk; Ant: bey-a5kul.
Variant: u}ia5r. From: Persian.
huS ka5rik sD V. To understand;
MVahj. }o5on ha5waw po5yuno, moc tan
jho5niu. tan krom {e tan du5ray
mamila5 {e tan dada5 {e aya5 mon. moc
tan huS ka5riu. When a man becomes
mature, he knows himself. He understands
his work and his household responsibilities
and his mother and fathers words. A man
has understanding. tara5 pa5i aLa5y po45mi,
anda5y po45mi, hi} ka huS ne a5rimi. We
looked frantically here and there but we
couldnt understand what was going on.
From: Persian.
hu5taLa DT Adj. High; MikDL. Ant: pas,
past. Variant: ho5tiLa; uthala (Urtsun
(Tu)). Etym: *utthala- high T-1804.1.
hu5tik T V. 1) To send someone;
MVahjVdWX. a tay du pu5traLi a5sa ta5da hu5ti
a5am. I have sent your two sons with him.
2) To see someone off; MWar PSVilq. a
yusu5p ahu5tis. I saw Yusup off (for
Chitral). 3) To send someone to get
someone; MVahjVdWX VaVd . a tay
hu5tim ta5sa ha5tya. I will send you to get
her. Restrict: The person sent for is marked
by ha5tya for. Past(hearsay): hu5tiLa
he/she sent. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).

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idro43%

i
- Adv. Emphatic question indictor. ka i?
WHAT? tu khe3 bhaw ama5i i? So
exactly what did you say? se lep na5stan
moc kawa5y para5w i? Where in the world
did the man with the flat nose go? Restrict:
This is said with rising intonation.
-i1 - Sfx. Adjectivizer. jaKga5l-i phu5}ak
mizo5kas pSTaw pSTaw adya5iLa. The
wild cat ran after the rat.
-i2 - Sfx. Nominalizer. }e3he3 a5sta sah,
ma5gam tay mu}akat--as {e me5nat
ka5rikas tha5ra, }e3he3 thi ha5wan albat.
What you say is true, but probably it is like
this because of your hard work and
industry. Restrict: This suffix is added to
adjectives to nominalize them. Here
mu}aka5t industrious, becomes mu}akat
industry.
-i3 - Sfx. Emphasis; . se man pe a5is
dya5pa, }onj- a5aw dya5a. If he were
coming, he would have come by now.
a DC Pron. He, she, it (nominative, present,
near); Wd. a may ja. This (one) is my
wife. Rmot1: a5sa (s)he (remote); Rmot2:
se1 (s)he (absent); Acc: a5ma1; Oblq: sa;
Ques: ka what?; Ques: ku5ra who?.
Adj. This (nominative, present, near);
Wd. a bat gho5na. This stone is big. [See
the Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
Syn: aya5. Etym: aya5m this T-587.
ia4k
5
JC N. Poker for making a hole in
wood; flLqy d ru y wij fly
d VZMWa. moc ia45k gri wac ka5rin. Men
use this tool to make a drum. [Men heat
this and use it to make a hole in the wood
when carving the drum.] Gen: aspa5p
tools. Variant: hia45k.

ibra5t grik t SCtMC V. To learn from

seeing the fate of others, take a lesson;
MWar VMi OSX. se he5Kka suste5l. tu
to pa5}i ibra5t gri. He always wins. Watch
him and learn something. Syn: c4c4hik.
From: Arabic.
ic4ho5a hik CiC V. To stand on the
hind legs with front legs on something;

rWY WaMW` m @L aWY@L M qWaMij

MWa Lru rWY qMy. pay ic4ho5a thi, pres

ka5rin day. The goats are standing on their

hind legs and eating the leaves low on the
tree.
idaya5t ka5rik sD SDCpC V. To instruct;
MWar PSWdLn. a may sudo5n idaya5t ka5rim
te a5ma krom jho5niman in. I will
instruct my children and they will come to
know this matter. From: Arabic.
ido5n pC N. Trivet (a three-legged rack for
holding a pot over the fire), a tripod; _
MEik L WaMW` dWZ M. Etym: uddha2nastand, rest T-2014.
idre5yin spC N. The altar to Balimain;

ij ij WdL War OSmMVX

__ MVZyHL d vMik. [This is

located above the village of Batrik. The

men go here only once in a year during
Chawmos Festival in December.] Variant:
indre5yin.
idro4%13 spC N. Rainbow; frs Iv ,Vam.
idro43% b%iu day. A rainbow arches in the
sky. Do: b45ik to arch. Variant: indro4%3
(Urtsun). Etym: indradhanu5S- rainbow
T-1577.
idro4%23 spC N. 1) Small intestines; ik
PSWaN. Proverb: c4hir idro4y%3 akani bitr.
Here ends the story (lit: the intestines are
clear of milk); Syn: thu5La; CPart: cra5ki
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igra5r hik

inkha5r ka5rik

large intestines. 2) Umbilical cord; hkWX

MWa . Etym: a2ntrika- visceral T-1186.
igra5r hik sCtC V. To confess, to be
truthful about something; MWa qLrHL. abi
ha5i a5ik gho3%i, igra5r ha5wan. pha5to
phaysala5 ha5waw. They confessed and
said, We have taken it. Then the case
was solved. From: Arabic.
ihli C N. Immigrant; OSrhj ,rijM
L War. Ant: bhumk.
ik C V. To come (of animate or life-like
things); MWaN. se ik gho5an. He will
come, they say. Past(hearsay): a5La
he/she came; Past: a5aw he/she came;
Ppl: ta coming; Ppl: to having come.
Etym: a5iti comes near T-2534. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
-ik baS DL C Vsfx. 1) Should, ought to,
must; _VdMik. nokphe5Ti ka5i a5am, taLa5y
uk dy-ik baS. I have made a new field
and I must water it. Restrict: This has a
weaker sense of obligation than the verbal
suffix -eli. It is suffixed to the root of the
verb or following the causative suffix. Syn:
-eli. 2) Adjectivizer. hayra5n h-ik baS
krom. Amazing work. Restrict: This suffix
occurs on the verb root.
-iman D- Vsfx. Past continuous. du5ra pa5i
ta5sa istri{agu5a4kas kay ma5iLa ki, a5bi
to ko5ciman a5ini e, taLe5Law ek mis
draSnaw. Going home they said to the girl,
While we were digging a hole, we found a
pot. Restrict: This is affixed to the verb
root or to the causative suffix and requires
the appropriate form of the verb to be
following it as in the example above.
-iman apa5w dek o DPE D- Vsfx. To
keep on doing something; MVaq qMij. se
to jaga5-iman apa5w praw. He kept
watching him.

imda5t SCpC N. Help or relief in the form of

money given to someone in need; ,mLnHL
mn. From: Arabic.
imit hik UC V. To be together, to
be whole. miti thi kawa5y pa5ra day?
Where are you all going together. may
dur miti thi preks. My whole house
broke down. Syn: ek hik.
imit ka5rik sD UC V. To gather
together, put together. }e5mi batya5k miti
ka5i ni. Gather these kid goats together and
take them! See also: tu tyek.
in, indr, ndra CspC ,spC ,C N. Kalasha
spirit beings who are honored especially at
Chawmos; VZyzr Myz. Gen: baS {ua5w
spirit beings. Etym: ndra- the god
Indra T-1572.
indo5cik dpC N. Lightning; MN
hjWX. Syn: win. Etym: *indradyo2tyalightning T-1576.
indo5cik dyek o dpC V. To
lightning; MVaik )M hjWX MN(.
indo5cik dya5i, DiDayo5K dya5i, win a5taw.
The lightning flashed, the thunder
thundered, and the lightning bolt struck.
inDe5n rC N. Written permission, permit;
PUrWY. [This kind of permission is only
used for cutting of cedar trees.] Syn: jaza5t;
lase5ns; Use: grik to get; dek to give.
nji ]C N. Time, repetition; qMWX ,VXWZr.
du4 nji kSi. Plow it twice! Restrict: Note
the retroflexed [u]: du becomes du4. Syn:
chaT; bar.
inkha5r ka5rik sD sDC V. To refuse
someone; MWar qMWaHL. ta5sa du chu5Lasi bo
kho}a5n ha5wan ki, se ho5ma da5da kay
ko inkha5r a5raw, gho3%i? His two
daughters were very happy (saying), Why
has she refused our father? Restrict: The
object is marked by kay to. From:
Arabic.
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insa5n

ismalia5

insa5n D}C N. Human being (with the

connotation of being a good person);
MxWaHL. Syn: banda5; buniade5m; jhon.
From: Arabic.
insa5w D}C N. Justice, fairness; MVWaHL.
Syn: sadaka5t. From: Arabic.
insa5w ka5rik sD D}C V. To act kindly
toward an offender, treat fairly; MVWaHL
MWar. se may ha5tya insa5w araw, ne
ac4ha5Law. He let me off, he didnt scold.
intiha5n DUC N. Examination, test; MhVZHL.
[This may only refer to academic testing.]
Syn: a}ma5i}; asmu5n. From: Arabic.
iKga5w DC N. 1) Spirit being revered in
Batrik village in Bumburet; Myz WdL
VZyzr. [He is a friend of Mahandeo but
has a little less power. He has no altar but
rather a sanctuary on the hillside opposite
Batrik village. He is responsible for cattle
and cereal crops in Bumburet.] Gen: baS
{ua5w spirit beings. 2) Altar to Ingaw;
d WZr OSmMVX vzVd rWY Mij ij WdL.
Variant: hiKga5w.
iKga5wat piS P SCDC N. The name of
the mountain side above Batrik near the
sanctuary of Ingaw; quMWY M WdZWX
MWa M ij WdL d.
iKgro5k ghuT W tC N. Fireplace (in
the center of a room); Waij N d r
ij. Syn: mukhar; aKgar}ti. Variant:
aKgar ghuT.
iphaza5t SCuDQC N. Care, protection; PSMi.
a parm day, may malaha5lan a5sta
iphaza5t ka5ri. I am going; take care of my
animals too. From: Arabic.
iphaza5t ka5rik sD SCuDQC V. To take
care of; MWar PSMi. se tan suda5as
iphaza5t ka5riu day. He takes good care of
his children.
ira5da ka5rik sD CoCtC V. To decide to do
something; MWar mLqHL. pha5to se tan
harduna ira5da ka5da ki, a }ande5y

nogo5rani ja ka5rim gho3i. Then he

decided in his heart that he would marry a
wife from this palace. From: Arabic.
sa
D}C Pron. 1) His, her, its (present,
near); M vHL. sa na5wkar bo pruST krom
ka5rin day. Her servants are doing very
good work. 2) To him, to her, to it (present,
near); yHL. sa ta5sa som adhe5k krom
}au alba5t. This man perhaps has a little
work with that one. Rmot1: a5sa to him/her
(remote); Rmot2: ta5sa to him/her
(absent); Ques: ka5as to whom?. 3) Him,
her, it (oblique, present, near); vHL. [See
the Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
isa5p OD}C N. Size, quality, amount; OQMxi.
ek isa5pan peS biZga5i tho5no mo ka5ri.
Spread the manure evenly, dont leave
gaps!
Adj. Account; OQMxi. isa5p kita5p ka5i
mo5cas de. mo5cas som dukha5 mo ka5ri.
Make an account book and use it in giving
people their pay. Dont try to deceive
them. From: Arabic.
si }C Pron. 1) Their (present, near); M HL.
Rmot1: a5si their (remote); Rmot2: ta5si
their (absent). 2) To them (present, near);
dWaHL. 3) Them (oblique, present, near); HL
.
Adj. These (genitive, dative, or oblique,
present, near). [See the Personal Pronoun
Chart on page 475 below for other
personal pronouns.]
iskm }C Adj. Shiny, glittering; Vdik.
may ha5tya iskm pira5n o5ni. Bring me a
shiny shirt.
isko5w }C N. Peg; `Wa. Syn: kyu.
Etym: *skabha- post, peg T-13638.
islamaba5t SDLD}C N. Islamabad; yHL
mMWXN.
ismalia5 DD}C N. Ismaili Muslim; VdMHL
)M r(.
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isna5r

iste5k

isna5r sD}C N. Torso (body from waist to

shoulders); nWX M rWYDL y r. may isna5r
kuche5n day. My back itches. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.
isno5s {}C N. Root of plant, tree, or tooth;
ruij. Syn: yowa5k; pu45ik; Whole: muT tree.
Etym: snasa2- tendon, muscle T-13784.
ispie5k Q}C V. 1) To cut the lower
branches off a tree to allow it to develop
more higher up; MVayzLrWZ ,MVaV`WaMik. a5La muT
ispie5k baS. a5La ko ne ispia5i lasa5i a5as.
That tree needs to be pruned. Why havent
you pruned it to allow it to develop better?
Syn: pruc4ho43%ik; sor ka5rik. 2) To sharpen;
MWar rsVdWZ qMm. [Typical things that are
sharpened are bado5k axe, bho5Kki
adze, tuLa5y sickle, u{u4i5 pick, and
tso5gun chisel.] Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
spin Q}C N. A kind of hardwood tree;
LmWY Vaij M WdL. [Morgenstierne
notes that these have small heart-shaped
leaves.] Gen: muT tree.
ispra5p OCtQ}C N. 1) Sleep; nVaVdWa. Max:
kha5ca deep (sleep). 2) Dream; OQLil. a
ispra5pasa }i}o5yak ha3} apa5}is. I saw a
beautiful horse in (my) dream. Etym:
*sva2pra- sleep T-13929.
ispra5p chik d OCtQ}C V. To have
sleep interrupted; MWa Zil nVaVdWa. ispra5p
achs. (My) sleep was interrupted.
ispra5p hik OCtQ}C V. To feel
sleepy; MWaN nVaVdWa. may ispra5p pe ha5waw
haw, a pa5i Du5Dim. If I feel sleepy, I will
go and sleep. Syn: kukue5k.
ispra5p ka5rik sD OCtQ}C V. To feel
sleepy; MWaN nVaVdWa. may ispra5p ka5riu day.
Im feeling sleepy. Syn: kukue5k.
ispra5p pa5}ik DP OCtQ}C V. To dream;
MVaWdm OQLil. a Du5Di ispra5p apa5}is. I
had a dream.

ispra5puna park sDP DPCtQ}C V. To

fall asleep; MVa WaN. se ispra5puna
para5w. He fell asleep. Syn: Du5Dik;
prasu5ik.
ispra5s {CtQ}C N. Ceiling; )qnWa@L( PSik.
ispre5s ~tQ}C KT. 1) Mother-in-law (if self
is female); vMy. [The corresponding term
for mother-in-law, if self is male, is
jeSTa5li.] CPart: bahu5 sons wife.
2) Aunt-in-law (husbands aunt, or wife of
husbands uncle); vMy. CPart: bahu5
niece-in-law. Etym: s5vas5ru2-% husbands
or wifes mother T-12759.
isprK koT W tQ}C N. Supreme
court; MVdE HPSLn. From: English.
ista5lak DU}C N. Fontanel, fontanel area
of head; KVHi rWa M KhkWX. Etym:
ta2%lu- palate T-5803, 14563, 13744.
ista5w1 DU}C N. Target; n. mo5cas du5ra
kho}an pe ha5waw haw, yaw ja ka5riu
day, yaw put ubuju, ista5w thawa5aw.
thawa5i tama}a5 karawa5w. moc tupe5k
gri ista5was tyen. ku5ra gran pe haw,
ta5sa ina5m del. If there is a celebration at
a mans house--either he gets married or a
son is born--he will have a target set up.
Then they will have a celebration. Men
will take a gun and try to hit the target. He
will give a reward to whomever hits it.
Use: thawe5k to put in place.
ista5w2 DU}C Adj. Bare, without crops; V
PSVd Mil nWX MV` . may c4he5truna
juwa5ri La5i, ista5w nih }au. gak tara5
n, cara5a. I have harvested the corn in my
field and it is now without corn. Take the
cows there and let them eat!
iste5k U}C Adj. Some, a few; ,hk.
Variant: aste5k.
iste5kan ka5rik sD DU}C V. To do
something alone or by oneself; Wd@L Wd@L
MWar. iste5kan ka5i na5Ti. Dance alone!
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iste43%aw

isto5ri

iste43%aw DU}C N. Enclosed cattle yard up at

the son summer pastures; d MLrik
ij Vaq Lrik q@L qWaMij.
[This is enclosed by a fence or a wall]
Part: dhu5uni ghuT place in the cattle
yard where goats are milked; ba5tya ku
little goats pen; isto5rpha5li ku pen for
male goats and sheep; dhoiwa5y ku pen
for the milking goats. Variant: iste43%
(Rumbur). Etym: stha2%na- firm stance T13753.
iste43%iKk U}C N. Bracelet, bangle;
quEik. iste43%iKk ha5stay dyin. Women put
bangles on their wrist. Use: dyik to don,
put on. Variant: isto43%iKk.
iste43%iKk kuche5k d U}C V. To
divine cures for problems with a bracelet
pendulum; MWar zVdWY Wdqqs quEik.
[This is an activity of women and parallels
thom kuche5k, which men do to find cures
for problems. The bracelet will swing or
shake when the one holding it thinks of the
right cause. The string must be wool.]
Restrict: Only women do this. See also:
thom kuche5k; dua5 pace5k. Variant:
iste43%iKk ka5rik.
iste5k U}C V. To ignore someone;
MWar qsLnWa@L rWa ,MWaLrEW`. se may ista5i
pu5tras som mon praw. He ignored me
while he talked to his son. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
isto5n U}C N. Udder; WZ.
isto5n Lase5k | U}C Id. To develop
or enlarge in the udder; y Wa LnVdWY hkWX
MVaruWX WZ M qWaMij WY. pay isto5n lasa5i,
jahtrumi thi a5an. The goats udders
have developed (showing) they have
become pregnant. [This is a sign of
pregnancy in farm animals.]
isto5nik U}C V. To groan (as in pain);
MVaLr. laha5s isto5niu day. The sick man is

groaning. Etym: sta5nati roars T-13668.

Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
isto5Kgas ka5rik sD {DU}C V. 1) To
ritually purify men by sprinkling goats
blood; MWaMruik MWXr aVZily. [When they
do this men become o5njeSTa ritually
pure.] Syn: c4haKpo5c ka5rik; khoda
ka5rik; mara5T ka5rik. See also: SiS au5
suce5k. 2) To offer sacrifice in order to be
healed or rescued from an evil condition;
MVaWdm MWXr Myz. tupe5k band pe thi
a}s haw, isto5Kgas pe tupe5kas a5ran
haw, pha5to tupe5kani band bic4hiru. If
a gun has a curse (on it), and they do a
sacrifice for the gun, then the spell will be
broken. [This must be done either in or
near the barn. They do it to get well from
disease or pain, or from a wound, or if they
have been frightened. c4haKpo5c, however,
can be done in the home. This kind of
sacrifice is only done for men.] 3) To
ritually purify boys so they may become
full Kalasha men; PQ ru vzVd
MVaWdm MWXr _Vd War ilLm Vd. }a5sa
suda5as doS isto5Kgas a5ran. That boy was
initiated yesterday. [This is done at the two
rites of passage for boys, ceLk sambie5k,
and but sambie5k. After the latter is done,
a Kalasha boy can go anywhere any other
Kalasha man may go.] Etym: *staKkati
sprinkles T-13665.
isto5ra CsU}C Adj. Barren; ijMWX. [This word
is used in reference to both humans and
animals] Syn: hinDa5w; hakta5; abaDo45i.
istorga5ni DsU}C N. Goat or sheep which
leaves its flock and joins another; MVaWYL

MWd ruVdWX L WaMij d qL r quik

rWX. Variant: astarga5ni.
isto5ri sU}C Adj. Astride; qLy.
isto5ri hik sU}C V. To ride or
mount someone or something like a horse;
MWar qLy. tu may tha5ra isto5ri pe

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istorphal

i}la5k

ha5wi haw, a tay payrana5k waze5m. If

you will get astride me, I will take you
across to the other side. Restrict: The
object pronoun is dative, ta5sa on him or
is marked by tha5ra on. Syn: chu34 hik.
istorphal DPsU}C N. Domestic animals
that do not give or are not giving milk; rWa
VZWdm Wa mEm ij qWaMij mM xWd@L q@L.
Restrict: Especially male goats and rams.
Ant: dhoiwa5y; c4hirwa5La.
isto5rphali ku5 DPsU}C N. Pen in the
cattle yard where non-milking animals are
kept; Vaq qWaMij mM xWd@L q@L rWa
VZWdm Wa mEm ij ij. Whole: iste43%aw
cattle yard.
istre3%yak DtU}C Adj. Female (person or
animal); PTWa. CPart: bira4a%3 male.
Variant: istr%yak. Etym: *straikafemale T-13736.
istri}u5ni tU}C N. Bitch (female dog);
MVdVZD ,ZD. istri}u5ni }uthu5k kho5jiu day.
The female dog is in heat. Species: }o43%a
dog; Male: }o4a%3 male dog.
istr{a CxtU}C N. 1) Woman who has begun
to have children; OSq. [A girl becomes an
istr{a when she has her first child.]
CPart: pu5ruS man. 2) Wife; VdWX. Syn:
ja. Etym: str- woman, wife T-13734.
istr{agu5a4k I CxtU}C N. Young girl;
ru. CPart: puruSgu5a4k boy. Morph:
istr{a ku5a4k. See also: ku5ak
4 . Variant:
istri{ku5a4k (Urtsun).
istri{a5as som Du5Dik |
{ExtU}C
qq Id. To have intercourse with a
woman; MWar Mij y OSq. Syn: {a4w
5 ik.
istri{a5as ta5da park CoDT
{ExtU}C
sDP Id. To have intercourse with a
woman; MWar Mij y OSq. Syn: {a4w
5 ik.
stum sa5ras {CsD| U}C N. Festival
marking beginning of the farming season
in Rumbur; d qVXq ij q WdL
d WZr Lm@L WY y WaWX V. [On the

first night a ceremony for cleansing the

cattle sheds is held. The next night
representatives of each village gather in
the sanctuary of sajigo5r and eat newly
made cheese. After this festival women can
drink goats milk and farming begins. This
is also called kiLa45 sa5ras in Bumburet.]
Gen: ko}an festival; Syn: kiLa45a sa5ras.
Variant: a5stan (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
stamba5- tuft or clump of grass, cluster,
bunch T-13681.
isTiDe5n rY}C N. Accident; W^mMi.
Variant: iksiDe5n. From: English.
i}ara5 ka5rik sD CsDC V. To signal or
gesture to someone a message without
words; MWar qMyz@L. tu ka5as kay i}ara5
ka5ris day? To whom are you signaling?
See also: niSa5n ka5rik; ha5stan ka5rik;
e5can ka5rik; u5STan ka5rik. From: Persian.
i}k
C N. Enchantment, spell, romantic
magic; rhy ,mMij ,xz. a tay }kuna
giliuta5r ha5wis. I have become a prisoner
of your enchantment. Syn: arma5n; a}ek.
From: Arabic.
i}ke5T ZC Adj. Bad tasting, bitter; nWX
HWeL. kunDa i}ke5T thi }au. The cheese
is bad tasting. Syn: cSTaka; aSgha5r;
ciSTha5ki.
i}lage5k C V. 1) To cause to slip;
MWaxIWY. a dar i}lage5m day. I am sliding
timbers. o} tha5ra mo pa5ri, tay i}lagel.
Dont go out on the ice, it will make you
slip. 2) To push someone toward an action
(usually bad); MWaxEWY. Syn: }ure5k; phire5k;
u}uphe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
i}lago5n C Adj. Slippery; LxIWY.
chak thi, krik i}lago5n hu. Because
evening has come, the snow will become
slippery. Syn: La3w
% ta3w.
i}la5k C N. 1) Shell of a nut or pit;
MIik M LmMWX MWd OUril@L. bribo bi}a5io,
i}la5k hu. When you break walnuts, you
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i}le5}uk

i}tikhe5k

will get shells. Whole: bribo5 walnut.

2) Skin of a pomegranate; MIik M qMWa@L.
i}le5}uk C N. A kind of weed that has
round burrs on it, stick-tight, burdock; WdL

circular motion with her hands down by

her sides in salutation. See has khaLe5k.
Other greetings are also used by the
Kalasha: uchunda5i e Did you come
down? is used as greetings to those who
have just come down from higher up than
the speaker. Similarly, pruST thi a5a e,
ba5ya Have you come in good health,
brother?; we5naw thi a? You came
downstream!; pre5naw thi a You came
upstream!; or onja a5 e? Did you come
now?.] RootVb: i}paDe5k to kiss.
i}pa5ta ka5rik sD DTDQC V. To greet or
say greetings; MWar y. Syn: sale5m
ka5rik.
i}pe5n QC N. Portion of food sent to
relations at the mara5T ka5rik ceremony;

VYik fr V`WaM ij vM
__ Mij. Gen: muT plant.
i}le5ygik C V. To slip (as on a wet
path); MVaxIWY. Syn: nistrkik. Etym: sa5lati

moves T-13284.
i}lo5k C N. Chips of wood resulting
from chopping wood; ru zLrWZ
Iik. Syn: te5yciK.
i}neha5ri sDC N. Thing; rsVdik. tay som
bo i}neha5ri }an. You have many things.
Variant: i{naha5ri; i{ni(h)a5ri; i}nyaha5ri.
i}paDe5k qDQC V. 1) To kiss; MVaVd yWX.
se to i}paDa5aw. She kissed him. 2) To
greet with kisses on the cheeks. [This is
typically done by women to close relatives,
both male and female] Syn: wa5{ik hk;
khu5Ti dyek; sawa5{ hik; has khaLe5k;
Noun: i}pa5ta greetings. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
i}paDe5k gho43 qDQC N. Lullaby or
childrens song; q.
i}pa5}ur sDQC KT. 1) Father-in-law (if self
is either male or female); Ey. CPart:
bahu5 daughter-in-law (sons wife);
jamo5w son-in-law (daughters husband).
2) Uncle-in-law (spouses uncle, or
husband of spouses aunt); Ey. CPart:
bahu5 niece-in-law; jamo5w nephew-inlaw. 3) Brother-in-law (husbands older
brother); V`Vdij. CPart: bahu5 sister-in-law
(brothers wife). See also: dio5r. Etym:
s5va5s5ura- husbands father T-12753.
i}pa5ta DTDQC Intj. Greetings!; y )MyzVd(.
[This is a general greeting. It is generally
used when people from one village meet
people from another. It is also used to a
woman who is not closely enough related
to kiss in greeting. She then makes a

y Vd WaM OSm qLm VZyzq VaWY@L

MVahjVdWX. [The portion is two huge flat round

loaves of bread, two pieces of meat, and

some gravy.] Use: dek to give.
i}per tQC N. Feast to celebrate; ,PSMVdV
nV. [People take wheat, clean it and
grind it in the mill, taking care not to mix it
with other grain. Then bread is made and
before it is eaten, a piece of bread is
broken off, and along with a bit of cheese
is thrown over into the sacred place next to
the fire. They give this kind of feast to
celebrate a marriage, a birth, or a new
house.]
i}po43 QC N. 1) A kind of tree; WdL
PSilqm M. [The reeds of this are used to
make flutes.] Gen: muT tree. 2) Flute;
WaMWX. Variant: i}pe43; i}po43%hi; i}poR
(Birir).
i}thkik UC V. To brag about
oneself; MWaqM VdVaWdo. a5sa i}thkaw day.
He is bragging. Caus: i}tikhe5k; Syn:
lochk. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
i}tikhe5k UC V. To praise or
eulogize a person or God; MWar WdrWZ.
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iS

ta

[Sometimes the man is dressed in a capa5n

a long coat. It is done if a person has spent
a lot on feasting.] Restrict: This is only
done by men and can be done by a speech
or a song. Syn: }uru}tyu5 ka5rik; gaZe5k;
sipha5t ka5rik; CPart: baSike5k to mourn.
N. Eulogy; nVdV ,WdrWZ. Variant:
i}takhe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
iS C Intj. May your choking stop!; hkWX
__ ryz ,d VZ rWY VaxWaM. [This is said
to a small child who has choked on
something, or to a person who is coughing
or sneezing, while possibly pounding on
their back.] Syn: di }u5kur.
iSkal DC N. Entreaty; PSijM PSKVaH.
iSkal ka5rik sD
DC V. To
persuade, request, implore, entreat, beg,
plead; MWar PSijM PSKVaH. pha5to te ta5sa
kay tu aya5 apa5w de gho3%i iSkal ka5i
a5san. Then they requested him to stay
there. Restrict: The object is marked by
kay to. Syn: baLe5k; darkha5s ka5rik.
iSkal nare5 ka5rik sD sD DC Id.
To persuade, request, implore, entreat, beg,
plead; MWar MhjVZHL ,MWar PSijM PSVaH. a
a5ma iSkal nare5 ka5i, ha5li a5am. I
brought him with much persuasion.
iSka5r ka5rik sD sDC V. To hunt game;
MWar qMHy.z ek a5dua }e3he3% hu5La ki ek
ware5k mu5lkani ba5caas pu5tras iSka5r
ka5rika jaKga5luna ga5La. One day it
happened that a kings son from another
country went into the forest to hunt. Syn:
mru5an park. From: Pashto.
iSkt ka5rik sD VC V. To remind
someone repeatedly about something; qMWX
MWaLr Mm mMWd qMWX. See also: tokma5t
ka5rik.
iSmare5k sDC V. To count; MVaVaH.
e5kanio gri da5} ta {a iSmara5i. Count
from one to ten! Syn: rue5k. Etym:

sma2rayati causes to remember T13865. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

iSpaZe5k yDQC V. To comb someone
elses hair; MWar Va MWX . Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
iSpa5Zik yDQC V. To comb ones own
hair; MWar Va. kanda5yak gri cu45i
iSpa5Zan day. The women comb their hair
with a comb. Instr: kanda5yak comb;
Object: cu45i braids; SiS head; ca5war
hair. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
iSpo5na DQC Adj. Hot, warm; r. iSpo5na
uk. Hot water. Syn: oS; pec4; duwdu5w;
Ant: o}; tramo5na; tsrekh.
iSpo5nyak DQC N. Porridge made from
wheat or corn flour; ru ,MVdm. iSpo5nyak
a5}ay dyik baS ha5waw. You must feed
him his porridge. [This is made with flour,
milk, ground walnuts, salt and water, and
is served hot with clarified butter.]
Degrad: cru5ka2 spoiled; Syn: mul. See
also: gagye5.
iSpoS QC KT. Nephew or niece (child
of ones sister); ijMWX ,MijMWX. tay ba5baw
putr, tay iSpoS. Your sisters son is your
nephew. CPart: mo5a maternal uncle;
Syn: mo5aso. See also: jamli ku5ak
4 . Etym:
svasrya- sisters son or daughter T13918.
iSTep
iSTe5p hik RYC V. To get short of
breath, gasp for breath; MWa nVaWX wWaMy.
iSTe5p ka5rik sD RYC V. To suffocate
someone; MWar nVaWX wWaMy M . ta5sa a}i
pii iSTep ka5i na}a5an. They covered his
mouth and suffocated him.
iSTLak YC N. Round or cylindrical
stone for breaking or kneading things like
walnuts or salt; rVZWY M VaxVdWY. Use:
dru5Kkik to mash; bi}e5k to break.
ta DUC V. Coming (present participial form of
ik to come); r N. See also: ik.
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itla5 dek

ja

itla5 dek o UC V. To inform; MVaWdm HL.

biru ek gaDa moc na}i a5au. to5a ek
su5da tla dka ta a5au. An old man died
in Birir. So a boy has come to inform us.
From: Arabic.
to UC V. Having come (past participial form
of ik to come); r N. See also: ik.
ito5n hik UC V. To lie on ones back;
MWa WX r. se ito5n thi }uru5i a5au.
He fell down and laid on his back. See
also: kapa5c4a hik lie on ones side.
Variant: itho5n hik.
tu UC Adv. Together, close; Wd@L ,V`@L
WZMy. tu l}i Du5Di, may tramo5na ka5riu
day. Sleep up next to me, Im cold.
tu tyek T UC V. 1) To put together,
group together; MWar MV`@L ,MWaH WZMy.
khala5K, paTigu4i%3 , tola5y, dara5y, brazn,
tu tya5i bistara5. Quilts, bed mats, quilted
mattresses, bedspreads, pillows, grouped
together, are bedding. See also: imiti

ka5rik; ek hik. 2) To crash into; d wWYN

MWaLrW`. moTe5r tu tya5i }ata55k thi paro5n.
The jeeps crashed together and were
completely smashed.
its nC N. Bear; hkWdq. Gen: gadhya5k
predators; bhero{anda5r wild animals.
Variant: ic4 (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: r05kSabear T-2445.
iza5t SCvC N. Respect, honor; OSrs. From:
Arabic.
iza5t ka5rik sD SCvC V. To show respect
for someone, to honor someone; MWar OSrs.
a5bi kaLa5Sa moc mmi sa5win ha5tya
ada5p {e iza5t ka5rik day, ko5ki taLe5y
mo5ndrani khoda5y kho}a5n hu. We
Kalasha people treat you all hospitably and
with respect because God is pleased with
this kind of thing. Syn: ka5dur ka5rik;
khate5r ka5rik.

j
D\ KT. Wife; VdWX. a

ja halk D D\ V. To take a wife, to

marry, to wed; MWar mMyz M ru.
ja hik D\ V. To become a wife; ru
MWar mMyz M. se ama5aw, a ta5sa ja him,
gho3%i. She said, I will become his wife.
Restrict: Actor must be a woman. Able:
mura45y mature.
ja ka5rik sD D\ V. To marry; M ru
MWar mMyz. may ek put ja ka5i a5au. caw
put ne ja ka5i a5an. My one son has
married. Four sons have not married.
Restrict: Actor must be masculine and of
marriageable age (about 20 years). A man
must not marry a girl of his fathers clan.
For his mothers clan it is less restrictive.
ja kho5jik \ D\ V. To arrange a
marriage for a man; ru _Vd mMyz

may ja. This is my

wife. [A girl can become a wife before
puberty, but as a rule does not have sexual
relations until after she begins to go to the
ba}a5Li menstrual house. Her husband is
typically about twenty years old.] CPart:
beru5 husband; Syn: istr{a; du5ray
gaDe5rak; du5rey mandri; moc1; Degrad:
weso5ru widowed. Etym: ja2ya2%- wife T5205.
ja beru5 tL D\ N. Married couple; MVd
VdWX. Variant: ja maru5.
ja dek o D\ V. To give in marriage;
MWaLr mMyz. phala5na ba5ca tan chu5Las ja
del day. A certain king is giving his
daughter in marriage. [The actors of this
verb are usually the girls parents.]

ja

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ja5al ka5rik

jahtrumi

MWar vzWZ. te

dD\ Adj. Hair-bearing; MWX

L Mo y. [This is only said of goats as it

jacme5La

may ha5tya ja kho5ji a5ini.

They arranged for me to get married.
Restrict: The benefactor is marked by
ha5tya for. Syn: khaltabar ka5rik.
ja nik D\ V. To take a wife, to marry,
to wed; MWar mMyz M ru.
N. Wedding, marriage. ja nik a}s.
There was a wedding. Restrict: The actor
must be a man. Gen: ko}an celebration.
janehu5La D\ Adj. Unmarried (of
women); qLVa. ek awa5ta janehu5La
istr{a a5sau. There is an unmarried girl in
a certain place. Morph: ja ne hu5La.
jawa5La CD\ Adj. Married (of men); mMyz
)mr( nyz. a jawa5La. I am married.
Restrict: This refers only to a man. Ant:
weja5u. Morph: ja-waLa.
ja5al ka5rik sD F\ V. To disregard or
ignore advice or commands; rWa ,MVaWaM Wa
MWar qsLnWa@L. mo pa5ri gho3%i ma5ikas som
ju5stuna a5sta se ja5al ka5i para5w.
Although he told him not to go, yet he
disregarded (the advice) and went.
jaba5l DLD\ N. Crowbar; MWX M __. Use:
hen ka5rik to pry up; Gen: aspa5p tools.
From: Pashto.
jaba5S DLD\ N. Prostitute or lady friend other
than ones wife; pWaq ,Xx. CPart: hew
illicit male lover. See also: dus, dust.
Etym: *yabhyate2 futuitur T-10420.
jabre5Zu ztLD\ N. A kind of poisonous
insect; LruVd Wdrqs Wd@L. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles.
jac1 cD\ N. Hair, fur; MWX. [Womens hair is
considered somewhat impure by the
Kalasha. A woman is not supposed to comb
her hair in the house. She must do it down
by the stream.] Spec: SiS jac head hair;
kutu5lak no45ani jac underarm hair;
ca5war human head hair; Unit: kes a
single hair. Etym: *jacca- hair T5095.3.

must be hair that can be shorn and used

like the wool on a sheep.] See also:
paSme5La.
jacu5 dD\ Adj. Having long hair; MWX _VX
L. may pay bada5ik baS, saw jacu5
thi a5an. I need to cut the hair of my goats
because they all have long hair. Restrict:
The -u suffix may be productive as
meaning having. Note the relationship to
the discontinuous morpheme we-...-u not
having. Syn: bre; jala5S.
jac2 cD\ N. Judge; gjij. e43he43%ia {e rukmu5La
ogoe5kin khila5wuna adala5t ka5rin day.
ek c4hat e43he43io5n khila5wuna thi }au.
jac e43he43io5n khila5wuna a5raw. The men
from Ayun and those from Rumbur are
making a court case against each other.
One time before it turned out against the
men of Ayun. The judge decided against
them. Syn: kaz. From: English.
jadu5 oD\ N. Magic; EmMij. From: Persian.
jadu5 ka5rik sD oD\ V. To perform
magic; MWar EmMij. Syn: gec botik. From:
Persian.
jaduga5r sDoD\ N. Magician; rmMij. Syn:
paLu5; gec bota5k.
jage5k D\ V. 1) To look at; MVaWdm. Syn:
jie5k. See also: ZoK hik; pa5}ik. 2) To look
after, to guard, watch; MWar Lq. a5bi
pay jage5k. We look after goats. 3) To
read; MVaruWY. a kita5p jage5m day. I am
reading a book. Syn: ma5trik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
jagerda5r sCotD\ N. Landlord; ,qLnVaVdqs
qLmdMij. From: Persian.
jaha5s {DD\ N. Vehicle, airplane; qsMij.
Morph: jaha5z. From: Arabic.
jahtrumi tUD\ Adj. Pregnant (of
animals); WXM. may tre pay jahtrumi.
My three goats are pregnant. [Goats are
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jajaLo5ma

janTa5

jamli D\ N. Mans female relations on

his fathers side, clan sisters; VdVX ,WX
`VdWX. [This includes his daughters, sisters,
paternal aunts, and granddaughters. If a
sister cannot come to a sarie5k marriage
celebration feast, or has died, her
daughter as a jamli can come in her
place.] Etym: ja2m- related as brother and
sister T-5200.
jamli ku5a4k I D\ N. Nephews
and nieces of ones clan sisters; ,hjVdVZWX
MVdhjVdVZWX. See also: iSpoS; mo5aso.
jamo5w D\
KT.
1) Son-in-law,
bridegroom; mMLm. CPart: i}pa5}ur fatherin-law (wifes father); jeSTa5li mother-inlaw (wifes mother). 2) Brother-in-law
(sisters husband); VaWX. CPart: we5way
brother-in-law (wifes brother); preje5y
sister-in-law (wifes sister). 3) Nephewin-law (nieces husband, or spouses
nieces husband); mMLm. CPart: jeSTa5li
aunt-in-law; i}pa5}ur uncle-in-law.
4) Grandson-in-law
(granddaughters
husband);
mMLm. Etym: ja2m
% a2tr0daughters husband T-5198.
ja5muki D\ Adj. About, approximately;
MVXWdrWZ. Syn: karban.
jana5t SDD\ N. Heaven; PSVaij. [This is the
place where all Kalasha believe they go
after death.] Syn: behe5ST; gayp; darga5;
CPart: druZa5k hell. From: Arabic.
janaTe5r tXDD\ N. Generator; hjWX ,rV`Wdaij
Vdxz War LnVdWY. Whole: maTo5r jeep or
vehicle. From: English.
janja5l D]D\ N. Conflict (consisting of
words and fighting); MhjVaij ,Lruij. ho5mo
tan mo5cuna janja5l ne ka5rik baS. We
should not fight among ourselves. Ant:
a5man.
janja5l ka5rik sD D]D\ V. To argue
and fight; MWar Lruij. Syn: phasa5t ka5rik.
janTa5 DYD\ N. Flag; LpVaij. From: Urdu.

pregnant for 5 months and then give birth.

One can tell they are pregnant if he sees
the isto5n udder develop.] Syn: oSwa5Li.
Etym: ja5nitr- mother T-5106?.
jajaLo5ma DD\D\ N. Condition in which a
goats milk is stopped up causing death;

M rWX d wij qMVdWX WdL

y ij wij __ MWZMij nVaWX mm
__ Mij r rWX. c4hir band thi may

pay ana5}aw. ta5sa ka5yo jajaLo5ma

gho3%ik. My goat died when her milk was
stopped up. We call this jajaLo5ma.
ja5jey &\D\ N. Apricot tree bearing fruit
with edible pits; MWXil L r V`Vd.
CPart: aZa4nja apricot with bitter kernel.
jaka5T WDD\ N. Vest; PUVdij. From: English.
jala5S D\ Adj. Furry, hairy, woolly,
overgrown; L MWX _VX. tay SiS jala5S,
badha5ik baS. Your hair is too long, you
need to cut it. a muThk jala5S thi }au,
a5ma sor ka5rik baS. This sapling has
become overgrown, we must prune it. Syn:
bre; jacu5.
jal D\ N. Screen, net; Mij.
jalSiS D\ N. Tripe; ruij@L. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.
ja5Lak D\ N. Maggot-like insect; ij ruVd
d WZ LnVdWY d WY xzil. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles.
jamalda5r sCpDD\ N. Foreman, supervisor of
work; L WaLr M , zVa.
jama5t SDD\ N. Grade or level in school;
PSMij. tu kimo5n jama5t ma5i a5as? How
many grades have you studied? Variant:
jamha5t. From: Arabic.
jamat TDD\ N. Class fellow, colleague;
PSMij . o5nja a may jamat. Now he
is my class fellow.
jam D\ N. Good; Mik@L. }um mo ka5ri,
jam ka5ri. Dont make mischief, do good!
See also: pru5ST. From: Khowar.
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jaKga5l

ja43

jaKga5l DD\ N. Jungle, forest; Vaij. a

behaba5n bo jaKga5l jayga5 a}s. This
wilderness was a very wild place. Adj:
jaKga5li wild; Syn: behaba5n; patia5li;
pariLo5y. Variant: jhaKga5l. From: Persian.
jaKgal DD\ Adj. Wild, undomesticated;
zi ,Vaij. jaKgal phu5}ak mizo5kas
pSTaw pSTaw adya5iLa. The wild cat ran
after the rat.
jaKgalwa5L CDD\ N. Forest guard;
oqM PUyqM.
japaja5 hik D\DPD\ V. 1) To be
completely tired out; MWaMij WZ PSWX. a
japaja5 ha5wis. I am completely tired out.
Syn: agra5ik; khesma5t hik; guda5s hik;
Zek hik. 2) To be sick and unable to get
up; VaW`DL r ilqs MWd r qMVdWX PShly
MWa Wa WXM .
japan DPD\ N. Japanese; MWYMij. From:
English.
ja5rik sD\ V. 1) To be digested; MWa .
may au5 ne ja5riu day. My food is not
digesting. ta5wka4i gaST ja5riu. ta5wka4i soup
digests quickly. 2) To be absorbed or to be
dissolved by osmosis; MWa OQij. uk
pha5wuna ja5ri }au. The water has been
absorbed into the ground. pira5nuna uk
jha5riu. Water leaks through the shirt. Syn:
kru5ik. Variant: jha5rik. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
jare5 hik sD\ V. To digest;
MWa. a5sa au5 jare5 ne hin day. He does
not digest his food. 2) To be absorbed;
MWa OQij. muciko5k jare5 thi chom
grLa thi }au. The ground is all wet from
absorbing rain water.
jarja5r sD\sD\ Adj. Inflammable (like pitch
pine); L VaW`DL ruWX nij. See also:
kha5sak ma5sak; Luc.
jaro4a5 CsD\ N. Bastard, illegitimate child;
Lri ,mLqs Lri.

sD\ N. The Jaroe clan of Rumbur;

VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen: kam1

jaro4e5

clan.
jasta5n DU|D\ N. Straw mat made from rice
stalks; VaWX y mWY xzil Mik
MV`ik. From: Khowar.
jaw D\ N. Group or stand of trees or
bushes; MVa. a5La ka5nda ja5Lay, ka5nda
pu45ik tro5c4iu. There in the almond woods
he is scratching in the almond roots. Unit:
muT tree, plant. Etym: *jhalla- bush
T-5355, 14530.
jaw gren t D\ N. Top layer of beams in
wall of a building which ties the structure
together; MWX qLWdm M vzVd
ru. [All Kalasha houses are made of at
least three alternating layers of stone tied
together by interlocking gren beams. The
top layer is called the jaw gren.] See also:
gren.
jawa5p OCD\ N. Answer; OQLij. From:
Arabic.
jawa5p dek o OCD\ V. To answer, to
reply; MVaWdm OQLij. a tay mon phu5cim, tu
jawa5p de. I will ask you a question, you
answer me!
jawguru5 sD\ N. Jawguru village in Birir
valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
jayga5 DD\ N. Place; ij. Syn: wa3; thon.
Variant: jeyga5. From: Persian.
jaza5t SCuD\ N. Permission; OSqsMijHL. Syn:
inDe5n; lase5ns. From: Arabic.
jaza5t dek o SCuD\ V. To permit
something; MVaWdm OSqsMijHL. may da5da may
to ja nkas ba5ti jaza5t praw. My father
gave me permission to marry that girl.
ja43 J\ N. Walnut meats, nutmeats; r.
Whole: bribo5 walnut.
ja43 ghu43% J\ N. Necklace made from
whole walnut meats; )OUril@L( qM M r.
See also: jijay ghu4;3% ghu43%. Variant: rhu5ta
ja43 (candied walnut necklace).
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jek

jhan, jhand

wife); vMy. CPart: jamo5w nephew-inlaw. Etym: jye2S% Tha- first, chief T-5286.
jha dyek o D\ V. To strain or to filter;
MVaWaMik. sa5ras }oK gri a5Luk kutyu5una
jha dyem. I filter milk in the gourd funnel
with juniper branches.
jha dyuni o D\ N. Filter or strainer
for liquid; aik. [In the high pastures this
is made of branches and leaves.]
jhaL dyek o D\ V. To bump lightly
against something; ,MVaWdm Mm My M
MWaqrs r Eik . se may jhaL dya5i
para5w. He just grazed me and went (by).
Restrict: The person bumped or touched is
either in the dative case, or marked by som
with. Syn: Tham dyek.
jhan, jhand pD\ ,D\ N. Body, life; ,Mij
ij. jhan niha5w. He died (lit: life went
out). Syn: bada5n; kalp; ada5m; khaml;
c4he43%a; jsom; Part: jeST a45Kgu big toe;
kro5ma lungs; kuc belly; oLa5r
stomach; pas chest; a5}i mouth; bruk
kidney; piST back; krem lower back;
bisgu5dyak back of neck; grKga aTh
collarbone; paSn heel; khu5Ta baza5
legs and arms; baza5 hand; The5wak
ankle; khur foot or leg; DheKk knee;
ha5rkin elbow; pakno43% sole of foot;
DheKk ku}u5ruk kneecap ; isna5r torso;
kro4 chest; ustru4%3 hips; thor back of
neck; danda4u5 chin; naDe5n leg, knee to
ankle; cra5ki large intestines; karmaTha5k
temples and side of head; pra4a5 spleen;
ga4 throat; pa}, pa}t ribs; h|4a5 heart;
bru5c4ak testicles; dando45yak teeth; nast
nose; niLa45 forehead; bu4i5 k thigh or
upper arm; ma43%u calf; oKg thigh; aS
shoulder; SiS head; ec eye; ko43 ear;
aTh bone; jhip1 tongue.
Adj. Real (blood), true (blood). may
jhan ba5ya. My real (blood) brother. Syn:

ja43 ka5rik sD J\ V. To take nutmeats

out of their shells; MVaMWa r.
ja43ga DJ\ N. Walnut butter mix; OUril@L
aV`ik mr qMVdWZ r wVdWY r . brbo
bi}a5i dru5Kki ja43ga ka5rin. Cracking and
mashing walnuts, they make walnut butter.
[Walnuts are mashed, and mixed with
cheese, water and salt to make this. It is a
thinner mixture than gaZaga5Zi.] Syn:
gaZaga5Zi.
ja43he5stik U}J\ N. Bird species
which eats walnut leftovers; L WaM r
nWarWY. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
ja43u5 J\ N. Thick bread stuffed with
walnuts and cheese; L r OUril@L
q. [This is made with dough and baked
beside the fire while billi is made with
batter and fried on a pan.] Gen: au5
bread; Syn: billi. Morph: ja43-au5.
jek
\ N. Jug; ij. From: English.
jeST Z\ N. Switch made from a branch;
ruik X q@L VZWY. [This is used to drive
oxen or flocks.]
jeST a45Kgu I Z\ N. Thumb, big toe;
MW`Wa@L. Whole: jhan, jhand body.
Etym: jye2%STha- first, chief T-5286.
je5STak DY\ N. Female spirit being of the
home and clan; VZyzr Myz. [She protects
pregnancy, birth, marriage etc. She alone
has a roofed temple, the je5STak han.] Gen:
baS {ua5w spirit beings; Loc: han, hand.
Etym: de2STr- name of a female divinity
T-6556 or; jye2%STha- first, chief T-5286.
je5STak han D DY\ See main entry:
han, hand.
jeSTa5li DY\ KT. 1) Mother-in-law (if
self is male); vMy. [The corresponding
term for mother-in-law, if self is female, is
ispre5s.] CPart: jamo5w son-in-law
(daughters husband). 2) Aunt-in-law
(wifes aunt, or wifes paternal uncles
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jhaw

jho5nik

jhip SaTe5k XD R\ V. To cast a spell

by looking at and complimenting
something; MWaM nWX HMWXqs. [When this is
done the thing will break, or if it is an
animal, it will die.] See also: gechawa5ri
ka5rik; tayt ka5rik; ser ka5rik.
jhip2 R\ N. Pocket; PQVdij. Syn: dzoLe5y.
From: Arabic.
jhon \ N. Person; mN ,mr ,hlyz.
Syn: banda5; buniade5m; insa5n. Variant:
jen (Urtsun (M)). Etym: ja5na- race,
person T-5098.
jhone5k \ V. 1) To teach, cause to
know; MWaMy. a ta5sa kaLa5Sa mon
jhona5i a5am. I taught him the Kalasha
language. Syn: bande5k; c4ic4he5k. 2) To be
in sight, to appear; MVaWdm MWdm. pnDiay
thi, islamaba5t ho5ma ha5tya jhona5aw.
We saw Islamabad from Rawalpindi. 3) To
seem; MVa. tu tramaSu5Kay ta, may
ha5tya bhut jhona5i. When you came in
the darkness, I thought you were a ghost
(lit: you seemed to me to be a ghost).
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
jhonawa5w CD\ N. Teacher; mMVZyDL. Syn:
maSTe5r; osta5s.
jho5nik \ V. To know; MVaWaMij. a tay
krom bo pruST jho5nim day. I know very
well what you have done. Syn: ma{k; ger
ka5rik. Variant: jo5nik; jan (Urtsun (M)).
Etym: ja2na2t% i knows T-5193. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
jhona5w D\ N. One who knows, master;
mMVZyDL ,M ,L VaWaMij. Syn: osta5t.
jhona5wak CD\ Adj. 1) Be known, be
seen; L VaWdm WeMm. andye5y thi Sa
fa5ysal ma{t jhona5wak. From here you
can see Shah Faisal Mosque Syn: were5k;
pa}u5nyak; dre3S, dre3ST; Ant: pacha5n.
2) Understandable; y Mij Mhj xij. a
bo jhona5wak mon. This is an easily
understandable word.

}irn. Variant: {an. Etym: jvanta5- longlived, living T-5244.

jhan chaLawa5w CDd D\ N. 1) Angel
of death; L VaMWa Mij. [It is thought that
he comes and takes a persons soul at
death.] 2) Cruel person; MxWaHL M.
jhanda5r sCpD\ N. Living being; qLnWaMij.
Variant: {anda5r. From: Persian.
jhaw D\ N. 1) Fence made of branches
stuck in the ground; Vaij M flMyz rWY dqs.
Create: dyek to make; c4hmbik to set
up. 2) Beginning, edge; z. De5rwero
te paysa5 a5sta gri tro5mi} jha5wuna
biru a{a5Law. The driver took the money
and arrived back at Birir at the beginning
of evening. Syn: burida5; hat. Etym:
*jhalla- bush T-5355.
jhaw dyek o D\ V. To make a fence
of branches; MWaM Vaij ,MWaM quMWX. [These
branches at first are merely stuck in the
ground. Later they begin to grow and
become a living fence.]
jhes ka5rik sD ~\ V. To give a gift to
a married female relation; MVaWdm rsVdij. a
may chu5a ha5tya sarie5kuna jhes a5ris. I
gave gifts to my daughter in the Sariek
festival. [The gifts consist typically of
young goats, a cow, and dishes.] See also:
baS ka5rik. Variant: jhes dek. From:
Arabic.
jhip1 R\ N. Tongue; MWXqs. Riddle: diga45
ga43%Kgay khe5ra: in the hole in the wall is a
wooden shovel. Answer = jhip the
tongue; Whole: jhan, jhand body.
Etym: jihva2%- tongue T-5228.
jhip Sa5Tik XD R\ V. To curse
someone (verbally); MVa nWX HMWXqs. se ka
mon deL haw, jhip Sa5Taw. Whatever he
says can curse others. [This is done often
by saying good things about a person or
thing and then bad things happen to it.]
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jho5nta

jp

jie5k \ V. 1) To look at; MVaWdm. a {e

tu kita5p jie5k day. We are looking at the
book. Syn: jage5k. See also: ZoK hik;
pa5}ik. 2) To consider; MVaiky. ponj So
bas a jie5m, may kha5i} pe ha5waw
haw, a im. I will think about it for five or
six days, then if I desire, I will come.
Etym: ddhe2ti perceives T-6346. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
jijay ghu43% D]\ N. Necklace made
from stringing apricot kernels; qM M LmMWX
)MWXil(. See also: ja43 ghu43; ghu43%.
jijay {u5k Labe45 L w D]\ N. Game
of hide and seek; ij Vd M WdL
__ MVZij MVZ y hk WaN. [This is a
kind of betting game in which a boy and
girl eat part of a nut meat together and
then hide from each other over night. In
the morning, the first person to see the
other wins the game.] Gen: Labe45 game.
jij hik ]\ V. To drop in a long thin
stream like honey or saliva; ,MWa qLnxVd
MVaVaWX xzWdq. See also: ji2.
jikiwe5} \ N. The village of Jikiwesh
in Rumbur; M WdL M qVXq mL.
jil \ N. Jail, prison; nVd ,Vdij. to gri ni
jlay pron. They took him and put him in
jail. Syn: band. From: English.
jim \ Adj. Strong, hard to break; )Mm(
VXV ,PShly. sutr jim }au. The thread
is strong. Syn: DaK.
jinjire5t Vt]\ N. The valley of Jinjiret,
south of Ayun near Drosh; WdL LZik
mL. Resident: kuiho4i%3 .
jnju ]\ N. 1) Thorn tree bearing small
black berries with four seeds; M WdL
PSilqm M dWX. Gen: muT tree. 2) Small
black berry; dWX M WdL.
jinpn Q\ N. Genie, ghost; OSWX ij.
From: Arabic.
jp R\ N. Jeep; PRVdij. From: English.

jhonapa5}tya DUDPD\ Adj. Known,

familiar; MWX MWdm. te DonDa}k
jhonapa5}tya mo5can den. They give
walnut clusters to their acquaintances.
jhonawe5nik D\ N. Riddle; VdWY.
may {e tay jhonawe5nik. My and your
riddle. [The phrase may {e tay
jhonawe5nik is used to ask someone to
solve a riddle. If the person cannot figure it
out he says, Sa5as koT tay pra I give up
(lit: I gave you the kings coat). Then the
answer is given.] Riddle: du ku5iaw
Da5ran: from two valleys, a flood. Answer
= gru43 nasal mucus.
jho5nta DU\ N. Sacrificial animals (goats,
sheep and cows); rWX q@L LrWX. jho5nta
ma5ran. They sacrifice goats, sheep and
cows. [Usually this word is accompanied
by ma5rik to sacrifice.] Spec: pay goat;
ame43%a sheep; gak cow. Variant: {o5nta.
jhu5Kkik \ V. To burn something;
MWaij. su5ri jhu5Kkiu day. The sun is
burning (me). duSma5n goST ju5Kkin. An
enemy will burn a barn down. Syn: Lu5Sik.
See also: du5ik. Variant: ju5Kkik. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
ji1 \ Adv. Yet; Mi MWZ ,WZ WX@L. sa5bur
ka5ri, ne ji u. Wait! He will not come
yet. Etym: adyaiva even today T-245.
ji2 \ N. 1) Bowstring made of bark; xzWdq.
2) Any string-like object such as a span in
a spiders web or a fish line; qo. See
also: jij hik. Etym: jiya2%- bowstring T5227.
ji tho5m T \ N. Bow for shooting
stones; Lo rVZWY d wij M WdL
d WZr qMyz r. Syn: ra5but thom. See
also: }a4 thom; thom; SiK tho5m.
jiaTo5k XD\ N. Medium-sized bird with a
long beak; nWarWY L fkik X. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
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jpas ka5rik

ju

jpas ka5rik sD {DQ\ V. To eat a little

bit; MWaM MWaM My M. Syn: {uk.
jira5ik Ct\ V. To patiently endure, take,
tolerate, bear, put up with; MWar PSyLz mrWX.
har ek krom jara5i kare5li. Everything
must be done by endurance. }e3he3% mon
a5sa kay, mo det. jira5ik ne bha5au.
Dont tell her that, she cant bear it. Syn:
kheSk; barda5} ka5rik; dork; guzara5n
ka5rik; tap o5nik. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
jire5 t\ N. Food given to mourners who
come to offer condolences; e WeN rWY WZM
MWaM MVd MWdm . Use: dek to give;
{uk to eat; Syn: tsar.
jire5 dek o t\ V. To give a burial
feast; MVaWdm MWaM rWY WZM. [If a person has
become a Muslim, they call this feast na5STa
jire5.] See also: {unutsa5r dek.
jirga5 Dt\ N. Meeting of elders, village
council; PSWdMik ,rij. From: Persian.
jirga5 ka5rik sD Dt\ V. To meet
together, hold a meeting; ,MWar rij
MWaWX PSWdMik.
jirmana5 DDt\ N. Fine, penalty fee;
WaMrij. Use: SaTe5k to fine someone.
Variant: jarmana5. From: Persian.
jirmana5 SaTe5k XD DDt\ V. To fine
someone for a misdemeanor unrelated to
agriculture; MWaM WaMrij. ta5sa gaLa5t
mo5cas jirmana5 SaTe5n. They fine the man
who was in error. See also: Den SaTe5k.
jsom }\ N. Body; ij. jsom awa5
ho5nciu. The body makes a man breathe.
Syn: jhan, jhand body; bada5n; kalp;
ada5m; khaml; c4he43%a. From: Arabic.
jiS, jiST Z\ ,\ N. Hand-span measure
from little finger to thumb; PSxzMWX M WZM.
pa5Ti ponj hast {e ek jiST ka5i bhni. Put
enough wool on the loom for a five-cubit
and one hand-span cummerbund! See also:
has, hast; nmuS; caw a43%gu; khoS; anjl;

paSu5k. Etym: diSTi- a measure of length

T-6343.
jit V\ Adj. Successful, victorious; OQMVdM.
te may tha5ra jit ha5wan. They defeated
me. Restrict: The person defeated is
marked by tha5ra on or pi from. Ant:
har (hik). From: Urdu.
jit ka5rik sD V\ V. To cause someone
to win; MWar OQMVdM ,MWaMVZVdij. a te jit a5ris.
I made them win or led them to victory.
jizya5 Dv\ N. Head tax; Wdrsij. Syn: thaKg.
From: Arabic.
joarge5ri ka5rik sD tsC\ V. To bet
with someone, gamble; MVaVd Lij. a ta5sa
som joarge5ri a5ris. I gambled with him.
From: Urdu.
jo5mi \ KT. Sister-in-law (husbands
sister); )WX ryz( nVaWa. CPart: bahu5
sister-in-law. Etym: ja2m- related as
brother and sister, female relative T-5200.
joSk \ V. To consider, regard,
esteem; MVahj. te to }um joSn. They
think badly of him. a ka joSm day, pi.
Why should I mind? Go ahead and drink!
See also: c4ame5k; ju5Sik. Etym: jo2S% ati
enjoys, likes, resolves T-5271. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
joSTo5ruk sY\ Adj. Proud, pompous;
qr. joSTo5ruk mo ha. Dont be a
showoff. Ant: ajs. See also: pha5kur;
guru5r.
jo45yak hik D\ V. To become
poison in a game; wHij Vd M WdL

Waik hkWX m hkWX WdL d

__ MWZr wzyz. tu jo45yak thi a5as, may

mo cu5Ti. You have become poison,

dont touch me. jo45yak jo45yak thi, Labe45
hik. Lets play that the one who loses
becomes poison. Gen: Labe45 game.
ju \ N. Yoke; LEij. Part: ju go5nDak part
around oxs neck; Matl: bribo5 }uLa5
walnut wood; Syn: kamDe5n. Variant:
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jua5n

ju5Sik

julap ka5rik sD O\ V. To have

diarrhea; MVa wzhkVdWY. may jula5p ka5i
}au. I have diarrhea. Syn: kuc kha3S hik;
rgik; rigorgi ka5rik.
junaza5 CuD\
N.
1) Funeral;
qsMVaij.
2) Corpse; vz. Syn: aTh; kale5r; na5}Ta.
From: Arabic.
ju5nu \ Adj. Alive; nWaIqs. a ju5nu a5am. I
am alive. Syn: zinda5. Variant: {u5nu.
From: Khowar.
junu5p O\ N. South; OQVaij. CPart: }uma5l
north. See also: magrp; ma}rk. From:
Arabic.
juo5 \ Adj. Second, next; LEm. From:
Khowar.
jupe5k P\ V. To channel water within a
field in order to irrigate; MWaM MWY. ware5k
batra5lakuna lasa5i, jupa5i. Let the water
flow into another channel and water it.
Syn: uk Lase5k; uk dyek; saKga5Lik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
juru5k s\ N. Dear little daughter; hkWX.
[This seems to have an endearing, as well
as a diminutive sense. It can be said by
people other than father or mother. Father
and mother and anyone else who could call
her chu, will rather call her, may chuLk
ik.] CPart: putru5k dear little son. See
also: chu. Pl: juruka5n.
just V|\ Adj. Together, united; WdL
WZMy. te tre, just thi paro5n. The three of
them went together.
ju5stuna DU|\ Rel. Together with, with;
WZMy. ta5sa ju5stuna ek ware5k moc a5sta
a5is. There was also another man with him.
just ka5rik sD V|\ V. To join, to
bring together, to unite; MWa WZMy.
juste5k U|\ V. To join, to bring
together, to unite; MWa WZMy.
ju5Sik \ V. To select, choose, like;
MWar OQMhlVZWaHL ,MVaVaEik. a to istr{gu5a4k
aju5Sis. I chose that girl. tu {o5}una ek

hu5STum (Urtsun (M)). Etym: yuga5- yoke,

couple T-10482.
ju go5nDak Cr \ N. The part of a
yoke which goes around the oxs neck; LEij

VdWX ij pWao qMik L Wa MVZyHL d

d VZnWaMWX r q mr mr. [This is

composed of two wooden pieces around the

oxs neck joined at the bottom by a leather
strap or other material.] Matl: bonj
holly oak; Whole: haw1 plough; ju
yoke.
jua5n C\ Adj. Physically mature (of boys);
Lij ,MWX. jua5n thi a5as. You have
become mature. CPart: mura45y mature (of
girls); Syn: mura4.5
N. Young man of marriageable age;
Mru Lij. Variant: juha5n. From: Persian.
juan C\ N. Youth, maturity, strength;
Lij. tu tan juanas tha5ra pha5kur mo
ka5ri. tay ha5tya a5sta wat {a5Liu. Dont
be proud of your youth. Your time will
also come to be old.
ju5da Co\ Adj. Separate; @L. a tay
sarga5yr tay pi ju5da thi, hi} wat ne
apa5w dek ne bha5am. I cannot live a
moment without you and separated from
you. Syn: tana5. From: Persian.
juk1 \ N. Louse; Eij. Etym: yu2%ka2louse T-10512.
juk2 \ N. Even number; mn PSEij. du
juk. Two is an even number. CPart: tak2
odd. Variant: just. From: Arabic.
ju5kuS kho5jik \ \ V. To act so
as to ask for punishment, egg someone on;
MVaVd MVaWY. a tro5im gho3%i ju5kuS kho5jiu
day. This child is asking for a spanking by
saying that he is going to cry. mic ju5kuS
mo kho5ji. Dont just ask for trouble.
jula5p O\ N. Diarrhea; wzhkVdWY. may jula5p
ka5i }au. I have diarrhea. Syn: rigorgi.
From: Arabic.
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juwa5ri

JanJe5r

juwa5ri sC\ N. Corn; Ve ,qLij. juwa5ri

{e }il, istr{a awe5l day le5tras Sa5Tan.
The women first begin the harvest of corn
and millet. Gen: pha5sil grain crop. See
also: dhan; phukac4a5Sa; niku45ik. Variant:
jawa5ri; joa5ri. Etym: yava2ka2ra- barleyshaped T-10437.

istr{a ju5Sio pha5to aLaSK ka5i an. You

liked a girl (you saw) in Joshi, then you
eloped (with her) and married her. Syn:
kho}e5k; niwa5rik. See also: joSk. Etym:
jo2S% ati enjoys, likes, resolves T-5271.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).

J
gD` N. 1) Male and female spirit
beings by this name; MWZWdm. 2) Altar to the
Jac4 spirit beings; gWX. gak pe ku5ak
4
ha5waw haw, kata5k c4a5Sa ni, Ja5c4una
sa5ras dyen. When a cow has a calf, the
men take special cheese and burn juniper at
the altar to the Jac4. [Typically each village
will have a Jac4. The offering places are
near the cattle houses and are described by
some as policemen for cattle houses. When
a cow gives birth to a calf, it is customary
to take its milk, make a special cheese with
it and offer juniper to the Jac4 at the special
place for this spirit. These Jac4 may be
female and are referred to as baS {ua5w
share takers, because the offering of
juniper in this ceremony is their baS
share, portion. If men forget to do this, it
is said that the cow will give less milk. It is
also said that the famous shaman, Nanga
Dehar, gave command that goats be killed
in the name of Jac4.] Gen: baS {ua5w spirit
beings. Variant: Zac4. Etym: yakSa5supernatural being T-10395.
Jac4 dando45yak DpCo gD` N. White
stones referred to as spirits teeth; M ik
rVZWY. [These are usually found in aKarwa5t
flintstone.] See also: aKgarwa5t.

Jac4 mu5tra CtT gD` N. Medicinal

substance known as spirits urine;
PSVdijy. [This is brown or red in color
and is very bitter. It is put into milk
overnight and drunk the following morning
as medicine for cure of a bruise or cut.]
Variant: ZaT mu5tra.
Jac4 }o5K cD` N. The juniper branches
used to purify a sacrifice; flMyz rWXVaV

Jac4

qLWdm d M MWXr _Vd MWXr ij

__ Mij q WZMy. [One branch is

sprinkled with blood from the sacrifice and

attached to the wall of the altar of
Mahandeo. One is burned to purify the
altar and the goat. The other is placed on
the fire.]
Jac4aLo5a CDhD`
Adj.
Rainy,
snowy,
inclement; OQLril. dunia5 bo Jac4aLo5a
ha5waw. The weather has become very
bad. Syn: piliwe4;5 tilsum.
Jac4h hik hD` V. To bark
ferociously; MVaWaWX y KV. }o43%a Jac4h
thi a5an. The dogs are barking ferociously.
Restrict: The actors of this verb are limited
to animals. Syn: }aK ka5rik; wakhok;
ra5ik; Actor: }o43%a dog. Variant: Za5c4i hik.
JanJe5r taD` N. Chain, zipper; dijqs. From:
Persian.

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ka

kaha5l

k
-D V. Hearsay past root of ka5rik to do.
ka5-da. He/they did.
ka5as {F Pron. Genitive, dative, accusative,
oblique form of ku5ra Who?; M w.
ka-as ba5ti sawze5m? For whom shall I
make it?
ka5as ki {F Pron. The one whom; wij
. ka5as ki na}a5i a5ini. The one whom
they had killed.
kabl LD Adj. Capable, clever; WXM. Syn:
DnTa; hu}ia5r; akulwa5La; caspa5n; ucu5tu;
zehenwa5La; To3%cuk. From: Arabic.
kabu5l ka5rik sD LD V. To accept in
order to do, to obey; MWar VX. a }a5ma
mon kabu5l ka5rim. I will do what he has
said. may suwa5l kabu5l ka5ri. Accept my
prayer! Syn: mon ka5rik. From: Arabic.
kabza5 CvLD N. Hinge; VVX. From: Arabic.
kabza5 ka5rik sD CvLD V. To take by force;
MWar VVX. From: Arabic.
kaca5 man D DdD N. Measure of sixteen
baTi (about 40 kg); A M H wVdMik. [One
baTi is equal to 2.5 kg.] See also: paka5
man. From: Urdu.
kacaLu5 DdD N. Sweet potato; nVa ryz.
From: Urdu.
kace5nDuk rdD N. Onion; qsMVdWY.
kace5nDuk tspim day e, e5cay pa5i,
a5stru uc4ha5r dyel day. When I am cutting
onions up, it irritates my eyes and makes
me cry. Gen: }ak vegetable; Dim:
kacenDu5tyak.
ka5chi dD N. Shoulder strap for holding a
basket or load on ones back; `WY ,WZ.
kha5wa ka5chi. khawa5 basket strap.
soho5La ka5chi. soho5La basket strap. [Two
kinds of these are called kha5wa ka5chi and
khapo5 ka5chi, and are for holding baskets
ka

on ones back. They are woven from

goathair and are about two inches wide. A
soho5La ka5chi is made from rope.] Morph:
ga5chi. Etym: ka2ca- loop, string fastened
to both ends of a pole, carrying yoke T3009?.
kac4a5c4 hik gDhD V. To climb a tree or
steep mountain like a leopard; ,MVaruik
MVaV`.
ka5c4u hD N. Short-needled, evergreen tree,
tall, slender, and pointed; qLmWdm WdL
PSilqm M fr. Picea smithiana. [It grows
at high elevations, has long slender fruit
which ripen in June. People eat the fruit
with walnuts as medicine . Goats also eat
its fruit.] Gen: muT tree.
ka5da CoD V. He/she did (hearsay); L MVd. See
also: ka5rik. Etym: karo2t% i does T-2814.
kada5r sCoD N. Small amount; LquWZ. tu ek
kada5r krom may ha5tya ne a5ri. You did
not do any work for me.
ka5dur ka5rik sD soD V. To be hospitable
to someone, respect; MWar qn. may bahu5
may ajho5nas ha5tya ka5dur ka5da. My
sister-in-law was hospitable to my guest.
Syn: iza5t ka5rik; khate5r ka5rik. From:
Arabic.
kaga5s {DD N. Paper, letter; M. Syn: khat.
Morph: kaga5z. From: Persian.
kagaza5t SCuDD N. License, official
papers, documents; OSLM. may som
jpas kagaza5t a5sta ne }an, a dra
ha5tya park ne bha5am gho3i ama5aw.
He said he didnt have documents for the
jeep and so couldnt go to Dir.
kaha5l DD Adj. Lazy; M. krom ne ka5i pe
mic aDu5Daw, ta5sa kay kaha5L gho5an. If
a man does not work and only sleeps, they
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ka5har

kaln
Child: koLucu5yak chick; Subadult:
matrki chicken, almost adult, m/f; Imp:
kSe Shoo! (to chickens); tyep Come!;
Product: o5nDrak eggs. See also:
koLucho5k. Variant: kakwa5k (Urtsun).
kakbo5y MD N. Leopard; MVZVdik. kakbo5y ku43
thi uTkaw. The leopard crouched and
sprang up. [If a person is referred to as a
leopard it means he is fast, quick on ones
feet, and strong.] Proverb: kakbo5yas raw
samla5t mo paLa5ri. Dont be proud and
angry like a leopard (lit: dont smooth your
mustache like a leopard!); Gen: gadhya5k
predator, goat killer; Sound: ba5}ik; hu5i
dyek to howl.
kakha5ci dDD Adj. Unable to speak well;
WZWZ. See also: karu5Tu.
N. Stutterer; .
kalahu5r sD N. Blind for hiding behind
while hunting or fighting; ikq ,OSM.
Syn: bha5Kgut.
kalahu5r atk TE sD V. To hide
behind a blind while hunting; d OSM
MVaV`VdW.X a ba5tuna kalahu5r at }ara5as kay
tupe5kan tyem day. I am shooting at a
markhor from behind a rock.
ka5lak aTh XC D N. Jawbone; ruVXij
p. Whole: jhan, jhand body. Variant:
ka5lyak.
kala5m D N. Writing pen; . From:
Arabic.
kalamda5r sCpD N. Person who wanders
around and sings and makes charms for
money; qnVa. From: Persian.
ka5lapat SDPD Adv. Until when? For how
long?; WZ PQ. tu ka5lapat }e3he3% his?
How long will you be like this? Syn: kay
{a.
kale5r tD N. Corpse; vz. Syn: aTh;
junaza5; na5}Ta.
kaln D N. Rug; VdHM. a kaln tron
ka5rim. I will weave a rug. From: Persian.

call him lazy. may kiS gara5w bo kaha5L,

ek adua5w kiS, du bas ka5riu day. My
farmer is very lazy. He does one days
ploughing in two. Syn: gadra45a. Variant:
kaa5l. From: Persian.
kaha5Li batyo5s {TDL DD Id. Lazy
person; PSxy ,M.
kahaL dek o DD V. To be not in the
mood for something; MWar Wa m. may
kaha5Li praw. I am not in the mood (for
doing that).
kahaL ka5rik sD DD V. To be lazy;
MWar Zxy. kahaL mo ka5i, khaSa5p i.
Dont be lazy, come quickly!
kahaL DD N. Laziness; Zxy.
ka5har sDD N. Anger; KV ,. Syn: rhoS.
ka5har ka5rik sD sDD V. To become
angry; MWar KV. a tay ha5tya ka5har
ka5rim. I am angry with you. Restrict: The
object is marked by ha5tya with, at. Syn:
aKga5r hik; kaha5ri hik; oS hik; thun hik;
rhoS ka5rik. From: Persian.
kaha5ri hik sDD V. To become
angry; MWaN d KV ,MWar KV. kaha5ri ne
ha5wi e, may ha5tya. You didnt become
angry with me, did you? Restrict: The
object is marked by ha5tya with. Syn:
ka5har ka5rik; aKga5r hik; thun hik; oS
hik; rhoS ka5rik.
kahar sDD Adj. Angry; KV ,L KV
d. te kho5jin day. bo kahar a5san.
They are looking for her. They are very
angry.
ka5i
D V. Doing (participial form of ka5rik
to do); r. {ay ka5i, taya5r ka5io, ek
du uk dya5i a5imi e, Da5ran ta, {ay
ahe5raw. We made the canal and got it
ready, and after once or twice using it for
irrigation, the flood came and wiped it out.
kakawa5Kk CDD N. Chicken, hen; r.
kakawa5Kk o5nDrak thel day. The hen is
laying eggs. Male: narku43%ku rooster;
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kalp

ka5mbaL

kalp RD N. 1) Body; ij. Syn: jhan,

jhand body; bada5n; ada5m; khaml;
c4he43%a; jsom. Variant: c4e4 (Urtsun). 2) Last
for a shoemaker; PQM. ka5Lun sia5w ka5Lun
kalp kay sawze5n. Boot-makers make
boots according to the foot pattern. Syn:
gonpa5k.
kaLahu5r sD N. Pigeon, dove; VZilM. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird; Syn: koho5w.
kaLa5m D N. Cabbage; WX nVaWX. See
also: gob.
ka5LaS D N. Walnut husk; Mik. See also:
Sa5LaS; waTa5k. Variant: La5LaS.
kaLa5Sa DD Adj. Kalasha (of or pertaining
to the Kalasha people); vzVd. kaLa5Sa
mon. The Kalasha language.
N. Kalasha person; mr vzVd.
kaLa5Sa grom t DD N. The village of
Kalasha Grom in Rumbur Valley; mL
M WdL M qVXq.
kaLaSu5m D
N.
The
Kalasha
community; PQ vzVd. Variant:
kaLaSgum (Rumbur).
ka5Li D N. Cheek; M. Variant: uru5k
(Urtsun (Tu)).
ka5Li paha5ra tyek T CsDDP D V. To
slap on the cheek; MWaqM ruVYWZ. ku5ra may
ka5Li paha5ra pe pa45aw ha5w, a ta5sa som
tyektye5k him. Whoever slaps me on the
cheek, I will fight.
ka5Li ma3jo43%i ]D D N. A kind of moth;
WaLrWY M Wd@L.
ka5Ltu UD Adv. On ones shoulder; _nVa
rWY. ka5Ltu hsti pa5ri. Put it on your
shoulder and go! See also: aS shoulder.
From: Khowar.
ka5Lun D N. Moccasins, red leather boots;
WZij ruik ,HVdE. ka5Lun ne awa5an.
The moccasins didnt fit. Spec: }a5ra
kanDa5li ka5Lun decorative moccasins
made from markhor leather; Use: dyik

to put on. See also: kirmc; ta5ciK;

capLe5y; ta5ciK; buT.
kam1 D N. Clan, family, nation; ,VdVX.
Syn: da5ri; zat, zatr; Spec: baLo4e5 Baloe
clan of Rumbur; aspa43%i Aspani clan of
Bumburet; wakoke5 Wakoke clan of
Rumbur; mutimire5 Mutimire clan of
Rumbur; jaro4e5 Jaroe clan of Rumbur;
Zo4he5 Zhohe clan of Rumbur; SaSakhe5
Shashake clan of Rumbur; mako5kan
Makokan clan of Rumbur; bagalie5
Bagalie clan of Rumbur; }ajua5n
Shajuwan clan of Rumbur; baka5r Bakar
clan of Rumbur; }araka5T da5ri Sharakat
clan of Bumburet; bazikhe5 Bazikhe clan
of Bumburet; bumbu5r Bumbur clan of
Bumburet; bulasiKge5 Bulasinge clan of
Bumburet; najoge5 Najoge clan of
Bumburet. From: Arabic.
kam2 D Adj. Less; . uk a5sta kam thi,
pruST pSium ne day. Because the
waterflow is small, the mill does not grind
well. Syn: phatu5ki. From: Persian.
kam a5kul E D Adj. Foolish; .
Ant: thara5r; Syn: goT.
kam D N. Lack, shortage; .
khoda5yas darga5una hi} ka kam ne.
In Gods dwelling place there is no lack.
kame5k D V. To reduce a price, make
something less; MWar . sa kre kama5i.
Make the price of this less! Object: kre
price; kima5t price; wak price; Ant:
zyate5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ka5ma DD N. Broad-leafed bush which is
good for goat fodder; LmWY M WdL.
Gen: muT plant.
kamamo5s {DD N. Boneless meat; dWX
PSyz L p. See also: mos.
ka5mbaL DMD N. Thick, cut, dry, branch; `
ru xzil flMyz. Syn: cher.
From: Khowar.
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kamDe5n

kap

kanda5yak DCpD N. Comb; Va.

kanda5yak gri c4u5i bu5Tan. They use a
comb to make the braid. Use: iSpa5Zik to
comb.
kandirisa5r sD}tpD N. Kandirisar village in
Bumburet Valley; WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL
M.
kandra5k1 CspD N. Branch of a grape vine;
VdWX. dra5c4ani kandra5k dra5{aw day. The
grape branches are getting big.
kandra5k2 CspD N. Fissure, cleft; Myz.
bho5njaw dya5i, kandra5k chi }au. When
the earthquake struck, a fissure has opened
up. Do: chik; Syn: rok.
kandra5k chik d CspD V. To split
open; MWaMij PUWY M dqs. Syn: waS pa5rik;
zreThk.
kanDa5lak CrD N. Small tree of any kind;
PSilqm MW`ik. See also: muThk.
kanDa5r sCrD N. Shoot of a plant, sprout;
VYWa. gu5um ubuj kanDa5r draZnu.
When the wheat first sprouts, the shoot
comes up. Variant: kanDark.
kanjo43% ]D N. A kind of blackbird; WdL
nWarWY M M . [This is smaller than a
crow, and lives near water.] Gen:
pac4h%yak bird. Etym: kan3jala- the bird
Gracula religiosa T-2628.
ka5Kkaw DD N. Weaving comb; y ru

kamDe5n rD N. Yoke-pole used as a

counter lever to an ox; _Vd VdWX WdL
LEij L Wa MVZyHL. kamDe5n gri kSim
day. I am ploughing with the yoke pole. [A
man holds this pole and walks along beside
the ox to balance it off.] Matl: bew
willow wood; Syn: ju; haw1 plough.
kameT ka5rik sD YD V. To settle a
dispute by a council of several; `Vd
MWaMVaWX. See also: adala5t ka5rik; su5la ka5rik.
From: English.
kame3%yu D N. A kind of edible
mushroom; X L WaMij WeM. See
also: bhut kame3%yu; braKga5lu; kuts; }o43%a
ko43.
kampuDe5r tqQD N. Chemist, compounder,
dispenser; qoVY. From: English.
kamra5 CtD N. Room; r. a a5is }aya5
kamra5una }aya5 rat, hoTu5luna ba5si a5is.
I was in this room that night. I slept in the
hotel. From: Urdu.
kamu5 D N. Caterpillar; pVay. See also:
pacho45ik; parwana5.
ka5muc4ak ka5rik sD DhD V. To pick
up a handful; MWarWX V`. ka5muc4ak ka5i
griu. He takes a handful.
kamzo5r svD Adj. Weak; qrs. may putr
afsalbe5k a5}i trupa5y, bo laha5s thi asta.
onjo tcak pruST. bo kamzor thi a5sta.
zar zar na}Ta. My son Afsalbek was very
sick with a sore mouth. Now though he is a
little better. He was very weak and almost
died. Proverb: kamzo5r waLmo5cas du
chaT waLmoc. An ineffective goatherd
does his work twice; Syn: hala5k; Ant:
takLa5; TanDa5rak. Morph: kam zor. From:
Persian.
ka5nda CpD N. Wild almond tree; PSilqm WdL
Vd VXV PSWX dilMyz wij.
Gen: muT tree. Etym: ka2nta2- name of
various plants, large cardamom T- 3030.

PS WZMVaWX `WY IvzVd ij MVa L MWdMVaWX

__ MWZ MVZy@L. [This is used while

weaving to push the new yarn down into

place while making a cummerbund.]
Whole: tron, trond loom.
kap OD N. Wrinkle, crease, fold; ,OUy
WZ. Syn: guLe43%a.
kap ka5rik sD OD V. To fold
something; MWar WZ. Syn: kape5k; du
guLe43%a ka5rik.
kapaka5pi PDDPD Adj. 1) Wrinkled; @Hyz
L. Syn: krinj. 2) Winding; M. aya5
da5yo ne park yaw kapaka5pi thi, de5}a
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kapa5c4a hik

ka5rik

ka5ras {CsD N. A kind of grain like millet or

bajari; V WdL. [People used to
grind this to make bread but seldom do
now.] Gen: pha5sil grain crop. Variant:
karaz.
karaTawa5r sCDXCsD N. Wealth; WaMil PSm.
tay karaTawa5runa bo pay a5san, bo
pha5Lak }an. kunDa }an, preco5na
}an. You are very wealthy with goats,
grain, cheese, and clarified butter.
kara43 k
IsD N. A kind of thorny bush;
quMij qLmqMil WdL. [The leaves of
this plant are eaten by goats.] Gen: muT
plant.
karbiTe5r tYLsD N. Carburetor; rV`WdrWXqM.
Whole: maTo5r jeep/vehicle. From:
English.
karc dsD N. Scissors; hkVaVd. Syn: saLr.
From: Urdu.
karcr tdsD N. Mule; rhkil. Species: gordo5k
donkey; ha3} horse.
kardac dCosD N. Lettuce; my.
kare5k sD V. To cause or help to do; MWaLr.
suda5yakan mu5tra kare5k. We help the
children relieve themselves. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
ka5ri To4e3 k
5 X sD V. To warn someone,
inform someone; MWar qLmXil. a tay ka5ri
To43a5i a5is, a5tra mo pa5ri gho3%i. I warned
you not to go there. Restrict: The first
word of this compound is Khowar and
means in the ear. Syn: khabarda5r ka5rik;
hu5}una hstik; dima5kuna mon hstik.
karban DMsD Adj. Approximately, about;
MVXWdrWZ. karban ka aST baja5as ama5l
}e3he3 Tem thi a}is. It was about eight
oclock. Syn: ja5muki. Variant: takrban.
From: Persian.
ka5rik sD V. 1) To do; MWar. 2) To say;
MVa. ek du tre ka5io, he3 gho3%ta. He said,
One two three, get going! (lit: one two
three doing, get going he said). 3) To do

phond. We will not go this way, perhaps

the way will become winding and long.
kape5k PD V. To wrinkle, twist, crease,
fold, bend; MWaM WZ. Syn: kap ka5rik; du
guLe43%a ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kapa5c4a hik DhDPD V. To lie on ones
side; MVaV`Vd r WdL. See also: ito5n
hik to lie on ones back.
kapha5 DPD Adj. Sad, upset, angry, peeved,
offended; LqMWa ,Mil. se5o a5ma la5}aleyo
ko grim gho3%i. se moc kapha5 thi ne
gre5da. He said Why should I take this
weak goat? He was offended and didnt
take it. ta5sa ha5rdi, ta5sa ba5ti bo khapha5
ha5waw. His heart became very sad for her.
Syn: gamgn; troa5lak. Variant: khapha5.
From: Persian.
kaphag DPD N. Sadness; il. du5ra
kaphag
thi
}au,
moc
na}Ta.
kaphaguna park. ba}a5r do5yu in. te
ba}a5r ka5an. A sad thing has happened in
the house, a man has died. Lets go to the
mourning. The mourners will come. They
will offer comfort.
kapha5s {DPD N. Cage; rij ,w. se tara5
pa5}iLa ki, }er kapha5say ban a5sau. se
moc kapha5sas ta5da a5La. He saw that a
tiger was shut up in a cage. That man went
up to the cage. From: Arabic.
kaphu5si |PD N. Witch; Wdruik. [She
visits sleeping people and frightens them to
death by rendering them unable to move
any part of their body.] Syn: rhu5{i; gor.
karamc4a5 DiCsD N. Constant beloved
companion; PSym ,Vay. a may
karamc4a5. This is my beloved stick-tight.
karanc eCsD N. Karachi; )yz( ikLr.
kara5r dek o sCsD V. To claim something;
MVaWdm qLr. se tan so5ro jhona5w kara5r
praw, ma5gam se ne jho5niman a5is. He
claims he is educated but he isnt. From:
Arabic.
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karkara5

kasakdaru5

(verbal compound maker); MWar. tron

ka5rik. To weave (lit: to do a loom). 4) To
make, build; MWaMVaWX. ka ka5ris day? {ay
ka5rim day. What are you making? Im
making an irrigation channel. Restrict:
Although we have given this verb as the
model for class 1 verbs, the past tense is
not regular in that it is built on a root that is
different from the present tense root. Most
other verbs in this class build the past tense
on the verb root plus a prefixed -a.
Otherwise, the suffixes seen below for past
tense are the same for all verbs of this
class. Syn: sawze5k; Past(hearsay): ka5da
he/she did; Past: a5raw he/she did;
Actor: gara5w doer. Etym: karo2t% i does
T-2814. Prdm: Class 1.

karoba5r sDLsD N. Business; qMWXqM.

karoba5runa Dan a5}is. I suffered a loss in
the business (lit: I ate a loss in the
business). From: Persian.
karo4e5k sD V. To make a hole in
material, pierce something; MVaMWa flLqy.
sujk gri ca5ka} karo4e5n. pha5to sujk
gri upa5c4in. pha5to khu45yak thi upuc4u.
They take a needle and make a hole in the
cowrie shell. Then taking the needle they
pry it up. Then the little bowl-like piece
breaks loose and pops out. Instr: cu5muSTi
chisel-like tool; su{k needle. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
karo43% sD N. Revenge; nWX. Syn: badela5;
Use: grik to get; chaLe5k to get.
karo43% chaLe5k Dd sD V. To revenge;
MVaVd nWX. Restrict: The source is marked
by tha5ra from. Syn: badela5 grik.
karo43% grik t sD V. To take
revenge from someone; MVaVd nWX. Restrict:
The source is marked by pi from. Syn:
badela5 grik.
karo4i%3 k sD Adj. Twisted; qur. Syn:
no}; gren tshr; came5n.
karpha5s {DPsD N. Phlegm, mucus; WX. a
karpha5s chaLe5m day. I am clearing the
phlegm (from my throat).
kartu5s, kartu5st V|TsD
,{TsD N.
Cartridge, rifle bullet; vWZqM. Spec:
goraani kartu5s rifle cartridge.
karu5n sD N. Law; WaM. Syn: dastu5r.
From: Arabic.
karu5ni sD Adj. Legal; WaM.
karu5Tu XsD Adj. Deaf (permanently); LWX.
ko43 ne pe saKga5ini haw, karu5Tu. If the
ears do not hear, they are deaf. Syn: thap.
See also: kakha5ci dumb.
kasakdaru5 sCpD|D N. Gunpowder; mEqMWX.
may kasakdaru5 bo }i}o5yak. a5ya wes
grLa ne hu. My gunpowder is very

Class 1 Suffixes
Singular
Plural
ka5r-im I do
ka5r-ik we do
ka5r-is you do
ka5r-a you do
ka5r-iu he does
ka5r-in they do
a5r-is
I did
a5r-imi we did
a5r-i
you did
a5r-ili you did
a5r-aw s/he did a5r-an they did
ka5r-i
do (it)!
ka5r-a do (it)!
karkara5 CsDsD N. Feather ornament on a
mens cap or a womens headdress; rWY W`
rAWY M VaVaWY.
karma5tshi lDsD N. Catfish; WdL
hk. [This species has whiskers and is
not eaten by the Kalasha.] Gen: matsh
fish.
karmaTha5k DXDsD N. The side of the head
from behind ears to the temples; `VYVa.
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
karne5}uk sD
Adj.
Demanding,
insistent; nV. a bo karne5}uk su5da.
sa som dawa5 ne hu. This is a very
uncontrollable boy. Nothing can be done
with him.
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kasa5ra

kata5k

kaSale5k DD V. To drag, to pull; MVaV`Vdx.

a muT pre5kia5io, ta5nci, du5ra ha5tya
kaSala5i o5nim. I cut down the tree, strip it
and drag it to my house. Syn: kaSe5k;
rakeSk. See also: ho5ncik. Etym: ka5rSati
draws, pulls T-2908. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
kaSalci hik eDD V. To become
lame and have to limp or drag oneself;
MVaik r LruVa. Restrict: This is only said of
an animal that has been wounded.
kaSe5k D V. To drag something; MVaV`Vdx.
moc cher cho5muna kaSa5i o5nin. Men
drag branches on the ground and bring
them with them. [Things are dragged
because one man can drag something that
it would take several men to carry. Typical
things that are dragged are dar beams,
}uLa5 wood, cher cut branches, and
so5ma rakes.] Syn: kaSale5k; rakeSk. See
also: ho5ncik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
kaSe3% ToK X D N. A kind of pear;
MVYyzMWa WdL. [It is small, hard,
green and sweet.] Gen: ToK pear.
kaSo5K D N. Woolen hat or cap of
Kalasha and Chitralis; W` LZik. See
also: khu4; Sa ghu4; kupa5s; kato4ho45iki.
kata5k DTD Adj. New, rich; )mm( WY.
kata5k c4a5Sa DDh DTD N. Cottage cheese
made from milk of a newly freshened goat
or cow; rVdVaWY MVaWX y mm WY. the5su day
ku5ak
4 pe ha5waw haw, to dhu5i kata5k
Ja5Sa ka5rin. caw ponj bas {a kata5k
c4a5Sa ka5rin. From the beginning when a
cow gives birth, they milk her and make
kata5k c4aS5 a. For four or five days they
make this. [If a goat is born, only the men
can eat the cheese made from the enriched
milk. If a cow is born, both men and
women can eat.] Gen: chaman cheese.
Morph: kata5k c4aS5 a.

good. Here it will not get wet. Loc: kut

gunpowder pouch.
Adj. Easily provoked, touchy, excitable;
fjLrs VaW.Z
kasa5ra CsD|D N. Loss; qMxil. doS kuts
abrKkis e, may ha5tya kasa5ra ha5waw.
Yesterday when I sold the mushrooms I
realized a loss. Syn: noksa5n; Dan; zia5n.
From: Arabic.
kase5k |D V. 1) To cause to walk; MWaik. a
a5ma kase5m day. I am helping her to
walk. 2) To drive a vehicle; MWaik. 3) To
take something with one; WZMy VaWY@L
MVaq _Vd rsVdik. may som khalta5 kase5m. I
will take a bag with me. [This means to
take something on a trip with you, more
than just going out to work.] Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
ka5sik |D V. 1) To walk, to move, to
flow; MVaik. tsire3% ka5siu day. The parrot is
walking. uk c4he5truna ka5siu day. The
water is flowing into the field. Restrict:
This applies only to things that can move
under their own power like animate things,
water, and vehicles. Syn: park. 2) To beat
or pulse; MVaik. yuruba5n ka5siu. (He) has a
pulse. Etym: ka5sati goes, moves T2981. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
ka5sika park sDP D|D V. To stroll, to
take a walk; MWar dy. Syn: cake5r ka5rik;
kosa5w park.
ka} D N. Rust; Waqs. Syn: zaKga5r.
ka} grik t D Id. To rust; Waqs
MVa. tu pha5Lak chaLe5m day gho3%i,
go5njay bo cir a5ri. ka pha5nDuna ka}
gri a}s? You spent a lot of time in the
store room getting the grain. What
happened? Was the storage container
rusted (shut)? Syn: zaKga5r grik.
ka}n D N. Prostitute; Xx. Syn: lanD.
Variant: kacn. From: Arabic.
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kata5r

ka5ul

kata5k Jhr t` DTD N. New milk which

an animal gives right after giving birth;
mm MVdWa M qWaMij. kata5k Jhir gri,
kata5k c4a5Sa ka5rin. They take new milk
and make kata5k c4aS5 a (enriched cottage
cheese). Morph: katak c4hir.
kata5r sDTD N. Large knife, dagger; LrEik. Loc:
ka{o45i. See also: niza5; khaKga5r; ca5ku;
nira5K. Etym: *kartta2ra- knife T-2860.
katha DTD N. Mistake; . kathaas
tha5ra thi }au. It happened by mistake.
katha hik DTD V. 1) To make a
mistake; MWa ,MWa Mil. may pi
khata5i ha5waw. bat gri pa4 e, ame43%a
ana5}aw. I had made a mistake. I threw a
stone and hit a sheep and it died. Restrict:
The person to whom the mistake happens
is marked by pi from. Syn: galt hik;
gala5t ka5rik; a5but park. 2) To miss (a
target); MVaEik. a pruST ka5i thom wajha5i
a5is, wa5di a5s5ta katha thi ne grea5aw. I
aimed the slingshot well, but in spite of
that it missed and didnt hit (the target).
ka5til ka5rik sD TD V. To kill someone;
MWar VZ. Sumbe5ran moc {aK ka5i
nira5Kas tha5ra moc ka5til ka5riman a5ini.
Years ago men used to fight with swords
and kill men. Syn: na}e5k. From: Arabic.
kato4ho45iki TD N. Hood; vzWY mr.
ghu43%i kato4ho45iki. The hood of a goathair
coat. See also: khu4; Sa ghu45; kupa5s;
kaSo5K.
ka5tra CtTD N. Cane; nVdWX. }aruga5 dta moc
Sumbe5runo ka5tra }e5nay ne Du5Diman
a5sta. In the past a man who had given a
Sharuga feasts would not sleep on a cane
bed.
katse43% lD N. The player chosen to be the
one to attack the goal in the game of
kuSe43%a; qu d wij Vd M WdL
__ MWZMij WZ Wa r ik rWY MWY WdL.
See also: kuSe3a% hik.

katso45a ClD N. Leftovers or remains of

eating; mqil wWY ,MW`Eij. adhe5k gri,
katso45ao mo ka5ri. Take a little bit, dont
make there be leftovers. Syn: beS. Variant:
katso45i.
kaT WD N. Board; VZhlWZ. a rha kaT. mes
ka5rim day. This is a cedar board. I will
make a table (from it). Gen: dar beams or
timbers; Dim: kaTaLa5k; Syn: paTa5. Etym:
ka2STha5- piece of wood T-3120.
ka5Tar sDXD Adj. Very cold; m PSWX. ban se
draZnu e, ka5Tar ka5riu day. When he
goes outside, he will become cold. Syn:
tsrekh; o}; tramo5na.
ka5Tar ka5rik sD sDXD V. 1) To be very
cold; MVa m PSWX. uk ka5Tar ka5riu
day, bo o}. The water is very cold (to
me), its very cold. 2) To break or cut; ,MVaW`M
MWaquWZ. se ba5tan tha5i }}a ka5Tar a5raw.
He broke the window with a stone.
kaTaro5k sDXD N. Very cold water; PSWX
MWY LpVaW`. Morph: ka5Tar uk.
kaTe3r% u tXD Adj. Fragile, brittle (of
branches); ,)flMyz( L WaMij OUW` nij
qsMWa. Syn: nazu5k; thadaru5k; plok.
Variant: kaTe3%}ur.
kaThe5ri tXD N. Steep place on the
mountain where scree has fallen; WdHrVZWY.
kaTho5s {XD N. Log; LruW` LruWX M ru.
kaTho5s o5ni a5am. bi}a5ikas baS. I have
brought a log. It must be cut. Syn: Tho5pa.
kaTTha5r sDYXD N. 1) Board bed used in barns;
d WZy rWY wij VZhlWZ. [This is put up
high so the goats cannot bother the one
sleeping.] 2) Porch; y VZhlWZ ru
nLrWX L MWdMVaWX. kaTTha5ray nisa5i, Da
may pia5i. Sit me on the porch and serve
me wine. Syn: mukhe5n; Lawa5r; Whole:
dur house. Etym: *ka2SThaghaTawooden framework T-3123.
ka5ul D N. Promise; n. [This word is
typically used to express an illegal relation
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kaw

kawa5w
Idiom: ande5y kawe5y kawa5 para5? How
far did you go?. 2) Sometime; VX.
kawa5, ek du a5dua tay som mada5t
ka5rik. Sometime for a day or two well
give you a hand. Variant: kam (Urtsun
(Tu)). Etym: ku5ha where? T-3384.
kawa5 day Co CD Id. By which way?; w
y M ,y VZyLq. kawa5 day para5w?
Which way did he go?
kawa5y CD Adv. 1) To where?; M. tu
kaway pa5ris day? kawa5y ne la, ba5ya
mic kro5muna pa5rim day. Where are you
going? Nowhere special brother, just to
work. 2) Why?; Vd. kawa5y anda5y ta
a5i? Why did you come here? Morph:
kawa-ay.
kawak CD Adv. Where, there where;
Mij. kawak se a5is, }atara5 {a5lio
ac4S Taw. It stopped when it reached where
she was.
kawayha5k DCD Adv. Far (out of sight
of speaker); qm PSWX. se pa5i pa5i
kawayha5k kay para5w. He went and went
far away.
kawe5y a5sta DU|E D Adv. Wherever;
WX Vd. tay ha5tya kawe5y a5sta
khu5raka o5nim. I will bring food for you
from wherever.
kawe5y &D Adv. From where?; y M.
Syn: kawe5La. Morph: kawa-ey.
kawa5 cay Dd CD N. Green tea; eMik .
Gen: cay tea.
kawalak DCD Adj. Lone, alone; WYVd@L.
kawalyak moc }e3%he3 tho guda5s his
day alba5t. A man, being alone like that,
will wear himself out. Syn: ge5{i. Etym:
ke2%vala- exclusively ones own, alone T3470.
kawa5w CD N. Clay jar for cooking or water
storage; Lru. See also: Tunj; aze5c. Etym:
kapa2la- skull, cranium T-2744, 14352.

between a man and woman, with the

connotation that they have made a secret
promise to each other.] Syn: wagda5.
Variant: ka5hul. From: Arabic.
ka5ul ka5rik sD D V. To vow, promise,
pledge; MWar n. [This is a more
restricted meaning of promise than
wagda5 as it primarily implies a promise
about marriage or romance between a man
and a woman. It also implies a sign of
linking of index fingers by the participants.
It is only done if one party is in doubt
about the love of another and wants to
make sure. However, it is sometimes done
between men as well and then has a
meaning of a serious promise.] Restrict:
The person with whom the promise is
made is marked by som with. Syn:
wagda5 ka5rik.
ka5uluna DD Adv. According to
promise; WXM .
kaw1 D N. Wild olive, wood of olive tree;

PSWX ru wij PSilqm M WdL

__ PShly. Olea ferruginea. [This is

considered to be the hardest of the

hardwoods. If it is olive, it must be a kind
that bears no fruit. There are many of this
kind of tree in Urtsun.] Whole: muT tree.
Variant: ka5o. Etym: kapi- olive T14353.
kaw2 D N. Year; My. Part: he5man
winter; ba5son, ba5sond spring; neLa5
summer; }a5ru fall. Etym: ka2la5- time,
fixed point of time T-3084.
kaw3 D N. Claw (as of a cat or a bird); ij.
Syn: dra5muc4; ghraw. From: Khowar.
kaw dyek o D V. To scratch or claw
with claws like a cat; MWaqM ij. Syn:
dramu5c4 dyek; ghraw dyek; drikdrk
ka5rik.
kawa5 CD Adv. 1) Where?; rn. }o4a%3 kawa5
na}a5i a5an? Where did they kill the dog?
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kawe5La

ka{o45i

kawe5La D Adv. From where?; y M.

kawe5La ta a5as? From where have you
come? Syn: kawe5y. Morph: kaweL-a. See
also: aLe5La. Variant: kam (Urtsun (Tu)).
kawe5r tD N. Kalasha, Kafir, pagan,
unbeliever (in God); rM. Variant: kaphe5r.
From: Arabic.
kawia5 ka5rik sD DD V. 1) To joke, to
make fun; MWar L. See also: maskara5
ka5rik; maza5k ka5rik; taK ka5rik; cukuSe5k;
dru5{ik; To5ka ka5rik; awace5k. 2) Tease or
make fun verbally about sex or other rather
off-color matters; MWaruVdik ,MWar L.
[Joking is permitted with familiar persons
like ones wife or her younger sister, but
not her older sister.] Restrict: The person
this is done with is marked by som with.
Variant: kabia5 ka5rik.
ka5wit VD N. 1) Fig (tree); dij@L. Gen: muT
tree. 2) Fig. Gen: me3w
% a fruit. Etym:
kapittha- the tree Feronia elephantum
T-2749.
kaw}e5lak D N. Lines in woven
pattern of a decorative band; M WdL
qMWa wzWa.
kay1 D Rel. 1) To, in, on, into; . may
kay a5sta ma5as. Tell (it) to me also!
khoda5yas ho5kumuna kay mon dek ne
bha5ik. We can say nothing against the will
of God. 2) At; . rat kay mo ka5si, tay
khur Duke5l. Dont walk at night, you will
stumble! a to tara5 kay pa5}i hayra5n
ha5wis, se kay khawe5w ta a5is haw. I
was surprised to see him there (at that
place) wondering how in the world he
arrived so soon. Syn: paha5ra; gehe5n.
3) About; d qMWX . du5ra kay krom
cti trakuma5n mo ha. When thinking
about the work of your house, dont worry
about it.
kay2 D Adv. When?; PQ. kay ta a5as?
When did you come?

N. Time, period; PS. a ujhu5i a5am,

tcak a5sta ka5yo tu ba5ta ujhu5as. I have
put my grain in; after a little while you will
too.
ka5yaw DD Adv. From when?; y PQ.
ka5yaw anda5y tu laha5s? How long have
you been sick?
ka5ymina ka5ymina DD DD Adv.
Once upon a time; __ rqs M m WdL.
ka5ymina ka5ymina5 ek Lawa5k a5sta, e5go
its a5sta. Once upon a time there was a fox
and a bear. Syn: waktama5ya; wakt.
Morph: kay-mina.
kay a5sta DU|C
D Adv. Whenever,
sometime; WX VX. kay a5sta park. We
will go sometime. Syn: harge5z.
kay dic fo D Adv. Some time ago; M
WY rWdm. tu kay a? kay dic. When did
you come? Some time ago. Syn: dic;
the5su; Zot; }onjaro5.
kay khawe5w D D Adv. Sometime;
PS ,M PQ. kay khawe5Lo may de.
Give it to me sometime! Variant: kay
khewe5w.
kay {a Cw D Adv. Until when?; WZ PQ.
a5ma {a5yo, kay {a ka5rik bha5as
ha5waw? By when will you be able to
finish this water channel? Syn: ka5lapat.
kay Zo5t Sy D Adv. Before, some time
ago; WY Vr M. a5La kay Zot kSi
a5is. I ploughed it some time ago. [This
may mean several days or a month or two
ago.] Syn: Sumbe5r.
ka5yt hik VD V. To be bored, sad;
MWaMVZDL.
kaz uD N. Judge; M. [This title means
a man is retired and in government pay.]
Syn: jac. From: Arabic.
ka{o45i wD N. 1) Cloth bag for carrying flour
or grain or materials; VdWZ. 2) Scabbard for
a sword; MVdWa. Syn: ha5nu. Variant: ka{o5Ri
(Birir).
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ka45ak

ka4mba4hu5ki

ka{o45yak DwD N. Purse, pouch; VdWZ.

ka45ak1 CJ N. Ears of corn or heads of
wheat; yzil ,MV`Hy.
ka45ak2 CJ N. Coil of intertwined branches;
pVaD MVaWX y VaW`. [These are used for
tying loads to carry on ones back. The coil
has the function of keeping the ropes
separated and the load balanced. They are
also used in a dance in {o5}i the spring
festival in which dancers hold on to either
side of them while they dance in a long
line.] See also: taL.
ka45ak dyek o CJ V. 1) To coil up
(like a snake); r qM pVaD )M PRWaMy(
MVaV`VdW.X gok ka45ak dyel day. The snake is
coiling. 2) Sit in a lotus position; ZN
MVaV`VdWX r qM ZMWY.
ka4a45tyak DTIJ N. Ringlet made from
willow branches which are linked together
to form chains; MVaWX y ilMyz qLnhk ,Lru
Lru L. ka4a45tyak gren dye. Tie the
ringlets together! [These are hooked
together in a chain and wrapped around a
basket for use in cawmo5s the winter
festival.]
ka45am CJ N. Mature ectoparasite of livestock
similar to, or the mature phase of, a co45i;
ruhkhkik. ame43o5n ka45am ka5i, bo kamzo5r
thi a5an. Because the ticks are attached to
the sheep they have become weak. [The
ticks suck the blood of the goats and sheep.
This could be a leech or a tick.] Do: ka5rik
to attach; Syn: co45i.
ka4ga45 JJ N. Crow; L. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird. Etym: ka2%ka- crow T-2993.
ka4ga45yak DJJ N. Crow ceremony;
qLWZ M. [This is held a week after cawmo5s
the winter festival. Flat bread stuffed
with meat, walnut meats, coriander, and
dried tomatoes is made. During the night
songs are sung to praise the crows. Next
morning they take beans and shells in one

hand and walnut meats and beans in the

other. They throw the shells at the first
crow that is seen flying and sing a song to
abuse them.]
ka4
J N. Gravy made from meat juices
and flour; ahlWd PSyz. Syn: moso5k;
Degrad: cru5ka2 spoiled. Variant: kaD
(Birir).
ka45i
J N. Shelf formed by the end of a
protruding beam; nyz MVZy@L Vd qLWdm
KVi LE HWa rMWX M ru. Syn: pe5ynyak.
ka4k J Adv. Extremely; PSWX. ka4k o}.
Extremely cold. Syn: pak2.
ka4kse5 }J Adj. Dry and hard; q@L xzil
PShly. au5 pa5ci ka4kse5 thi }an. The
bread has baked and become hard and dry.
Syn: }ara5w; DaDe5; kirko5T; ac4u5na.
ka4mba4hu5ki JMJ N. 1) Doll; MWdru.
Variant: ka4mba4hu5tyak. 2) Flag made in
someones honor when he dies; M WdL
__ MWZMij MWdMVaWX _Vd mrE ij LpVaij.
[People dance with this at a funeral.]
ka4mba4u5tyak DTJMJ N. 1) Female doll
made of pine wood and cloth; MWdruD. [Older
women make small dolls and give them to
unmarried girls. Then they make clothes
for them and dress them and sit them in the
house and make food for them. After twelve
days they take them out and bury them
under a stone. This is done after cawmo5s
the winter festival and after the da4u5 tatu5
festival of beans.] 2) Festival of little
female dolls; MVdhkWX d wij q WdL
MVaWX MWdruD. [After Da5gari (Crow)
Festival, about ten days after cawmo5s the
winter festival, little girls make dolls and
feed them food for seven days. After this
they throw them outside the village saying
that they are putting them in their
husbands home. During this time men
make model guns for hunting.]
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ka4mka45m

khaba5r

ka4mka45m JJ N. Animal trap; LnVaWY. Use:

uje5k to set; dha5rik to set; Syn: gru;
pha}; bethu5k.
ka4K J Adv. Suddenly, quickly (eat);
m WdL. a5sa ka4K adaw. He ate suddenly.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb {uk eat. Syn: pat.
ka45wa1 CJ N. Bite (of food); . ek ka45wa
au5 may de. Give me a bite of bread! See
also: da5na; phaLk; gLak; ca5ni; }uru5p.
ka45wa2 CJ Adj. Very salty; L Wa rsVdWZ
dWa rsVdWZ ,)rsVdik(. au5 ka45wa thi }au.
The food is too salty. Ant: we4kha5l.
ka43ku5c cJ Adj. Disagreeable, cranky,
fussy, selfish; r mil ,nVH. a5sa
ka43ku5c moc. ek krom a5sta ne kho}e5l
day. Hes a disagreeable man. No work
pleases him. [This is also said of a child
that cries a lot.]
ke5lum N. Medicine that cures the skin
disease of goats called La5ndra; MWd rWXVaV

constipation. The other pains from

diarrhea. Syn: ru5yakan. Variant: ke5zman;
ke5sam; ke5suman. From: Arabic.
kesma5t SD} N. Providence, fate, luck,
destiny; PSH. ma5gam kesma5tas krom,
ek a5duo }e3he3% ha5waw ki may ja tan
mo5as du5ra a5aw. But by luck one day my
wife happened to come to her maternal
uncles house. Syn: mukara5r; ruz; nasp.
From: Arabic.
kesmatda5r sCpTD} Adj. Lucky; PS
L. Syn: pilinpo5Kgi.
ke5wo Adv. Like that; fr DL. }asem
ke5wo thi, thaw hu5La. She herself
remained like that. Syn: e3%he3.
ke4he5k V. To chop down a tree;
MVaW`M ,MWaM OUik y quM. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
ke43 N. 1) Cave; qM. See also: tra3c% a4 .
2) Tunnel; Wa. 3) Groove; MWa.
ke43 ka5rik sD V. 1) To notch wood
to record the passage of time; ,MWaru
MVayzLrWZ. 2) To score wood to improve the
grip; MVayzLrWZ ,MWaru.
ke43e5} N. The stem on a bunch of
grapes; W`ik W`ik _hk qWa@L
KVi. Syn: }u5ak. See also: ruts.
kha5ay F Intj. Oh!, Is that so?; Mik@L.
kha5ay, to5a. Oh, what happened next?
[The phrase kha5ay to5a Oh, then (what?),
is said to elicit more of the story being
told.]
khaba5r sDLD N. News, word, information;
Xil. may ha5tya kawe5y kha5bar o5ni.
Bring me news from somewhere! Syn:
mon. From: Arabic.
khaba5r ka5rik sD sDLD V. To inform,
let someone know; MWar Xil. tu may kay
bo pSTaw lahazas khaba5r a5ri. You
informed me very late of (your) sickness.
Restrict: The indirect object is marked by
kay to. Idiom: tu may pi kha5bar ne

nHij ij VdWZ M ru qsik

__ MWZ MVZyHL _Vd WdqMVdWX. [This is

obtained from the roots of cedar extracted

by heat.]
ken ka5rik sD V. To take from ones
own; MWar M y VaMy VaWY@L. ken
ka5i {u. Take from your own side (of the
basket) and eat! [The implications are that
the person is taking food from a common
plate, but instead of eating from the side
close to him, is taking from wherever he
wants and thus bothering others.]
ke5ram Ct N. Carom board game; rVd
)Vd( oqWX. Gen: Labe45 game. Variant:
ke5ramboT. From: English.
kes ~ N. One single hair; MWX WdL.
Group: ca5war hair; jac1 hair.
ke5sman D} N. Kind, type; M H. du
ke5sman kuc trupe5l. e5kta DaK thi
trupe5l. e5go kha3S thi trupe5l. There are
two kinds of stomach pain. One pains from
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kha5bar bko

khal

khado4o5k oD Adj. Turbid, muddy;

n. uk khado4o5k thi }au. The water
has become turbid and cloudy. Syn: apra5ti;
Ant: sapha5. Variant: khabado4ho45k.
kha5dra CsoD N. Danger; ril. hi} ka
kha5dra ne }au. There is no danger at all.
Max: sak. From: Arabic.
kha5i} D N. Desire, will, choice; wzLil.
ponj So bas a jie5m, may kha5i} pe
ha5waw haw, a im. I will think about it
for five or six days, then if I want to, I will
come. Syn: cit; kuTrts; marz; rza;
khuma5r. From: Persian.
khak D N. Uvula and palate; L M i.
khal D N. 1) Taste; HWeL. aZa4ani khal
ma5wra. The taste of apricots is sweet.
2) Pleasure; rs ,. may chuLkiko ki
khe3% a5as chom tha5ra dunia5. ka
guna5mele a5ris a. manzu5r ne a5raw
aLa5y paydagara5w. }a du bas kni
dunia5, kha5luna ne Lase5l. My darling
little girl, what has happened to you here
on earth? What sin have I committed? God
in heaven has not approved your living
here--just two days, and does not permit
you to have pleasure here. [The word kini,
is Khowar and seems to have only emotive
meaning of some kind.]
khal dek o D V. To enjoy something;
MWaN rs ,MWaN . tay khal praw e? Did
you enjoy it? Syn: ma5za ik.
khal jage5k D\ D V. To taste; HWeL
MVaik ,MVaWdm. mo5sani khal jage5k. We
will taste the meat.
khal ka5rik sD D V. To be loving,
treat well; MWar y Mik@L ,MWar qMVdWY. ta5sa
tan ku5a4kas som khal kare5li. He should
be loving to his child.
khal park sDP D V. To disagree, to
have a falling out, to become disenchanted;
MWa MikMWa ,MWa nVdy il. ho5ma tan

a5as. You really do not know what I am

capable of.
khabarda5r ka5rik sD sCosDLD V. 1) To
inform someone about something; qLmXil
MWar MN ,MWar. a5sa }ataLe5y mo5ndrani
may khabarda5r a5raw. He told me about
that matter. Syn: ka5ri To43e5k; hu5}una
hstik; dima5kuna mon hstik. 2) To
warn; MWar qLmXil.
khabarda5r sCosDLD Adj. Informed, aware;
qLmXil. a khabarda5r. I know that.
Intj. Be careful! khabarda5r, }e3he3% mo
ka5ri. Be careful! Dont do that!
kha5bar bko L sDLD Id. 1) Perhaps; nWeMyz.
kha5bar bko se iu. Perhaps he will come.
Syn:
alba5t;
ama5t...haw;
na5Kga.
2) Suddenly; WaMik@L. 3) At that moment;
Vd VaWZHL. From: Khowar.
kha5bi Lo4e5k LD V. To mess up, to
make something messy or unfit to eat; WeM
MWar LnVa MWd MWar MW`Eij Lqil. za mo
kha5bi Lo4a5i. pha5to ku5ra ne {un. Dont
mess up the sauce. Then no one will eat it.
kha5ca DdD
Adj.
Dangerous,
wild,
uncivilized, bad, strong; LrEWX ,MWaril.
kha5ca ispra5p. Deep (strong) sleep.
Adv. Extremely, very; PSWX. bo kha5ca
zahalu5m kakbo5y a5sta. He was a terribly
fierce leopard they say. kha5ca SaTa5ki }o43%a.
An extremely dangerous dog. Syn: pak2.
Etym: *kacca- mud, dirt T-3153.2,
14343.
kha5ca sos {| DdD N. Nausea; ,VZ.
kha5ca sos ka5rik sD {| DdD V. To
feel nauseated; MWaN VZ ,MWar `DL. may
kha5ca sos ka5riu day. I feel nauseous.
Syn: hard ukute5k.
khaca so5s hik {|DdD V. To
feel nauseated; MWaN ,MWaN VZ. may
khaca so5s hu day. I am feeling
nauseated.
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khala5s

khamakha5

shave someones head; ,MWar MhjVa

MWaLpVa.
khaltaba5r sDLDUD N. In-laws, relationship
by marriage between brides and
bridegrooms parents; VZyzq Wdqqs mMyz
qLm. [This is the relationship between ones
own parents and the parents of ones wife.
A man will refer to the rest of his in-laws
as his biLah. That is, his sons wifes sister
would be biLah to him.] Syn: biLah.
khaltaba5ri sDLDUD
N.
Marriage
arrangement; qLm VZyzq ,aVa.
khaltabar ka5rik sD sDLDUD V. To
arrange a marriage; MWar VZyzq. a ta5si
som khaltabar ka5rika parm day. Im
going in order to arrange a marriage with
them. Syn: ja kho5jik.
khaLa5K D N. Quilt, blanket; ,MVq
Mh. khaLa5K, paTighu43%i, tola5y, dara,
u5SiS dyuni, tu tya5i, bistara5. Quilts,
bed mats, mattresses, covers, pillows,
grouped together, are bedding. Gen:
bistara5 bedding.
khaLe5k D V. To place or bury a corpse
in a graveyard; MWaMVam. na}Ta khaLa5i
na5Tin. After putting the dead body in the
graveyard they will dance. Syn:
DhahaKge5k; da5wa ka5rik; aTh hstik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kham1 D Adj. Plain, level; qL. e5kta
kham c4hetr }au. du5o dre43%a c4hetr }an.
I have one level field and two sloping ones.
Ant: dre4a%3 ; Syn: La3ST.
kham2 D N. Bite; . Syn: ka45wa2. See
also: da5na; phaLk; gLak; ca5ni; }uru5p.
kham ka5rik sD D V. To bite off a
piece; MVaVd WdL. may a5sta de, ek
kham ka5io pi}tya5k dem. Give me some,
Ill take a bite and give it back. See also:
danda ka5rik.
khamakha5 DDD Adv. Surely, definitely;
qE. From: Persian.

mo5cuna khal para5w. We no longer see

eye to eye.
khala5s
khala5s hik {D V. To become
rescued; MWaMWY OSMij ,MWaMWY LqMV`Eik ,MVahkWX. a5bi
band hkas pi khala5s ha5wimi. We
were saved from becoming prisoners.
khala5s ka5rik sD {D V. To rescue;
MVaWdm OSMij,MVaWdm LqMV`Eik ,MWaMhkWX. moc uk
ahe5raw e, a khala5s a5ris. When the
water was taking the man away, I rescued
him. Syn: baca5t ka5rik.
khalas |D N. Rescue, deliverance;
OSMij. a5jo tay khalas ne. Now you are
no longer safe.
khalasgara5w CsD|D N. Rescuer,
savior; nVam OSMij ,L WaMhkWX.
khal1 D Adv. Only; . tu khal au5
may des day. mos a5sta o5ni. You are
only giving me bread. Bring meat as well.
Syn: he5Kka; phaka5t; sirp.
khal2 D Adj. Empty; Mil. may kuc
khal. My stomach is empty. sa moc
kha5li mi a5sta ne a5au. He is really
someone! (lit: This man empty also is not).
Ant: w|45yak. From: Arabic.
khalo43%yak DD N. Ripe walnut, ready to
harvest and to separate from its covering;
WeE rWZDL Iik OUril@L WY. pre5saw
bribo5 taya5r thi }an, khalo43%yak hin
day. In the lower branches the walnuts are
ripe; they are becoming harvestable
walnuts. [This phase occurs perhaps one
month after the dzaLe5ki forms.] Sequence:
brbo walnut.
Adj. Round and clean as a freshly
peeled walnut, bald; MhjVa.
khalo43%yak ka5rik sD DD V. 1) To
shell or shuck walnuts; MIik y rWY OUril@L
MWaqMWZDL. pSTaw ek awa5ta koTa5La brbo
kalo43%yank ka5an. Later in one place they
shell the walnuts they have gathered. 2) To
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khaman

khar go5n, khar go5nD

khaman DD N. Springs (as on a

vehicle);
M. Whole: maTo5r
jeep/vehicle. From: Persian.
khama5Sik DD V. To grope around as
in the dark; MVaV`W`. rat a khama5Si
khama5Si, dur ne sapre5s. At night I
groped and groped but I couldnt find the
door. Syn: trama5kik.
khamduma5 DpD Adj. Confused; MWdLX
LE. Syn: dumac4ha5; markhanda5.
khame5k D V. To hit something in
anger; MWaqM m. a bat gri, ta5sa ek
khame5s. I took a stone and hit him with
one shot. Syn: tyek; }akhe5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
khamia5t SDD Adj. Successful; OQMVdM. tu
khamia5t his. You will be successful.
Variant: khamia5p. From: Persian.
khaml D N. Body, being; Hij. ta5sa
khamluna bhut ata5w. An evil spirit
entered him. Syn: jhan, jhand body;
bada5n; kalp; ada5m; c4he43%a; jsom.
Variant: khamn.
kha5mpik QD V. To prick, as a thorn;
MWa PSyVdWY ,MVaVXEik. Max: c4ap. See also:
a3%c4ak prickle; coKk thorn. Prdm: Class
2 (ma5trik).
khanada5n CoDD N. Ones immediate
family but not any relations by marriage;
LnWaMil. From: Persian.
khana5r sDD Adj. Countable; qMz. khana5r
ne pay a5san. There are innumerable
goats. khoda5yas khazana5as ka khana5r
ne. There is no limit to Gods wealth.
khanara5 CsDD N. End (farthest place away
from speaker); qm PSWX.
khando5r hik spD V. To be troubled,
inconvenienced, involved; ,MWaMij WZ
MWaN VaWZ. a5bi bo khando5r ha5wimi. We
became very involved (in doing that)! a
{ay ka5rik ne bha5i, khando5r hawis. I
was not able to make the irrigation canal

and it caused me a lot of trouble. may

som khando5r mo ha. Dont trouble
yourself for me. Syn: guda5s hik.
khanDe5r trD N. Mountain pass; qm. te
khanDe5runa day paro5n. They went by
way of the pass. Syn: an.
Adj. Toothless (minus a tooth); dWX
r PSWaLm wHij , PSWaLm.
dando45yak pa5Li may khande5r thi }au.
My tooth fell out and I became minus a
tooth.
khaKga5r sDD N. Scimitar, sword; qLWZ.
Loc: ka{o45i scabbard. See also: niza5;
kata5r; ca5ku; nira5K.
kha5Kgar sDD Adj. 1) Fallen down; ,MruVdW`
qLnil. a5sa muT kha5Kgar thi }au. That
tree has fallen down. 2) Crooked; ,MikrHWZ
L Mij. Ant: u5jak; Syn: ko4ho5k.
khaKgare5k sDD V. To leave ajar;

Vd vDL MWar Wa nVaWX fr ik@L qsLqm

MWaquik Myz. dur khaKgara5i o} atu

day. Someone left the door ajar and cold is

coming in. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
khapo5 PD N. Conical basket worn on
womens backs; ij LrW` M WZq vzVd
Vd m rWY r . [It is made from a
branching branch and woven goathair and
is strapped on the womans back. It is used
for gathering wood. These are also
sometimes used as a crib for tiny babies.]
See also: soho5La; khawa5; cire5w; grio5ni;
sawe5w; dray; pruSThe5ni.
khar go5n, khar go5nD r sD , sD
N. The wooden control knob on the front
of grain bin in a flourmill; M ik AWY

_Vd VaxVdWY qLn y wHij KVi

Vd WZr mMWdqs MWd . [The grain channel is

attached to this knob by a string. The flow

of grain in the millstone is regulated by
turning the knob.] Whole: {ont, {ontr
water-mill; Syn: pio5nyak gonD.
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kharana5S

khata hik

kharana5S DCsD Adj. Invalid; qErs. [This

is said of a person without a leg, arm, eye
etc.]
khara5p OCsD Adj. Bad, upset, unable to
work well; OQLril. may tabia5t bo
kharap. I feel terrible! may ha5tya pata5
ne a}s ram pe ne a5raw haw, dond
khara5p hu gho3%i. I did not know that if I
didnt let my bull chew the cud (and just
let him drink water) he would not work
well. From: Arabic.
kharbiza5 CvLsD N. Watermelon; qsEWXrWZ.
Gen: me3w
% a fruit. See also: la4u
5 ; sarda5.
From: Persian.
kha5rca DdsD N. Spending money, expense;
ikril. du5ra ta, kha5rca gha5Tis day.
You come home and ask for spending
money. From: Persian.
kha5rca ka5rik sD DdsD V. To expend,
to spend, to use up; MWar ikril. ta5sa ghe5ri
brbo c4ho43%i hu }o5on, bo ke5sman brbo
gri, kha5rca karo5n paru. Until walnut
harvest comes again for him, he will take
walnuts for many purposes and thus they
will get used up.
khas1 {D N. 1) Grass; LqMik ,vM. Spec:
c{gas a kind of grass; caTka5} mustard;
khasphaT weeds; c4hirgalak a kind of
grass with a milky sap. 2) Weeds; ruij
EWX. juwa5ri mo5caw khas upa5ci4 u. He
will pull out the weeds from among the
corn. Variant: ghas (Urtsun). Etym:
gha2sa5- food, pasture grass T-4471.
kha5sak ma5sak D|D D|D N. Tinder,
small grass, and related combustibles;
wWaEWY vM. kha5sak ma5sak ko4a5i, ek
awa5ta koTa5io, aKga5r upua5n, aKgarwa5t
gri. They gather up tinder, make a pile,
and with a flint-rock they start a fire. Able:
jarja5r combustible.
khas2 {D Adj. Important, ones own,
special; Mil. From: Arabic.

R|D N. Occupation, profession;

rVa ,PQx. tu jho5nis day, may kha5sip.

kha5sip

You know my profession. From: Arabic.

khasphaT WDQ|D N. Weeds; ,wWaEWY vM
EWX ruij. Gen: khas1 grass.
khaS D Adv. Suddenly, quickly (emerge);
)MVaWa( m WdL. mizo5k khaS draSn
para5w. The mouse quickly emerged and
ran off. Restrict: This is typically
associated with the verbs nihik and
draSnk emerge. Syn: pat.
khaSa5p ODD Adv. Quickly, soon; nij
y. khaSa5p i. Come quickly! Syn: gaST.
khaSa5p ka5rik sD ODD V. To hurry
and do something; MWar nij. tay au5 {u,
may sa ha5tyo khaSa5p mo ka5ri. Eat
your own food, dont hurry and (try to
take) mine. awe5l tay ja5aw samba5l dye,
to5a ware5kin ha5tya khaSa5p ka5ri. First
control your own wife, then hurry and (go
after) someone elses. [The action that one
is supposed to do in a hurry is dependent
on the context in which it is spoken.]
Restrict: The object of ones greed is
marked by ha5tya to. Variant: kaSa5p
ka5rik.
khaSe5k D V. To apply to someone else,
to rub on someone else; MVa . a tay
ru5ay khaSe5m. I will apply it to your face.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kha5Sik D V. To apply, rub on
(oneself), paint (ones face), decorate
(oneself); MVa. a ru5ay SiK kha5Sam. I will
make a horn design on my face. Caus:
khaSe5k. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
khat SD N. Letter; `Iik ,il. a
mumure5t pai m bo tes tay ha5tya
khat niwe}im day. I am writing you a
letter right after I came to Bumburet. Syn:
kaga5s. From: Arabic.
khata hik DTD V. To have a tragic
mistake happen; MWa ,MWa Mil.
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khatarna5k

khawga5ni

may pi khata ha5waw. bat gri pa4 e,

ame43%a ana5}aw. I had a tragic mistake.
When I threw a stone it hit a sheep and it
died. Restrict: The person by whom the
mistake happens is marked by pi from.
Syn: galt hik; gala5t ka5rik; a5but park.
From: Arabic.
khatarna5k DsDTD
Adj.
Dangerous;
MWaril. caku5 {e bado5k khatarna5k. e5li
aktia5t ka5i geha5iik baS. Knives and axes
are dangerous. These should be used with
care.
Adv. Very; PSWX. khatarna5k }i}o5yak.
Very beautiful. Variant: khatana5k;
khatnara5k. From: Arabic.
khate5r tTD N. Sake, consideration; ,rMil
Mh. tu ko kru5ci a5as? ho5ma
khate5runa pi}tya5k du5ra ha5tya i. Why
are you peeved? For our sake come back
home. From: Arabic.
khate5r ka5rik sD tTD V. 1) To pity
someone; MWaM vrWZ. se may pa45aw e, a
ta5sa ha5tya khate5r a5ris. When he hit me,
I (didnt hit him back because I) pitied
him. 2) To respect someone; ,MWar rMil
MWar Mh. tu ho5ma khate5r ka5i, tan
ja5aw Snji. Out of respect for us, be
reconciled to your wife! Syn: iza5t ka5rik;
ka5dur ka5rik.
kha5tum TD Adj. Finished, destroyed,
killed; WZMil ,Zil. From: Arabic.
kha5tum hik TD V. To die; WZMil
MWaMij r ,MWa. ta5sa malaha5l som se5o
goST no43 ha5waw. se5o kha5tum ha5waw.
He was buried under the barn with his
livestock. He died. Syn: na5}ik.
kha5tum ka5rik sD TD V. To finish
off, to kill; MVaWdm qM ,MWar Zil. may chu
}o5nja to jawa5p de, ki ku5ra tay pa5yda
ka5i a5sau? ne pe haw, tay kha5tum
ka5rim day gho3%i ma5iLa. My daughter,
now answer me, who made you? If you

dont answer I will kill you, he said. Syn:

na}e5k.
khatuma5n DTD
N.
House
and
accompanying
structures,
buildings;
VdWZqM. Syn: dur; aba5di.
kha5tur sTD N. Dust; mr@. kha5tur nsi
}au. Its dusty. Syn: udho43%; get.
kha5un D N. 1) Owner; M. ku5ra sa
kha5un? Who is its owner? 2) God; Lnil.
Syn: male5k; muLa5wa. From: Persian.
khaw D N. Smoothed threshing floor on
roof of a barn; PSik MVY y `.
kha5wuna kay gu5um monDe5n. They
thresh wheat on the threshing floor.
khaw ba5t SDL D N. The stone used at
the khaw threshing floor; ij rVZWY WdL
__ MWZ MVZyHL _Vd War Lru qWX.
[This is used to make the goat skin bag
stand upright while grain is being poured
in.]
khaw upu5nik PC D V. To winnow
by pitching up threshed straw; r V`WY
MWar @L MyWX.
khawa5 CD N. Conical basket; vzVd
Vd m rWY r ij LrW` M WZq. [It
is made from a branching oak, willow, or
almond wood branch interwoven with
goathair and is worn on a womans back.
It is used for gathering wood. These are
also sometimes used as a crib for tiny
babies.] See also: pruSThe5ni; soho5La;
khapo5; cire5w; grio5ni; sawe5w; dray.
khawe5zak CvD N. Bedbug; `. Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insects and reptiles.
khawe45ik D N. The board that runs
around the edge of the roof to channel rain
water off; qMik PSik WaMil zWd
qMVa Lr@L.
khawga5ni DD N. A death; ,OSM ,iMy
WZM. ta5sa du5ra khawga5ni thi }au. a te
pa5}io im. A death has happened in his
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khawma5nji ka5rik

khel

kha4a45yak DIJ N. Shield design in lower

center of womens headdress; vzVd

house. I will go and see them, then come

back. Syn: chik.
khawma5nji ka5rik sD ]DD V. To
plaster a surface like a threshing floor or
walls; MWar MVYVd y rWX. [This is done by
taking cow manure, mixing it with water
and clay and smoothing it over the floor to
keep the dust from mixing with the wheat.]
Syn: khaw}e5r ka5rik. Variant: khawma5ji
ka5rik.
khawsa5Kgaw DD| N. Festival specified
in the calendar year; qLWZ. Spec: {o5}i
spring festival; uca5w fall harvest
festival; pu43 grape harvest festival;
cawmo5s winter solstice festival; Syn:
ko}an.
khaw}e5r ka5rik sD tD V. To
smooth out wet clay or mud; MWd PSik Vd
MWar qL r M ` rWY qLWdm. Syn:
khawma5nji ka5rik.
khay hik D V. To become broken
into pieces; MWa rsWdq rsWdq. }}a pe a5taw
haw, khay hu. If glass falls it will break
into pieces. [Kinds of things that can break
in this way are hard objects like glass and
pottery.] Syn: che5lak me5lak hik.
khayr tD N. Peace, well-being; dil. du5ra
khayr e? Everything peaceful at home?
phaka5t tay khayr kho5jim. I am only
thinking about your well-being. Syn:
aphia5t; aram; suku5n; sukla5t; ama5n;
sarajam; uzur. From: Arabic.
khayr ka5rik sD tD V. To bless,
protect, prosper; MWar dil. khayr huori.
khoda5y khayr karuori. May all be well!
May God protect you all. Syn: niama5t
ka5rik; baraka5t (hstik).
khazana5 DCuD N. Possessions, treasure;
WaLrsil. khoda5yas khazana5as ka khana5r
ne. There is no limit to Gods wealth.
Variant: gazina5. From: Arabic.
kha45a4 IJ N. Shield; Mo.

ij WeLrsWdo WdL d W` WZq

d WZMVaWX y VdWZ VZhl.
kha45lak dek o J V. To repulse, be
revolting; MWa OQLril m. a5La pa5}i may

kha45lak del day. That repulses me.

kha4laka5ik DJ V. To be disdainful;
MWa OQLril m r Wdm M MWd rsVdik .
tu har i}nyeha5ri jaga5i, kha4laka5is day.
a5sa a5sta pruST ne. You are disdainful of
everything you see. That also is not good.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
kha4piSTo5k YPJ Adj. Black-backed of
sheep or goat; y r ij rWX MWd ruVdWX
M. Gen: coT pattern.
kha45wi J N. 1) Left hand; MWdMWX ,VdHWeMWX.
e5kta ta5sa dra3%c4u4i, ek kha45wi gehe5naw.
One on his right, the other on his left side.
CPart: dra3%c4u4i right hand. 2) Left-handed
person; MVX ,L War MVZyHL WZM MWdMWX.
Adj. Left. Etym: kharva5- mutilated,
imperfect T-3832.
kha3S D Adj. 1) Loose or mushy as earth
softened by rain; rWa. may kuc kha3S
ha5waw. I have diarrhea. Syn: lak2; c4ok;
Ant: DaK. 2) Loose (as a knot); Vdo. Syn:
phok.
kha43%ik J V. To shut (ones eyes);
MWar nVaWX )VdWaN(. ec kha43%as. Shut your
eyes! Restrict: This seems to refer only to
eyes and doors. Reversive: upa5c4ik to
open; Syn: li}e5k. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
khel N. Perspiration, sweat; VaVdxWY.
krom ka5i huLu5k thi kheL curuu. When
you work and get hot, you sweat. Variant:
preSpe5l (Urtsun (M)).
khel curu4k
sd V. To sweat, to
perspire (lit. sweat emerges); MWaN VaVdxWY.
krom ka5i huLu5k thi may kheL curu4u.
When I work and get hot, I sweat.
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kher

khia5l

khelwa5S hik C V. To become

all sweaty; MWa qEWXLz y VaVdxWY. a
khelwa5S ha5wis. Ive gotten all sweaty.
Variant: khelwa5Su hik.
kher t N. Vegetable or flower bed;
qMVd WdrsVXy MWd EWY. [Usually the
Kalasha make a kher for tomatoes, onions,
peppers and the like.] See also: bak2;
gurze5n. Variant: khyer (Urtsun (Tu)).
Etym: *ghir- fence T-14472.
khera5 Ct N. Wooden paddle or shovel for
shoveling snow or grain; ,hkVdWX M ru
LquMWY. Matl: bribo5 walnut wood;
Riddle: diga45 ga45Kgay khera5: in the hole
in the wall is a wooden shovel. Answer =
jhip the tongue; dur we5tyaw khera5: a
shovel behind the door. Answer = jhip
the tongue. See also: pha5Lak khera5.
khera5yak DCt N. Small wooden paddle
for scooping flour; hkVdWX MW`ik M ru.
khes ~ N. Cocks comb, comb; .
Syn: cu45i. See also: narku43%ku.
khesma5t SD} N. Help, favor, service;
PSnil. tay ha5tya ka khesma5t? What
can I do for you? From: Arabic.
khesma5t hik SD} V. To
become tired or inconvenienced; WZ
MWaMij. Syn: agra5ik; guda5s hik; Zek hik;
japaja5 hik.
khesmatga5r sDTD}
N.
Servant;
qMVZnil. Syn: nawka5r; deka5n.
kheSk V. To endure, to put up
with; MWar PSyzLmrWX. ano5ra {e Da5han
kheS, krom gara5was ha5tya o...
Enduring
hunger
and
thirst,
(congratulations) to you, O worker... Syn:
barda5} ka5rik; jira5ik; dork; guzara5n
ka5rik; tap o5nik. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
khet V N. Branches or sticks from the
Artemesia plant; vzLrWZ wHij LmWY Wd@L
__ MWZMij MLm r. Use: thek to apply.

khet thek T V V. To apply a

burning stick of Artemesia to the body for
healing; Mik E zLrWZ rWa mWY WdL
MWar fjH r Lm y. may Dhak trupel
day, Dha5kuna khet tha5i. My waist pains,
burn the khet medicine and put it on my
waist. Syn: Lu5ian dyek; Tako5r dyek;
gonD dyek; SiK SaTe5k.
khetgo5n U N. Artemesia bush; WdL
__ MWZMij MLm y wij MVaWZ M mWY.
khe5zik v V. To move over; ,MVaxI
MWaMij Vdm. anda5yhak khe5zas. Move
toward me! Syn: ku{ubk; paTa5kik;
dzaLa5kik; tsaTe5Kgik. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
khe3 Adv. How?; MxVd. tu khe3 ama5i?
What did you say (lit: how did you say)?
Syn: kca. See also: e3he3%.
khe3 ca5kan DDd Adv. How in the
world? How ever?; __ MVZy xVd.
khe3 ca5kan may pay ne apa5}i? How in
the world did you not see my goats?
[Seems to have an element of blame, and
suspicion assumed by the speaker--you
should have if you didnt.]
khe3 gho3%i Adv. Why? For what
reason?; Vd ,_Vd wH. Lit: how
thinking. tu khe3% gho3%i ta a5as? a }e3he3
gho3%i ta a5am ki ande5y ja ka5rim gho3%i.
Why have you come? I have come thinking
that I will marry a wife from here. Syn: ko.
khe3 hik Id. What to happen,
what to do; MWa hk ,MWa MVd. khe3
ha5waw? What happened? khe3 his day?
Whats are you doing (with a disapproving
connotation)?
khe3%ki Adv. Like that, how; xVdij.
khe3%lay Pron. What kind?; wH ,MxVd
M fr. don khe3%lay ha5Li a5as? What kind
of bull did you bring?
khia5l D N. Thought, idea; MVdil. tu mon
ko ne ko43 ka5as day? tay ka khia5l?
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khkaL ka5rik

kho5jik

khiSTipokta5 DUQY N. Brick; PUVaWdHL.

khiSTipokta5 gri, diga45 dyen. They make a
wall with bricks.
khSu N. Bird the size of a mayna;
nWarWY M WdL. [Some refer to this bird
as, dhe5nta tha5 ra karne5}uk the villain of
the mountain.] Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
khoda
khoda gha5Tik XD Co V. To beg;
MVaWaM VdWX rWY MWa Lnil.
khoda ka5rik sD Co V. To
sacrifice an animal in Gods name at an
altar; MWar MWXr rWY MWa Lnil. Syn:
c4haKpo5c ka5rik; isto5Kgas ka5rik; mara5T
ka5rik.
khoda5y Co N. The Creator God; LnVdWY ,Lnil
L War. [Being the supreme god he is
responsible for life, death, health, harvest
etc. He is supported by angels who do the
work. He does not have any altar or
sanctuary dedicated to him.] Syn:
paydagara5w;
parwardiga5r;
DziLa
Diza5w; male5k. From: Persian.
khoda5y neta5s {DU Co Adj. Badlybehaved, unprincipled; Wa il M Lnil
Wdq LrEWX MVZWa@L ,MWa. Morph: khoda5y ne
tas.
khoda5y ya5r sD Co Intj. Good-bye!;
WZMy Lnil ,Mi Lnil. Lit: May God be
your friend!.
khojawe5nik ka5rik sD D\ V.
To glean, gather up the remains of a
harvest; MWar `WaMik. brbo ko4a5i a5an.
a5jo khojawe5nik ka5rik. They have
gathered the walnuts. Now lets look for
the gleanings. Syn: go}nago5{i ka5rik.
kho5jik \ V. 1) To search for, to look
for, to ask for; MWar vzWZ. a5bi ka5as kho5ja
day? Whom are you looking for? Syn:
gu5spik. 2) To think about, to desire
something; MVaMik. a5o khayr kho5jim day.
ano5ra {e Da5hano ne ctim day. I am

Why dont you listen to my words? What

is your idea? kha5li {u5i pyo, pa5ris day.
ware5ko ka kro5mas khia5lo ne. You
only eat and drink and go out again. Any
other thought about work doesnt enter
your mind. Syn: guma5n; cit. From:
Arabic.
khkaL ka5rik sD D V. To tire out; MWZ
MVaWdm. tokmo5kay uTkiman }a5sa bac4ho45a
may khkal ka5i a5au. a5La ne grik
bha5am day. That calf jumping in the mud
puddles tires me out. I cannot catch him.
khila5 N. Sharp pain localized in the
trunk of the body, especially from wounds;
mqm nWdnyz. may a5Suna kay, khila5 dyel
day. My shoulder is throbbing with pain.
[This occurs in hips, waist, back and groin
area.] Syn: dyli; phas; Do: dyek to
throb.
khila5w N. Opposition; il. e43he43%ia
{e rukmu5La ogoe5kin khila5wuna adala5t
ka5rin day. ek c4hat e43he43io5n khila5wuna
thi }au. jac e43he43io5n khila5wuna a5raw.
The men from Ayun and those from
Rumbur are making a court case against
each other. One time it turned out against
the men of Ayun. The judge decided
against them. Syn: zit; mukalipha5t
(ka5rik). From: Arabic.
khinzr tv N. Wild pig; qy ,rWdrsVaHil.
Gen: bhero{anda5r wild animals. From:
Arabic.
khisa5 D} N. Story, event, historical
account; V. aLe5y a5sil khisa5 }a5sa. That
is the factual story from there. Syn:
ac4ho43%ik. From: Arabic.
khi}t U N. Boat; Zxz. Variant: kiST.
From: Persian.
khSe Intj. Shoo! said to chickens and
birds; i _Vd WaMWX nWarWY. See
also: kakawa5Kk.
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kho5nDa

khra5Lik

khorma5 Ds N. Dates; Mril ,qhj.

From: Persian.
kho} Adj. Beloved, dear, pleasing;
nWdnVaxWY. aba5s mon may ne kho}. I
dont like bad language.
kho}e5k V. To like, love, choose;
MWar nVaxWY. a }irn bo kho}e5m. I love
Shirin a great deal. Syn: ju5Sik; niwa5rik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
khoS N. Measure of two cupped and
joined hands; rWX V`E. ek khoS
ma}u5styak may de. Give me two
handfuls of dried mulberries! khoS
dha5ras. Make your hands cupped (and take
this)! Use: dha5rik to hold out. See also:
paSu5k; anjl; baza5; nmuS; jiS, jiST; has,
hast; caw a43%gu. Variant: koS.
kho5Si Adj. Crooked; MruVdW`. tay a5}i
ko kho5Si thi }au? Why has your mouth
gotten crooked?
kho5yo Cnj. Or; MWd. kho5yo co5po
parm, kho5yo ware5}o parm. Ill go
either tomorrow or the next day. Syn: yaw.
kho45a C N. Wooden mixing bowl for
mixing dough; MW`N d wij WZrWX M ru
__ MWZMij MnWaD. [This is about 18-24
inches long and 3 inches deep. bzu wood
is used to make a smaller version of this
bowl called a kho4a5yak.] Matl: bribo5
walnut wood; mrac4 mulberry wood.
See also: pire5T.
kho43 N. Curse or bad prayer; MEm nWX.
kho43 ka5rik sD V. To pray against
someone; MVaWdm Mm nWX. ko kho43 a5ri. Why
did you pray against (him)?
khraLe5k Ct V. To make someone cough,
to have to cough; MWaN WaM. may
khraLe5l day. I have to cough / it makes me
cough. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
khra5Lik Ct V. To cough; MVaxWaM. a
khra5lam day. Im coughing. Etym:

only thinking about well-being. I am not

thinking about hunger and thirst. 3) To
invite; MVaWdm OSm ,MWar n. se tan tre
chu5Lasi dawa5tuna kho5jiLa. He invited his
three daughters to a party. 4) To summon
someone; MVahjVdWX LEWX. 5) To engage a
daughter to be married to someone; M ru
MWar VZyzq. te ta5sa chu5Las tan pu5tras
ha5tya kho5ji a5ini. They had engaged his
daughter to their own son. Past(hearsay):
kho5jiLa they arranged; Adj: khojli
engaged. Etym: *kho2jjati tracks, seeks
T-3929.2. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
kho5jili \ Adj. Engaged; OQxVa
nyz. kaLa5Saas dastu5runa ja ka5rikas du
tharika5 }an, kho5jili ja, aLaSK. In
Kalasha customs there are two methods of
taking a wife, arranged marriage (lit:
engaged wife), and elopement. Variant:
kho5jiLa.
kho5nDa Cr Adj. Half; MmN ,VWa.
kho5nDa mo5cuna pa5io, du chaT ghe5ri
cu5nDiLa. Going partway to the middle, he
stung him again twice. Syn: phat.
N. Half; KVi VWa. se au5 du
kho5nDa a5raw. He broke the bread into
two halves. Etym: khaNDa5- broken,
crippled T-3792.
kho5nDa rat SCs Cr N. Approximately
midnight; OSLq mN. Whole: bas1 day;
Syn: duba5rabar rat.
kho5nDi mon r N. Message or
spoken word; OSMWX ik ,OSMWX W`. ek
kho5nDi u5jak mon, da} kho5nDi lawe5kas
pi pruST. One true spoken word is better
than ten false ones. See also: kho5nDa.
khonza5 Cv N. Queen; Lq ,. CPart:
Sa king.
-khor s- Sfx. Taker, recipient, consumer;
qil. kuc-kho5r. Glutton. miras-kho5r.
Heir. From: Persian.
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khul

khut

khuru5Su hik s V. To become

peeved at someone; MWaMij Mil. a5sa ja5as
khuru5Su thi aLayha5k nis a5au. His wife
became peeved and sat over there. Syn:
kru5cik; bam hik.
khu5}i Adj. Lame in the arm or hands;
q ,gjMWY@L. Syn: khu5Ta.
N. Person with a lame arm having part
or all of his hand cut off; mN L MV` WZM.
Etym: *khus5s5a- crippled in hands or feet
T-14401.3.
khuS1 N. Hole, indentation; Mru.
preco5na dykas ha5tya mul khuS ka5ri.
Make a hole in the porridge for pouring in
the melted butter. muThu45ikas nase5naw
khuS ka5ri, pha5to ba5Sik pe praw haw,
uk saraw. Put holes around the tree trunk
so when it rains the water will gather. Syn:
ga4K; ce; ghuT; paha5n.
Adj. Deep; L. Syn: gurgu5nT;
kudhu5m; Ant: tharka. Variant: ghuS.
khu5Spik Q V. To make a hole in
material with a tool; MWam ,MVayzLrWZ.
cu5muSTi gri {ontwa5t khu5Spin day.
They are making a hole with a chisel. Syn:
ga4K ka5rik; Instr: cu5muSTi chisel; tso5gun
chisel; bho5Kki adze; nigho5n chisel;
ar2 awl; Object: kuTo5 bowl; ku4n
j
ladle. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
khuS ka5rik sD V. To dig a hole;
MWam Mru. bhel gri, khuS ka5rim. I will
dig a hole with a shovel. Syn: ko5cik.
khuS2 Adv. Perfectly, exactly, very,
extremely; rWY
q . khuS
punDu5irak. Perfectly round like a disk.
Syn: pak2.
khut S Adv. Surely, certainly, in any
case; q. khut may mu5c4a ha5tya u.
He will surely come into my power (one
day). tu wa5kum mo ha, tay dec khut
tay dem. Dont worry, I will pay your
debt in any case.

kra5date2 laments T-3571, 14409. Prdm:

Class 2 (ma5trik).
khul Adj. Complete, finished; Zil.
ho5ma krom khul. Our work is finished.
See also: nbus hik; phaw}k.
khul Adj. All, whole; MWZ ,D.
khul dunia5. The whole world. Syn: saw;
c4hik; pLik.
khule5k V. To finish doing
something; MWar Zil. e5kta co5pa {u, e5k
ta huLukuna, {e e5ko tro5mi}, khule5s
}amon. Take one tomorrow, one at noon
and one at evening until you finish them.
Syn: plikhe5k; pLik ka5rik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
khuma5r sD N. Desire; wzLil. may
taLa5y parkas khuma5r }iau. I want to go
there. Syn: kha5i}.
khun ka5rik sD V. To commit
murder; MWar Eil. a to na}a5i, khun
a5ris. Killing him, I committed murder.
Syn: na}e5k. From: Persian.
khunda5r sCp N. Murderer; WZM.
khunDie5k r V. To call, to summon,
to speak; MWaEWX. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
khur s N. Leg, foot; MWY. Whole: jhan,
jhand body; Dim: khurgik small foot
or dear foot; Part: The5wak ankle;
a5siKga upper rear leg of animal; bu4i5 k
thigh. Etym: khura- hoof T-3906.
khura5k Cs N. Food, grain, feed for
chickens, seed; Lqil. a tre }or rupaya5
beS da5i a5am. kakawa5Kkan ha5tya
khura5k gri. I have given you 300 rupees
extra. Buy some grain for the chickens.
From: Persian.
khurbusu5k park sDP |Ls V. To
go far away; MWaMij qm. tu kawa5y
khurbusu5k pa5i a5i e? It seems you have
gone far away.
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khu5Ta baza5

ka

__ MWZ WeM MVaWY L VaE M ik rWY.

Whole: {ont, {ontr water-mill.
khu45i N. Bowl or pan used for eating;
WZrWX L. Dim: khu45yak small bowl.
Variant: khu5Dak (Birir). Etym: kuTawater-pot, pitcher T-3227.
khu45yak D N. 1) Small bowl; MW`ik
WZrWX L. 2) Notch or receptacle on the
gaL club for holding ball; VaVd d rWX
Mru M pWao _VX L.
khu45ik V. To attack someone, adhere to
someone; MWa qsMWa. ta5sa mo5cas apha5t
khu45i, ana5}aw. Evil attacked him and he
died. Syn: Sa5Tik; Actor: apha5t trouble; o}
snow, ice; su5ri sun. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
ki Pron. That; . copamna u5STiLa. u5STi
drama pa5i jaga5La, ki ta5sa noKgo5r bo
}i}o5yak. In the morning he got up. Going
out on his roof he saw that his palace was
very beautiful. Restrict: Note that the use
of ki changes the function of such
interrogative words as ko ki because, ka
ki that which, ka5wa ki where. From:
Persian.
ka
D Pron. What?; MVd. moc ka ma5an?
What will people say?
Adj. Some, any; hk. a5j kaw ka go5ik
ha5i yaw no} ne. juwa5ri a5sta
thawamna, gu5um a5sta. This year no
worms or rot destroyed the crops. Both the
corn and the wheat were a bit more than
just enough. may putr, a tay kay }o5on
may a5am, tu ka krom ka5ri. My son, I
have told you many times that you do some
work. Restrict: Combined with ne, ka has
the meaning of no, or not any.
Adj. What?; MVd. tu may mon ko ne
ko43 ka5ris day? tay ka khial? Why dont
you listen to me? What is your thought?
Variant: ke (Urtsun). Etym: km what,
why T-3164.

CuDL DX N.
MWY PSym. khu5Ta baza5

khu5Ta baza5

Legs and arms;

trupe5n day. My
legs and arms are paining me. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.
khuTa5ik DX V. To limp; MWaLruVa.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
khu5Ta DX Adj. Lame in the legs; LruVa.
Syn: khu5}i. Etym: *khuTTa- lame T3941.4.
khuTawa5Ti XCDX N. Leggings, leg
wrappings, puttees; Vaq Eh y m
`WY VaV`VdVY mrH WaMW` _Vd .
khuTawa5Ti dyam. ta5ciK dyam. I will
put on my leggings. I will put on my
shepherd footwear. Use: dyik to put on.
Morph: khuTa paTi. Etym: *kuTTabroken, beaten T-3237; paTTa- cloth,
woven silk T-7700.
khu5Ti dyek o X V. To greet by
saluting, embracing, and shaking hands;
MVa y m WdL. [This form of
greeting is only done man to man after an
appreciable separation. The men first
salute each other with right hand touching
the forehead. Then they put the right hand
under each others left armpit, the left
hand holding the others arm and touch
right shoulder to left, left to right and
again right to left. Then they draw off into
a four-hand handshake. They end by
saluting again.] Syn: i}paDe5k; wa5{ik hk;
sawa5{ hik; has khaLe5k.
khu4 N. Hat; W`. See also: kaSo5K; Sa
ghu45; kupa5s; kato4ho45iki. Etym: kho2la- a
kind of hat T-3942.
khu4a5k C N. Small hat for children,
cap; W` ik.
khu4a5k C N. Chaff (left from
winnowing); Mik M gjVdWX.
khu4a5yak bat SDL DC N. The stone on
which the millwheel pivots; wij rVZWY
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ka ctse ma5ik

kiLa45

ka a5sta DU|E D Pron. Whatever; hk

WX. se nogo5r }e3he3% }i}o5yak ki da5das
se5o ta5sa pru5STuna hi} ka a5sta ne. That
palace was so beautiful that her fathers
palace was nothing whatever in
comparison.
ka ka D D Pron. What things?; MVd MVd.
ka ka baza5raw o5ni as? What all have
you brought from the market?
ka ki D Pron. Which, that which;
ij.
ka ne ka D D Pron. Something or
other; hk Wa hk. har chaT ka ne ka
gha5Timan may wera5n ka5ris day. All
the time you are asking for something or
other and bothering me.
ka...ne ...D Pron. Nothing; VdWa hk.
zama5na }um thi }au. ku5ra ka5as ha5tya
kia ne ka5rin day. Times have become
bad. No one does anything for anyone.
ko Adj. Some; hk. ko mos o5nim
ko ware5k i}neha5ri o5nim {u5kas ha5tya.
I will bring some meat and some other
things to eat. Morph: ka o.
ka ctse ma5ik D md D Id. 1) To
talk about this and that (nothing
important); V ,MVaWaM rmDL rmHL
MWar dWZMWX. a5bi mic ka ctse ma5i
ma}ku5l hman a5imi. We were only
talking about this and that. 2) To say bad
things about someone; MVa WX LrEWX. tu
he5Kka ware5gin ha5tya ka ctse ma5as.
You only talk bad about other people.
ka wa5tuna DTC D Id. When?; ,PS w
PQ.
kiba5w DM N. Event (generic word for
anything); rsVdik. may pSTuna ka kiba5w
hu day? Whatever is happening on my
back? Syn: }uTu5Tur.
kiba5w hik DM V. To be like that;
MWa MxWdL. se kiba5w thi, uTki uTki, to
bo zarawa5r kakbo5y hkas tha5ro chni

a5au. He being like that, he jumped and

jumped. And because he was a very strong
leopard, he broke the traps moorings.
Variant: iba5w hik; }iba5w hik.
kca De Adj. What kind of?; Vd ,MxVd.
kca mon des day? What kind of thing
are you saying?
Adv. How!; MVaVZ ,MxVd. da5da jaga5i,
onja5o aya5 kca }i}o5yak nogor th }au
Look father, here now how beautiful a
palace has come to be! Syn: khe3. Variant:
kcaka.
kice5k e V. To soak; MWaIWX. roK
phaLk u5guna kice5n. kica5i, taLa5y sutr
hstin. pha5to se raK Sa5Taw. The seeds of
the rong plant they soak in water. Then
they put the thread in. Then the color will
dye the thread. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
kila5 N. Banana; Vd. Gen: me3w
% a
fruit. From: Urdu.
kila4wa5T WC N. Grass species with broad
leaves growing in the high pastures; WdL
vM . Gen: khas1 grass.
kilp R N. Hair clip, barrette; PR.
zo5ruk kilpay SaTe5n. They attach metal
balls to the end of a hair clip. From:
English.
kliS N. Fibers; xzWdq.
Adj. Fibrous; qLm xzWdq. kliS kliS aZa45i.
Fibrous apricots. [Things that can be said
to be fibrous are apricots, barley, a certain
kind of wheat, rice, and ka5ras a millet-like
grain.]
klki N. Window (with glass pane);
ru. From: Urdu.
kiLa45 N. Delicious kind of cheese; WdL
rVdVaWY qLnWdrs M . cap cru5ka kiLa45.
Really sour cheese. dzara5y gri kiLa45
sawze5n. They take rennet and make kiLa45
cheese. Gen: chaman cheese. Etym:
kila2Ta- inspissated milk T-3181.
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kiLa45a sa5ras

krik

kiLa45a sa5ras {CsD| C N. Festival

marking beginning of the farming season
in Bumburet; PSyzM nWX wij qLWZ WdL
__ z qM. [On the first night a
ceremony for cleansing the cattle sheds is
held. Next night representatives of each
village gather in the sanctuary of iKga5w
and eat newly made cheese. After this
festival women can drink goats milk and
farming begins. This is called stum sa5ras
in Rumbur.] Gen: ko}an celebration;
Syn: stum sa5ras.
kiLa45a sa5ras mastru5k {CsD|
C
tU|D N. First month of year and first
month of spring; wHij VaVd WY M qMWX
__ z qMVZyzM Vd. Whole:
ba5son, ba5sond spring.
kima5t SD N. Price; PSVd. Syn: kre; wak.
Adj. Expensive; MVa. Syn: gira5n; Ant:
aska5n; arza5n. From: Arabic.
kimat U Adj. Expensive, precious;
ZVd. kimat bat. A precious stone.
kimia gha5s {D D N. Stone-like thing
found in the ground in the mountains; rVZWY

kimo5nd a5sta DU|E p Adj. However

much, however many; q@L VaVZ ,WX VaVZ.
Variant: kimo5nyaka; kande5 (Urtsun).
kipni Q N. Spoon; hkik. [Nowadays
these are metal but they used to be made
from juniper.] Riddle: }utu5tur phar a5sta
gri, naKgo5runa ha5tya paru: a thing
which takes a load and goes into the
palace. Answer = kipnyak a spoon;
Dim: kipnyak; Matl: sa5ras juniper.
kipko5p hik OQ V. To be quiet;
MWa vzMil. kipko5p ha. Keep quiet! Syn:
cimcilt hik. Variant: kimko5p.
kiraya5 DCt N. Rent, fee, fare; WdLr. kiraya5
dek. To pay rent. kiraya5 grik. To collect
rent. From: Arabic.
krik t N. Snow; rWX. c4atra5wuna bo
krik amu5caw. It snowed a lot in Chitral.
[Snow is considered by the Kalasha as
being o5njeSTa ritually pure, more so than
water. Grapes and wine are considered
more pure than snow.] Do: phiria4i%3 k to
sprinkle; SiSirk to sprinkle; pa5Lik to
fall; dyek to fall. Etym: kiriscattering, heap T-3175.
krik dyek o t V. To snow; rWX
MWa qMWX. ho5ma gro5muna piliwe45 thi,
du bas krik dya5i, ek hast atha5w. In
our village it snowed for two days and left
a foot and a half of snow.
krik }u5ak C t N. Frost; MWY. rat
bo krik }u5ak gri a}s. Last night there
was a big frost. Do: grik to occur. See
also: paLazk dew.
krik udho43% o t N. Powder snow;
rWX rWa.
krik wa5c4 gCt N. Bird that appears in
winter; nWarWY qMWX rWX. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
kirikma5Li Dt N. Large clumps of
snow which gathers on branches; VZilqm
rWX ruWY rWY ilMyz . krik dya5i

Vd Vdqs quMWY ij rsVdik fr

__ Mij WeMWY. [It is regarded as pure. It is

said that snakes lick it for food.]

kimo5n, kimo5nd p , Adj. How
much?, how many?; MVaVZ. kimo5n pay
a5an? How many goats are there? kimo5n
ka5riu day? How much (price) is he selling
it for?
Adv. How, how very; MVaVZ ,MxVd. se
ma5iLa ki, o may nogo5r kimo5n
}i}o5yak. He said, Oh, how beautiful my
palace is!
kimo5nd ta DUC p Id. How much
(price)?; M )Lm( VaVZ ,fr w )PSVd(.
a kimo5nd ta? How much is this?
Variant: kimo5nd ta.

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kirko5T

ko5cik

mu5Ta kirikma5Li pu5ri ha5waw. muT

prek a5an e ka haw? The snow has
fallen and filled the trees. Maybe the
branches have broken? krik dya5i
kirikma5Li pa5Li phond band a5raw, khe3
thi u5gas park? The snow has fallen, and
the stacked snow has fallen and closed the
path. How can we go to get water?
kirko5T Wt Adj. Dry and hard; xzil
PShly q@L. may ta5ciK kirko5T thi }an.
My leather footwear has become dry and
hard. Syn: }ara5w; DaDe5; ka4kse5; ac4u5na.
kirmc ft N. Shoes, footwear; MWZij.
Dim: me5cik; Use: dyik to put on. See
also: buT; campe5L; ta5ciK; capLe5y; ka5Lun.
Variant: kirme5c. From: Persian.
ki}m} N. Raisins; xzil ,wzz
qWa@L. From: Persian.
kiSbubu5k LM
Adj.
Aloof,
incommunicative,
reserved;
vzMil
PSVdVX.
kSik V. To plough; MWaik .
Proverb: ka kSis haw, }atom Les.
What you plant is what you will harvest;
Syn: (c4hetr) chnik; Instr: haw1 plough;
don oxen. Etym: kr0s- ploughing T3448; kr0sa5ti ploughs T-3446. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
kiSma5n D N. Plowing. 1) ploughing;
VZ y Waik . may kiSma5nas Tem
ha5waw, pha5to may go} ne hu. It is
time for me to plough and I have no free
time. 2) Cultivated fields; MVd PSVd.
Syn: c4hetr. 3) Comeuppance; ZVd. o5nja
taym kiSma5n. Now its your turn to have
the tables turned on you. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
kita5p ODU N. Book; OQMVZ. From: Arabic.
kite5k U V. To stir or mix in a thick
mixture; MWa ,MWa. Syn: Lo4ek
5 ; krSnik;
lat dyek; mi}are5k; ukdo5k ka5rik;

TrikTrike5k; Past(hearsay): kita5la he/she

mixed. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kiu See main entry: kyu.
klok N. The wooden lock on a door;
L MVaWX M ru ,pVaD. Variant:
coklo5k.
kLok hik V. To stop laying eggs;
MWa ruD. See also: kakawa5Kk chicken.
kLuc c Adv. Suddenly, quickly (eat); WdL
m. Restrict: This is typically associated
with the verb {uk eat. Syn: pat.
ko Adv. Why?; Vd. Syn: khe3 gho3%i.
ko ne Intj. Why not! Of course!; Vd
VdWa.
-ko - Sfx. Endearment kinship suffix.
Restrict: This suffix can be used on at least
the following kinship terms: ba5ba, mo5a,
da5da, wa5wa, a5wa, a5ya, ba5ya, and the
diminutive forms chu-Lik, putr-ik,
beru5-yak, ja5-ak. As such they add the
meaning component of endearment: da5da
my father, > da5dako my dear father.
See also: -so; -lo.
koc c N. Wooden pitcher; Lru M ru.
koca5ri sDd N. Womens undergarment
(archaic); Mij HrWdqs WaMWaqs. Syn: {aKgia5.
ko5cik d V. To dig; MWam. a ko5ci {ay
ka5i, uk halm day che5truna ha5tya. I
will bring water for the fields by digging
and getting the channel ready. [Note in the
example that water is conceived of as
being animate as it is used with the verb
halk to bring something animate.] Instr:
u{u4i5 a pick for digging; Syn: khuS
ka5rik. Etym: *ko2cc- thrust, pierce, dig
T-3489. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
kocu5ni go5nDak Cr
d N.
1) Digging stick; Wam ij ruik
MVZyHL _Vd. 2) Rascal who is able find
anything hidden or lost; rsVdik r ij ,ij
r vzWZ.
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koho5w

ko5nDik

koho5w N. Dove; rWZVX. Gen:

pac4h%yak bird; Syn: kaLahu5r. Etym:
kapo2%ta- pigeon, dove T-2753-4.
koiSTale5 DY Adj. Having a hump,
strong; L ruVXD. koiSTaLe5 don. A bull with
a large hump.
N. Strong man; mN VXV. o
koiSTaLe5 tu5o ka5way a5i? a5la ka5nda
ja5Lay ka5nda pu45ik tro5c4iu. a5la bSa ja5Lay
bSa pu45ik tro5c4iu. O strong one, where
have you been? Up there in the almond
woods he is scratching on the tree roots.
Up there in the laburnum woods he is
scratching on the tree roots. Etym:
*kakudiSTha- on the hump T-2582.
kokDu5m r N. Cuckoo-like bird; We
nWarWY L VaWX fr . Gen: pac4h%yak
bird. See also: u5kpim.
kokhimana5 DD N. A kind of fruit tree
having a sweet dark blue berry with many
seeds; @L. Gen: me3w
% a fruit; muT
tree; Seed: byak pit.
kokho5nDa ka5rik sD Cr V. To
break something in half; MWar MmN MmN.
chni, kokho5nDa ka5i {u. Break it in half
and eat it!
ko5ki Cnj. 1) Because, as; WbVd. tu
aya5 apa5w de, ko5ki tu5o u5kuna wazkta
ne bha5as. You stay here because you
cannot swim. 2) So that; MWZ. tcak au5
{u5La, ko5ki haw du gehe5naw baraba5r
hin. He ate a little bread (from one side),
so that both sides (of the scales) would be
equal.
koka D Pron. Something; rsVdik . a
koka {um day, ta5yo ne dem. I am
eating something but I wont give it to you.
kokiam D N. Someone great or
wonderful; rsVdik Mil MWd ruWX . te
kokiam ctin day. They think they are
someone wonderful.

Adj.
Wonderful,
outstanding,
marvelous; )mN( LruWX. se a kokiam
moc gho3%i ctiu day. He thinks he is a
wonderful man.
kokiam ctik Ud D V. To think
oneself as being someone great; ORN VaWY@L
MWa qr ,MWaN d qr ,MVahj LruWX .
Syn: pha5kur ka5rik.
kokonDa5 Cr N. Place where water is
deep and swift flowing; KVi M MWdqm

MWX M MWY q@L gy MWY Mij

rsVdWZ WX. kokonDa5una day mo tyas,

tay ha5riu. Dont jump into the deep water,

it will take you away. Ant: bi{a5r; tharka.
koLa5 N. Whip; WXMik ,Lqu. Syn: cage5s;
dura5; Use: dyek to lash. Variant: koDa5.
From: Urdu.
ko5La N. Edible chive-garlic vegetable
growing wild in high valleys; M WdL
LmWY Vaij. Gen: muT plant. Etym:
*ko2ta- garlic T-3509.
koLucu5yak Dd N. Chick; qsEik.
Species: kakawa5Kk chicken.
koLucho5k d N. Chicken soup
made from a young chicken; r
ahlWd.
koLu5stu U| N. Fodder of grape waste;
Mhk Mil M qWa@L. drac4 koLu5stu. Grape
fodder for goats. [The grape feed is made
from dried grape skins, seeds and stems.
This is mixed with salt and fed to the
goats.] Variant: koLu5sti.
konDa5 Cr N. Iron pin with eye for
dragging lumber; ru xHij Vd M __
__ MWZMij MhkVaVd ru r quM Vd.
ko5nDa Cr Adj. Hornless; L VaVdy dWX
qWaMij. ko5nDa pay. Hornless goats. Etym:
*ko2NTha- defective T-3508.
ko5nDik r V. 1) To spin wool or
goathair into yarn; MVaWZ M Mm. pay jac
ko5nDiu day. She is spinning goats hair.
[This is spun clockwise from the SiS, top of
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ko5puc

ko4ho5k

ko}a5ra hik CsD V. To become alert

to danger; MWa wik.
koT1 W N. Suitcoat, coat; OU. Sa5as koT
may de. Give me the kings coat! (This is
said when telling a riddle and asking the
other person if he gives up. If he gives up,
he says Sa5as koT tay pra I gave you the
kings coat). From: English.
koT2 W N. 1) Fort, castle; . 2) Model
fort from stacked wood, burned for the
deceased; rVdo ,MW`. a5bi ne5ji {a5Lik e,
koT SaTa5la. Before we got there, they lit
the wood stack. [This occurs during
cawmo5s the winter festival. A huge fire
is made to give light for the dead to see. It
is called Indras fort.] Etym: ko2TTafort T-3500.
koTk X N. Small model of a fort;
oM M W`ik. [This is a small model
of a fort made during cawmo5s the winter
festival outside the temple to Jestak and is
burned to give light to the deceased spirits
who come to eat and drink the offerings.]
koTde5} pX N. The Kotdesh village in
Rumbur Valley; M WdL M qVXq mL.
koTe5k X V. To pile up; rVdo ,MWaM qMVXWa@L
MWaM. [Things like dirt, stones, grass can be
piled up.] Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ko4e5k V. To gather things up from the
ground, to harvest; MVaVaEik ,MWar ij. se
brbo c4ho4i%3 khuLa5aw pe haw, muT no4a5
a5sta moc, te brbo ko4e5n. When he has
finished knocking down the walnuts, the
men under the tree will gather them up.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ko4ho5k Adj. 1) Bent, crooked, askew,
curly; MruVdW`. Syn: kha5Kgar. 2) False;
MWX. isa mon ko4ho45k ha5waw. His word
was false. Variant: kho4hok.
ko4ho5k ka5rik sD V. To bend;
MWar MruVdW` ,MWaqu. may sim ko4ho5k ka5rik
baS. I must bend the wire.

the spindle.] Instr: tra5ku spindle for

spinning by hand; a5SuK forked branch for
spinning; Syn: Lek2. 2) To teach by using
many examples; MWaMhj r m VdMV^. se
mon ko5nDi o5niu day. He teaches things
by many examples. Syn: were5k ka5rik.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
ko5puc cP N. The stump of a branch;
V`VaEW`. Syn: munD.
kosa5w park sDP D| V. To go for a
walk; MWaMij rVdy. Syn: cake5r ka5rik;
ka5sika park.
ko}a5n D Adj. Happy; vzEil. tay krom
jaga5i bo ko}a5n ha5wis. I have become
happy after seeing your work. Syn: c4hiu5;
thrusthrusa5nyak (hik). Variant: kho}a5n.
ko}an ka5rik sD D V. To
celebrate; MWaMVa zEil. Syn: {e5ri ka5rik.
ko}an D N. Happiness, celebration;
zEil. may ko}an thi }au. I am happy.
[The Kalasha celebrations like sarie5k, ja
nik, ubujk, are classed as ko}an. These
contrast with festivals in that they tend to
happen any time and are not celebrated on
such a large scale.] Syn: khawsa5Kgaw;
Spec: sarie5k celebration for married
daughter; ja nik marriage; put/chu
ubujk birth of son or daughter; Da5gari
festival of the crows; don nisk
celebration for first teeth; dur niwe3%}i
house-warming
ceremony;
goSTnk
ka5rik ceremony for young to initiate them
as Kalasha; da4u5 tatu5 festival of beans;
stum sa5ras farming festival; kiLa45a
sa5ras farming festival; prece5} harvest
feast. Variant: kho}an.
ko}anmu5ki D
Adj.
Goodnatured, happy-dispositioned; fjLrs vzEil.
a5sa istr{a ko}anmu5ki. She is always
good natured. Ant: zaKgarmu5ki. From:
Khowar.
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ko43

krSnik

N. Ear; M. Whole: jhan, jhand

body. Variant: ka4 (Urtsun). Etym:
ka5rNa- ear, handle of a vessel T-2830.
ko43 ga45K J N. Ear canal; MWa M.
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
ko43 ka5rik sD V. To listen to, to
obey; MVaWaM ,MWar qLnWXMWZ ,MVaVaEy OSMWX. Syn:
saKga5ik.
ko43 kara5lak CsD Adj. Pleasant to
listen to, interesting; VaVaEy xHij ,PRxhkm
r m. e5mi ko43 kara5lak mon. These are
very interesting words.
ko43%aLi D Adj. Having big ears; ruWX ruWX
L WaM. ho5ma tara5 a5sau, }ato5 ko43%aLi
moc, a5bi jho5na e? Do you know the man
with the big ears who is in our village? See
also: ko43 ear.
ko43%una kay mon dek o D D
Id. To whisper; d M ,MWar z
MVa OSMWX. Lit: to talk into the ear.
ko43%uKk Adj. Good of hearing; rsVdWZ
L VaVay nij ,L Vaq PSM. se bo
ko43%uKk moc, c4a5tuna mon saKga5aw. He
is a very keen listener. He hears everything
immediately. Variant: ko43u5Kkik.
kraka45 JCt N. The village of Krakal in
Bumburet Valley; WdL M PSWdqVXWX mL
M.
krathe5k TCt V. To cause to laugh;
MWaMxVa. Variant: kathre5k. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
kra5tik TCt V. To laugh; MVaxVa. te ka5as
tha5ra kra5tan day? Who are they laughing
about. Restrict: The person laughed at is
marked by tha5ra on. Onset: c4hum.
Variant: ka5trik. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
krawa5s {CCt N. Cotton; vMVY ,q. Etym:
karpa2%sa- the cotton plant Gosypium
herbaceum T- 2877.
kre t N. Price, hire; WdLr ,PSVd. kimon
kre, tupanca5as? How much for the pistol?
sem pe ne bha5iman a5is haw, ware5k
ko43

ka5as kre5an nu. If he himself is not able

(to harvest the walnuts), he will hire
someone to do it. Syn: kima5t; wak. Etym:
kraya5- purchase T-3581.
krem t N. Lower back; r. dra4u
%3 muTa
uSTi a5au e, cu45ikuna gaLa e, se bat
gu5raka thi, ta5sa kre5muna {ali }au.
When he climbed the bush, got to the top,
that heavy stone bent (the branch) as far as
the (snakes) back. Syn: piST; Whole: jhan,
jhand body. From: Khowar.
kremDu5k hik rt V. To
become hunch-backed; MWa qMWXDL rWY _nVa
)qMVdWX(. From: Khowar.
kre} t N. Mud; ruhkVd.
kre} gok t N. earthworm;
LhkVd. Syn: phaw gok.
krinj ^t N. Wrinkled; Hyz. ga5Da pe
ha5wan haw, mo5can baza5 krinj hin.
When people get old, their hands get
wrinkled. Syn: kapaka5pi.
kriSma4%3 Jt Adj. Dark brown; ,LqEWX
WeM MVdy. Gen: raK color.
kriSma43% lac4ha Dh
Jt Adj.
Maroon, deep dark red; )Waq( L.
Gen: raK color.
krSna Dt Adj. Black; M ,MVdy. Max:
prak; Gen: raK color. Variant: krNDa
(Urtsun). Etym: kr0SNa5- dark blue, black
T-3451.
krSna daLo5ma DCo Dt Adj. Black
with white face; qWaMij M L Va nVdy.
Gen: coT pattern.
krSna pa4go4na DJP Dt Adj. White
with black feet (of sheep or goat); nVdy
qWaMij L MWY M WZMy ij. Gen:
coT pattern.
krSnik t V. To knead dough;
MVanWaD. Syn: lat dyek; TrikTrike5k; kite5k;
mi}are5k; ukdo5k ka5rik; Lo4e5k. Etym:
*kris5na2ti presses T-3589.
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krizipo5Kgi

ku

krSniLa at SC t N. Dough for

making bread; MW`N LE MnWa. Syn: ghoS.
krizipo5Kgi Qvt N. Class of small
animals; qWaMij W` ik. Spec: pay goats;
ame43%a sheep; ra5us musk deer; b}un
rock badger; Ant: Lotpo5Kgi. From:
Khowar.
krom t N. 1) Work; M. a tay krom bo
pruST jho5nim day. I know very well what
you are have done. 2) Purpose; nV. ka
kro5muna ta a5i? For what purpose did
you come? Variant: kram (Urtsun (M)).
Etym: ka5rman- act, work T-2892.
krom ka5rik sD t V. To work; M
MWar. tya5i tya5i krom ka5an, tya5i tya5io
{un. They do hard work and they eat good
food.
kromdu5m pt N. Work; fjM M. a tay
ta5da ne ik bha5am o5nja ho5ma anda5y
kromdu5mas wat. I cannot come to you
because now here it is a time of much
work.
kro5ma Dt N. Lungs; LruVYVdWY. Whole:
jhan, jhand body. Etym: klo2%man- the
right lung T-3630.
krome5k t V. 1) To cause someone to
work, to oversee work; MVaVd M. a5La su5da
a5sa moc pruST krome5l day. That man
does a good job of overseeing that boys
work. 2) To cultivate; MWar M. may
zemn kroma5ikas ba5ti deka5n a5au. I
have a hired farmer to cultivate my fields.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kros {t N. Course, subject; vq.
From: English.
kros ka5rik sD {t V. To take a
course; MWar vq.
kro4 t N. The chest; MVaVdy. Syn: pas
chest; Whole: jhan, jhand body. Etym:
kro2Da5- breast, bosom T-3607.
kruce5k dt V. To offend someone;
MWar LqMWa. a to kruca5i a5am. se may

pi bo ka5pha ha5waw. I offended her. She

is very peeved with me. Etym: kro2dha5yati
makes angry, vexes T-3609. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
kru5cik dt V. To sulk, pout, to be
peeved, to be offended; MWaMij W`Eq. se pe
may pi akru5caw haw, a to Snjim. If
she gets peeved at me, I win her back.
Restrict: The person with whom one is
peeved is marked by pi with/from. Syn:
khuru5Su hik; bam hik.
kruca5Ti XDdt Adj. Touchy, easily
offended; L Wa LqMWa nij.
krue5k t V. 1) To rehydrate, soak in
water; MWaWX ,MWaWXo Vd MWY. c4uc4hk
krua5i, c4uc4hiko5k ka5rin. They make
stewed fruit by rehydrating dried fruit.
2) To dampen, wet something; Vd MWY
MWaWX ,MWaWXo. Variant: kru5hek. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
kru5ik t V. To stew, to rehydrate,
absorb liquid, get wet; MWaMij VdWX.
c4huc4hk kru5in day. The dried fruit is
stewing. a}o5 kru5i }au. The rag became
wet. Syn: ja5rik; Caus: krue5k. Prdm: Class
1 (ka5rik).
kruku43%yak Dt N. Puppy; IWY.
Species: }o43%a dog; Syn: }o43a5yak. Variant:
krukurya43%tyak. Etym: kurkura5- dog T3329.
kru5mukru5mu tt
Adj.
Crispy,
crunchy; VZxil.
kru3%kus {t Adj. Very elderly; MpEWX
PUyE. kro3%kus ga5Da moc. Hes a very
old man. Syn: akhabr; baSa5ra; trak;
ba5LuS; DuDo5nyak; Inan: La5Zna.
kru43 t N. Raven; WdL OQM.
Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
ku N. 1) Pen, enclosure; Vaij. ba5tya ku.
Little goats pen. 2) Place, dwelling place,
house; WaMil. tazagas tha5ra tazagim
ka5ri, o ku5Lani je5STak, he5e}. Give us life
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kuatn

kuhe5rik
kuc kha3S thi }au. I have diarrhea. Syn:
rgik; jula5p ka5rik; rigorgi ka5rik.
kucDumba5y DMrd Adj. Gluttonous;
EV`VdWY. Syn: kuckho5r; {unu dakma5;
{unago5S.
kuche5k d V. 1) To scratch; hjE
MWar. a isna5r kuche5m day. I am
scratching my body. Comp: thom kuche5k
to divine the unknown with a bow. 2) To
itch; MWa vzqMil. may isna5r kuche5n
day. My body itches all over. Variant:
kucha5ik. Etym: *ko2cc- thrust, pierce,
dig T-3489. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
kuckaraTa5w DXCsDd N. Unnecessary
shouting and talking; qyz EV. phusu5l
kuckaraTa5w pruST ne. Useless noise is
not good.
kuckaraTa5w ka5rik sD DXCsD c V.
To make a racket by shouting; E qyz
MWaMhk. mic kuckaraTa5w mo ka5ra. Dont
make a racket for nothing. Syn: c4akapara5}
hik.
kuckho5r sd Adj. Gluttonous; EV`VdWY.
Syn:
kucDumba5y;
{unu
dakma5;
{unago5S.
kudhu5m o Adj. Deep; L. Syn:
gurgu5nT; khuS; Ant: tharka. See also:
paha5n. Variant: kuLu5m. From: Khowar.
kuhe5rik t N. Pine tree which bear
pine nuts; PSilqm M qsik. [This is used
along with rha cedar, as a wood for
funeral statues.] Gen: muT tree; Part:
rawe5Sa pine needle; Seed: kuhe5rik
ja4Kk. See also: Luc.
kuhe5rik c4a5nc4 jDh t N. Species
of bird of the high forests; qsik
nWarWY Wd@L L WaMij MWdMWY d VZilqm.
[This is about the size of a myna bird.]
Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
kuhe5rik ja4Kk J\ t N. Pine
nut; qsik.

again and again, O Jestak of our homes, so

let it be! za5nti ku. Place of birth. Syn:
dur. Morph: gu.
kuatn TC Adj. 1) Fertile; ,qLm WY
rsVdilqqs. kuatn c4het. A fertile field.
2) Wealthy, well-off, monied, strong;
nVaZm ,qVZM.
ku5ak
4 I N. 1) Child (male or female);
hkWX. [At this stage, sex is specified by
stating puru5s ku5ak
4 boy, or istr{a ku5a4k
girl.] Syn: su5da. See also: Sumbe5r
ju45yak; pSTaw
ju45yak; macuma5ra;
tsha5tak; baSa5ra ku5a4k; puruSgu5a4k;
istr{agu5a4k. 2) The offspring of a human
or animal; hkWX. Morph: gu5a4k. Etym:
*kuDa- boy, son T-3245.
ku5a4k halk D I V. To bear a
child; MVaWdm aij hkWX ,MWar LnVdWY hkWX.
may ja ku5a4k hal a5au. My wife had a
baby. Syn: ku5a4k ka5rik.
ku5a4k hik I V. To give birth to
(of animals); MWa hkWX )qWaMij(. may pay
ku5ak
4 thi, aba5dan. My goats had their
little ones and increased in number.
ku5ak
4 ka5rik sD I V. To bear
young (of animals); y ikqs )qWaMij(
MWa qM. may pay ku5a4k ka5i a5an. My
goats have born young. Syn: ku5a4k hik;
ku5a4k halk.
kua45tyak DTI N. Offspring of small
animals; ,hkWX LqMVdWY. e5mi sa
kua45tyakasi. These are its offspring.
Morph: ku5ak
4 -yak.
kuc c N. Belly, stomach; PUVdWY. ta5sa kuc
tatsri }au. His stomach is full. Syn:
Dher; Whole: jhan, jhand body. See
also: oLa5r. Etym: kukS- belly T-3213.
kuc gok c N. Stomach worm;
ruVd PUVdWY.
kuc kha3S hik D c Id. To
have diarrhea; MVa OQij ,MVa wzhkVdWY.
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ku

kumba45

ku

get salt, water, hay or leaves.] Syn: wawa5.

See also: ba5tya.
kulu}pk Q N. Flying ember;
qMVaik. Law aKga5r mo ka5ri. kulu}pk
tya5i may pira5n du5an day. Dont put
cedar wood on the fire, the embers pop and
are burning my clothes. kuli}pk uTkaw.
Sparks will jump out. Syn: tsrek. Variant:
kuli}pk.
kuLababo5k LDL N. Black beetle by this
name; Wd. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik
insect.
kuLm ka5rik sD V. To carry
something in ones arms; MWaMW`DL Vd EqsMWX.
Gen: ha5rik take. See also: uchu5nyak
ka5rik; ku5Ski dyek.
kumba45 JM N. 1) The smoke hole in the
ceiling formed by crossed beam
construction; VaHWa LEm Vd PSik M
VZyLq M. Proverb: o5nza tha5rani thum
kumba45aw draZnu. What one says in
secret will be known all around. (lit.
Smoke from off the frying-pan goes out the
smoke hole). 2) Crossed horns.
Adj. Crossed, intertwining; L MnWa.
ho5ma tara5 du kumba45 SKan bra a5an.
In our place there are two goats with
intertwining horns. Variant: kumba4a45;
kumbre5 (Urtsun). Etym: kumbha5- jar,
pot T-3308.2.
kumba4pu5r ka5rik sD sPJM V. To
build a house with a specially constructed
smokehole; PSik wij r M WdL
__ Mij MVaWX rWY xzWa Mil. bara5muS
kumba4pu5r ka5i beSa5aw. Baramush built a
house with an intercrossing roof and outdid
others. [This is made with timbers stacked
and arranged to gradually narrow the
ceiling to a smoke hole. When a man
makes a house like this, it is considered
onje5STa holy and he must feast the people
when he is finished.]

N. Well (of water); LVa. Syn:

sardawa5y. Etym: ku2%pa- hole, hollow,
cave...pit, well T-3400.
ku5i N. Narrow valley; mL. jinjare5t
ku5i. Jinjaret valley. Variant: ku5hi. Etym:
ku2%pa- hole, hollow, cave T-3400.
kuiho43%i N. Person from Jinjiret
valley; nVayzMWX M PSWdrHhjVaHij.
kunDa Cr N. Sharp aged cheese; MWaLrEWY
rVdVaWY. kunDa bo cu5nDiu day. Kwinda
cheese is very sharp. [This is an aged form
of c4aS5 a cottage cheese, and is made in
clay pot.] Gen: chaman cheese.
Variant: kuhnDa; kwnDa.
kukue5k V. To cause to sleep or
cause to nod in sleepiness; MWaEy. may pe
kukua5aw haw, a pa5i Du5Dim. If
something makes me sleepy I will go and
sleep. See also: ispra5p ka5rik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
kuku5ik V. To nod sleepily; nVaVdWa
MWaN. a kuku5im day. I am nodding off to
sleep. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
kuku5k hik V. To play hide and
seek; MVaVd hk WaN. Gen: Labe45
game; Syn: biare5yn park; Luhk Luhk
hik.
kulca5 De N. Path between houses in a
village; . Syn: granzu5; Gen: phon,
phond path. From: Khowar.
kulphe5n ka5rik sD Q V. To lock a
door; MWaM MWZ ,MWaM . Syn: na4 ka5rik.
Variant: kulp ka5rik.
kulp ka4a4k IJ Q N. The u-shaped
staple to which a chain is attached to lock a
door; WZMy wij rsVdik __
Vd WZM MWZ MWd E.
kulp na4 J Q N. Padlock, metal
lock; MWZ ,. Syn: a5c4u na4.
ku5lu ku5lu Intj. Call to summon
little goats; M WaEWX hkWX WdrWX
i. [This call is used to call livestock to
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kumbre5yak

kurau5

kumbre5yak DtM N. Lamb, male or

female of six to twelve months; M ruVdWX
hkWX Lij. Species: ame43%a sheep.
kunda5k Cp N. Stock of a rifle; ,nVaD
KVi hkWY M nVaWX. Syn: pa}na5. From:
Persian.
kundra5t SCsp N. Power, strength; OSqn.
Syn: taka5t; kuwa5t. From: Arabic.
kundue5yak Dp N. Firefly, lightning
bug; Vaij. kundue5yak upu5aw day. The
firefly is lighting up. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik
insects
and
reptiles.
Variant:
kunduhe5ak.
kundurk sp N. Statuette of wood
placed by a field; hj MW`ik M ru.
Syn: ganDa5Lik.
kunDo5k r N. Container, can, glass,
wooden milk bowl; v. a tay pi
kunDo5k awcam. I will take the container
from you. Syn: thalo5k; Da5ba. Variant: cin
(Birir). Etym: kuNDa5- bowl, waterpot T3264.
kunja5i} D] N. Success, ability;
wzHWeMhjVa. ka kunja5i} ne ha5waw, ta5a
som, para5w. I didnt have any success in
persuading him to stay, he left. a5sa bo
gho5na }uLa5, hi} ka kunja5i} ne }au.
caw jhon tho a5La upre5k ne bha5ik.
Thats a big piece of wood. We did not
have success in handling it. Four men
together are not able to lift it. From:
Persian.
kupa5s {DP N. The cowrie-shell headdress
of the Kalasha women; WZq vzVd

a girl marking the first step in her

becoming a full woman. It is done by the
maternal uncle.] See also: ceLk sambie5k;
bhut sambie5k; goSTnk ka5rik.
ku5ra Cs Pron. 1) Who?; . ku5ra para5w?
Who went? 2) Someone; . si mo5can
mo5caw ku5ra para5w e? Did one of these
men leave? Oblq: ka5as. Etym: ko2 parah4
who else? T-3517.
ku5ra ki Cs Pron. Who, he who, she
who; ij.
ku5ra ku5ro s Cs Pron. Some people;
. ku5ra ku5ro parn, ku5ro ne.
Some people go, some dont.
ku5ra ne Cs Pron. No one; VdWa .
may ba5ti ku5ra ne than dan day. No
one agrees with me.
ku5ri s Pron. Who in the world?; ,Mhj
)( M. tu ku5ri }a5ley dhenta5ani
uTkik ku5ri? Who in the world are you
that you can jump off that mountain? [This
word carries the connotation that the
person cannot do as he claims.] Morph:
kura i.
ku5ro s Pron. Some, someone; .
ku5ro krom ka5an, ku5ro ne ka5an. Some
are working, some are not. Morph: ku5ra o.
ku5ra gaST hik hik ZD Cs
Id. To race to a specified destination; nij
WXM M qsMWX. ku5ra gaST hk thi, haw
du baraba5r. ku5ra Sumbe5r draZnk ne
aba5imi. We raced, but came out equal.
Neither of us was able to get ahead of the
other. Gen: Labe45 game.
kurau5 Cs N. A kind of bread of flour, wine,
and walnut meats; OUril@L q@L qWa@L
q We VaWX y r . [This is made in
the fall when wine is being made. It is
made from kurDa5 grape juice that drips
from the crushed grapes.]

eM d V`WX , ,YVdy rWY wij W`

d WZMij. CPart: SuSu5t, SuSu5tr

headband. See also: kaSo5K; khu4; Sa ghu4;5

kato4ho45iki.
kupa5sik sambie5k MD| |DP V.
To observe the ceremony of dressing a girl
in her first headdress; Vdru vzVd
q zWY. [This is a rite of passage for

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kurbon

ku5Ski dyek

kurbon Ls N. Sacrifice done by

Muslims; MWXr. Syn: c4haKpo5c; mara5T.
From: Arabic.
kurDa5 Cqs N. Grape juice that drips from the
crushed grapes by itself; quik ij
Wa y qWa@L Ve. [This occurs when
the grape waste is allowed to drain after
the main treading is done.]
kure5y &s Adj. 1) Which?; MxWa. ku5rey
moc para5w? Which man left? 2) Some;
. kure5y wara5kuna ta awe5l tharika5
}au, kure5y wara5kuna, du5o tharika5
}au. On some page there is the first
method, on some page there is the second
method.
kure5y se | &s Pron. Which one
(nominative)? tay ja ku5rey se, may
pa}a5i. Which one is your wife, show me!
kure5y to T &s Pron. Which one
(accusative)?; L MxWa. kure5y to tay
dem? Which one shall I give you?
kurku5n s N. The interior or exterior
corner of a house; MWa. Syn: dru3%yak; SuK.
kurs |s N. Chair; rD. Syn: ha5nyak.
From: Arabic.
ku5staw DU| N. The blunt end of an
axehead or other instrument; MV`DL M quMD
KVi. Whole: bado5k axe.
kusu5r s| N. Fault, blame, mistake; qEV.
Syn: ayp; guna5. From: Arabic.
kusurda5r sCos| Adj. Guilty; qL qEV.
Syn: aypda5r.
ku} N. House, dwelling place; ,r
ij Vaq. Syn: dur. From: Khowar.
ku5}aLa D Adj. Disagreeable; fjLrsnWX.
ku}e5k V. To make smoke to quiet a
fussy child and drive away its cause; OSMN

this.] Syn: ku}o5ku ka5rik; thume5k. From:

Khowar. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ku}ak D N. Unshelled beans or peas,
pods; WY. See also: phe}.
ku}kuLu5k N. Testicles, testes;
EyMVaWZ HEV. Syn: bru5ca4 k; muS, muSk;
Whole: jhan, jhand body. From:
Khowar.
ku}ku}e5k V. To investigate,
make an inquiry, search; VZWY ,MWaM fj
MWaM. a to bo ku}ku}e5s ma5gam ne
sapre5s. I searched a lot for him but didnt
find him. Syn: kho5jik; tawt} ka5rik;
baskhas ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ku}o5ku ka5rik sD V. To put
smoke on a person to take away sickness or
a spell; _Vd Vaq qEm y d OSMN
MWar MWaEW` M Wdm. Syn: thume5k; ku}e5k.
From: Khowar.
ku}tya5 DU See main entry: tsatruma5.
ku}u5n N. Household of one family-father, mother and children; LnWaMil. ek
ku}u5nas ha5tya la}a5 bra {a5LiLa. A
feeble goat reached each household.
ku}u5} N. Attempt; wzyz. From:
Persian.
ku}u5} ka5rik sD V. To try;
MWar wzyz. ta5sa pia5ikas ku}u5} a5raw.
He tried to make him drink. Syn: hawyu5
dyek; hawyu5 Sa5Tik.
kuSe3%a hik D V. To play a game
like kabbadi but hopping on one foot;

d wij MVaVd Vd M fr pVX

__ MVZVd r ik rWY MWY WdL qu.

[Five to ten men attack a goal hopping on

one foot and defended by five to ten
opponents.] Gen: Labe45 game. See also:
katse43%.
ku5Ski dyek o V. To hold
someone or something animate in ones
arms against the body; ,MWaMW`DL d qsMWX

MWaEW` M Wdm _Vd Vaq qEm y d

MWar. suda5yakano aspa5ndur ku}e5n. They

blow smoke from this seed on children.

[Juniper is also used in conjunction with
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kuSpk go5nDak

kuTuru5li

MWaM ,MWaMW`DL d m. a su5da ku5Ski

dya5i grim. I will carry the child in my
arm. Gen: ha5rik take. See also:
uchu5nyak ka5rik; kuLm ka5rik.
kuSpk go5nDak Cr
Q N.
Weavers heddle shaft or rod; _Vd VaVaEWX
ru L Wa MVZy@L. kuSpk ucu5nik
baS. The heddle shaft must be fitted to the
yarn strands. [This is paired with the shedstick to keep the yarn strands separate.]
Whole: tron, trond loom; Syn: da5ndur.
kuSuma5y D N. 1) Female spirit being
in Batrik, Bumburet; ij VZyzr Myz WdL

H Wd@L. Morchella esculenta. DiDayo5K

pe praw haw, ha tu tu tu kutsi {e
braKga5lu, gho3%i se ma5iLa e, kuts {e
braKga5lu pha5to ubujn. If the thunder
says, Ha tu tu tu morel and brangalu
mushrooms, then they will grow
somewhere. [This is shaped like an
inverted cone. It is highly prized and quite
expensive.] See also: kame3%yu; bhut
kame3%yu; braKga5lu; }o43%a ko43.
ku5Tik X V. To break with the hands by
bending, or over the knee; MWaquWZ r qur.
Restrict: Typical things broken are: }uLa5
wood, Luc pitch-pine, }oK branches,
and sa5ras juniper. Syn: chnik; bi}e5k;
tra4i5 k. Etym: kuTTa5yati crushes, grinds,
pounds T-3241. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
kuTo5 X N. 1) Beehive (carved in a beam
of a house or barn); M VaMWY MVd nyz
WXo. 2) Bowl (carved from wood for
feeding dogs); _Vd VaWdm LqEil VZD
WZrWX WdL M ru. See also: agra5nu.
Variant: kiTo5.
kuTramu5 CtX N. 1) The custom of making
animals from dough in Chawmos; WdL

d WdZWX M PSWdqVXWX mL
__ mij. [She is offered dried mulberries

and other sacrifices. She has power to give

a child to an infertile woman. She also has
the power to improve weather. Her imprint
is in the side of the mountain at Batrik.]
Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings. 2) Place of
sacrifice in Batrik; ij ij MWXr
__ Vd WdZWX. [Women give fruit to men
to take there and offer to her so that they
might bear children. Men offer sacrifices
there to request rain.] Variant: ku5rumay;
ku}ma5i; ku}umay.
kuSu5Su Adj. Deep and narrow (of
containers); )WZrWX( L. kuSu5Su khu45i. A
deep bowl. Ant: bi}a5La.
kut T N. Leather pouch; ruik
VdWZ. wes kut. Gun powder pouch.
ku5tulak no4 T N. Armpit; WX.
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
ku5tulak no4 dyek o T V. To
put under the arm so as to carry; Vd WX
MWaMWXm. ku5tulak no4 dya5i ha5ri. Carry it
under your arm. Gen: ha5rik to carry.
kutyu5 T N. Funnel; Vd. [A gourd can be
used for this.] Matl: bribo5 walnut wood;
aLuk gourd; bzu a kind of tree.
kuts l N. The morel mushroom which
grows in the Kalasha Valleys; XE

y vDL r nWa MW`N Vd wij q

Vd WZMij eMVaWX hj qWaMij. 2) The

night

called

Kutramu

in

Chawmos;
}a5ra
bira5yak ka5an, kuTramu5una. They make
the bread statuettes of goats in the night of
Kutramu. Variant: kuTamru.
kuTrts ntX N. Desire, interest, zeal;
wzLil. may aKgre5zi mon ma}ku5l
hkas ba5ti kuTts dosia5aw e, a. I came
hoping to converse in English. Use: dosie5k
to appeal to; grik to appeal to; Syn:
na5us; ray; arma5n; khai}; marz; rza; cit.
kuTu5 X N. Temporary small shelter near
ones fields; ruVYWaij.
kuTuru5li sX N. Meat pie; nWaMik _mN

MWa M OSLq WdL Vd qLWZ vik.

PSyz q@L OUril@L Vd wij q yz

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kuwa5t

la

__ MWZMij Lo WX. [This is crescent-shaped

Etym: ko2Ta5yate2 breaks T-3495. Prdm:

Class 1 (ka5rik).
ku45iLa Adj. Castrated; il. ku45iLa
biro5n kay, dwaSa gho5an. They call
young castrated goats dwaSa. [Most of the
males in a goat herd would be of this
category since only a few are kept for
reproduction purposes.] Ant: buS.
ku4n
j ^ N. Wooden ladle for serving
food, a pot or pan; o ,Lo. Create:
khu5Spik to chisel out.
ku43 Adj. Shriveled up (with cold or fear);
LE MV`H. o} thi a5sta ku43 hin. When they
get cold they also shrivel up.
ku43 hik V. 1) To become inactive
and subdued because of sickness; PUH
MWaMij. may pay ku43 thi a5au. a5sa sunj
SaTae5li. My goat is sick. We must get him
injected. 2) To become cramped; E
MWaMij. may khur ku43 th }iau. My leg has
a cramp in it. 3) To crouch down in order
to spring; MVaV`VdWX d OSM. kakbo5y ku43
thi uTkaw. The leopard crouched and
sprang up.
kwaTe5r tXC N. Quarters (of soldiers); rW`L.
From: English.
kyu N. 1) Wooden wedge for securing
connections; rhkWY. Whole: haw1 plough.
See also: achardni. 2) Wooden peg for
tying things to or for other purposes;
MV`WaE. Syn: isko5w. 3) Stinger of scorpion;
Wao. Syn: }u5ak. Variant: kiu.

and made by pressing out a ball of stiff

kneaded wheat dough, stuffing it with meat,
and pinching the edges closed.] Gen: au5
bread, food.
kuwa5t SC N. Power, strength; OS.
kuwa5t ka5i, gri. Take it with strength!
Syn: taka5t; kundra5t. From: Arabic.
ku{ubk Lw V. To move; ,MWar PSri
MWar wzVXVaEij. tu a5sta ku{ub may o
kimo5n bande5s krom? You get moving
too, how much work you give me to do!
tay jhpani mon saKga5li, jayga5ani trac4
ku{uba5lak ne. Listening to your words, I
will be motionless and not want to move
from this place. Syn: khe5zik; paTa5kik;
dzaLa5kik; tsaTe5Kgik. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
ku4 Adj. Singed; LE ij.
ku4 grik t V. To get singed;
MWarErEik ,MVaExij. aKga5r bha5suna mo
nis tay pira5nuna ku4 griu. Dont sit
close to the fire, your shirt will get singed.
Syn: oS grik.
ku4i5 k V. To castrate, sterilize; il
MWar. bat gri bra ku45ik. We castrate a
goat with a stone. [The method observed is
to firmly tie the animal down and then
wrap its scrotum over a pole and pound on
it above the testicles in an attempt to break
the sperm-conveying channels. The method
is not always 100 percent successful.]

l
la

Intj. 1) Dear!; qMWd. o5

r MWX. nsi

la. Oh, dear! [This

is used by husband and wife to address
each other until the first child is born after
which the spouse is called mother/father of
(the childs name).] Syn: lho5o. 2) Please;

la. Sit down please! ne

la. No! [This is a morpheme of courtesy,
politeness, or respect, added to commands
or refusals.] Variant: lha. From: Arabic
laha (?).
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lac4he5k

law

lac4he5k h V. To step on someone, to

trample on something; ,MVaWdm WZ MWY
MVahkD. tu ko may lac4he5s day? tu ka
may ne pa5}is day e? phon }a5tra day
}au. Why are you stepping on me? Cant
you see me? The path is over there. khas
lac4ha5i, lac4ha5i, ka5sin. They trample the
grass as they walk. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
lade5r to N. Messenger; MVWd Y ,nVM
L WaMhkVaWY.
la5gal D Adj. Sparklingly clean; MV
LrVZEy.
N. Ruby, precious stone; OSMWd ,.
From: Persian.
laha5s {D Adj. Sick; qMVdW.X a laha5s thi
a5am. I have become sick. Spec: zecpaya5n
hik get hepatitis. Morph: laha5z.
lahaz uD N. Sickness; qMVdWX. may
lahaz Sa5Ti }au. I became sick. Spec:
ha5riLa nausea; Syn: mara5s.
lak1 Num. 1,00,000; .
Adj. Very much; m . lak lak
}u5kar ka5rik day. We are so greatly
thankful to you! From: Urdu.
lak2 Adj. Loose; Vdo. may galiba5n
lak thi }au. My watch band is loose.
Syn: kha3S; c4ok; Ant: DaK.
la5ka D Adv. That is; aWd ,xVdij. la5ka a
tara5 pa5i a5is. That is, I went there. Syn:
ya5ni. Variant: la5ka}i.
laka}a5r mrac4 gCt sDD N. Plump white
species of mulberry; H Wd@L OSEVZyz.
Gen: mrac4 mulberry.
lakh Adj. Far distant; qm PSWX. Syn:
de5}a.
lakh jaKga5l DD\ N. Beautiful
garden where everything can be found;

lakhik V. To strike or attack swiftly

and unexpectedly; MWar qL m WdL.
kakbo5y taLe5y mo45aw draZnikm {e,
lakh ta5sa Zot po4n. Just after the leopard
had come out of its lair, they swiftly
without warning attacked him. Prdm: Class
4 (nisk).
lamba5r sDM N. Number; XWa. From:
English.
la5mbur sM N. Dike, levy, wall built to
prevent land from being washed away; nVaW.X
moc la5mbur dyel, uk may zemn mo
ha5riu ora gho3%i. Men build a dike so that
the water will not erode their land. Syn:
diga45; Create: dyek to build.
lanD r N. Prostitute; Xx. Syn: ka}n.
From: Urdu.
lase5ns ~|
N.
Permit,
written
permission, license; MWa OSqsMijHL. [This type
of permission is required especially for
hunting.] Syn: inDe5n; jaza5t; Use: grik to
obtain; dek to get. From: English.
la}
Adv. Softly or slowly; ,VZxN
rVdm. la} ma5as. Speak softly! Syn:
phok; Ant: tes.
la5}a D Adj. Weak, sick, invalid; ,qrs
qMVdWX ,qErs. la5}a bra. A weak male
goat. Syn: sust; }a5par.
lat dyek o S V. To knead, to mix in;
MWaH ,MVanWaD. a }a5ma mundh lat
dyem day, ko5ki lpikas ha5tya DaK
hu. I am mixing this clay because it is too
hard to smear. Syn: krSnik; TrikTrike5k;
kite5k; mi}are5k; ukdo5k ka5rik; Lo4e5k.
laTe5n X N. Kerosene lantern; dV`.
From: English.
law N. Harvest or yield from a tree or
plant; WY. mu5Tani law. A trees harvest.
law ka5rik sD V. To produce a
harvest; MVa WY. scin bo law ka5i }au.
There was a good harvest of jujube.

rsVdik r MVdWaEm Mij Vaij MWd MWX MxWd@L WdL

mij. lakh jaKga5luna paro5n

boyugra5. The bird went to the beautiful

garden.
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lawe5k

lilike5in

lawri t Adj. Fruitful; qLm WY. Ant:

wela5wu.
lawga5da CoD Adj. Fruit-bearing; qLm WY.
Ant: wela5wu. Morph: law ka5da.
lawe5k V. To tell a lie; MVaWX OUEij.
barnaha5k lawe5L day. He lies for no
reason. Past(hearsay): lawa5la he/she
lied; Syn: phan dek; dukha5 ka5rik.
Adj. False; OUij. a5sa mon lawe5k.
His word is false. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
lawa5la C Adj. Lying, false; Eij. a5bi
lawa5la mon ne patk. We dont believe
false talk.
lawanyo5k C N. Liar, deceiver;
MW`Eij. tu bo lawa5nyok, a tay mon ne
patim. You are a great liar. I will not
believe your words. Syn: phandyok.
laws tyek T { V. To swim; MWarVdWZ.
Syn: wa5zik. Morph: lawz tyek.
laya5k D N. Ability, capability; HWe. a
}ata5sa istri{a5as laya5kuna ne a5am. I am
not as capable as that girl. Variant:
layaka5t. From: Arabic.
lazm u Adj. Correct, fitting, appropriate;
PSyqm ,qs. lazm ne }au. It is not
fitting. Syn: maku5l. From: Arabic.
la4Kge45 N. Edge, projection; qMVa. may
c4het la4Kge45una uk dyem day. I am
irrigating the projecting piece of my field.
Idiom: ta5sa cew la4Kge45 ne acu5Taw. He
had no sexual relations with her (lit: he
didnt touch the edge of her dress).
la4u5
N. A kind of melon or cantaloupe;
qsWXril. Gen: me3w
% a fruit. See also:
kharbiza5; sarda5.
le5kik V. To tell repeatedly about the
help given in the past; MWaMVZij Mxi@L.
le5nDu r N. Bark of a tree; Mik PSilqm.
RootVb: LnDik strip off bark; Syn: pato4.
lep
R Adj. Flat, smashed; MxIWY. o5nDrak
pe a5taw haw, lep hu. If an egg falls it

will become smashed. [Typical kinds of

things that can break in this way are eggs
and fruit.] Syn: capa5k; }ata5k.
lep na5stan DU|D R Adj. Flat-nosed,
squashed-nosed; V`VdWX ,L MWa hkWY
L MWa. se lepna5stan moc kawa5y
para5w i? Where in the world did the man
with the flat nose go?
leSTik Y V. To threaten to harm or
attack someone; MWar i. se gonDik gri
leST ais. a ta5sa bat gri pa4. He had
taken a stick and threatened to hit me. I hit
him with a rock.
-ley &- Sfx. Nominalizer. bi}u5na-ley mo
o5ni, ta5za-ley o5ni. Dont bring a broken
one, bring one in good condition!
phawgna-ley mo ha5li. Dont bring the
weak ones. a kha5li-ley awe45yak. c4hir
pe a5tra pra ha5w, pu5ri thi uzu5kiu. This
empty (pitcher) is too small. If you put the
milk in there, it will overflow it.
lho5o N. Dear!; qMVdWY ,LqMVdWY ,qMWd. o
lho5o, anda5y i la, haw du thi park. O
Dear!, come here please, lets go together!
Restrict: This is spoken between husband
and wife, or women to women, never
between men. Syn: la. From: Arabic laha
(?).
lho5yak D Adj. 1) Flat and smooth;
qL ,HWe. Ant: tsipatsp. 2) In disrepair,
smooth (of millstones); LE MxI. Max:
Lim. See also: {ont wa5t.
liha5s ka5rik sD {D V. To show
kindness to, to pity; MWar Mh. se may
ha5tya liha5s a5raw. He showed kindness to
me. Syn: ra5kum ka5rik; me5har ka5rik; lots
ka5rik. From: Arabic.
lila5m ka5rik sD V. Auction off;
MWar VdWa. a to lila5m a5ris. I auctioned it
off. From: Urdu.
lilike5in N. Lilikein village in Birir
Valley; M WdL d rWdrWX mL.
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liKwa5t

luluki hik

liKwa5t

bragging about having so many goats. Syn:

i}thkik. From: Khowar. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
loga5r sD N. Cattle (domesticated farm
animals); zWd. [This includes goats,
sheep and cows.] Syn: malaha5l; haywa5n.
lok Adj. 1) Ragged, finished, used up,
no good, worn out; MW` ,ruVZVdik ,nWaVdW.Y
pira5n lo5k thi }au. The shirt is worn out.
Syn: puru5t; baze43% baze43%; waSwa5S; curcu5r.
2) Sickly, weak (of crops); )V( qrs.
adhe5k lok gu5um la5ik ba5Sley }au.
There is a little sparse wheat for
harvesting. [This is said only of grains.]
N. Rag; LruW` M ruVY. Syn: a5}o.
lots k Adj. 1) Lightweight; M. Syn:
ph%}tyak; Ant: gu5raka; bo5ac. 2) Fresh;
qsMWZrWZ. rage5STi u5STi c4he43%a lots hu. Get
up early, your body will be fresh.
3) Humble, eager to help; Vdi ,fjLrs rWa.
Ant: gu5raka. 4) Early ripening (of seed).
Ant: gra5nu. Etym: laghu5- light T10896.
lots ka5rik sD k V. 1) To make light;
MWar M. 2) To be kind towards; M ijWX
MVaWdm xWZ ,MWar. tan hard lots ka5ri. Be
kind (towards him)! Syn: me5har ka5rik;
ra5kum ka5rik; liha5s ka5rik.
loT
W Adj. Great, almighty; , qHmM
Vd. ey may loT khoda5y... O my great
God!...
lo4i5 n N. A kind of hardwood; WdL
PSilqm M. [This is a hardwood good for
making handles for tools.] Riddle: drga
Lo45in gonDk: a long stick like a slender
Lo45in branch. Answer = gok a snake;
Gen: muT tree.
luluki hik V. To slide on a
slippery surface for fun; MVaVd r xWY. te
o} ga43ha5ba tha5ra luluki hin day. They
are sliding on the ice. Gen: Labe45 game.
Variant: lululu5 hik.

SC N. Blue dye; M Waq VdWa

__ MWZN M VaWaq ruVY ij rVZWY. liKwa5t

gri sutr rhu5in. They die thread with blue

dye.
li} N. 1) Sliver, splinter; MV`WaM. may
a45Kguna li} dya5i }au. I got a sliver in my
finger. 2) Ray of light; rH Vayzq. suri
l} chakdigwe5w e5cas dyel. to ne
jagae5li ko5ki ec khara5p ka5riu. The suns
rays shine in your eye at sunset. You
mustnt look at it because it will damage
your eyes. Syn: can, candr. 3) Single
strand of beads; ru . Group: ghum
bunch of stands.
li}e5k V. 1) To close something
tightly; MWaH WZMy ,MWaquij. darwaza5 btsa
thi }au, a5La li}a5i. The door is ajar, shut
it tight! Syn: kha43%ik. 2) To lengthen by
adding more; MWaquij WZMy. a gho43 bo
chu5tyak, adhe5k a5sta aya5 li}a5i. This
song is very short, add another with it here.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
l}ik V. To be against or so close to
something as to touch; MVaH WZMy ,MWaruEij. tu
istri{a5as som l}i, ko nsi a5as? Why
are you sitting close to a woman? l}i nis.
Sit close beside me! tu l}i Du5Di, may
tramo5na ka5riu day. Sleep up next to me,
Im cold. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
liSTa5n DY Adj. Destitute: poor, bereft,
unable to buy proper clothing; PQWdr.
ano5ra {e liSTa5n ne a5ris. I didnt leave
you hungry and bereft.
lta DU Adj. Greedy for food; M WaM
hk. See also: ano5ra.
-lo
- Sfx. Dear. ba5ya-lo.... Dear
brother...! See also: -so; -ko.
lochk d V. 1) To boil; MVaWXDL. Syn:
wSik. 2) To spread; MVaVdWY. ka greS
lo5chi }au? What is spreading such a bad
smell? 3) To brag; MWaqM VdVaWdo. a5sa may
bo pay a5an gho3%i lochu day. He is
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luwa5

C N. Iron (for
ZyHL. Variant: liwa5.

luwa5

LaLc ka5rik

luwa5 ka5rik

pressing clothes);

MWar ZyHL.

sD C V. To iron clothes;

L
Labe45 hik L V. To play; Vd
MVaVd. su5da adye5k adye5k thi, Labe45 hin
day. The children are having a race (lit:
children racing are playing). Loc: Labe45
hike5yn playground.
Labe45 hike5yn L N. Playground;
ij VaVd.
Labe45uni L N. Toy; MWaI.
Lac
c N. Shyness, shame, embarrassment;
z ,fj. Morph: Laj. Etym: lajja2shame, modesty T-10910.
Lac dek o c V. To be ashamed,
embarrassed; MWaN z. a5sa Lac da5i }au.
She became embarrassed. See also:
}armanda5 ka5rik.
Lac jho5nik \ c V. To be ashamed,
to be embarrassed; ,MWar vExh z
MWaMz. te Lac ne jho5niman a5ini. They
were not ashamed.
Laco43%a Cd Adj. Light-brown (of sheep); M
Waq LqEWX. Gen: raK color.
Lac4ha Dh Adj. Red; fl ,. Gen: raK
color; Max: c4aw. Variant: LaJa. Etym:
la2kSika- red T-11003.2.
Lahlak Adj. Spiraled or uniformly
twisted; qLm WX. }a5ras SiK Lahlak thi
paru. A mountain goats horns grow in a
spiral. RootVb: Lek.
Lahu5trik tT N. Reward; MWaLH .
La5i dek o V. To begin to ripen; WY
MWa z MVaWY. Syn: brombo45yak Tok
hik; aZiKgik; bic4hirk.
LaLc ka5rik sD f V. To be avaricious,
greedy, covetous; MWar gk. Syn: prenja4i%3 k;
ta5da kay bo pa5}ik.

-La1 - Sfx. Person from a certain place.

rukmu5-La. A person from Rumbur.
mo5ma-La. A person from Bumburet.
bri-La. A person from Birir. Restrict: The
suffix does not always attach to the full
form of the head word as seen in the
examples. That is, the full form of
Bumburet is mumure5t, not mo5ma.
Labe45 L N. Game (generic word); ,Vd
qsMWX. gaL Labe45. Gal is a game (of ball).
Use: mu5{ik to play; Spec: kuSe3%a hik
Kalasha kabbadi; ckar
Dho5Kka
seesaw; biare5yn park hide and seek;
Luhk Luhk hik to play hide-and-seek;
jo45yak hik game of poison; takaju5k
game with apricot kernels; hawzu5 game
of throwing stones; balaba5li volleyball;
salo5m Sa5Tik wrestling; plots gaL
hockey; jijay {u5k Labe45 a hide-and-seek
game; aKguSTye5 mu5{ik game of hiding a
ring; }en ka5rik game of cats cradle;
kuku5k hik game of hide and seek; }iL
hstik game like shot-put; bat hstik
game like shot-put; pastanadre5k ka5rik
game like jacks; pa5ti game of cards;
photba5l gaL football; pin gaL game like
golf; sakanDule5k ka5rik game with
walnuts; adye5k adye5k hik to race;
luluki hik slide on snow; ke5ram
carom board game; zKto hik hold
hands and spin. Variant: Labhe45. From:
Arabic lab play, game, joke.
Labe45 hek L V. To cause to play;
MWa Vd.
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Lam

La5sik

LaLic e Adj. Greedy, covetous,

avaricious; hk. se LaLic moc. Hes an
avaricious man.
Lam Adv. Greatly, extremely; ,m WdL
PSWX. may piST Lam adu5aw. My back is
burning with pain. Lam Lo5a. Extremely
smooth and rounded. Lim lho5yak.
Extremely smooth and flat. Syn: pak2;
Dim: Lim.
La5ndra Csp N. 1) Skin disease that attacks
animals; ij r M fr qu
__ MWZ WdMWYik. [This disease makes
the hair fall out and the skin to become
white and rough. If not cared for it can
result in death. It can also be said of
poorly-formed corn.] 2) Skin disease
resembling
leprosy;
qu. Etym:
*laNDara- hairless, tailless T-10917.9.
LaKga5 D N. 1) Place with lots of big rocks;
WdHrVZWY. Syn: Daro5. 2) Stone, rock; rVZWY.
See also: gorLaKga5. From: Khowar.
LaKgasa5r ka5rik sD sD|D V. To stone
someone or something; ,MWaqM y rVZWY
MWar qMxVay. Syn: batalo5 ka5rik.
Lap
O Adv. 1) Quickly, suddenly (eat);
m Wd@L ,y nij. se Lap a5}aw. He ate it
quickly. Restrict: This is typically
associated with the verbs {uk eat and
Du5Dik sleep. Syn: pat. 2) Extremely,
completely. Lap La45wi. Extremely moist.
Syn: pak2.
Lape5k P V. To hang or lower something
by a line; MWaMV`. Syn: uSk. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Lape43% P V. Stride, step; n. se ka5sim
gho3%i Lape43% dra{a5io, }uru5is. Thinking he
would go, he took one step and fell down.
Lape43%yak thek T DP V. To toddle
or try to walk; MVaq n. [This is said of a
child or of someone who is just recovering
from sickness.]

Lapie5k P V. To wrap or wind a rope or

line around something; MVaV`VdVY. See also:
rajhu5k. Etym: *lappe2TT- wrap T10942?. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
La5pik P V. To hang; MVaV`. gok mu5Ta
La5pi a5au. The snake hung in the tree.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
Lase5k | V. 1) To release, to let out, to
set free; MWar mLqsN ,MWaquik. a pay Lase5m
la. I will let the goats out. a5La muT ispie5k
baS. a5La ko ne ispia5i Lasa5i a5as. That
tree needs to be pruned. Why havent you
pruned it to let it grow more freely? Onset:
bak; tsrap. 2) To cut by swinging a tool;
MVaW`M )y ZWaLqm(. tula5y Lase5k. To cut
with a sickle. 3) To permit, allow, let;
MVaWdm War ,MVaWdm OSqsMijHL. phaw {u5una
suda5yakas mo Lasa5i. Dont let the child
eat dirt. ek a5dua su5ja a5dua, dond
kamde5n ka5i, kiS a5ris. kiS ka5io ram
ka5runa ne da5i Lasa5i, uk pie5s. One day
all day, I yoked up my bull and ploughed.
When I did this I didnt allow him to chew
the cud, and I gave him water. Syn: dek.
4) To allow sexual intercourse; War Mij
MVaWdm. CPart: {a4w
5 ik to copulate. 5) To
forgive someone for something; wzhlWX
MWar M ,MVaWdm. a tay galat tay ha5tya
Lase5s. I forgive you for your mistake.
Restrict: The object is marked by ha5tya
for. Syn: (guna5) hstik; ba}nda ka5rik;
mua5 ka5rik; Past(hearsay): Lasa5la he/she
released. Etym: *la2sayati
makes
slippery, makes slip, makes descend T11042. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
La5sik | V. To slip away, drop or fall
from ones grasp; MVaW`Eik y WZM. tu may
grim gho3%i pe may gehe5n a5a haw, a
tay pi La5si, parm. If you come after me
to grab me, I will slip away from you and
escape. giLa5s may mu5c4ani La5si bi}s.
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LaS

La3%}tyak ka5rik
Etym: lo2payati neglects, infringes T11083.4. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
LawaLa5Li C N. Thief; qik. LawaLa5Li
Lawa5i a5au. piSTaw ghe5ri to sapre5k. The
thief has stolen it. Later we will find it.
Syn: he45ru; cuTo5nu.
Lawghu45i N. Brass container for
measuring goods; WaMVdWY M VZVdW.Y
LayLuL ka5rik sD V. To ride a
child on ones shoulders; VaWY@L hkWX
MWaMV`WX rWY nVa.
La5Zna Dy Adj. Old (of things); MWaLrEWY. Ant:
no45a; Syn: para5nu; Anim: baSa5ra; akhabr;
DuDo5nyak; kru3%kus.
La4ha5y ka5rik sD D V. To roll up goat
hair; MWaMVaWX Mhk. jac La4ha5y ka5i rajhu5k
ka5rin. They make a rope by rolling up goat
hair.
La4hn N. 1) The part of a Kalasha
womans dress which blouses out of her
cummerbund; nVaWXr OSq vzVd
KVi L rWYDL. Syn: we4i5 . 2) Apron of a
shalwar kamiz; Lm. Syn: To5T.
La45ik V. To punish, spank, beat; ,MVaV`VdWY
MVaWdm Lrsy. a adhe5 }aytha5n La45i a5am. I
have punished some naughty children. Syn:
saza5 dek; sam pa}e5k; cak pa}e5k; cak
ghere5k; Past(hearsay): La45iLa he/she
punished. Variant: la2ri5 m (Urtsun (Tu)).
Etym: la2ga5yati lays on T-11004. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
La45wi Adj. 1) Moist and soft to the point
of over-ripeness or spoilage; LE MWY PSWX.
[This is a bad condition of dried things like
dried fruit which should not become moist.
It is also said of fruit that is just on the
point of being too ripe.] Max: Lap.
2) Weak, wishy-washy; qsMWa rWa.
La3%}tyak ka5rik sD DU See main
entry: La3ST.

The glass slipped from my grasp and

broke.
LaS Adv. Quickly, suddenly (elope); nij
m WdL ,y. se LaS aLaSK para5w. She
suddenly eloped. Restrict: This is typically
associated with the verb aLaSiK park
elope. Syn: pat.
LaT X N. Lump of salt, flour, dirt,
powder, or sugar; Vdo. laT prec4ai5 .
Make the lumps dissolve! phaw LaTyak
gri suda5yak labe45 hu day. The boy is
playing with a mud ball.
LaTore5k sX V. To wind yarn into a ball;
MVaV`VdVY Mm. Instr: a5SuK forked stick for
winding yarn. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
LaTo5ra CsX Adj. Round like a ball,
spherical; . Max: Tam; Dim: LaTo5irak;
Syn: drigo5lak; punDu5ri.
Law1 N. Cut lumber (specifically cedar);
ru qLmWdm e W`M.
Law2 N. Milk products made in high
pastures and taken back to the valleys;

HWe y MLrik ij WdrsVdik VaWX y mEm

d Mij. Use: o5nik to bring back;

CPart: bata5y flour taken to be eaten in

high pastures.
Lawa5k C N. Fox; ru. Sound: ba5}ik to
bark; Gen: gadhya5k predator. Etym:
lo2pa2ka- a kind of jackal T-11140.
Lawakda3%u IpC N. Variety of fungus
which grows on walnut and mulberry trees;

MWZ LnVdWY rWY VaWZ VZilqm ij mM M

__. Polyparaceae; Lenzites Subferruginea.

[These are used for making lids for

bottles.]
Lawa5r sC N. Porch or verandah on upper
floor; nLrWX. Syn: mukhe5n; kaTThar.
Lawe5k V. 1) To steal; MWaLrEik. Actor:
he45ru thief; LawaLa5Li thief. 2) To hide a
person or object; MWaMVYEik. See also: LuiLe5k.
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La3ST

Li

La3ST Z Adj. Flat, level (as opposed to

bumpy, steep, or slanted); rWXLrWX ,qL.
Dim: La3%}tyak; Syn: kham1.
N. Level place; gy qL. tara5
La3%STuno ho5ma gehe5naw day, ke4 }au
tara5. There on that level spot, over on our
side, there is a cave there. From: Persian.
La3%}tyak ka5rik sD DU V. To level
off, to smooth out; gy ,MWar qL gy
MWar rWXLrWX. pay a5sta La3%}tyak ka5i, nsiu
day. The goat is making a smooth place
and will lie down.
La3STe5k Y V. To level off, to smooth
out, to prepare ground for planting; gy
MWar rWXLrWX gy ,MWar qL. a5ma zemn
may La3STa5ik baS. I need to level off this
piece of land.
La3w
% ta3w DT Adj. Slippery (of a solid
surface); LpVaVdxEWY ,)gy( L xIWY.
pho5nduna o} gri, La3%wta3w thi }au. The
path has frozen and become slippery. Syn:
i}lago5n.
Lek1 N. To harvest by cutting; ,MVaW`M
MWar MV`. o5nja mumure5t juwar Len
day. Now in Bumburet they are harvesting
corn. Noun: Let, Letr harvest time; Instr:
tula5y sickle; Actor: La5aw cutter,
harvester; Past(hearsay): La5La he/she
harvested. See also: law. Etym: *lavati
reaps T-10986. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
La5aw N. Harvester, cutter; War MV`
L.
Lek2 V. 1) To spin goathair or wool;
MWaqur. [This action is done from the
bottom rather than the top of the spindle,
and is spun counter-clockwise.] Syn:
ko5nDik; Instr: tra5ku spindle; sut La5uni
yarn-joining spindle; Adj: Lahlak
spiraled. 2) To turn a knob or screwdriver
or similar instrument; MWaM ,MWaqur. gonD
dya5i Len. They put a stick (in the navel)

and turn it (for healing). Past(hearsay):

La5la he/she spun. Etym: *la2yayati
causes to cling together T-11023. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Let, Letr tU ,V N. Grain-harvest; V
MV`. gu5um Let. Wheat harvesting time.
juwa5ri Let. Corn harvesting time. Letras
Sa5Taw. ka4ak
4 gri sa5ras dyel. pSTaw
istr{a a5u ka5i taya5r ka5an. puru5S ha5i
ku}u5ruk hsti Letras Sa5Tau. gu5umuna
Le5tras Sa5Tau. pha5to saw thi Len. The
beginning of harvest. Taking the heads of
wheat, he offers juniper. Then the women
make bread ready. The men take the small
bread-cakes and throw them and the wheat
harvest starts and all together they begin to
cut the grain. [At the time of wheat harvest
the men take two heads of wheat, put them
in a hole in Mahandeos altar and wave
burning juniper around them. Then the
women get ku}u5ruk small bread-cakes
ready. The men take these, throw them into
the field and begin the harvesting. Then
everyone begins to harvest. A similar thing
is done for both corn and millet, except
that the women begin to harvest the corn.
Wheat and millet are considered o5njeSTa
ritually pure and therefore only the men
can begin the harvest. Let refers to
anything that is cut to harvest it. The suffix
-wa5ki, in contrast, refers to anything that
is picked to harvest it, and ho4 refers only
to walnuts.] RootVb: Lek to cut grain. See
also: -wa5ki; ho4. Etym: lavtra- sickle
T-10988.
Lho4S, Lho4ST Z , N. Charcoal,
embers; We. brumbu45a khul pe haw,
Lho4S hu. When hot coals are finished,
they become charcoal. Etym: *lu2STaburnt T-11100.
Li Adv. No? Isnt it?; MWa d ,MWdm. bi}L
para5w, Li. See, the electricity cut off (just
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Lc4ak

Lo4e5k

Lot hik, Lotr hik tT , S V.

To fall and roll down a mountain and be
seriously hurt or killed; MVaruD. gak lot
thi a5au. The cow fell and rolled down the
mountain and was badly hurt. Restrict: The
actor must be an animate being. Etym:
*lo2rtati rolls T-11156.
Lote5k T V. To flip something over;
MWaMru. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
Lot dyek o S V. To turn over; PUDL
MVaV`DL ,MVaWdm. a mos aKga5ra bru5mbu4a Lot
dyem. I roast meat in the fire turning it
over the coals.
-Lo5ti T- Sfx. Stained with, dirtied with;
Residue of a substance on a utensil or face
or clothes; MW`@L ,qLnLm. tay
a5}i
chamani-Lo5ti. You have cheese all over
your mouth. khu45iuna ka-Lo5ti }au? Is
there anything left in the bowl?
Lo5tik T V. To thrash around or turn over
and over restlessly; MVaVd dW`r. ispra5p ta
ne hu day, pha5to Lo5tik day. When
sleep does not come, we turn over and over
(in bed). Etym: *lo2rtati rolls T-11156.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
Lotpo5Kgi QX N. Class of large-legged
animals; eMWYik ruW.X Spec: uT camel; gak
cow; dzok yak; game5S buffalo; ha3}
horse; Ant: krizipo5Kgi. From: Khowar.
Lo45am hik C V. To spy on or
investigate someone; ,MVaWdm r PREik
MWar yMij. se he5Kka tan ja5as Lo45am
hu day. He is always spying on his wife.
tay tha5ra Lo45am thi jage5m. Ill spy on
you.
Lo4e5k V. To mix, to stir together a
liquid and a solid; MWa ,MWa. [Kinds of
things that can be stirred together like this
are: flour and water, dirt and water, flour
and broth.] Syn: TrikTrike5k; krSnik; lat
dyek; kite5k; mi}are5k; ukdo5k ka5rik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

as you witnessed it). o5nis, Li? See, I

brought it, didnt I? [This seems to be an
echo question which echoes the verb used
in the main sentence but expects the other
person to have known the information.]
See also: na. Variant: Lu5i.
Lc4ak Di N. Nit or louse egg; WdHEij
VdH ,pWa@L. Etym: likSa2%- nit, young
louse T-11045.
Lga D Adj. Too thin or watery (of bread
batter); VZWY. Syn: aco45yak; Ant: c4hu5ca4 .
Lik V. To lick up, to eat by licking;
MVaW`Mik. ka45i Li. Lick up the gravy! Etym:
lihati licks T-11069.
Lim See main entry: Lam.
LnDik r V. 1) To strip off bark; Mik
MWaqMWZDL. }a5ma kuhe5rik muT ku5ra aLnDaw
haw, Su5Siu day. Who in the world
stripped this pine tree. It is drying up. See
also: le5nDu. 2) Slice open meat to see if it
is finished cooking; MVaW`M. 3) To cut (ones
hand); MVa OUik y qMm .
Lpik Q V. 1) To plaster a wall, to smear
with wet clay; MVYVd y PUVaVdy MWd ruhkH
MWar. mundh gri, tuS mi}a5i, diga45 Lpin.
They take clay, mix it with straw and
plaster a wall. 2) To fill in a crack; flLqEy
MWar nVaWX quLqm MWd. Etym: lipyate2 is
smeared T-11061. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Lo5a
C Adj. Smooth (lacking a foothold);
)gy( qL m. Max: Lam.
LohS, LohST Z , N. The male
Monal or Impeyan pheasant; M WdL
q. a tupe5k gri LohSTas kay pa4. I shot
a pheasant with a gun. [This bird is
considered to be sacred.] Female: be5kar
the female Monal pheasant. Variant:
liuST (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: *lo2hiSThavery red T-11169.
Lom N. Measure of sheeps wool; DL
ruV`.
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Lo43

Lu}

N. Salt; Wa. See also: aLe5; ka45wa.

Etym: lavaNa5- salt T-10978.
Lo43 ja43% J\ N. Dish consisting of salt,
tender corn, ground walnuts, and
sometimes beans; r IWY OUril@L
rsVdN M Wa q@L.
Lo43o5st V| N. Leather bag for holding
salt; VdWZ M ruik L VaLo Wa.
Adj. Naughty, mischievous. Morph: Lo43
batyo5st.
Luc
c N. 1) Wood of the kuhe5rik pine
tree; ru qLmWdm. [This burns quickly
and is used for torches.] Able: jarja5r
combustible. 2) Torch; xz. Syn: c4a3Ja5;
Matl: kuhe5rik pine nut evergreen;
c{in. Variant: loc (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
rucyabright
T-10764; *lo2cyabright T-11131.
Luc ka5rik sD c V. 1) To shine a
torch; MWaMhkVaWY Vayzq xz. 2) To light
a torch; MWar zq xz.
Lucapata5 DTDPDd Adj. Lit up, lighted up;
Vayzq. gro5may kay jage5mi e, gro5may
bo Lucapata5 ha5waw. When we looked at
the village it was really lit up.
Lu5c4a Dh Adj. 1) Without curry, soup or
cheese; Eq. a Lu5c4a a5u {um day. I am
eating plain bread (without curry).
2) Without filling; Eq. TaTo5ri Lu5ca4
}au. The bread is without filling. 3) Plain,
unembroidered; qMWa wzWa dWX ,mMy
. Etym: *lucca- defective T-11073.1;
lu2kSa5- rough, coarse, meagre T10799.2.
Luhie5k V. To hide someone; MWaMVYEik.
Syn: LuiLe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
Luhik V. To hide oneself; MVaVYEik. a
tan soro5 Luhis. I hid myself.
Past(hearsay): LuhLa he/she hid; Caus:
Luhie5k. Variant: luhik. Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).

Luhk Luhk hik V.

To play hide and seek; MVaVd hk WaN.
Gen: Labe45 game; Syn: biare5yn park;
kuku5k hik.
Lu5i N. 1) Blood; il. 2) Life, strength;
Mij. Lu5i ta5sa bo, se jua5n. He has lots of
strength (blood), he is young. Variant: lhoi
(Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: lo2hi- red, blood T11164.
Lu5ian dyek o D V. 1) To draw
blood to cure a problem; OQLril r M PU
MVaMWa il. ta5sa dyli dman a}s pha5to
Lu5ian pron e, sua5is. He had a headache
so when they drew blood from his head, it
was healed. [Blood is drawn from a place
of pain in order to heal it. It is thought that
bad blood is there causing the pain.] See
also: khet thek; Tako5r dyek; gon dyek.
2) To sprinkle the blood of an animal on
someone or something; M qWaMij MWXr
MVaruik il.
Lu5ik V. 1) To sprout or to appear as a
fruit; MWa qLmWa d PSilqm M WY. brbo
aLu5an. The walnuts have blossomed.
[Typical things that do this are walnuts
and squash.] 2) To come out (of the new
moon); MVaWa nWaMik MVdWa. jia5i. a5tra mastru5k
aLu5aw. Look! There the new moon has
come out. CPart: c4hik to wane. See
also: c4hndra. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
LuiLe5k V. To hide someone, cause to
be immersed; MWaMVYEik. atra5 mo tyas, tay
LuiLe5l. Dont jump (into the water) there; it
will drown you. a pe tara5 atyis haw,
may LuiLe5l. If I go into the water there, I
will go in over my head. Syn: Luhie5k.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
Lu5ndur sp N. Large logs, lumber; qM
ru . See also: bon, bond; rha.
Lu}
N. Very early morning; VaV`WY WY
PS M. a5bi Lu5{-uno park. We will go
early in the morning. Morph: lu{.

Lo43

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Lu5Sik

mada5t

DTCw N. Very early morning; WY

PS M VaV`WY.
Lu{we5w ta5ri sDT w N. The morning
star; qMVZy M gVXV.
Lu5Sik V. To burn; MWaij. su5ri may

Lu4k V. To allow to nurse; MVaWdm War.

a5sa gak tan bac4ho45a ne Lu4a5u day. That
cow does not allow her calf to nurse.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
Lu45ik V. To care for, see, notice, love,
take care of; MVdm ,MWar MVdil ,MWar nVaxWY
MVaWdm. se may ne Lu45iu day. He doesnt
notice me. se tan ja5as Lu45iu day. He
loves his wife. Syn: dha5rik; sektk;
gecda5ri ka5rik.
L%cak De N. Lizard; VYik.

Lu{a5tya

Lu5Siu. The sun burns me. Comp: hard

Lu5Sik to be pleased; Syn: jhu5Kkik. See
also: du5ik. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
LuSpk hik Q V. To burn up
completely; MWaMij ij . may pira5n
aKga5ra pa5Li LuSpk thi para5w. My shirt
fell in the fire and burned up completely.
Syn: TaTawa5r hik.

m
mac cD N. Black peppercorn; fkr. mac
za5una hsti, {un. They put pepper in the
sauce and eat it.
machiLo5y dD N. Cultivated fields on
ones property; rWdo. suda5yak pe ka5sik
ne aba5an ha5w, Da5nDo ka5i machiLo5yay
ha5tya nik. If the children cant walk we
put them on our back and take them to the
fields. See also: c4het, c4hetr; }ay2; min,
mindr; bronz.
macs ~dD N. Matches; wikM. tara5 trap
tramaSu5K a}s. a trama5ki, macs upua5i
jage5s e, kura ne a5sta mic awa5s
}iha5La. It was pitch black there. When I
groped around, lit a match, and looked
there was no one. It must have been only a
sound. From: English.
macuma5ra CsDdD Adj. Middle (in age, not
the eldest, not the youngest); y _W`WY
MW`ik. pha5to macuma5ra chu5Las kay
suwa5l ka5da. Then he questioned his
middle daughter. [This can apply to
several children who are between the
eldest and the youngest.] See also:
tshata5ra.

mac4 gD See main entry: mrac4.

mac4he5rik thD N. Honeybee; nyz
. Loc: kuTo5; Product: mac4h
honey. See also: Sa queen bee. Etym:
*ma2kSikakara- bee T-9990.
mac4h hD N. Honey; nyz. mac4h istr{a
ne {un, o5njeSTa. Women do not eat
honey because it is ritually pure. [Only
domestic honey is considered o5njeSTa, not
that found in the wild.] See also:
mac4he5rik. Etym: ma2kSika5- pertaining to
a bee T-9989.
mada5t SCoD N. Help; mn. Syn: yawa5n.
From: Arabic.
mada5t hik SCoD V. To be of help;
MWar mn. may jawar bihrik baS; may
som mada5t ha na? I have to carry my
corn; would you help me? Restrict: The
person helped is marked with som with
or ha5tya for. Syn: yawa5n hik.
mada5t ka5rik sD SCoD V. To help
someone; MWar mn. ka5wa ek du a5dua
tay som mada5t ka5rik. Sometime we will
help you for one or two days. Restrict:
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maDo5ki dyek

mal

maju45ik \D N. Red and white tulip-like

wildflower; WY Vaij M WdL. [This
grows on the mountain sides.] Gen: muT
plant. Variant: majo4i%3 k; maje3i% k. Etym:
ma2rja2ra- Plumbago rosea, Terminalia
katappa, Agati grandiflora T-10083.
makala5 DD N. Occasion, opportunity; ,m
. ghe5ri makala5una sawze5m. I will
make it on another occasion. Syn: mo5ka.
From: Persian.
maka5m DD Adv. Always; xzVd. muka5m
a5bi a5ya a5ik. We are always here. Syn:
ham}a.
makoka5n DD N. The Makokan clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
maksa5t SD}D N. Purpose, meaning,
intention; nV. Syn: mahana5; nia5t.
From: Arabic.
makta5c cDUD Adj. Bereft, desolate; fjMVZh. a
makta5c ha5wis, may pha5Lak khul
ha5waw. di khe3 ka5rim haw. thed ku5ra
may pha5Lak del, may su5da ano5ra
ha5wan. I have become bereft. My grain is
finished. Then whatever shall I do? Who
will give me grain? My children are
hungry. Syn: TamTaka5. From: Arabic.
maku5l D Adj. Appropriate, fitting,
acceptable; ,PQyMVa. a tay mon
maku5l jo5Si a, tu sah mon des day. I
think your word is acceptable, you are
telling the truth. Syn: lazm. From: Arabic.
ma5kur ka5rik sD sD V. To pretend;
MWar r. tu har c4hat kiam i}neha5ri
a5sta pa5}i, ma5kur ka5ris. }e3he3% ka pruST
ne. You always look at all things and
pretend (to despise them). This is not at all
good. From: Arabic.
mal D N. 1) Goods, possessions; M.
Proverb: ca5nas ma5l nase5n ka5sin. Poor
peoples possessions are stolen (lit: poor
peoples possessions walk around).

Object is marked with som with, or

ha5tya for.
maDo5ki dyek o qD V. To wrap and
cover something; MVaVYWaMo. ghu4i%3 SSa
maDo5ki dya5i, Du5Di. Take a coat, wrap it
around your head, and go to sleep!
maDra5k CsqD N. Frog; pVaVd. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles. Variant:
manDra5k. Etym: *maNTrakka- frog T9746.5.
ma5gam DD Cnj. But; r ,Vd. From:
Persian.
maga{k wDD N. Housefly; . See
also: trak maga{k. Variant: maKa{k.
From: Persian.
magls ~D N. Meeting; whj. se
maglsuna nsi a5is. He was sitting in the
meeting. From: Arabic.
magrp RtD N. West; OQr. CPart:
ma}rk east; Syn: su5ri bihoTike5yn. See
also: }uma5l; junu5p. From: Arabic.
mahalu5m DD N. Knowledge; D.
may ha5tya bo pruST mahalu5m. I know
very well. Syn: pa5ta. Variant: malu5m.
From: Arabic.
mahalu5m ka5rik sD DD V. To
discover, to find out; PSMWdqm ,MWar D
MWar. Syn: pata5 ka5rik; dara5k ka5rik.
mahana5 DDD N. Meaning; a ,PQ.
Syn: ma}la5p; maksa5t. From: Arabic.
mahande5o pDD N. 1) Spirit being of the
Kalasha; VZyzr Myz WdL. Gen: baS
{ua5w spirit beings. 2) The altar to
Mahandeo; M OSmMVX ruWX. [The site of the
periodic sacrifice of goats. It has three or
four carved horse heads.]
ma5ik D See main entry: ma5trik.
maja5r sD\D N. Generation; mL ,xWa.
khoda5y u5mbur {e maja5r delori tay.
May God give you a long and prosperous
life. Syn: pu}, pu}t. See also: u5mbur.
Variant: manja5r.
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malaha5l

ma5nak

2) Bride-price; L

ru rWY mMyz
OQMVXy@L M L WaMij MWdm . DonDwa5Li pe

malTa5 DYD N. Orange, tangerine; )WY( MV`M.

Gen: me3w
% a fruit. From: Urdu.
maLe5ri tD
N.
Decorated
board
representing a je5STak; Mil WdL rWY ru
qMWa wzWa . [These are in the han
temple.]
maLe5ri coT Wd tD N. Design carved
on the outside of a temple; Mil WdL
qMWa wzWa . Gen: coT design.
ma5Li D N. Measure of flour that fills the
flour bin in a mill to the brim; M W`N
WaMVdWY. [Once the bin is full, it is necessary
to move this amount to the side to make
room for another ma5Li. For example, five
of these will fill a skin bag.] Whole: {ont,
{ontr water-mill.
maLide5} pD N. The village of Malidesh
in Rumbur Valley; WdL M qVXq mL
M.
maLLa D Adj. Oily, greasy; MVaIik.
maLwa5t SCD N. Memorial stone; WdL

halo5mi haw, ta5sa ba5ti a5bi dujs ka5i

mal dek. If we marry a girl who is already
someone elses wife, we have to give
double bride-price for her. See also: Don,
DonD. From: Arabic.
mal dek o D V. To pay the brideprice in an elopement arrangement; mMyz
MVaWdm OQMVXy@L M L ru rWY .
malda5r sCpD Adj. Rich, having a lot of
animals and possessions; qLnM.
malaha5l DD N. Livestock, domesticated
animals; zWd M. malaha5l taza5 e?
Hows the livestock? yaw moc tan
malaha5lan ta5da paru... Or a man will go
to be with his livestock... Syn: haywa5n;
loga5r. See also: mal; hal. Variant: maal.
mala5l D Adv. Late; PUVd ,rWdm. do3%yo3 mala5l
}au hu5La, la ba5ya. Then we will be late,
my dear brother. Syn: cir; Ant: rage5STi.
mala5l hik D V. To be late; PUVd
MWa. mala5l mo ha. Zar i. Dont be late!
Come soon! Syn: cir ka5rik.
mala5m D N. Salve, ointment; r. Use:
khaSe5k to apply. From: Arabic.
male5k D N. 1) Creator God; Lnil. ho5ma
tan loT male5kas pi suwa5l kare5li. We
must pray to our great God. Syn: khoda5y;
parwardiga5r;
DziLa
Diza5w;
paydagara5w. 2) Owner; M. Syn:
kha5un; muLa5wa. From: Arabic.
malgri tD N. Companion, friend
usually of same sex; WZMy ,PSym. [This
kind of friendship is more casual than
da5ri.] See also: yardu5st; dus; da5ri; yar;
yarmo5c.
malidunia5 DpD N. All of ones
possessions, especially his livestock; M
MVZ. moc ta ana5}aw, malidunia5as
som. The man died with all his livestock.
See also: mal; dunia.

qM zm MWd MVZVdik ij rVZWY qMmMWd

MWdm q rWY ij Mil WdL nWX VaLo
__ MWZMij. [The Kalasha put this stone in a

place like the roof of their temple to

commemorate the heroic killing of a
leopard or enemy.] Use: thek to place.
See also: pha4a gonDk.
mamila5 D N. Situation, condition,
happening; M. tan krom {e tan
du5rey mamila5 {e tan da5daa {e a5yaa
mon, moc tan huS ka5riu. A man
understands his work, the situation at home
and his mother and fathers words and his
own situation. From: Arabic.
mamul D Adj. Ordinary, nothing
special, common; E. From: Arabic.
man D See main entry: kaca5 man; paka5
man.
ma5nak
ma5nak hik DD V. To stop (of an
activity); MWa Zil ,MWaMij Eq. bho5njaw
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mandak

mara5T

D V. 1) To obey, observe a law;

MWar VX ,MVaWaM. se to ne mani a5au. He

mank

ma5nak ha5waw. The earthquake stopped.

Da5ran ik pe ma5nak ha5waw haw, siw
wa5zas. If the flood has stopped coming, go
over the bridge. Syn: bas hik.
ma5nak ka5rik sD DD V. To stop an
activity; MWar Zil ,MVaWdm q. a tay }um
kro5mo ma5nak ka5rik ne bha5am. I
cannot put a stop to your bad behavior.
Syn: bas ka5rik.
mandak CpD N. The ritual or ceremony
of feeding the spirits of ancestors; WdL

has not obeyed him. 2) To like someone;

MWar nVaxWY. se istr{a may ne manu
day. That woman does not like me. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
manjarikra5m CtsD]D N. Manjarikram
village in Birir Valley; WdL M rWdrWX mL
M.
ma5njik ]D V. 1) To pet an animal; EVZMWY
MVaWdm VYWZ qWaMij. waLmo5c tan }o43%a
ma5njiu day. The herdsman is petting his
dog. 2) Caress a person; WZM y qMVdWY
MWadWY.
man}u5r sD Adj. Famous, well-known;
qxz. From: Arabic.
manzu5r svD N. Approval; VX ,qVa.
From: Arabic.
manzu5r ka5rik sD svD V. To approve
or heed; MWar VX. may chuLkiko ki
khe3% a5as chom tha5ra dunia? ka
guna5mele a5ris a. manzu5r ne a5raw
aLa5y paydagara5w. }a du bas kni
dunia5, kha5luna ne Lase5l. My darling
little girl how are you here on earth? What
sin might I have committed (to cause this)?
God has not heeded my request up there.
He has only allowed you a little time here
and does not permit you to have pleasure.
maKga}u5rik sDD N. Striped squirrel;
H. Gen: bhe5ro{andar wild animals.
See also: tse3%tsaw; brazanLo5.
mara5s {CsD N. Sickness; r ,qMVdWX.
Syn: laha5s. From: Arabic.
mara5T WCsD N. 1) Sacrificial feast in which
animals are sacrificed for the brides
parents and relatives; OSm WdL

MWaM mrE vzVd d wij q

d VZWX _Vd WaM. [This takes place in

cawmo5s winter solstice festival.]

mandrt VspD N. The village of Mandrit
in Birir Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
ma5nDaw CrD N. The corpse and coffin
together; MWdp q@L OSWXMWZ. Loc:
manDawja5w place of the dead. See also:
gor. Variant: ma5Daw. Etym: ma5NDaladisc T-9742.
manDawja5w D\CrD
N.
Graveyard,
cemetery; MVZyX. manDawja5wuna aTh
}an. There are skeletons in the graveyard.
Morph: manDaw-jaw.
manDawjaLe5ki D\CrD N. Ghosts of
the dead; OSWX X. huk mo ka5ri,
pha5to manDawjaLe5ki in. Dont cry,
otherwise the ghosts will come.
manDawa5r sCCrD N. Kite, hawk; OQM
nWarWY M fr. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
manDawarwa5c4 gC sCCrD N. Big round
loaf of bread with a hawk or eagle design
on it; OQM rWY wij q KXVZ vzVd
__ MWZMij MWdMVaWX xzWa M. [This is made during
cawmo5s the winter festival and is made
from wheat flour. It is considered to be
pure.] Morph: manDawar-pac4h.
manDr trD N. Mantel on wall behind the
fireplace; MWd rWdpVa VaWX d qLWdm
M. See also: du5ray manDri. Variant:
maDr.

gWX qWaMij _Vd L Ly d wij

d WZr. te mara5T {u5ka in. They are

coming to eat the marriage meal. [This is a

feast given by the bridegroom to his wifes
parents after the marriage.] 2) Sacrifice to
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margha5s

mast

MxzWdrWY ,VZVX. markhanda5 mo ka5ra,

paruori. Dont confuse him, let him go.
Syn: kha5mduma; dumac4ha5.
marz usD N. Will, desire, choice; r.
tay marz hwori. May your will happen!
Syn: cit; kuTrts; rza; khai}. From:
Arabic.
masaha5p ODD|D N. Religion; PQ. Syn:
pharika5. Variant: masa5b. From: Arabic.
masap PD|D Adj. Religious; X.
masala5 D|D N. Problem or situation; ,x
PSMi. ho5ma ha5tya tara5 pa5rikas ha5tya
bo mu}kl masala5 ha5waw. For us, to go
there was a difficult problem. aLe5y ma5sala
a5sta }a5sa. So far, that is the situation (lit:
from there the situation also that). From:
Arabic.
masala5n D|D Adv. For example; V^.
From: Arabic.
maska5 D|D N. Butter; x. Degrad:
bra45ua4. See also: preco5na. From: Persian.
maskara5 ka5rik sD CsD|D V. To scoff, to
make fun of; MWar L ,MWaLquDL rhlxWZ. tay
ha5tya pruST pira5n o5ni a5is. tu maskara5
a5ri, phato pi}tya5k pra. I had brought
you a good shirt. You made fun so I gave it
back. khoda5y maskara5 gara5wan sa5za
del. God will judge scoffers. See also:
awace5k.
mast V|D Adj. 1) Content, prosperous,
worry-free, carefree, satisfied; PSx.
suda5yak tan ha5tya mast. A child is
content by himself. a5sa bo mast moc. He
is a very prosperous man. 2) Proud, selfsatisfied; qr. se bo mast thi a5is. ta5sa
tya5i pruST ka5i a5an. He was very proud of
himself. It was good that they beat him up.
3) Filling, satisfying. mast za. Filling
food. gu{uka5n a5sta mast ka5riu. The
guzhukan mulberries are also filling.
From: Persian.

nullify an oath, appease hostility, or rectify

impurity; WaM ij MWXr WdL

War MWY rsVdik MWd __ Mij nWX

__ Mij _Vd . }at mara5T. The ritual to

nullify an oath. kho43 mara5T. The ritual to

appease anger and hostility. o5njeSTa
mara5T. The ritual purifying the impurity of
goats. Syn: c4haKpo5c; kurbon.
mara5T ka5rik sD WCsD V. To slaughter
a goat and make a feast when the wifes
parents visit the husbands house; OSm
MWar gWX qWaMij _Vd L Ly d.
[This is done to show respect for the gift of
their daughter. This is not done when the
husbands family visits the wifes family.]
Syn: c4haKpo5c ka5rik; isto5Kgas ka5rik;
khoda ka5rik.
margha5s {DsD N. Jonquil; M WdL
WY nVdy. margha5s o waphada5r.
cila5ay bic4hiru. The jonquil is the faithful
one. It blossoms in the first month of
winter.
ma5ric fsD N. The month of March; fkqM.
a5sa ma5ric mastru5kasa }uru5kuna
piliwe45 ha5waw sat bas. In that month of
March, in the beginning, it had been
raining for seven days. From: English.
ma5rik sD V. 1) To kill an animal by
cutting the throat, slaughter; ,MWar gWX
MWar MWXr. [This is always done with a
knife. The animals that can be killed in this
way are goats, cows, sheep, horses and
donkeys. When killed otherwise it is called
na}e5k.] Syn: na}e5k. 2) To cut; MWar ilqs.
a tan baza5 ama5ris. I cut my hand. Syn:
tra4i5 k. Etym: ma2ra5yati kills T-10066.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
marista5n DU}sD N. Servant who works for
his keep; rWa ,. From: Khowar.
markhanda5 CpDsD
Adj.
Frazzled,
bewildered, confused by too many things
demanding attention at once; d fj wzyz
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ma5sta

ma5trik

mast ka5rik sD U|D V. To show off,

display ones prowess to others; Zx
MWar. bo mast mo ka5ri, tay bzaw
nihn. Dont show off, some day you will
regret it (lit: they will come out of your
neck).
mast U|D N. Strength, energy, youthful
zest; Zx. mast jira5ik ne bha5au day.
He is not able to control his energy.
ma5sta DU|D N. Brains; rs. a5sa ma5sta khu5l
th }au. Hes not very intelligent! Etym:
masta- head T-9926.
ma5sta khul hu5La DU|D Id.
Mentally slow, stupid; Mm nWX.
mastrugo5n, mastrugonD ,tU|D
rtU|D N. Scarecrow; ij VZWY MWaLqo

discuss with my sons (about it). yaw ka

krom kare5li, ma{wara5 ka5i ka5rik.
Otherwise we should do the work by
planning. Syn: sa5la ka5rik.
ma}ku5l D N. Conversation, discussion;
VZ ,y.z Variant: ma}kulg. From:
Arabic.
ma}ku5l hik D V. To become
engaged in conversation, to visit; OSMWX
MWar VZ ,MWar PSVdik. ta5La mo5cay sirp
ek du cans }e3he3% mila5w ha5waw ki a
may ja som ma}ku5l ha5wis. During that
time only one or two chances like this
happened that I could talk with my wife-tobe. Restrict: The object is marked with
som with.
ma}la5p OD N. Meaning; PQ. Syn:
mahana5; maksa5t. From: Arabic.
ma}rk tD N. East; z. CPart:
magrp west; Syn: su5ri nihike5yn. See
also: junu5p; }uma5l. From: Arabic.
ma}u5}tyak DUD N. Dried mulberries;
OSVZyz xzil. Degrad: mram dyek to
become wet and soft. See also: mrac4.
Variant: ma}u5styak.
maSTe5r tYD N. Teacher of a school; ,mMVZyDL
rV`yM. Syn: jhonawa5w; osta5s. From:
English.
mata5l DTD N. Proverb, saying; OSM.
Proverb: ainda5 cti, }o5ksuna pra5Smi.
Think about the future, forget the past.
From: Pashto.
matre3% tTD N. Wild plant or shrub with
yellow flower having a fragrant smell;

Lru _Vd WaMWX qWaMij q@L nWarWY

eMij MVd. [This is made by hanging clothes

on a forked stick.] Morph: mastruk-gonD.

mastru5k tU|D N. 1) Moon, moonlight;
nWaMik. Phase1: the5su Lui }au new moon
appears; Phase2: ha5wul kanda5yak th
}iau becomes just like a comb; Phase3:
tsha5tak punDu5ri thi }au begins to
round out; Phase4: gho5na punDu5ri hu
moon is full; Riddle: babayu5kuna
bi}u5na go5irak cidn: a broken white pot
in the river. Answer = mastru5k the
moon; uk mo5cani Lawghu45i a bowl of
milk reflecting from the water. Answer =
mastru5k the moon; Do: dyek to rise.
2) Month; VaVd. kimo5n ba5san nokphe5Ti
ta5yar a5ri? ek mastru5kan. How many
days did it take you to prepare the new
field? One month. Etym: ma2%sa- moon,
month T-10104.
ma}bara5 CsDMD N. Counsel, advice; qxz.
Variant: ma{wara5; ma{bara5; ma}wara5.
From: Arabic.
ma}bara5 ka5rik sD CsDMD V. To
discuss, to plan, counsel; MWar qxz. a
may pu5tray som ma}bara5 ka5rim. I will

Waq mqqs Vd wij LmWY M WdL

Vd WZ WY. [This grows in the high

pastures. There is a high pasture named

after it, matre3% jalk, at the top of
Bumburet Valley. This is eaten by goats
and sheep.] Gen: muT plant.
ma5trik D ,tTD V. 1) To speak, say,
tell; MVa. a tay kay, i gho3%i, ma5i a5is. I
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matrki

ma5wra

matsh lD N. Fish; hk. Spec:

karma5tshi catfish. Variant: muts. Etym:
ma5tsya- fish T-9758.
matshi mo5s { lD N. Fish (meat(;
PSyz M hk.
maTa4y
%3 JXD N. Sweets; MV`. su5da maTa4y
%3
{un. Children eat sweets. See also:
ma5wra. From: Urdu.
maThoLe5k XD V. To wad up or wrap
up; MVaWdm WX ,MWaMVaWX MV`. pira5n maThoLa5i,
tha5i. Wad up the shirt and put it there.
ma}u5}tyak
tsada5r
mo5cay
dya5i,
maThoLa5i. Put the mulberries into the cloth
and wrap them up! See also: kapaka5pi.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
maTho5La XD Adj. Wadded up or
twisted; ruV` ,L MVaWX MV`. [Some things
that can be wadded are clothes, bread, and
trees.]
N. Wad, bunch, ball or clump of
wadded up material; MV`. Riddle: dhe5nta
tha5ra a}o5 maTho5lak: a wadded up rag on
the mountain. Answer = a Gujar woman;
gha awa5taw a}o5 maTho5lak a wadded
up rag by the riverside. Answer = a
Chitrali woman.
maTo5r sXD N. Jeep, truck, car; PRVdij ,rW`.
maTo5r parkas cak thi }au. The car is
about ready to go. Part: khaman
springs; janaTe5r generator; karbiTe5r
carburetor;
girba5kas
gearbox,
transmission; tip tube. Variant: moThe5r.
From: English.
mawju5t S\D Adj. Present in same
location (of animate beings); mij. Syn:
hazr (a5sik). From: Arabic.
ma5wra CsD Adj. 1) Sweet; MV`Vd. Max: c4ap.
2) Fresh (as descriptive of new milk);
qsMWZ ,MV`Vd. Syn: Do5Kga. See also: maTa4y%3 .
Variant: ma5ura; ma3u
% ra (Urtsun). Etym:
madhura5- sweet T-9793.

told you to come. hu5paLa ma5iLa ki, tu

parwa5 mo ka5a. me5kas raw DaK thi,
tay pSTuna apa5w dem. The scorpion
said, Dont worry! I will stick on your
back like a nail. Restrict: The examples
show the more common contracted forms
of the verb in which the tr is dropped.
ma5trik is the underlying form of this verb.
The person spoken to is marked by the
relator kay to. Syn: mon dek; gho3%ik;
Spec: aba5yo dek shout; waze5k ka5rik
speak clearly; was ka5rik to give a
speech; dawa5 ka5rik claim something;
Actor: ma5traw speaker; Past(hearsay):
ma5iLa he/she said. 2) To read or study;
MVaruWY. tu kimo5n jama5t ma5i a5as? How
many grades have you studied? Syn:
(kita5p) jage5k. Variant: ma5ik; ma5hik.
Etym: mantra5yate2 speaks T-9837.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
Class 2 Suffixes
Singular
ma5tr-am I say
ma5tr-as you say
ma5tr-au s/he says
ama5tr-is I said
ama5tr-i you said
ama5tr-aw s/he said
ma5tr-as say it!
Plural
ma5tr-ik we say
ma5tr-a
you say
ma5tr-an they say
ama5tr-imi we said
ama5tr-ili you said
ama5tr-an they said
ma5tr-a
say it!
matrki tTD N. Adolescent chicken (male
or female); r Lij. Species:
kakawa5Kk chicken.

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may

ma45ka

may D Pron. 1) My; LrVd. 2) To me; _hjE.

udrman a5ti ma5iLa ki, may au5 de.
Coming in she said, Give me food!
3) Me (accusative); _hjE. tu ko may
lac4he5s day? tu ka may ne pa5}is day
e? phon }a5tra day }au. Why are you
stepping on me? Cant you see me? The
path is over there. 4) Me (oblique); rVd.
ga5Da istr{a ma5iLa ki aya5 may som
may du putr a5san. The old woman said,
I have two sons here with me. [See the
Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
maya5k1 DD N. Sourdough starter, yeast;
rVdil. [This is made by mixing either
buttermilk or yogurt in with flour and
setting it aside to ferment or season. Later
it is used to make bread softer and lighter.]
See also: ghoS. From: Khowar.
maya5k2 DD Adj. Nourishing, strengthening;
qVZM ,wzhlWX WeMWaLWZ. a4n maya5k. Millet
is nourishing.
mayakchn eDD Adj. Undernour
ished; L WaM L .
mayda5n CpD N. Big field or meadow;
LnVd. See also: bronz. From: Persian.
mayna5 DD N. Myna bird; MVaVd. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
mayu5s {D Adj. Disappointed; vWdM. a
to mayu5s a5ris. I disappointed him. se
mayu5s ha5waw. He was disappointed.
From: Arabic.
ma5za CuD N. Taste, pleasure; rs. Proverb:
gordo5k tu5Sas ma5za ka jho5niu. What
does a donkey know about the taste of
straw? (meaning: an unlearned person
doesnt know about the finer things of
life); Noun: mazag. From: Persian.
ma5za ik C CuD V. To enjoy; ,MWaN rs
MWaN D. tay ma5za a5aw e? Did you
enjoy it? Syn: khal dek.

ma5za ka5rik sD CuD V. To make

interesting and enjoyable; rs ,MWaMW`DL D
MWar. bibis khaba5r taswran som
ho5ma ha5tya ma5za ka5riu day. The BBC
makes the news interesting for us with
pictures. Restrict: The indirect object is
marked by ha5tya to.
mazag CuD N. Pleasure; zil.
maza5k ka5rik sD CuD V. To tease
someone, make fun of; L ,MWaLquDL L
MWar. a5sa go5Tas tha5ra ka maza5k ka5ra
day? What are you doing teasing that crazy
man? Restrict: The person teased is
marked by tha5ra on. See also: awace5k;
maskara5 ka5rik; taK ka5rik; cukuSe5k;
dru5{ik; kawia5 karik; To5ka ka5rik. From:
Arabic.
ma{k wD V. To know something well;
MWa rM PSWX ,MVaq PSWX. a moc
ma{u day. di} gaL ka5riu day. This
man knows well (how to do this). He plays
hockey like a champion. tu kaLa5Sa mon
ma{s day. You know the Kalasha
language well. Syn: jho5nik; ger ka5rik.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
ma{t VwD N. Mosque; nhjx. From:
Arabic.
ma45in moc c J N. The man who passes
out food at the feasts; VdxWZ ,L VaV`WaMWX
L War. [This man must remember to
whom he has and has not given their share
and how much each is entitled to get.] Syn:
pha{a5w.
ma45ka DJ Adj. Ritually impure; Mh X
Lri MWd MWYMWa y. e5Li ma45ka thi a5an.
They have become ritually impure. ma45ka
moc tana5 ka5ra. Separate out the impure
men! [This is said of those who touch or sit
with women during the period of sexual
abstinence of cawmo5s the winter
festival.] Syn: pra5gata; Trka; Ant:
o5njeSTa.
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ma4ko45yak

memada5r

ma4ko45yak DJ N. Monkey; qnVaWX. Variant:

ma45ka (Urtsun). Etym: marka5Ta- monkey
T-9882.
ma43k J N. 1) Jewelry, ornament; .
2) Bead (of jewelry); WdL.
3) Necklace of beads; qM M VdWZ. [bzu
wood is occasionally used to make a kind
of ma43k. But they are typically made from
plastic.] Use: dyik to put on; Create:
wik to thread. See also: li}; ghum.
Variant: ma43hk. Etym: maN- jewel,
ornament T-9731; ma2%Nikya- ruby T9997.
ma43Kga DJ N. Food supplied to the people
coming to collect the bride-price; ij MWaM
__ MWZMij MWd d MVdWX mMyz .
ma43%u J N. Calf muscle or wrist; MWd pVaIWY
qsMWX. Whole: jhan, jhand body. Etym:
mr0du5- soft T-10292.
ma43u5cak DeJ Adj. Soft; rWa. tay pu5rum
ma43u5cak }au. Your stuffing is soft. Syn:
phla}; pra}1; paSawa5Si; Ant: DaK. Variant:
maru5cik (Urtsun). Etym: mr0du5- soft T10292.
ma43%yak DJ N. Niche in a wall; ,M
ij _Vd Vaq WdrsVdik Vd qLWdm.
me
N. Fat; rik. pa5yas me kam }ia5La.
The goat had little fat on it. Etym: me2%dasfat, marrow T-10323.
meca5Luk De N. Gourd of non-edible
squash; n M WdL. [The
gourd is cooked and dried. Then the skin
becomes very tough and light. It is used to
collect milk from the goats.] Gen: a5Luk
squash; Dim: mecaLo5tyak.
me5cik e N. Shoes, as spoken to a
small child; WZij hkWX W`ik. Restrict:
This is the diminutive of kirmc shoes.
me5har sD N. Kindness, love; ,mqn
PSVXh. pruST ka, khoda5yas me5heruna.
I am fine by Gods kindness. Syn: moaba5t;

ra5kum. Variant: meharba5ni; me5ar. From:

Persian.
me5har ka5rik sD sD V. To be kind,
love; MWar PSVXh ,MWar mqn. da5das
pu5tras ha5tya me5her ne ka5riu day.
}e3%he3 tho, pu5tras raswa5 thi a5au. The
father was not kind to the son, so the son
turned out badly. Restrict: The object is
marked by som with, or ha5tya to, for.
Syn: ra5kum ka5rik; liha5s ka5rik; lots
ka5rik; moaba5t ka5rik.
meharba5n hik DLsD V. To be
kind; MWa MWX. Syn: sa5raK hik.
meharba5n DLsD Adj. Kind; MWX. Syn:
sa5raK; ra5kum.
mehargn sD Adj. Kind, loving; iq
m. se mehargn. He is kind. Syn:
rakumgn.
mek N. Nail (small metal spike); ,glVd
Vd. tu parwa5 mo ka5a, a me5kas raw
DaK thi, tay pSTuna apa5w dem. Dont
worry, I will stick to your back as fast as a
nail. Use: dyek to attach; c4hmbik to
fix, poke into. From: Persian.
mek chaLa5uni Dd N. Nailpulling tool; qLqsL M VaMWa Vd.
mekanats ~TDD
Adj.
Magnetic;
wVdMVa. Variant: meknats. From:
Arabic.
-mele - Sfx. Maybe, perhaps. ka
guna5-mele a5ris a? What wrong might I
have done? a5u-mele a5}is. I might have
eaten. u5k-mele aps. I might have drunk
water. Syn: -tik.
-me5La - Sfx. Having, bearing. See also:
paSme5La having wool; jacme5La having
hair.
memada5r sCoD
Adj.
Grateful,
appreciative; nVa MxiHL. a tay pi bo
memada5r. I appreciate you a lot.

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men, menj

mic guma5na

men, menj ^ , N. Cloud; mMWX. menj

a}s doS. It was cloudy yesterday. Etym:
*me2hya- rain T-10339.
menjamo5w D] N. Fog; mMWX ,nVaEm
qMVX M. Morph: menj-jamow.
me5nat SD N. Hard work, labor; PSVah.
}e3he3 a5sta sah ma5gam tay mu}akatas
{e me5nat karkas tha5ra }e3he3 thi,
ha5wan alba5t. What you say is right, but
probably all of this happened because of
your taking the trouble and working hard.
From: Arabic.
menu5 N. Guest; M. menu5an ha5tya
pruST ka5i ada5p ka5ra. Be hospitable to
your guests. Syn: ajho5na. From: Khowar.
mer t N. Chief, leader, guide; MVaq. du5ra
mer pe ne a5is haw, dur berba5t hu. If
a house is without a leader, the house will
be destroyed. Syn: gaDe5rak; ro.
Adj. Leading, head, chief.
mer ga5k D t N. The lead or pivot cow
in a threshing line; ij _Vd VaM WaLm
WeM WY L WaMij. See also: awa5t gak;
mocay ga5k.
mes ~ N. Table; rsVd. Morph: mez.
From: Persian.
mespu5} Q} N. Tablecloth; ,vzWY rsVd
qmMik L VaLo rWYDL rsVd. Syn:
dastarkha5n.
meS N. 1) Ram, male sheep (one and a
half years old and older); MpVaVd. Species:
ame43%a sheep. 2) Male sheep of any age;
MpVaVd. a5sa meS. Its a male sheep. Etym:
me2Sa5- ram T-10334.
meSaLa5k D N. Male lamb (one to
one and a half years old); MpVaVdH MW`ik.
Species:
ame43%a
sheep;
Female:
badze5rak; Adult: meS adult ram.
Variant: meSaLa5kik; meSaLa5ik.
meSo5st V| N. Rams hide; _pVaVdH
M. Gen: post leather.

metn U N. Hammer; quVZ. Syn: beDr;

coTa5; Use: Thu5Kkik to pound.
mezbu5t SLv Adj. Strong; VXV. kho45a4
pruST ka5i pe a5ran haw, mezbu5t hu. If
they make a mixing bowl well, it will be
strong. Syn: DaK. From: Arabic.
me3w
% a C N. Fruit; WY ,Vd. [This term
includes such produce as nuts and acorns.]
Spec: kharbiza5 watermelon; la4u5 a kind
of cantaloupe; sarda5 a kind of melon;
aZa45i apricot; ka5wit fig; drac4 grapes;
a5ru peach; paLa5w apple; kila5 banana;
malTa5 orange; gila5s cherry; da4i5 m
pomegranate; ToK pear; oKga5c4a
raspberry. Variant: me5wa. From:
Persian.
mhal D N. Curse; MmnWX.
mhal ka5rik sD D V. To curse
someone; MVaWdm MmnWX. he4 mo ka5ri, tay
ha5tya mhal ka5rin. Dont steal, they will
curse you! zemn mhal ka5riu. The
ground will become cursed. Restrict:
Object is marked by ha5tya to/for. Syn:
nabehe5l ka5rik; nahale5t ka5rik.
mhaloka5t SDD N. All things animate
and inanimate, creation; Dhl. From:
Arabic.
-mi1 - Sfx. Emphasis marker; . se
bo-mi }i}o5yak a5au. She is indeed very
beautiful! bahu5 a5sta chu-m a5au. A
daughter-in-law also is just like a daughter.
mic f Adv. Only, just because, merely;
ijWX , xWd@L. may pSTuna ka
kbaw hu day? ware5kta ka ne, mic
a tan ada5t pu5ra ka5riman a5is. What is
happening on my back? Nothing other than
that I was merely doing what is habitual for
me.
mic guma5na DDe Id. Uselessly; _WX
nV. mic guma5na janja5l mo ka5ra.
Dont fight over nothing. Syn: barnaha5k.
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mco

mis

mco e Intj. Well done!; OQil. ha3%ya,

mco, matra5Las. Just like that (youve
said it well), well done, (what a) speaker
(you are)! Syn: Sa5baS.
Cnj. Otherwise, if circumstances were
different; _Vd w q@L ,Waq. dur ka5ri,
mco udho43% udrman atu. Close the
door, otherwise the dust will come in. Syn:
dya5pa.
micom e Adv. Very, superbly; ,PSWX
WdZWX. micom pruST Da. The very best
wine.
mkin N. Sage-like pink plant, with
edible red or black berries, growing in the
mountains, honeysuckle; W`ik W`ik

min, mindr sp , N. Hayfield; qMik

PSVd. krom a5sta }an, yaw c4he5truna
pa5riu moc. yaw brbo no4a5 paru. yaw
mndray uk lase5l There is also work to
be done. Either a man will go out in the
fields, or he will go under his walnut trees,
or he will irrigate his hay fields. [These
grow and are harvested and cows are not
allowed to graze on them.] See also:
bronz; c4het, c4hetr; }ay2; machiLo5y.
-mna D- Sfx. Time of, during. copa-mna.
Morning time. tromi}-mna. Evening
time. See also: -emna.
minTe5k Y N. The grassy dike on the
border of a field; qMVa mrHmqHL PSVd
ij L vM ikDL rWY. Morph: mindr
Tek.
mKguma45Kgu ka5rik sD J V.
To makes excuses for not doing something;
MWaMVaWX WaMWX. Syn: bana5 ka5rik; mon
sawze5k. Variant: miKma45K ka5rik.
mira5s {Ct N. Possession, inheritance;
mLnWeMij ,OTLrVd. may a5sta mira5s }au.
ma5yo ko ne des day? I also am in line
for an inheritance. Why dont you give it to
me? Syn: baS1. From: Arabic.
mira5suna ka5rik sD D|Ct V. To
leave as an inheritance; OTqL mLnWeMij
MWar MWa. se pu5tras zemn mira5suna ka5i
dta. He gave his son land as an
inheritance. Syn: baS ka5rik.
miraskho5r s|Ct N. Heir; OTqL. Syn:
dur {ua5w; baS {ua5w.
mirg t N. Epilepsy; rH.
mrgi {u5ni w t N. Epileptic person;
Wdr M r.
mirjum \t
N. Fortune teller,
astrologer, clairvoyant; zWZij ,ij.
Variant: nijum. From: Arabic.
mis ~ N. Small aluminum pot; hkWdm.
misana5 DD} N. Large aluminum pan;
hkWdm.

,Vd VZ rWY WdquMij quMWY ij WY fl

MyzN nyz. [There are two varieties of this

plant, kr{na mkin, which is big with

black berries; and lac4ha mkin, which is
smaller and has red berries.] Gen: muT
plant.
mil N. Mile; Vd. From: English.
mila5T W N. A minute, a measure of time;
PUVa. Variant: mile5T. From: English.
mila5w hik V. To happen, occur;
MVa. ta5La mo5cay sirp ek du cans }e3he3%
mila5w ha5waw ki a may ja5a som
ma}ku5l ha5wis. During that time only one
or two chances like this happened that I
was able talk with my wife-to-be. See also:
som mila5w hik. From: Pashto.
mmi Pron. 1) Your (plural); ,M ORN
ORN. mmi taLa5y bo }i}o5yak. Your
place is very beautiful. 2) To you (plural);
ORN. a mmi au5 dem. I will give you
food. 3) You (plural, accusative); ORN.
4) You (plural, oblique); ORN. mmi
som im. I will come with you. [See the
Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
See also: a5bi2. Etym: yuSmad- pronoun,
second plural T-10511.
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misa5l

moaba5t

misa5l D} N. Example; MV^. From:

Arabic.
misa5l dek o D} V. To give an
example; MVaWdm MV^.
msil } N. Written testimony, receipt of
ownership; OSVXW^ M ,MVdWX i ,xH.
From: Urdu.
mi}arba5 DLsD N. Small aluminum water
pot with a spout; WXz ,MW`. Part: noS
spout. From: Persian.
mi}are5k sD V. To mix together
liquids or dry goods; MWar vzrsVdN ,MWa.
Syn: Lo4e5k; krSnik; lat dyek; kite5k;
TrikTrike5k;
ukdo5k
ka5rik.
Etym:
mis5rayati mixes T-10137.1. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
mi}a5ri sD Adj. Mixed; L .
RootVb: mi}e5k.
mi}e5k V. To join, mix, mingle;
MWa. ka5as mo5cay mi}e5s ne? Why dont
you mix with some men? Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
miza5c cCv N. Condition, health; ,fjLrs
PShV ,Mi. miza5c barabar e? Is your
health good? miza5c khe3. Hows your
health? From: Arabic.
mizoga3%c4ar sDiDv N. Witchs broom
(name of a plant); Vaij WdL
vM. [This is a wild plant resembling a
broom. It is used as a substitute for juniper
twigs to filter milk.] Gen: muT plant.
Variant: garmazu5.
mizo5k v N. Mouse; MEik. See also:
bira4u
%3 rat. Etym: mu2Sa- rat, mouse T10258.1.
mizo5k a5nc4ar sDiC v N. A kind of
thistle; LmWY qLmqMil M WdL. Gen: muT
plant. Variant: mizo5k a5nc4ak.
mo Adv. Dont!, prohibitive particle;
Wa ,PS. atra5 mo pa5ri. Dont go there!
Restrict: This word is used to negate an
imperative or an obligatory aspect such as:

mo {u Dont eat! or mo {u ori Should

not be eaten. See also: ne. Etym: ma2%
negative of prohibition (used with
conjunctive and imperative) T-9981; mo2%
negative in prohibitions T-10344.
mo ta DT Id. 1) No! It cant be as you say!,
Dont tell me!; ?Mik@L mo ta. }e3he3%o ko?
khe3 ka5i uk dyek ne abha5ili? No! Why
has it happened like that? How did it
happen that you could not irrigate your
crops. 2) Dont do it!; Wa r PS.
mo5a C KT. Maternal uncle (mothers
brother or male cousin); M. [This
relationship can be either a man with his
sisters child, or with a female cousins
child. It is considered a special
relationship by the Kalasha.] CPart:
iSpoS nephew or niece; mo5aso nephew
or niece; Syn: }irn mo5a. Etym: ma2tula5mothers brother T-10009.
mo5a gha5Ti XD C N. The gift of a bull to
the maternal uncle of a bride (given by the
household of the groom); M ru

WdL y r Lr ryz vDL

hWZ M VdWX.
mo5aso |C KT. Nephew or niece (child
of ones sister); ijMWX qMVdWY ,MijMWX LqMVdWY.

Syn: iSpoS; CPart: mo5a uncle (mothers

brother). See also: jamli ku5a4k.
moaba5t SDLC N. Love; PSVXh. Syn: me5har;
ra5kum. From: Arabic.
moaba5t hik SDLC V. To be in love
with someone; MWa PSVXh. puruSgu5a4kas
{e
istri{agu5a4kas
ogoe5kis
som
mohaba5t hu. The young man and the
young woman fall in love with each other.
moaba5t ka5rik sD SDLC V. To love
someone; MWar PSVXh y . se pu5tras
som mohaba5t ka5riu day. He loves his
son. Restrict: The person loved is marked
by som with, or ha5tya to, for. Syn:
meha5r ka5rik; Ant: dic4hik.
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moc

mon, mondr

moc1 c N. 1) Man; mN. Dim: mockik

dear man. 2) People; . moc ka
ma5an? What will people say? 3) Wife;
VdWX. Syn: ja. Etym: ma5rtya- a mortal,
man T-9888.
mocb Md N. People, crowd; .
moco5st V|d N. Leather made of
human skin; M mN. se5o ta5sa
moco5st ka5Lun da5i a5sau. He gave him
moccasins made of human leather. [This is
from text concerning the ancient past.]
Morph: moc-post.
moc2 c N. Middle; MVdqm. moc juwa5ri
mo5c-aw khas upa5c4iu. A man will pull
the weeds out of his corn. Syn: mochk.
Etym: ma5dhya- middle T-9804.
mo5cay ban DL Dd N. Second knuckle
from finger end; quij M MVdqm MV@L m.
Gen: ban knuckle.
mocay ga5k D Dd N. Cows in the
middle positions in a revolving threshing
line; WeM L MVdqm PS VZM WaLm. See
also: awa5t gak; mer gak.
mochk d N. Middle; MVdqm. a5u
mochkawo a5ma hu5La. The bread is not
cooked in the middle. Syn: moc2.
mochk d N. Middle; MVdqm. a5u
mochkawo a5ma hu5La. The bread is not
cooked in the middle. Syn: moc2.
moc d N. Blacksmith; qM. u{u45i bhel
sawzawa5w moc. Pick and shovel
making blacksmith.
mo5har SaTe5k XD sD V. To mark
something with a stamp or seal, seal;
MWaM. From: Persian.
moka5 D N. Opportunity, chance; .
mo5ka pe ha5waw haw, biru park ciT
gha5Tim. If I get a chance, I will ask for a
holiday so we can go to Birir. Syn:
makala5. Variant: muka5. From: Arabic.

moL N. Turn, bend; qu. ra5wley bo

moL }an. There a lot of bends in Lowari
Pass (road). From: Urdu.
moL dyek o V. To turn; MVaW`M qu.
moc moTe5r moL dyman nman a5is.
The man was driving the car turning it this
way and that.
mo5maLa D N. Resident of Bumburet;
nVayzMWX M PSWdqVXWX vzVd mL. See also:
mumure5t.
mombat TDM N. Candle; z ,KVZWX .
Variant: mumbat. From: Persian.
mon, mondr sp
, N. 1) Word,
message, information; ,OSMWX. may dta
mon ko43 ka5as. You must listen to what I
have said! a5ma mo5ndras ba5ti ek mon
sawza5i. Make a sentence about this word.
Syn: khaba5r; Dim: mo5ndrik short
utterance (Birir). 2) Language; MWXqs. may
kaLa5Sa mon jona5lak hu day. I want to
know the Kalasha language. Syn: war2.
Variant: mandr (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
ma5ntra- thought, prayer, spell, counsel
T-9834.
mon dek o V. To speak, to speak a
language; MWar OSMWX. se kaLa5Sa mon del
day. He is speaking Kalasha. Restrict:
Verbs of speaking mark the listener with
kay to. Syn: ma5trik; gho3%ik.
-as mon dek; o {C- To talk about
someone or something; Vd qMWX
MWar OSMWX. ka5-as mon det day? About
whom are you talking? k-as mon det
day? About what are you talking? Restrict:
This construction is suffixed to the oblique
form of the person or thing being talked
about. Syn: zgir ka5rik. See also:
bara5una; ba5ti.
mon dia5ki Do Adj. Talkative;
WZMWX. Syn: carkha5na.
mon dia5w Do N. Speaker; L VaWX.
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mon, monD

mo43

mon ka5rik sD V. To obey; OSMWX

MVaWaM. ta5sa mon ka5rim day. I will do
what he says. Syn: kabu5l ka5rik.
mon karkanDe5k rDsD V. To
ignore someones suggestions; Wa OSMWX
MWar V` MW` ,MVaWaM. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
mon kase5k |D V. To spread word
about something, gossip; MWar rmDL rmHL.
mon sawze5k uD| V. To tell lies
or make up stories or excuses; MWaMVaWX VdWZMWX.
Syn: bana5 ka5rik; miKguma45Kgu ka5rik.
mon upre5k tPC V. To listen to
someone; MVaVaEy OSMWX. may mondr upra5i.
Listen to me!
mondro5w sp N. Good speaker,
knowledgeable person; Vd ,XilMWX.
mo5ndruna ik C Dsp V. To agree
(with someone); MWa mMN. se ta5sa
mo5ndruna a5aw. He agreed with him.
mon, monD r , N. Whey; MWY M m.
mo5nda Cp Adj. Equal, of same size; rWXLrWX.
}o43%ani mo5nda. The same size as a dog. a5sa
may mo5nda. Hes the same size as I.
Cnj. Until, in the meantime; WZ. a5bi
ik mo5nda e5mi {u. Eat these until we
come. Syn: }amo5n; {a.
mondikhu5 hik p V. To be
preoccupied or careless; d Xil _WX.
mondikhu5 thi, gala5t jayga5ay o5mi. We
were so engaged in conversation that we
came to the wrong place.
mondi{o5m xp N. Mondizhom village
in Birir Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
monDe5k r V. 1) To cause to tread in
order to thresh grain; WaLm y mn VdWeM
MVaM. gak gri gu5um monDe5n. They
thresh the wheat with cows. Syn: c4ho
ka5rik. 2) To massage with feet or hands, to
knead, to rub; MWar wzM ,MWar fjMx. a
post pak tha5i, monDa5i batio5s ka5i a5am.
I have made a leather bag by working the

leather with my feet. Variant: maND

(Urtsun). Etym: ma5rdati pounds, crushes,
treads on, squeezes, rubs T-9890.2. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
mo5nDik r V. To wash; MWam. a5bi
pira5n mo5nDik day. We are washing the
clothes. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
mo5ni N. The inflated skin of a goat
used to churn buttermilk; xz. Use:
dzaLake5k to rock on ones lap. Etym:
*ma2na- skin-bag T-10044.
moroho5ku hik s V. To swell
up; MVaijy. may khur moroho5ku thi,
tsha th }au. My foot swelled up and
became pussy. Syn: aDu5ik.
mos { N. Meat; PSyz. Degrad: dam2 a
bit spoiled; ghon dek spoiled, bad
smelling. Etym: ma2~sa5- flesh T-9982.
mos au5 E { N. Meat bread; L PSyz
q. awe5l mos a5u o5nza tha5ra hstin.
pha5to se a4khe45i ha5waw pe haw, SuTk
no45ay uchunde5n. apa5caw pe haw,
chaLe5n. First they put the meat bread on
the griddle. Then when the bread has
become firm, they put it under the ashes (to
finish baking). If it is done, they take it out.
[This is made by putting small pieces of
meat and ground up walnut meats with
some sour pomegranate juice and
coriander into dough and baking it.] Gen:
au5 bread, food.
moso5k | N. Meat broth, gravy;
ahlWd. Syn: ka4.
mosm | N. Weather; . Syn: dunia5.
From: Arabic.
mo43 N. 1) Nest of an insect or bird;
Mij MWd xWa. hupaLa5k mo43. Spider web.
Create: ka5rik to build. 2) Den of an
animal; MWd PUWX. 3) Womb and placenta
of a woman or animal; Lm hkWX. Syn:
(su5da) nisike5yn. 4) Socket of a bone joint
such as in hips or shoulders; WaMil.
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mrac4

mu5c4a

5) Solstice (both summer and winter); il

LVZyHL. Syn: su5ri mo4.3 Etym: ma2%na- house,
dwelling T-10042.
mac4he5rik mo34% thD N. 1) Bee
hive. 2) Very productive and prosperous
person. Lit: a hive of bees. [When this is
said of a man, it is a high form of praise
and describes the person as a king bee who
rules his busy hive and produces sweetness
like honey.]
mrac4 gCt N. Mulberry tree, mulberry wood,
mulberries; OSEVZyz. Gen: muT tree; Spec:
gu{uka5n large red species of mulberry;
laka}a5r mrac4 plump white species of
mulberry. See also: ma}u5}tyak. Variant:
mnac4;
mac4
(Birir).
Etym:
*madhuravr0kSa- mulberry T-14733.
mrac4 pacawa5k CDdDP gCt N. Locust,
or some insect that frequents mulberry
trees; LruVd M fr vHL MWd pW`. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects and reptiles.
mrac4wa5ki {o5}i w C gCt N.
Festival called Little Joshi; ij qLWZ WdL
__ MWZMij MWdMVa rWY VaWY OSEVZyz. [This
occurs about ten days after the main Joshi.
Its literal meaning is mulberry harvesting
Joshi.]
mra5ik Ct V. To wither or wilt like a
flower; MWaMijr. ko achni e {e,
gambu5ri mra5i }au. Why did you cut the
flower, it has withered. Syn: blok.
mram Ct N. Moisture; Vd ,Wa.
mram dyek o Ct V. To become wet
and soft; MWa Wa. ma}u5}tyakay mram
dya5i }au. The dried fruit has become wet
and soft.
mri} hik t V. To scold; quMij
MWar quMVYij. a a5sa som mr} him. a5sa
may pi kapha5 hu. I will scold her. She
will become upset with me. Restrict: The
object is marked with som with. Syn:
c4ha5Lik; awa5cik. Variant: mni} hik.

t N. Mashed beans; ij My
__ MWZMij MWdMVaWX y VeWX.
mru t N. 1) Wild goat, sheep, or deer;
r. te mru5an parn day. They are going
mr}i

hunting. 2) Female ibex, mountain goat;

rWX Vaij. [It may be that the female of

this species is muZu5k, instead of mru.]

Male: tanu5Su ibex. Variant: mu5ru
(Rumbur). Etym: mr0ga5- wild animal,
deer T-10264.3; *marga2- wild goat T9885.
mru5an Ct Adj. Hunting (for big game);
qMyz. ek mru5an moc jal biSga5La. A
huntsman spread out the net. Variant:
mru5han;
mru5Kai
(Urtsun).
Etym:
*mr0gahana- act of hunting T-10272.
mru5an park sDP Ct V. To go
hunting for big game; MWaMij War qMyz. Syn:
iSka5r ka5rik.
mua5 C N. Forgiveness; M. mua5 ka5ri.
Forgive (me)! From: Arabic.
mua5 ka5rik sD C V. To forgive
someone for something; MWar M. a tay
galat tay ha5tya mu5a a5ris. I forgive you
for your mistake. Restrict: The object is
marked by ha5tya for. Syn: (guna5) Lase5k;
ba}nda ka5rik; (guna5) hstik.
mu5cik d V. To precipitate; MWa vzqMWX.
doS bo ba5Sik amu5caw. Yesterday it
rained a lot. he3S muchkas cak thi }au.
Its pretty well about to rain.
N. Rain. mu5cik dyel day. It is raining.
Do: dyek to rain. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
mu5ci d N. Rain, precipitation; vzqMWX.
a5j kaw {o5}i pruST. mu5ci beS. guda5s
ne a5raw su5irak ne e? This year Joshi is
good. The rains have been sufficient. The
sun has not given any trouble.
mu5c4a Dh N. Possession, grasp, power;
d WZM ,d VVX. khut may mu5c4a u.
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muda5

mukhe5n
gun; yara5k weapon; Use: tyek to
shoot, fire.
mukabila5 LD N. Competition; WXM.
From: Arabic.
mukabila5 ka5rik sD LD V. To
compete in a competition; MWar WXM.
mukalipha5t ka5rik sD SDQD V. To
oppose; MWar PSMhl. se may mo5ndras
mukalipha5t a5raw. He opposed what I had
to say. Syn: zit ka5rik. From: Arabic.
muka5m D Adj. Strong; VXV. muka5m
moc. A strong man. Variant: muda5m.
From: Arabic.
mukara5r sCsD N. Destiny, fate, will,
choice, decision; qn ,r. khodayas
mukara5ras tha5ra se bac ha5waw. He
was saved by Gods choice. Syn: nasp;
kesma5t; ruz. From: Arabic.
mukara5r ka5rik sD sCsD V. To make
an agreement with someone, to decide on
something, set a time or meeting; qr
MWar. udrman kho5ji, cay may da5i to,
se ta5sa som wat mukara5r ka5da. After
she invited him in and gave him
refreshments, she made an agreement with
him about the time (of the wedding).
mukha5r sD Adv. Face to face; ,rWX q
VaMy VaN. a mukha5r mon pra. I spoke
to them face to face.
mukha5r hik sD V. To insult
someone (younger to elder); MWar rs _WX.
tu may mukha5r mo ha. Dont insult me.
mukha5r mu5ki hik sD V.
To be humiliated; MWa Vd. a mukhar
mu5ki ne him. I will not be humiliated.
mukhar sD N. Fireplace in a wall;

He will surely come into my grasp. Etym:

muST- clenched hand, fist T-10221.
mu5c4a dek o Dh V. To entrust to
someone, give into someones care or
possession, to hand over; MVaWdm Vd WZM. te
to ta5si mu5c4a pron. They handed him
over to them. se tan dur may mu5c4a
praw. He gave me his house to watch over.
mu5c4a ik C Dh V. To come under
ones control; MWaN WZM. khut, may mu5c4a
u. He will surely come into my grasp.
Syn: hast hik.
mu5c4a ka5rik sD Dh V. To take into
ones hand; MWaruWY d WZM. a kala5m
mu5c4a ka5i a5am. I have picked up the pen.
muda5 Co N. Time; OSnE ,PS. kimo5n
muda5 bas ha5wi? How long did you stay
there? }atara5 muda5una a bo garp a5is.
At that time I was very poor. Syn: ama5l;
Tem; wat. See also: zama5na. From:
Arabic.
mudh o N. Clay; ` aik. Variant:
mundh.
mudhighu4 o N. Dish or bowl
made out of clay; WZrWX L MVaWX M `.
Morph: mudhi khu45i.
mugls ~ N. Shirker of work; ,qik M
L War V` MW`. muglsan maglsuna
mo pa5ri. Dont go to the meeting of the
work shirkers.
muglsi ka5rik sD } V. To shirk
work; MWaLrEik ij ,MWar qik M. kro5muna
muglsi mo ka5ri. Dont shirk your work!
muk dek o V. To make someone
prosperous; Vd i ,MWa L
MWa Mik@L. dunia5 tay ha5tya muk praw.
The world has made you prosperous.
muka5 D N. Slug (of a shotgun shell); ,Lrik
.
muka D N. Shotgun; qWX qMWX
nVaWX. go5STuna muka }iha5La. In the
barn was a shotgun (I heard). Gen: tupe5k

WZMy qLWdm Vd r ,LnxzWZAN ,qMhlEWX

ij Waij N. Syn: iKgro5k; aKgar}ti.

From: Urdu.
mukhe5n N. Porch or verandah on
lower floor; hV. Syn: Lawa5r; kaTThar.
From: Khowar.
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-muki

murtha5p

-muki Sfx.
Dispositioned.
ko}an-mu5ki.
Happy-dispositioned.
zaKgar-mu5ki. Sour-dispositioned.
mul N. Porridge; i dWa. [Water
is boiled, wheat flour and salt are mixed in
and cooked, then the mul is eaten by
dipping it in clarified butter. This is done
when a son is born.] Syn: iSpo5nyak. See
also: gagye5.
mulca5 De N. Trench made for battle;
nVail ,ikq. From: Persian.
muliste5yni U} N. Storage place for
foodstuff under the house; M _hkVdWa M
qV`y ,r. Syn: o5c4um. From: Khowar.
mu5luk N. Country, nation; E.
Variant: mulk; mu5lki. From: Arabic.
muLa ku5i N. Mula Valley in
Bumburet; __ Vd PSWdqVXWX ij mL ruWX.
[This is the larger of the two valleys at the
head of Bumburet Valley beyond Chatruma
Village. It is also called, gho5na ku5i large
valley.]
muLa5wa C N. Lord, master, owner; ,Lnil
M. a tan pa5yan muLa5wa, khoda5y
may muLa5wa. I am my goats owner, and
God is my owner. Syn: kha5un; male5k.
From: Arabic.
mu5Li Adj. Enough, sufficient; ,MVaVZij
rWXLrWX ,M. se Derwe5r ama5aw ki may
som dra {aLa5ik mu5Li tew ne }au.
That driver said that he did not have
enough gas to reach Dir.
mum N. Beeswax; . baza5 pe
u{luha5i a5ini haw, mum kha5San. If they
bruise their arm, they rub it with beeswax.
From: Persian.
mumla5yl N. Mobile oil; VdWZ WeMWX.
From: English.
mumure5t Vs N. Bumburet Valley; mL
PSWdqVXWX. Resident: mo5maLa resident of
Bumburet.

mun, mund p , N. The highest point

of a mountain or hill or sky; ik. su5ri
mu5nda pa5i }au e? Has the sun reached
midday yet? Syn: Duk; cu4i5 k; SiS; biw; bro;
phur. Etym: mu2rdha5n- cranium, head,
top, chief, beginning T-10247.
mu5ndyek p N. 1) Stick used to run
across the yarn strands to make them
separate when weaving; WaMVaWX `WY vzVd
ruik L Wa MVZyHL d. 2) Sharpened
stick used to shuck corn; V`y Ve
ru rsVdWZ L Wa MVZyHL _Vd VaVdik.
Use: niku45ik to husk.
munD r N. The stump of a tree; V`VaEW`.
Syn: ko5puc.
munj ^ N. Marrow; Lm. See also: aTh.
Variant: bhra2nz (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
majja5n- marrow, pith T-9712.2.
munuk V. To mumble about
something, complain; fr vHL ,MWaLruWXruWX
WeN Wa Vd hj MVa. a5bi a5u ne {u5i,
ko munueo5 day. Why are you mumbling
about not eating. Syn: phu}u5ik. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
mura45 Is N. Young man of marriageable
age; Mru LijWa.
Adj. Physically mature (of boys);
LijWa. mura45 thi a5as. You have become
mature. CPart: mura45y physically mature
of girls; Syn: jua5n.
mura45y Is N. Physically mature young
girl; ru Lij ,ru MWX.
Adj. Physically mature (of girls); MWX.
se mura45y thi a5au. She has become
mature. [A girl becomes mura45y at the age
of puberty when she begins to go to the
menstrual house.] Syn: beLwa5w; CPart:
jua5n mature (of boys). See also: mura45.
Variant: mora4y
5 .
murtha5p ODTs Adj. Irreligious; z.
From: Arabic.
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mu5saw

mutaba5r

mu5saw D| N. Pestle; VZym M. [These

are made from stone, holly oak, mulberry,
apricot, or walnut, for longer wear.]
CPart: bha3%cuni mortar; Use: bha3%cik to
pulverize. Variant: mu5sul (Urtsun). Etym:
mu5sala- pestle T-10223.
musulma5n D| N. Muslim; Mx.
Variant: mu{lm. From: Persian.
musu5T ka5rik sD W| V. To throw an
equal lie in the game of hawzu5 stone
toss, to tie; MWar rWXLrWX qsMWX. tya5i, musu5T
a5rimi. We tossed our stones but have
canceled each others toss.
mu} N. Woolen cloth or fleece worn
under the goatskin of the ta5ciK leather
footwear; MWdqp ij ruW` ruVY DL
__ MVZVaWY hkVdWa ruik Vd MWY VaWY@L.
[These are worn for comfort, protection,
warmth, and better traction.] Whole: ta5ciK
footwear for shepherds.
mu}aka5t SDD N. Toil, difficulty; PSxz.
khoday tay mu}aka5t mo karu ori.
May God not cause you to face difficulty.
Noun: mu}akat industry. From: Arabic.
mu}aka5t hik SDD V. To endure
hardship, to work hard, to be industrious,
to expend oneself; MWar PSyzLmrWX VdWZ.
khe3 mu}aka5t his ha5w, }e3he3m ka5io
ro5zi {us. As hard as you have worked, if
you keep this up you will have plenty to
eat. zantya5k hikwe5w bo mu}aka5t hin,
istr{a. When women give birth they
suffer a lot.
mu}akat TDD
N.
Hard
work,
difficulty, trouble, industry; PSxz. tay
mu}akat {e me5nat ka5rikas tha5ra }e3%he3
thi ha5wan alba5t. This all happened
because of your industry and hard work, no
doubt.
mu}kl Adj. Difficult; xz. }e3he3%
tho, tay ha5tya payrana5k nihk
mu}kl. Being like that, it is difficult for

you to cross. Syn: gira5n. Variant: mi}kl.

From: Arabic.
mu}tara5k CsDU N. Common possession;
ZxzE. }a dur may {e tay mo5cuna
mu}tara5k. This house will be ours in
common. From: Arabic.
muS N. 1) Female markhor (mountain
goat with upward spiraling horns); mM
) WdL r( qilqM. Capra
Falconeri. [The Kalasha say that these are
the goats of the fairies.] Male: }a5ra
markhor, male mountain goat; Species:
pay goat. 2) Female offspring of a male
markhor and a female domestic goat. }a5ra
pe pay gera5aw haw, tasa pi ubuju5na
batya5kas kay }ara bra gho3%an.
istr%yak pe a5is haw }a5ra muS gho3%an.
If a male markhor mates with a female
domestic goat its male offspring are called
a markhor. Variant: muZu5k. Etym:
*marga2- wild goat T-9885.2.
muS, muSk , N. Testicles (of
animals, and occasionally of a man);
VdVil. Syn: bru5c4ak; ku}kuLu5k.
mu5San ghere5k t D V. To turn
something over; MWar MV`DL. Syn: pelaTe5k;
ekwa3% ghere5k; prost ka5rik. From:
Khowar.
muSc f N. Plant grown as fodder, vetch;

MVZyHL qMik IqWX ij V WdL

__ . Genus Vicia. Gen: muT plant.
muSkar sD N. Good news; Xhlyzil.

[This is used for special occasions like the

birth of a child.] Use: o5nik to bring.
From: Khowar.
muST Y N. Fist; ME. muST ka5i tyel.
Hell punch with his fist. Create: ka5rik to
make a fist. Etym: muST- clenched hand,
fist T-10221.
mutaba5r sDLDT Adj. Great, honorable,
respected; qrsEWX LZiHL WXM ,XVZ.

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mutabe5kuna

muTe5 durk

mu5tra mo5nyak D CtT N. Bladder;

WaMV^. See also: mo5ni.
mutsu5ak Cl N. A kind of woodpecker
with black and white coloring; nWarWY WdL

N. Honorable people. se gro5mani

gaderaka5n {e mutabara5n dawa5tuna
akho5jaw. He invited the elders and
honorable people to a banquet. From:
Arabic.
mutabe5kuna DLDT Adv. According to;
WXM. ya5ni ta5sa ka wa5sa hu haw,
tan wasa5as mutabe5kuna mal del. That
is, if he has the means he will give gifts
accordingly. From: Arabic.
mu5ti T N. Young kid (goat) (male or
female, six months to a year old); M rWX
L Wa LqWY My M wij hkWX. Species:
pay goat.
muti bu5S L T N. Virile male goat
from one to two years; My m y WdL
LrWX. Species: pay goat; Adult: bra.
mutisu5lak }T N. Pregnant female
goat which is not yet a year old; My WdL
MVaHij KhkWX Wa wij rWX r y.
mu5ti pe ku5a4k ha5waw ha5w, ta5sa kay
mutisu5lak gho5an. If a mu5ti becomes
pregnant, they call it mutisu5lak. [Usually
a goat does not become pregnant until it
reaches the }e5nyat young adult stage.]
mutimire5 tT N. Mutimire clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
mu5tra CtT N. Urine; OQMxzVdWY. Etym: mu2t% raurine T-10234.
mu5tra ka5rik sD CtT V. To urinate;
MWar OQMxzVdWY. a mu5tra ka5rika pa5rim day.
I am going to the bathroom. uk uza5kio
im. I will go to the bathroom and come
back (lit: having scattered water I will
come back). [This latter example is an
idiom which is used as a euphemism for
urinating.]
mu5tra Lase5k | CtT V. To need to
urinate; MWaN OQMxzVdWY. may mu5tra Lasa5i
}au. a mu5tra ka5io im. I need to urinate.
I will relieve myself and return.

nEnE ,__ MWZr flLqy rWY VZilqm rV^@L ij

d. Gen: pac4h%yak bird. See also:

do5ndSiS.
muT W N. Plant, tree; mWY ,PSilqm.
[Plants are typically named with the word
muT following them, for example, bew
muT willow tree. However, in listing the
specific kinds below, and elsewhere in the
dictionary we have omitted the word muT.]
Group: jaw woods, stand of trees; Part:
pu45ik main trunk; muThu4i5 k lower trunk;
cu4 main branching trunk(s); cu45ik the top
of a tree; isno5s root; }oK branches off
the cu4; Spec: c{in pine; ka5c4u
evergreen tree; kuhe5rik pine-nut tree;
ka5nda almond; kaw wild olive; mrac4
mulberry; paLa5w apple; a5ru peach;
aluca5 plum; aZa45i apricot; Thok a
hardwood tree; tar a hardwood; benc
bamboo; kokhimana5 berry tree; jnju
thorny berry tree; bon, bonj mint
plant; brbo walnut; bonj oak; sa5mani
a mountain bush; ba5gan plane tree;
tamaku5 tobacco; ta5yrak muT poplar;
phra4 a kind of hardwood tree; spin a
kind of hardwood tree; pho4 birch; sa5ras
juniper; rha cedar; ka5wit fig; awazu5r
tree with white flowers; c4aSku5 a kind of
evergreen tree; dza43%ray muT a kind of
oak; bew1 willow; bzu a berry tree;
co4i5 n a kind of tree, shrub; drac4
grapevine; dra4u
%3
plant with white
flowers;
da4i5 m
pomegranate;
ucuma5nyak nettle; bSa laburnum;
gila5s
cherry.
Etym:
*muTThadefective T-10187.2.
muTe5 durk so X N. The bottom half
of a split door; qsLqm MmN.
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muThk

na5c4u

muThk X N. Sapling, small tree, plant,

or bush; LmWY MW`ik. muThk bem day. I
am planting a sapling. See also: muT;
kanDa5lak.
muThk a{a5r sCwE X N. Plants and
trees (generic word); OSMWZMVXWa.
muThu4i5 k X N. The lower trunk of a
tree; KVi ik M KVaWZ. Whole: muT tree.
mu5Tuna Sa5Tik XD DX V. To climb a
tree; MVaruik rWY PSilqm.
muzdur sou N. Labor, work; qmrs.
From: Persian.
muzdu5ri ka5rik sD sou V. To
labor, to work for hire; MWar qmrs. ka5yo
moc ban nih, krom ka5riu. ka5yo
ware5k ka ka5riu yaw mazdu5ri ka5riu.
Sometimes a man will go out and do some
work. Sometimes he will do something
else or he will work for hire.
muzr tu Adj. Hypocritical, harmful, evil;
L WaMhkVaWY MVWa ,. Syn: bathl;
Max: di}; kha5ca. From: Arabic.

N.

vzMnWX.

Evil

person,

villain;

,zqsMy

muzir ka5rik sD tu V. To treat

someone badly, to mistreat; ,MWar vzqsMy
MWar LrEWX. may ha5tya muzir a5raw. He
treated me badly. Restrict: The object is
marked by som with, or ha5tya to. Syn:
zara5ri ka5rik; taK ka5rik.
muzir tu N. Evil; vzqsMy ,LrEW.X
mu5{i w Adj. Acceptable; VX HWXM. a5sa
mu5{i e, ne? Is that acceptable or not?
mu5{i nihk w V. To be
successful in anything; MWa OQMVdM. a5ma
Lasa5 de. a mu5{i nihu e. Let him try.
See if he can be successful (in it).
mu5{ik w V. To play a game; MVaVd.
a5bi piK poK mu5{iman a5imi. We were
playing ping-pong. See also: Labe4.5 Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
muZu5k y See main entry: muS.

n
D Adv. Negative or echo question
indicator; MWa. tu pe sawze5s day haw,
may ha5tya ek jaha5s sawza5i na? If you
are making them, make one for me, wont
you? See also: Li.
na- -D Pfx. Not; -MWa. te5somo niama5t
ubu5ji }an, }e3he3% thi na-wa3%ts. Besides
this, the crops have sprouted, and this is
unsafe (because the goats will eat the new
crop). See also: na-behe5l cursed (not
blessed); na-rawa5 non-legal. From:
Persian.
na-behe5l LD Adj. Cursed; MVd M ,ZVa
L. See also: behe5l.
nabehe5l ka5rik sD LD V. To disown
or curse a child; MWar M ,MVahjVdWX PSVa.

da5da to nabehe5l a5raw. His father

disowned him (and expelled him from
home). Syn: mhal ka5rik; nahale5t ka5rik.
nabu5t ka5rik sD SLD V. To destroy,
cause to suffer loss; MWar mMWXrWX ,MWar MVXWZ.
se may put tan som nawa3%ts de5ntay ni
nabu5t a5raw. He took my son with him to
dangerous mountain places and caused his
death. Syn: noksa5n ka5rik; ta5ba ka5rik.
na-ca5r sDdD Adj. Poor, without means; _WX
qMikMWa ,qMik. se naca5r. He is poor. Syn:
garp; can; pudru5L. See also: cara5. From:
Persian.
na5c4u hD N. The underside or point of ones
nose; Wa MWa. jhip na5c4uuna {aLa5i.
Reach out your tongue and touch your

na

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nada5n

na5ma

nose. Whole: nast nose. Etym: *nastyanose T-7031.6.

nac4u ga45K J hD N. Nostril; MVaVZWa. Syn:
nast ga45K.
nada5n CoD Adj. Ignorant, not knowledgeable
about a subject, inexperienced; LmMWa.
From: Persian.
naDe5n qD N. Lower leg, from knee to
ankle, shin; WaMW` hkVdWa y VaV`.
Whole: jhan, jhand body. Variant:
nahaDe5n.
nagaha5ni DDD
Adv.
Suddenly,
unexpectedly; nWdL ,WaMik@L. Syn:
wakhajam. From: Persian.
nagah DD Adv. Unaware; ,y WX
qMVX VX ,qmMWaqsMyz. }a5sa bo nawa3%ts
phon nagah-o ku5ra atra5 day in. That
is a very dangerous path, someone can
come that way unaware of it. Variant:
wanagah. From: Persian.
nagayro5 tDD N. A song type; M WdL
PSVd. [This is sung at cawmo5s the winter
festival. Someone leads out with a request
to nagayro5, and all the people respond
with the expression han saras. It last two
nights, (from around 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.).]
Gen: gho43 song.
nagda5ru sCpD N. Joist; PUik qsLqm
ru . moc nagda5ru hstin. Men put
in the joists. [These set on a ba} support
beam, and are thinner than the ba}.] Use:
hstik to put into place; Gen: dar
beams. Variant: nagda5r. From: Khowar.
nahale5t VDD N. Person who has been
evicted from his home by his father, cursed
person; ZVa. From: Arabic.
nahale5t ka5rik sD VDD V. To curse
someone; MWar PS PSVa. Syn: mhal
ka5rik; nabehe5l ka5rik.
na-jas ~D\D Adj. Illegal, wrong; rsWeMij MWa.
tu may pi najas paysa5 ko gris day?
Why are you demanding more than the

right amount of money from me? From:

Persian.
najas ka5rik sD ~D\D V. 1) To act
immorally; MWar rsWeMij MWa. 2) To increase the
amount of a debt without prior agreement;
MWar rsWeMij MWa.
najoge5 \D N. The Najoge clan of Anish;
VdVX M wzVdWa@L M mL PSWdqVXWX. Gen:
kam1 clan.
na5kal ka5rik sD DD V. 1) To imitate
someone; MWar Wa. Syn: peru5k hik; hara
hik. 2) To copy someones work; MWar Wa.
From: Arabic.
naka5m
naka5m hik DD V. To fail a test; MWa
MWa M. se emtiha5nuna naka5m ha5waw.
He failed the examination. From: Persian.
naka5m ka5rik sD DD V. To fail or
thwart someone; MWar M MWa.
nakhra5 CtD N. Pretense, style, airs,
coquetry; rhlWa. nakhra5as tha5ra. With
pretense. From: Persian.
nakhraba5s {DLCtD N. Pretender, joker;
qsMWX rhlWa.
naklk D V. To eat, devour; MVaWa ,MWaM.
noho5K du moc naklu5na. A dragon ate
two men. Syn: {uk. From: Khowar. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
nakLa5cu dD N. Rolling-pin; MVaVdWX. Syn:
goSni. From: Khowar.
nakrzi vtD N. Henna; nVa. From:
Pashto.
nak}a5 DD N. Picture, map; xzWa ,rWdVWZ.
Syn: taswr. From: Arabic.
nal1 D N. Seedling, shoot; dVaWY.
[Included in this category are shoots of
tomatoes, rice, onions and tobacco.]
nal2 D N. Horseshoe; Wa )M qu(.
na5ma DD
N.
Message,
information,
announcement; MWa. to tan ri}tada5ran {e
tan dusta5n ha5tya ba5ta dawa5t na5ma
anza5La, ki }e3he3% tarkano eo, a ja him
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nama5i}

nanawa5ti

day gho3%i. After that she sent a celebration

announcement to her relatives and friends
to come on a certain date when she would
get married. From: Persian.
nama5i} DD Adj. Bad, messed up ,
worsened; LrEWX. Syn: }um.
nama5i} ka5rik sD DD V. To make a
mess of things; MWar OQLril. te du Sa5Ti tan
no45a pira5n nama5i} ka5i tha5i a5an. The
two of them fighting left their clothes in a
mess.
namakhara5m CsDDD Adj. Treacherous;
Lri Wa. From: Persian.
namakn DD Adj. Funny, unusual,
interesting, remarkable; PQVdhj. namakn
mon praw. He told an interesting story.
Adv. Extremely, very; PSWX. a
namakn }i}o5yak. This is extremely
beautiful. Syn: pak2. From: Persian.
na-maku5l DD
Adj.
Unreasonable,
strange, unacceptable; MWa. See also:
maku5l.
name5r tD N. Fragrant leafy plant growing
in the mountains; LmWY qLmVXyzil quMWY.
Gen: muT plant. Etym: name2ruElaeocarpus ganitrus T-6963.
namuna5 DD Adj. Strange, novel; PQVdhj.
namu5s {D N. 1) Great thing, remarkable
deed, marvel; vMWa. ka namu5s a5ri?
What great thing have you done? 2) Merit
feast; PSMVdV. [biramo5r is the highest
form of namu5s. The term merit feast as
used by Gillian Darling (see Bibliography)
indicates a huge feast given by a man by
which he gives away his wealth and
thereby gains honor or merit in Kalasha
society. He also gains favor with God by
the animals he sacrifices.] From: Arabic.
namu5s joSk \ {D V. To think
highly of ones actions; We OSrs
MVaWaMij. a5sa a5La bo namu5s joSu day. He

is thinking very highly of what he has just

done.
namu5s ka5rik sD {D V. 1) To feast
a village generously, to give a merit-feast;
MWar PSMVdV. 2) To do a very great or
honorable work; MWar M rhl PTMWX. ta5si
wa5wasi tan duSma5n na}a5i bo gho5na
namu5s ka5i a5an. Their grandfathers killed
their enemies and thereby did a very
honorable work. Spec: biramo5r ka5rik to
give a biramo5r feast; sarie5k ka5rik to
give a sarie5k feast; ganDa5w ka5rik to
make an effigy and give a feast; }aruga5
ka5rik to give a }aruga5 feast; upho5r
dyek to celebrate over an enemys death.
namus |D Adj. Marvelous, beautiful,
of good quality, full of beautiful designs
and carvings; rsVdWa@L OSdi ,PQVdhj.
bala}a5k so5naw bo pruST namus khas.
A very good and high quality grass of the
high pastures.
namuswa5La C|D N. Person who has
performed a namu5s or some great work;

PTMWX ,L War vMWa ,L War PSMVdV

XVZ ,L War M rhl.
na5na DD KT. 1) Aunt (mothers sister, or
fathers sister or sister-in-law); WYWY.

CPart: put, putr nephew; chu niece.

2) Stepmother; M VdWZy. CPart: put,
putr stepson; chu stepdaughter; Syn:
nanbe5lu. Etym: *na2nna- term of respect
for an older relative T-7059.
N. Respected woman; Mil. ey na5na.
Hey woman! [This can be used to call a
woman unknown to you.]
na5naso |DD KT. Dear nephew or niece;
MijMWX LqMVdWY ,ijMWX qMVdWY. Syn: put, putr;
chu.
nanawa5ti TCDD N. Go-between, mediator;
L War Lq. te tan som nanawa5ti
gri may du5ra on e, a ta5si ha5tya
ba}nda a5ris. When they brought with

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nanba45

nasara5

na5Kgu} D N. Fingernail; EilMWa.

Variant: naw{k (Urtsun). Etym: nakha5nail (of finger or toe), claw T-6914.1.
nap grik t OD V. To measure; ORMWa
MVaVd. Syn: to5Lik.
napaTrsta DU}tXDPD Adj. Unacceptable,
distasteful,
shameful,
inappropriate,
revolting, foolish; rEWX ,nVa ,V.
[Things that fit this category are like
talking about ones private life when in
mixed company or eating things like snakes
or frogs.]
naphaka5 DDPD N. Food, provisions; ,Lqil
Wa MWa ,L. naphaka5 khul thi }au.
The provisions are finished. From: Arabic.
na-pharma5n DsDPD Adj. Disobedient;
MrMWa. a5sa bo napharma5n su5da. He is
a very disobedient child. Syn: a5mondra;
amitra5. From: Persian.
na-rawa5 CCsD Adj. Illegal, forbidden, nonmarriageable because too closely related;
Lq MWa. a5sa may ha5tya narawa5. She is
forbidden for me (I cannot marry her). Ant:
rawa5.
narku43%ku sD N. Rooster, cock; Mr.
Species: kakawa5Kk chicken. Variant:
bire43-kakawa5k (Urtsun). Etym: na5raman, male T-6970; kukkuTa5- cock T3208.
na5rum sD Adj. True, quiet, well-behaved,
soft, gentle; rWa. na5rum mon de. Talk
quietly and gently. a5sa na5rum moc. Hes
a really good man. From: Persian.
naru5tsi lsD Adj. Androgynous, sterile;
E. se ja ka5da e, se istr{a naru5tsi
a5sta. When that man married, the woman
turned out to be androgynous.
na5sal D|D N. Ones direct descendants;
xWa. From: Arabic.
nasara5 CsD|D
Adj.
Flighty,
foolish,
unreasonable; _WX. Syn: bey-a5kul.

them a mediator, I forgave them. Syn:

sulagara5w; gechawa5w. From: Pashto.
nanba45 JMD N. Kin of ones mothers line;
qLm VZyzq y r M. CPart: tadba45
patrilineal kin.
nanbe5lu MD KT. Stepmother; VdWZy
M. Syn: na5na.
naK1 D N. Concern, desire, strong
resolve, loyalty; qLnr. tu
tay
ri}tada5ran bati, naK gri, }e3he3 his day.
You are all concerned because hes your
relation.
naK ka5rik sD D V. To take
someones side in a dispute; qLm r
MWar. tu a5La jaga5i naK mo ka5ri. tu ka
ka5rik ne bha5as. Dont look at him and
want to take his side. You cannot do
anything for him.
naKgawa5r sCDD N. One who takes the
side of someone else in a dispute; r
L War qLm.
naK2 D N. Top corners of a bed; MWYqMik
Wa . }en na5Kuna. On the bed.
na5Kga DD Adv. Perhaps, maybe, in case;
nWdMyz. wale5yinay aktia5t ka5ra kakbo5y
draZni a5au. na5Kga pay {u. In the high
pastures be careful because the leopard has
come out and possibly will eat the goats.
wa5-naga amu5caw pe haw, park ne
bha5am. In case it rains, I will not be able
to go. Syn: ama5t...haw; alba5t; kha5bar
bko. Variant: na5ga; wa5naga.
naKgo5r sD N. Fort, castle; . u5STi
drama pa5i jaga5La, ki ta5sa nogo5r bo
}i}o5yak. When he got up and went up on
his roof, he saw that his palace was very
beautiful. Riddle: }uTu5Tur phar a5sta gri,
naKgo5runa ha5tya paru: a thing takes a
load and goes into the palace. Answer =
kipnyak a spoon. Variant: nogo5r;
noKgo5r.
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nase5n, nase5nd

na}e5k

nase5n, nase5nd p|D ,|D Adv. Around,

bordering; mrH mqHL. nase5n ka5si. Walk
around! nase5ndaw muT }an. There are
trees on the edges (of the road).
nase5n nihk |D V. To pass
someone on the trail; MWaMij qrs y vMWY.
gak e5go e5gin nase5n nihman, parn
day. The cows are passing each other and
going.
na5si
na5si draZnk yCso |D V. To come
to an end, finish; MWa MWZ ,MWa .
{o5}i na5si draZna5w. Joshi has ended.
na5si nihk |D V. To die, to
finish; MWa rWdrsWY MVZVZil@L ,MWaMij r. se moc
na5si nih a5au. That man has died. Syn:
na5}ik.
nasia5t SD|D N. Advice, instruction;
PShVdVWa. Syn: wasia5t. From: Arabic.
nasia5t ka5rik sD SD|D V. To advise or
instruct someone; MWar PShVdVWa. pu5tras
ne pa5}iu day, ne5o a5sa krom bande5l
day, ne5o a5sa kay nasia5t ka5au day,
gho3%i ma5an. They will say he doesnt look
after his son, or he doesnt teach him to
work, or he doesnt give him advice.
Restrict: The indirect object is marked by
kay to.
nasp R|D N. Fate, destiny; PQVdVWa. Syn:
mukara5r; kesma5t; ruz. From: Arabic.
nasku5n |D N. Hoe-like tool for raking
ashes from a fire; L MVaWX M __ MWd ru
d VZMWa Lq y wij MhkVdWX. nasku5n gri
SuTk drKki chaLa5i. Take the hoe and
scrape out the ashes. Gen: aspa5p tools.
nast V|D N. Nose; MWa. Part: na5c4u
underside of nose; nast ga45K nostril;
Whole: jhan, jhand body. Etym: nastanose T-7031.
nast ga45K J V|D N. Nostril; M MWa
flLqy. Syn: nac4u ga45K; Whole: nast
nose.

nast ga4K umre5k tC J V|D Id.

To be belligerent, insolent, huffy; y KVE
MWar KVE ,MWar OSMWX. Lit: to flare ones
nostrils. mic nast ga4K mo umra5i,
guLe43%a thi nis. Dont be insolent, sit down
and be quiet!
nastha5p ODU|D N. Person who speaks
with a nasal twang (perhaps because of a
cleft palate); L VaWX y MWa. a5sa
nastha5p, }ale5yo a5sa mon sapha5 ne. He
speaks with a nasal twang and therefore his
speech is not clear.
nastu5yak DU|D N. Person having a
beautiful nose; L MWa OSqVWXil
hly.z o may nastu5yak, a5ya i. O my
beautiful-nosed darling, come here!
nasta5r
nasta5r ka5rik sD sDU|D V. To do
something orderly one after the other;
MWar y PQVdWZrWZ. se du5ra at nasta5r ka5i
sa5win som c4aK ha5waw. He came in and
one by one gave everyone a hug.
nasta5ri hik sDU|D V. To do
something one by one; MWa WdL WdL.
nasta5ri thi, e5o. Come one by one (not all
at once)!
nasta5ri sDU|D N. Details; VdVWZ. }ale5yo
se ka wa5kia ki thi }ia5La, }ate5 nasta5ri
ta5si kay }e3he3% ka5i ma5iLa. Therefore he
told them in detail about what had
happened.
na}a5 DD Adj. Intoxicated, inebriated, drunk;
PSx ,xzWa. se na}a5 thi a5au. He is
intoxicated. From: Persian.
na}e5k D V. To kill; MVaWdm qM y Mij. te
to moc na}a5i a5an. They killed that man.
Syn: ho43%ik; ka5til ka5rik; ma5rik; dro5ik;
khun ka5rik; Dhumbe5k; kha5tum ka5rik.
Etym: na2s5a5yati destroys, drives away,
removes T-7087. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
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na5}ik

nawa5w

na5}ik D V. To die; MWaMij r. se ana5}aw.

He died. Syn: kha5tum hik; Dhum hik;
na5si nihk; }oksk; cumphT hik;
cuThophu5ri hik; SiSirk. Etym: na5s5yati
is lost, perishes, runs away T-7027.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
na5}Ta DYD V. He or they died (hearsay);
Ve r ,MVd r )OSMWX WeMVaEy VaEy(.
N. Dead person; MxWaHL L Lr ,mr. a
a5u na}To5n ha5tya. This food is for the
dead. Syn: kale5r; aTh; junaza5.
Adj. Dead; L Lr. na5}Ta moc. The
dead man.
na}ipa5Li DQD Adv. Very hard; Mij
r q rWY VdVZ Mij ,rqM. tay da5daw
ta na}ipa5Li mazdur ka5riu day ma5gam
jua5n put thi du5ra nis a5as. Your father
works himself to the bone (works very
hard), but you, a young man, just sit
around the house.
na-}u5kur sD Adj. Unthankful; ryz MWa.
Syn: Takabu5r. From: Persian.
naSpra5muS CtQD N. Miscarriage; My@L
ikqs WY y PS ,i. Variant:
li}pra5muS.
naSpra5muS hik CtQD V. To
miscarry (of humans); ikqs WY y PS
MWa. }atara5 istri{agu45ak naSpra5muS hin.
The young girls from there frequently
miscarry. Syn: rti hik.
na5Su D N. Beak; fkik. mizo5k ta5sa
na5Suani paLiLa. The mouse fell from his
(the birds) beak. Variant: nha5su.
nathara5} CsDTD Adj. Naughty; rWdz.
naT WD N. Dance; fkMWa. Use: ka5rik to do;
Spec: granzu5lak a kind of dance; ca4
clapping; Dhu5}ak a kind of dance;
dra{a5yLak a kind of folksong with dance;
}aKga45yak a kind of dance. Etym: nr0tta5dances T-7580.
na5Tik XD V. To dance; AMVaikMWa. Loc:
naTike5yn place of dancing; Actor: naTa5w

dancer; naTe5r expert dancer. Etym:

nr0tta5- dances T-7580.
naTe5k XD V. 1) To grieve for a dead
person by dance; MWar WZM ,MVaikMWa rWY vz.
tara5 pa5i to naTe5k. Lets go there and
dance in grief over that dead person. [In
this ceremony they dance alone or in twos
or in a larger line, but not in threes.]
Restrict: Only the men do this, the women
do baSike5k. Also this is only done for a
man. Possible objects for this verb are
junaza5, aTh, and na5}Ta. This is the
implicit antecedent of the object in the
example above. CPart: baSike5k to
mourn. 2) To make someone dance; MWaMik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
naTe5r tXD N. Very good dancer; Mik@L
L VaikMWa. [This is more often said of
women than men.]
naThe5k XD V. To chase someone or
thing; MWar PQMWZ r qum. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
naTke5y &XD N. Nose-ring; VZWa. Variant:
natkye5y.
na-ume5t hik VD V. To mistrust,
lose hope or faith in; MWa nVdL MWa. a
DakTara5n pi bo naume5t ha5wis. I came
to mistrust doctors. See also: ume5t.
na5us {D N. Desire, need, passion, lust,
appetite, drive; wWa. a tcak a5u {u5i
na5us nihunja5io im. I will be able to
control my desire, after eating a little food.
Syn: ray; kuTrts; arma5n. From: Arabic.
nawa5w CD KT. 1) Grandchild (child of son
or daughter); WY ,MWZWY. Syn: wa5waso;
a5waso; CPart: wa5wa grandfather; a5wa
grandmother;
par
wa5wa
greatgrandmother;
par
a5wa
greatgrandfather.
2) Grandniece
or
grandnephew (grandchild of ones brother
or sister); WY ,MWZWY. CPart: wa5wa
granduncle;
a5wa
grandaunt.
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nawa3%ts

na4

naz uD Adj. Dirty, unwashed; nVa. [This

is spoken of clothes, hands, body, men,
women, and language.] Syn: phalt;
wa4klo5ti; ghusgha5p; Ant: pagiza5; pak1.
From: Arabic (?).
nazigu5sti U|uD Adj. Very dirty; ,Vd
) Wa MV ij( nVa. Ant: pagiza5.
N. Dirty person; mN nVa. ey,
nazigu5sti, }e3he3% mo ha. Hey, you dirty
boy, dont play in the dirt like that!
Variant: najigu5sti.
nazu5k uD Adj. 1) Cute, pretty (especially
of small objects); qsMWa. Syn: }i}o5yak;
cust. 2) Delicate, easily broken; nij
L WaMij OUW`. Syn: kaTe3%ru; thadaru5k;
plok. See also: o5nDrak; }}a. From:
Persian.
nazwa5r sCuD N. Tobacco (chewing); qLxWa.
[This is not chewed, but placed in the
mouth, usually behind the lower or upper
lip. It is also sniffed. It is made from
tobacco and the leaves of sa5mani bush.]
Loc: daple5y tobacco tin; Use: ka5rik to
use.
nazwa5r ka5rik sD sCuD V. To use
tobacco; MWar qLxWa. [This is done by
putting a small bunch of tobacco in the
mouth behind the lower lip and leaving it
to have its effect.] Gen: ama5l2 habit.
nazwarni sCuD N. Small box for
keeping tobacco; VdWXo qLxWa. Syn:
daple5y. Variant: nazwarni thalo5k
(Birir).
na4 J N. 1) Hollow reed, straw, tube;
MWa. 2) Flue pipe for stove; PRWeMWY. Etym:
na2D- tubular stalk of any plant, tubular
organ, tube T-7047.
na4
J Adj. Locked; L M MWZ ,nyz .
Variant: na4h.
na4 ka5rik sD J V. To lock or latch a
door or box; MWaM MWZ. Syn: kulphe5n
ka5rik; Reversive: na4 umre5k to unlock.

3) Grandchild-in-law
(grandchild
of
spouses brother or sister). 4) Descendant;
m@L. tu ka5as nawa5Las? Whose
descendant are you (to what clan do you
belong)? Variant: nawa5r (Urtsun). Etym:
na5pa2t- grandson T-6954.
nawa3%ts nCD Adj. Difficult, dangerous,
bothersome, inconvenient; MWaril ,xz.
anda5y huLu5k hin day. te5somo niama5t
ubu5ji }an, }e3he3 thi nawa3%ts. Here it will
become hot (for the goats). Also, grain has
sprouted (and the goats may eat them). A
situation like that is dangerous. sLuna day
mo pa5ra nawa3%ts. te5somo uk a5sta bo
bo thi }au. Dont go by way of the
bridge because it is dangerous. Also the
water is flowing too swiftly. Ant: wa3ts.
Morph: na-wa3ts.
nawa3%ts hik nCD V. To be careless;
MWa . nawa3%ts thi Du5DiLa him, may
}a aST trupa5aw. I must have slept
carelessly; this shoulder of mine is hurting.
nawa3%ts ka5rik sD nCD V. To bother
someone, make it difficult for someone.
may ha5tya nawa3ts mo ka5ri, aLayha5k
ha. Dont bother me! Get over there!
na5wkar sDD N. Servant; rWa. ba5ca ho5kum
dta ki, tes a5ma ande5y nogo5rani
biha5Kk niniha5 gho3%i. pha5to na5wkar to
nogo5rani niniha5La. The king commanded,
Quickly take her out of this palace! Then
the servants took her out of the palace.
Syn: khesmatga5r; deka5n. From: Persian.
nawkar ka5rik sD sDD V. To work
for hire; MWar rWa. te5o taLa5y pa5i
nawkar ka5i, paysa5 o5niman a5sta. They
used to go to work and bring money.
nawkar sDD N. Work, service; rWa.
nawu5S D Adj. Newborn, infant; ,V
)hkWX( qLil rVdHyz. nawu5S suda5yak.
Newborn child. Syn: tyeho5yak.
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ne

nbus hik

na4 umre5k tC J V. To unlock

something; MVa MWZ. na4 umra5i. Open
the lock! Reversive: na4 ka5rik to lock
something.
na4ime5nDuk ka5rik sD rJ V. To
lock something (in anger); ,MWaM MWZ
MWar. se dur na4ime5nDuk ka5i, ga5La. He
angrily locked the house and went away.
ne Adv. 1) Not; dWa. tu mon ko ne ko43
ka5ris day? Why dont you listen to (my)
words? trumu5{ak ne cukuSa5eli. You
shouldnt annoy hornets. Syn: mo. 2) No!;
dWa ij. waLmo5c nisa5i a5as e, ne tu5mi
a5as? ne la, am jage5m day. Have you
hired a herdsman, or are you yourself the
herdsman? No, I myself look after them.
Ant: a3%a3. Etym: na5 not T-6906 or; nah
surely not T-7035?.
Cnj. Or; MWd. waLmo5c nisa5i a5as e, ne
tu5mi a5as? Have you hired a herdsman, or
are you yourself the herdsman?
ne5 ji ] Adv. Not yet; dWa WX@L. sa5bur
ka5ri, ne5 ji iu. Wait! He has not come yet.
ne nisia5lak hik D} Id. To not
want to stay in a place, to be restless; mMWd
MWa VaWZ d. may ne nisia5lak hu
day. I dont want to stay here. Syn:
ca5pacunDa5Li dyek.
neasa5lak D|D N. Nostalgia, fond
remembrance; qM mMWd. }a5to cti, may
neasa5lak hu day. When I think about
that, I become nostalgic.
nebulu5k M Adj. Virginal; qLVa
rsVdyzm. Variant: nabulu5k.
neLa5 N. Summer season; r. Gen:
zuba5n season; Whole: kaw2 year; Part:
so5nay nik mastru5k month of taking the
goats to the high pastures; neLa5 mastru5k
first month of summer; gumLe5t mastru5k
month of wheat harvest; uca5w mastru5k
the month of the Uchaw festival. Variant:

nira (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: nida2gha5- heat,

hot season T-7193.
ne5La thon T N. Summer solstice;
M@L vLq. ne5La tho5nuna su5ri sat
bas nsiu day. The sun stays in one place
for seven days in summer solstice. CPart:
he5man thon winter solstice; Syn: su5ri
mo43; su5ri thon. See also: ama5l.
neLa5 mastru5k tU|D N. First month
of summer; VaVd M r. Whole: neLa5
summer.
nethie5li U Adj. Hyperactive and
trouble-causing; Wa ij WdL ,dhkVdWX
L VaV`VdWX.
ne45ik N. Wooden scoop used for grain;
hkik M VaMWa . [This is considered,
o5njeSTa ritually pure. Women are not
allowed to use it. In the past it was only
made from juniper wood.] Matl: sa5ras
juniper;
bribo5
walnut;
mrac4
mulberry.
nia5
D N. Inedible stubble and stalks left
from livestocks eating; L MhkWX M qWaMij
qMik. Syn: gana5sk.
niama5t SDD N. 1) Crops, harvest; dV.
te5somo, niama5t ubuj }an, }e3%he3 thi
nawa3%ts. Besides this, shoots of grain will
have sprouted and with a situation like that,
its risky (lest the goats eat them). Spec:
gu5um wheat. 2) Benefit, blessing; PSWa.
tazag gho5na niama5t. Health is an
important blessing. Syn: behe5l; baraka5t.
See also: rizk. From: Arabic.
niama5t ka5rik sD SDD V. To bless;
MVaWdm PSrWX. Syn: khayr ka5rik.
nia5t SD N. Heart, intentions, thoughts;
PSVdWa. ta5sa nia5t sapha5 ne. He does not
have good intentions. Syn: maksa5t. From:
Arabic.
nibu5 M N. Lemon; Vd. From: Urdu.
nbus hik {M V. To be finished;
MWa Zil. See also: khul.
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nicha5k

nLa

nicha5k De N. The shady side of a valley

or area; qLm WdMy. CPart: paktu5ri sunny
side. See also: chak shade.
nic4hue5k i V. 1) To peel; MIik
MWaqMWZDL. a a5ru nic4hue5m day. I am peeling
a peach. [Typical things to peel are fruit or
bark off of trees.] Syn: nikrie5k. 2) To skin
an animal; MWaqMWZDL Lruik M qWaMij. a pa5yas
post nic4hue5m day. I am skinning this
goat. 3) To pluck out the feathers of a bird;
MWaqMWZDL rWY nWarWY. 4) To pull out hair; MWX
MWaqMWZDL. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
niga43%Kgik J V. To eat; MWaM MWaM.
[This is used in a joking way rather than
being a serious word for eating.] Syn: {uk.
nige5k V. To help someone wash
themselves; MWaLEm. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
nigho5n N. Chisel with narrow blade;
MWa ,xWX. nigho5n gri ugu45in. They use
a chisel to repair the millstone. Gen: aspa5p
tools; Use: ughu4i5 k chip, chisel. See
also: tso5gun; cu5muSTi; bho5Kki. From:
Khowar.
ngik V. 1) To wash (oneself); MWam.
baza5 ngi. Wash your hands! Syn: wa5zik
bathe. 2) To wash (something); MWam.
Etym: *nigna- washed T-7167. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
nihk V. 1) To come out, go out, go
over, emerge; MVaWa. cLu ne niho5n. The
worms didnt come out. Syn: draSnk;
Reversive: atk to enter; Onset: khaS
suddenly. 2) To rise of sun or moon;
MVaWa ,MWa . Syn: draSnk;
Past(hearsay): nihu5na he/she emerged.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
nihunje5k ] V. To cause to come
under control, to control; MVaMVXVay. a tcak
a5u {u5i na5us nihunja5io im. By eating a
little food, I will be able to control my
desire. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

nihu5njik ] V. To cool down, stop

fighting, settle down, be quiet, subside;
MVaVXVay. janja5l nihu5njis. The argument
stopped. baya5a ka5har nihu5jis. My
brothers anger cooled down. Variant:
nihu5jik. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
njik ] V. To take off, shed; MWaqMWZDL.
Object: sambuni clothes; dyuni
footwear; Reversive: sambik to put on
clothing; dyik to put on shoes. Etym:
*nirjaha2ti leaves T-7324. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
nik V. To take or take away
something (animate); MWaMij )qLnWaMij(.
so5nay ha5tya ka5yo nim gho3%i ctis day?
When are you thinking of taking your
flocks to the mountain farm? [This also
applies to things that move by themselves
even though inanimate, like a jeep. You
can, for example, take water along an
irrigation channel as you make a way for it
to flow, but this is because it is acting as
though it were moving by itself.] Inan:
ha5rik to take something (inanimate);
CPart: ha5lik to bring (something
animate); Comp: ja nik to marry a wife;
Past(hearsay): nLa he/she took. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
nikrie5k t V. To peel, or shell; ,MVaVdik
MWaqMWZDL. a rha mu5Tani pato4% nikrie5m
day. I am peeling bark from a cedar tree.
[Typical things that can be peeled are
potatoes, walnut meats, and trees.] Syn:
nic4hue5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
niku45ik V. To husk corn; )Ve(
MWaqMWZDL MIik. Instr: mu5ndyek sharpened
stick used to shuck corn; Object: juwa5ri
corn.
nLa Adj. Blue; VdWa. Max: }aw; Gen:
raK color; Dim: nlak. Etym: nla- dark
blue, dark green, black T-7563.1.
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niLa45

nistrkik

niLa45 N. Forehead; MWZM ,MxzVdWY. su4a%3

niLa45yak wa5La ka5i, khoda5y praw. God
has made her forehead golden and given
her (to us). Whole: jhan, jhand body.
Etym: lala2T% a- forehead, brow T10970.2.
nime5} ka5rik sD V. To pray by
performing the Muslim prayer ritual; qsMWa
MVaruWY. See also: dua5 ka5rik; suwa5l ka5rik;
sayda5 ka5rik. From: Persian.
nmuS N. The measure from the
elbow to the closed fist; V` nVaWX y Va
wzWeMVdWY WZ. caw hast {e nmuS gri,
cew sawza5i. sambu. Make a dress of
four cubits and a nmuS of cloth. She will
put it on. See also: has, hast; jiS, jiST;
caw a43%gu; khoS; anjl; paSu5k.
ninihe5k V. 1) To take away or
remove something (animate); MVaMWa rMWX.
niniha5i ni, e5mi. Take these out of here!
pha5to na5wkar to nogo5rani niniha5La.
Then the servants removed her from the
palace. Inan: chaLe5k take out (something
inanimate); Syn: draZne5k. 2) To rescue
(abstractly); MVaMWa. may zaru5ratani
niniha5aw. He helped me (escape) in my
time of need. Etym: nrNayati takes
away T-7332. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
nipha5 DQ N. Seam in waist of shalwar for
tie-cord; ij VanWaMWX LquMWa d qLyz.
Whole: bhut2 shalwar.
nira5K Ct N. Sword, dagger; qLWZ. Loc:
ka{o45i scabbard. See also: niza5; kata5r;
ca5ku; khaKga5r.
nise5k } V. 1) To seat someone, to cause
to sit; MWaMV`IWX. 2) To entertain or show
hospitality to; PSnil ,MWar qsLWa M
MWar. 3) To hire; MVaq rWa. waLmo5c nisa5i
a5as e, ne tum a5as? Have you hired a
shepherd or do you watch the sheep
yourself? Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

nisa5la D} V. He/they seated someone

(hearsay); MWdMV`IWX.
Adj. Seated, hired. nisa5la waLmoc. The
hired herdsman.
nisk } V. 1) To sit; MVaV`VdWX. Loc:
ha5nyak stool; Onset: zup; Instr: nisuni
something to sit on; Past(hearsay):
nisu5na he/she sat. 2) To be understood;
MWaN )d Mm MVdil(. tay dima5kay nisa5w
e? Did you understand? 3) To land as an
airplane or helicopter; MWarWZDL. tara5
halikapTe5r nsik bha5au. A helicopter can
land there. 4) To lie down (of animals);
MVaV`VdW.X [This is said of animals who lie
down to sleep but not necessarily on their
side.] Etym: *niSdati sits down T7467.2. Prdm: Class 4.
Class 4 Suffixes
Singular
Plural
nis-m I sit
nis-k we sit
nis-s you sit
nis-e5o you sit
nis-u s/he sits nis-n they sit
nis-a5
I sat
nis-o5mi we sat
nis-a5
you sat nis-a5li you sat
nis-a5w s/he sat nis-o5n they sat
nis-
sit!
nis-e5o sit!

} N. Sitting place, office;

Zm ,ij VaV`VdW.X Syn: dawta5r.
nison } N. Foreign place; wWdmrWY. a
nisike5yn

aya5 nisonuna a5am, may du5ro bo

de5}a }au. I am in a foreign place here,
my house is very far away. From: Khowar.
nistrkik tU} V. 1) To slip, slide;
MVaxIWY. o{ga4ha45bauna pak mo das. tay
khur pe nistrkis haw pa5Li zaya5 his.
Dont step on the ice. If your foot slips you
will fall and get hurt. a taLe5y nistriki
a5tis. I slipped from there and fell. Syn:
i}leygk. 2) To slip out of ones grasp;
MVaxWY y WZM. 3) To unintentionally pass
or slip by a place; MWaMij N r WX.
mondikhu5 thi Zot puchuma5k nistrkiLa
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n}un

niwirk

hik, se5o no45aw }au. We were

preoccupied and apparently passed (the
house); it is down there. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
n}un Adv. Here and there; rmDL rmHL.
pay ano5ra thi n}un ka5sin. When the
goats are hungry they wander here and
there.
n}un park sDP V. To miss, fail
to hit; MWaMij rmDL rmHL. a tsas pa4 ma5gam
n}un para5w. I shot at the bear, but the
bullet failed to hit. Syn: abatha5 park.
niSa5n D N. Sign, signal, scar; MxzWa.
Variant: neSa5n. From: Persian.
niSa5n ka5rik sD D V. 1) To make a
signal or mark; MWaM MxzWa. See also: i}ara5
ka5rik; u5STan ka5rik; e5can ka5rik; ha5stan
ka5rik. 2) Aim; MVanWaMWX MWaMxzWa. niSa5n ka5i
tye. Aim well and hit (it). Syn: geche5k;
anda5z ka5rik.
niSan D N. Sign; MxzWa. a ta5sa hi}
ka niSan ne sapres, se khe3 ha5waw
haw? I did not get a sign from him,
whatever happened to him?
niSger t Adv. Another time, once
again; yrWY ,qMWXm. }a5ma gho43 ghe5ri
niSger dye o che. Sing this song again.
Syn: ghe5ri; nokda5r.
nSki Adv. Outside; nhVd.
Adj. Wild, out of control; rMWX )y ni(
MWa. tu bo ha5tani nSki thi a5as. You are
out of control.
niSpijk ]Q V. To be worth while or
profitable; MVahkVaWY nWeM. a5bi ta5sa som
krom ne ka5rik day. ta5sa pi ka ne
niSpiju. We dont work with him because
he is good for nothing. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
nSpik Q V. To pound down to make
room for more; MVaxWaW`. a5sa at nSpiu
day pruST pira5ikas ba5ti. He is tamping

down the flour so he can fill the bag well.

Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
nitsk m V. To collapse; V`VdWX ,MWaMij OQm
MWaMij. se khoda5yas ho5kum, rat du
baja5an se goST ntsi }au. According to
Gods will, at two oclock at night that
barn collapsed. Syn: prekk.
niTa5k DY N. Gums; _quEx. Syn:
donmo5s; Whole: jhan, jhand body.
nu N. Buttermilk; . [This is made
by rocking milk in a mo5ni goatskin bag.]
Create: dzaLake5k to churn. Variant:
nyu. Etym: nta- fresh butter T-7545.
niwa5rik sC V. 1) To remove debris
from grain; @L )WaLm( ,MWar MV )WaLm(
MWar. Syn: sudhe5k. 2) To separate ones
own goats or sheep from anothers;
MWar @L )zWd(. 3) To choose, select;
MWar nVaxWY. Syn: ju5Sik; kho}e5k. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rk).
niwa5s dyek o {C V. To sleep with
another mans wife; MWar MWaqs. Syn: zina5
ka5rik.
niwe5}ik V. To write; MVaH. Instr:
kala5m pen. Variant: niwe3%}ik. Etym:
*nipe2s5ayati writes T-7220. Prdm: Class
1 (ka5rik).
niwe5Son N. The first batch of grain
taken from the new years store; MW`N MWY.
ba45i ne athe5s ko5ki adhe5k niwe5Son pSi
a5is. I didnt put down any payment
because I had ground some niwe5Son (and
only the family can eat niwe5Son). [This is
considered to be ritually pure.] See also:
osio5na.
niwe3%San hik
D V. To
menstruate; MWaN qLM OSq. niwe5San
tho, ba}a5li para5w. She began to
menstruate and went to the womens
house. Syn: bew {a5Lik.
niwirk t V. To separate; MWa @L.
pay goST ta5da pa5io tan niwirn. When
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niza5

no5mik

noksa5n ka5rik sD D} V. To
destroy, cause to suffer loss; MWar MVWa.
Syn: nabu5t ka5rik; ta5ba ka5rik.
noksa5n {a5Lik Cw D} V. To suffer
loss; MWa MVWa. may noksa5n {a5Li }au.
I suffered loss. Syn: Dan {uk.
nom N. Name; MWa. Etym: na2%manname T-7067.
nom dek o V. To name someone;
MVaq MWa.
nom nome5k V. 1) To name
someone; MVaq MWa. tu tan pu5traw nom
nome5s day e? Are you naming your own
son? 2) To sing or talk to honor someones
name; ,MWaMVZWX LruWX vDL r MWa M
MWaM nVdV. a }arakat nawa5wan ha5tya
nom nome5m day. I am praising the
Sharakat clan.
nom sa5li D| N. Person with the same
name as another; MWa . a may nom
sa5Li. She has the same name as I.
nom thek T V. 1) To name
someone; MVaq MWa. may pu5tra a5mi nom
tha5i a5is. I named my own son. 2) To make
ones name known; MWaLVa MWa ,MWaMVaWX MWa. tu
biramo5r ka5i, tan nom atha5i. By doing
biramor, you made your own name
known.
nome5k V. 1) To call someone; MWa
MVaVd. 2) To name someone; MVaq MWa. a
may pu5tra afsalbe5k noma5i a5am. I have
named my son Afsalbek. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
nome5k V. To bend a branch down;
MWaMEij. [This is often done to allow goats to
eat leaves.] Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
no5mik V. 1) To bend down (of a
branch); MVaEij. Actor: }oK branch. 2) To
become bent with age; ij ,MWa LruVX
MWaMij. se pu5ra no5mi a5au. He is
completely bent over with age. Etym:
na5mati bends T-6956.

the goats get near the barn they will

separate themselves (each group going to
their own barn). a {e tu pe niwiro5mi
haw, tu tante5 apa5w des, a tante5 apa5w
dem. If we separate you will live by
yourself and I by myself. Past(hearsay):
niwiru5na he/she separated; Caus:
niwa5rik. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
niza5 Cv N. Sword; rsVdWa. Loc: ka{o45i
scabbard. See also: khaKga5r; kata5r;
ca5ku; nira5K. From: Persian.
nize5r tv N. Sight, vision; rWa. tay nize5r
kamzo5r thi }au. Your sight has gotten
weak. From: Arabic.
no Num. Nine; Wa. Etym: na5va nine T6984.
nogo5r s See main entry: naKgo5r.
noho5K N. Monster, dragon; MWd ij
Mmqt@L. Spec: tiriwe5ri dragon. Variant:
naha5K. From: Persian.
nok N. Log hollowed out and used for
channeling water, aqueduct, chute; MWarAW.Y
Etym: na2vya2- navigable stream, stream
T-7083.
nok {a5y Cw N. Water channel made
by hollowing out a log; L MVaWX y ru
MWa.
nokda5r sCp Adv. Again, another time to
correct or finish it; qMWXm. may }a5ma
krom nokda5r kare5li ha5waw. I had to do
this work again. Syn: ghe5ri; niSge5ri.
nokphe5Ti YQ N. Newly-made fields;
Vdqs MVaWX VeWa. nokphe5Ti ka5i a5am.
taLa5y ha5tya {ay ka5am day. I have made
a new field. I am making an irrigation
channel for it.
noksa5n D} N. Loss; MVWa. talman
kha5na goST pre5ki, ta5sa bo noksa5n
ha5waw. When Talaman Khans barn
broke, he suffered great loss. Syn: Dan;
kasa5ra; zia5n; Use: {a5Lik to suffer; ka5rik
to cause to suffer. From: Arabic.
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non

nyo5yak

Adv. Underside; hkVdWa. See also: thar;

send; piST; ru. Etym: niNya5- inner,
hidden, secret T-7187.
no4 dyek o V. To fall on top of;
MVaWdm hkVdWa. muT to no4 praw. The tree fell
on top of her.
no4 hik V. To be hit by a falling
object; ) rsVdik ( MWaN hkVdWa. moc muT
no4 ha5waw. The man was hit by a tree.
no4 wat SC N. Lower grinding stone;
OUMWY M ik M hkVdWa. Whole: {ont, {ontr
water-mill; CPart: thar wa5t upper
millstone; Syn: ustra5w ba5t. Morph: no4
bat.
no45a C Adv. Under; hkVdWa. yaw moc brbo
no4-a paru, yaw mndray uk lase5l.
Either a man goes out under his walnut
trees, or he irrigates his fields. Restrict:
The word no4, being a locative word, very
often occurs as no45a, meaning in an under
(position). Variant: a5ndretha (Urtsun).
no45una D Adv. Below; hkVdW.a
no4pu5r sP N. Lower story or floor in a
Kalasha house; WaMil WZ MWd rsVa ik.
CPart: tharpu5r upper story.
no45a C Adj. New; MVdWa. Ant: La5Zna. Etym:
*navara- new T-7010.
no45a ka5rik sD C V. To make new; MVdWa
MWar. a5bi ek ware5k no4a5 ka5i dur
sawze5k. We will build another new house.
no4athare5k sDTC
V.
To
search
thoroughly for something; Mik d vzWZ
MWar vzWZ r PUWY PUDL ,MWaqM. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
no4ho5n ka5rik sD V. To hoe or
cultivate or weed crops by pick; o
MWar. [This work is typically done by
women.] Instr: u{u4i5
pick. Etym:
*nDa2na- weeding T-7543.
nyo5yak D N. Navel; MWa. Riddle: bat
tha5ra ha3} po: on the stone there is a
horse hoof print. Answer = nyo5yak a

non N. Sap or resin from apricot,

jujube, and almond trees; nWa. [Women
take scin non jujube sap, knead it
mixing it with water and rub it on their
hair to make it smooth and manageable.
Apricot and almond sap is eaten.] Syn:
}ondra5k.
noK N. Monster with one eye; Hij.
Syn: noho5K. See also: a}diha5r.
no} N. Decay, mold, blight, rot; ru
)WaLm(. a5j kaw pha5sil khe3? pruST ka,
khoda5yas me5er. a5j kaw ka go5ik ha5i
yaw no} ne. How were your crops this
year? Not bad, by Gods kindness. This
year the worms did not destroy them, nor
was there much blight. See also: bim.
Adj. 1) Tangled; )M Mm MWd q(
hjVa. Syn: gren tshr; came5n; karo4i%3 k.
2) Sour; MV`. 3) Needing repair (of a
flourmill); OQLril.
no5}ik V. To spoil or ruin
something; MWaquMWX ,MWar OQLril )M(. se
may krom ano5}aw. He spoiled my work.
no} hik V. To get tangled;
MWa hjVa ,MVahjDL Mm. sutr no} thi
}au, a5La sawza5i. The thread has become
tangled; untangle it.
no} udho43% oC N. Blackrot
powder; nWaN M.
noS N. Spout of a teapot or pitcher;
MWa M W` MWd VZVd. Whole: mi}arba5
pitcher. Variant: no}.
no5Sbyu M N. Noshbyu village in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL. Variant:
no5Sbu.
no{a5n Cw Adj. Strange (in the sense of
unknown); XVaij@L. may ha5tya no{a5n
saruu day. He seems strange to me.
no{ane5k Cw V. To regard or treat as a
stranger; MVaWaMij XVaij@L ,MVaWaMhkWY Wa. e5mi ne
no{ane5n. They dont regard (you) as a
stranger.

no4

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nyo5yak idro43% spC

cord; MWa hkWX.

persons navel; Whole: jhan, jhand

body. Etym: na2%bhi- navel, nave of
wheel T-7062.

omn
N. Umbilical

o
C Intj. Oh!; L. se ma5iLa ki, o, may
nogo5r kimo5n }i}o5yak. He said, Oh,
how beautiful my palace is!
-o - Sfx. 1) Contrast, on the other hand.
ma5gam ba5cas tre chu a5sta. pu5tr-o ne
a5sta. But the king had three daughters. He
didnt have a son (on the other hand). a5-ta
mo3%aa waLmo5c, mo3%-o ware5gin waLmo5c.
I, on one hand, am my uncles goatherd.
My uncle, on the other hand, is some other
peoples goatherd. CPart: -ta1 on the one
hand. 2) Marker of information which has
had previous reference in the context. u5k-o
gere5s ne, {o5ntr-o uja5n. Repair the water
channels, fix the mill! (Both water and mill
had been mentioned previously). [This is
used quite a bit like the definite article in
English.]
-oce5t Vd- Vsfx. 1) OK? pruST do3y
% o3,
ghe5ri ctik-oche5t. Ok then, lets think
again about it, OK? 2) Repeatedly. n-oce
in day. They keep on coming. se moc
mon del-oce del day. That man keeps
on talking. Variant: -oce5; -ocha5n.
o5c4cay DehC N. Green tea; eMik rsVXy. Gen:
cay tea. Variant: o5c cay.
o5c4um hC N. Storage place under house for
food-goods, cellar; WaMil WZ Lm. Syn:
muliste5yni.
o5c4um dur so hC N. Trapdoor leading
into the storage cellar; M WaMil WZ Lm
qsLqm.
o5gaLa DC Adv. Down there, downhill; ,hkVdWa
LrWZDL. kraka45ta a5la, hoTo5lo o5gaLa. Krakal

is up, the hotel is down. CPart: a5la up

there.
ogoe5k C Pron. Each other; WdL
m. te ogoe5gin som kha5ca. They are
at odds with each other. Riddle: du
baba5wt, ogoe5k ne pa5}in: two sisters
who cant see each other. Answer = ec
eyes. Morph: ogoe5g.
o5ho C Intj. Oh! Thats too bad!; DL ,@L

MWZ MVZyHL rWY VaVaEy Xil rWX Wd(

)__. o5ho, }um hu5La, pho5pho. Oh, thats

bad, Im sorry!
oho5nik C V. To snatch away, take
away by force; MVaVaVdik. a ta5sa pi kala5m
oho5nis. I grabbed the pen from him.
Restrict: The source is marked by pi, -ani,
or -aw from. Syn: po5ncik.
-ok C- Sfx. Broth, soup, water, syrup,
sauce; ahlWd ,MWY. aZa45i-ok. Stewed
apricots. mos-o5k. Meat broth. uts-o5k.
Spring water. [This suffix includes
anything mixed with water and is not
limited to foods. For example, baSiko5k is
rain water (as in puddles).]
ok ka5rik sD C V. To vomit; MWar .
Syn: bo5mik.
oLa5r sC N. Stomach (the organ); ,ruijL
n. Whole: jhan, jhand body. See
also: kuc.
omn C Adj. True; dN. tay mon omn
ha5waw. Your word has come true.
Variant: amn. From: Arabic.
omn bay DL C Intj. You are right,
May it be so!; qMVX dil. [This is said in
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o5ndru uchunde5k

o5nza
ponjtra five days from today; Past1:
doS yesterday; Past2: atrli day before
yesterday; Past3: atrli Sumbe5ri a5dua
three days ago. 2) Now; WX@L. [This word
has this sense especially when prefixed by
}- right (now).] Ques: kay2 when?;
Syn: di2; the5di; a5jo. Variant: ha5nja
(Urtsun). Etym: adya5 today T-242.
o5nja co5pa ka5rik sD DPd D]C Id. To
put off for future action; VZ ,MWar fjN
MWar. o5nja co5pa ka5i krom mo thawa5i.
Dont put off work and leave it for later!
o5njeSTa DY]C Adj. 1) Holy, ritually pure,
sacred, taboo; MWY. o5njeSTa mos istr{a
ne {un. Women do not eat sanctified
meat. Restrict: Only men, immature boys
and goats can be o5njeSTa. Some things
thought of as intrinsically o5njeSTa are:
honey, wine, snow, spring water, flour,
juniper and male goat meat. Women
cannot be o5njeSTa. Ant: pra5gata; ma45ka;
Trka; Syn: suc; saLitak. 2) Special,
unique; Mil. [A goat with furry growths,
DanDe5k, on the sides of its neck is
considered o5njeSTa. If corn or wheat has
two heads in one ear, or two bunches from
one stalk, they are considered o5njeSTa. It is
thought good to make a sacrifice if such a
thing is found and then ones crops will be
blessed.] Variant: o5njiSTa.
-o5nu hik C- Vsfx. Passive. kar-onu
hu. It will be done. tay khat may
SaTawa5i niwe}-o5nu ha5waw. Your letter
was written by me. Restrict: This is
suffixed to the verb root or to the causative
suffix. See also: -un park.
o5nza CvC N. Griddle, fry pan; LWZ. [This is
slightly convex and about 1.5 ft. in
diameter. The bread is cooked on the
convex side.]

reply to a congratulations greeting on the

birth of baby boy.]
o5ndru uchunde5k pdC spC V. To
bring out a newborn infant from the
menstrual house; nWX m OSMy wzWeLnVdWY
MWaMm Va M hkWX. [This is done
seven days after birth. Before this the
infant is not seen outside of the menstrual
house. After ten days they give the infant
its first bath and take it home.] See also:
acha5mbi.
o5nDrak CsrC N. Egg; pWa@L. [According to
strict Kalasha religion, the eating of
chickens and eggs is forbidden. Nowadays
this is only observed by a few.] Riddle:
}}a patsha5to, {uba5ram: glass container,
edible. Answer = o5nDrak an egg; Syn:
ayu5kun; Degrad: Tur spoiled; Create:
thek to lay. Variant: ha5nDrak (Urtsun).
Etym: a2NDa5- egg T-1111.
o5nDran dyek o CsrC V. To cut or rip
open with a knife; MWaquMWY r qM y rik.
Syn: tra4i5 k; Instr: caku5 knife.
o5nik C V. To bring something
inanimate somewhere; MWa )rsVdik(. Anim:
halk bring something (animate).
Variant: an- (Urtsun (M)). Etym: a2%nayati
leads forward, fetches T-1174. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
o5nuni C N. Container, or something in
which to carry something; d wij N
d VZy WdrsVdik.
o5nja D]C Adv. 1) Today; fjN. onja5 a5a e?
Greetings! (as said to the person addressed
as they arrive (lit: you came today, did
you?)). Proverb: onja5aw krom co5pa
ha5tya mo hsti. Dont put off till
tomorrow todays work; Syn: aj a5dua;
Future1: co5pa tomorrow; Future2:
ware5}a day after tomorrow; Future3:
tor}a three days from today; Future4:
cawtra four days from today; Future5:
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oKg

oS

oKg C N. Thigh, leg; WaMW` ,Lq. Whole:

jhan, jhand body. Variant: aK (Urtsun
(M)). Etym: a5Kga- limb T-114.
oKga5c4a DhDC N. Raspberry; rWX vAq.
[These are thought to enrich the blood.]
Gen: me3w
% a fruit.
or sC N. Foundation; mMVdVaWX. Create: bhnik
to lay; grik to lay.
or bhnik L sC V. To lay a
foundation of a structure; MVaq mMVdVaWX.
or grik t sC V. To lay a foundation
of a structure; MVaq mMVdVaWX. may du5rey or
grik baS co5po. I must lay the foundation
for my house tomorrow.
or wat SC sC N. Foundation stones;
mMVdVaWX HVay. Morph: or bat.
orgo5c csC N. Orgoch, a village between
Ayun and Chitral; LZik q@L WdN
M MVdqm. Variant: argic (Rumbur).
orgoca5nu DdsC N. Resident from
Orgoch; L Vaq M fkqL. Variant:
ra5cika (Rumbur).
-o5ri s- Vsfx. Let, wish, may; MWa qWY.
}iau-o5ri. Let it be! hiu-o5ri. Let it happen!
Restrict: This is suffixed to the full verb
form. Syn: }au }aLa5y. Variant: -ora.
osani D|C N. Handkerchief; Mq.
osani gri, ru drKkik. We wipe our
faces with handkerchiefs.
o5si
|C Adv. Last night; OSLq . doS o5si
ha5tya o5si gho3%ik. For yesterday-night we
say o5si. See also: osakas.
osakas {DD|C N. Evening time from
seven to ten oclock; Myz. su5da }atara5
osakas Du5Dikas ba5ti inkha5r ka5i a5sau.
The boy refused to sleep (there) that
evening. Syn: rat; tro5mi}; Whole: bas1
day. See also: o5si.
osio5na D|C N. The last amount of grain
before ones supply is finished; J
PRVd rilN. ba45i ne athe5s ko5ki adhe5k
osio5na pSi a5is. I didnt put down any

flour payment down because I had ground

some of our last wheat (and there was not
enough). See also: niwe5Son.
osta5r sDU|C N. Mood; PSVdVX. may osta5r
ne hu day. I am not in the mood (for
doing anything). Syn: ta5biat; ze5hen.
osta5s {DU|C N. Teacher of lessons in
school; mMVZyDL. Syn: maSTe5r; jhonawa5w.
From: Persian.
osta5t SDU|C N. Master of a craft or skill;
mMVZyDL ,rWdqM. [The distinction between
osta5s and osta5t, is not agreed on by all.]
Syn: jhona5w.
Adj. Skilled; nVarVaE. osta5t moch
bado5k }ekha5i sawze5l. A skilled smith
makes an axe by pounding it into shape.
From: Persian.
o} C Adj. Cold; LpVaW`. Syn: ka5Tar;
tramo5na; tsrekh; Ant: oS; pec4; duwdu5w;
iSpo5na; huLu5k; Max: ka4k extremely.
N. Snow, ice; rWX. o} tha5ra mo pa5ri,
tay i}lage5l. Dont go out on the ice, it will
make you slip. Etym: avas5ya2- hoar-frost,
dew T-855.
o} ga43ha5ba DLDJ C N. Icicle, ice; ij
rWX. adhe5k wat pSTawo o} ga43ha5ba
hu. It will become ice after a little time.
See also: uk; thuk; ga43ha5ba.
o} grik t C V. To freeze; )rWX(
MVaij. uk o} gri }au. The water has
become frozen. Reversive: bilik to melt.
o} ka5rik sD wC V. To become cold;
MVa m. may o} ka5i }au. aKga5r
ta5pam day. I am cold. I am warming
myself in the fire. Syn: bis grik; tramo5na
ka5rik.
o}e5k C V. To cool off, make cold;
MWar LpVaW`. Ant: pec4e5k; oSe5k. Prdm:
Causative (sawze5k).
oS C Adj. 1) Hot; r. au5 oS thi }au. The
bread is hot (ready to turn). onza5 oS th
}iau. The griddle is hot enough to make
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oSa5la

pace5k

DC N. Cream (from boiled milk);

. [This is made by boiling milk, and

oSa5la

bread. Ant: o}; Syn: pec4; iSpo5na;

duwdu5w; Max: ka4k. 2) Angry (especially
of ancestors); KV. a5sa ha5tya wa5was
gehe5naw oS th }iau. His grandfather
has become angry with him. [This is said
as a possible cause of sickness or some
trouble.]
oS grik t C V. To get singed;
MVaij. aKga5r bha5suna mo nis tay
pira5nuna oS griu. Dont sit close to the
fire, your shirt will get singed. Syn: ku4
grik.
oS hik C V. To get angry. Syn:
ka5har ka5rik; aKga5r hik; thun hik;
kaha5ri hik; rhoS ka5rik.
oSe5k C V. To heat something; r
MWar. a5u oSe5m day. I am heating the food.
Adj: duwdu5w hot; oS hot to touch/eat;
Syn: pec4e5k; Ant: o}e5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).

letting it set overnight. The cream rises to

the top.] Syn: tre43.
oSa5rik sDC V. To complain, protest,
voice grievance, accuse, tell on someone;
MWar PSWdMyz. se may ba5ti ta5sa kay oSa5ri
a5sta. He complained about me to him. Syn:
giLa5i ka5rik.
oSwa5Li CC Adj. Pregnant (of women);
Mi. se oSwa5Li thi a5au. She has
become pregnant. [It is more acceptable to
say that a woman is gra5nu, or dur gehe5n,
than the very direct oSwa5Li. hala5un park
is also a very acceptable way to refer to
pregnancy.] Syn: uzurda5r hik; gra5nu;
umetwa5r; dur gehe5n. See also: hala5un
pa5rik; jahtrumi.

o43
o43%a

Adj. Strange; PQVdhj. o43%a mon des.

You speak strange words.

DC N. Cuff of shalwar; qLyz

hkVaVdWeMWY. bhut o43%Kga. Shalwar cuff. Whole:

CC

o43%Kga

bhut2 shalwar. Variant: u4K

3 a4;5 o43Ka45.

p
N. Wooden milking pail; M ru
Matl: brbo walnut wood. See
also: gonDa5Li.
pa2
DP V. Go (root of park that is used as a
base for participial suffixes); Mij. tara5
pa-io, sem pe brbo c4ho43a5w a5is haw,
sem uSTu. Having gone there, if he
himself is a walnut harvester, he himself
will climb the tree. [This is the form of this
pa1

DP
WZrWX.

root which occurs before participial

suffixes.]
pacawa5Li CDdDP N. Payment for cooking;
MWar Lm@L VME M LWY. [Given to those
who help cook for a childs initiation
ceremony in the winter festival.]
pace5k d DP V. 1) To cook; MWaMWY. may ja
da45u pace5l, {u5kas ha5tya. My wife will
cook beans for us to eat. Syn: haLe5k;
wiSe5k. 2) Burn; MWaij. su5ri may huLuke5n
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pacha5n

pahare5s
kind of woodpecker; gonaTa5k a kind of
woodpecker; tro5mi} waZ%yak bat;
sa5ga} eagle; kru43 raven; cunjo4k
magpie; piKga5k a small reddish bird;
tsirih%tyek sparrow-like bird; cilKgi
sparrow; paywa5Lak drongo bird; ka4ga45
crow;
ta5us
peacock;
sonac4h
pheasant; sra43 dhoma5k swallow;
kanjo43% a blackbird; cu4enk a blackbird;
ja43he5stik walnut-eating bird; dawa
jaLa%yak a kind of sacred bird. Variant:
pac4he3%yak. Etym: pakSn- winged T7636.
pade5k oDP V. To cause to break wind; mMWY
MWa PSijMi . Lac4hak da4u5 pade5n. Red
beans cause you to break wind. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
pa5dik oDP V. To break wind; MWaqM mMWY.
Etym: pa5rdate2 farts T-7933. Prdm:
Class 2 (ma5trik).
pagiza5 CvDP Adj. Clean, clear; ,MV
rsVdMWY. [This is said of grain from which
the stones have been removed.] Syn:
sapha5; pak Ant; naz; nazigu5sti; phalt;
ghusgha5p; wa4klo5ti. From: Persian.
pagizag CvDP N. Cleanliness; rsVdMWY.
paha5n DDP N. Deep place; L. bo
paha5nay mo pa5ri. Dont go in the very
deep part! Ant: bi{a5r; tharka. See also:
kudhu5m; gurgu5nT; khuS.
paha5ra CsDDP Rel. Direction, side, towards;
PS ,rWY ,rWY. se rat paha5ra kay ta
aya5. He came here at night. du moc
phond paha5ra aKga5r thi paro5n. Two
men went very fast along the road. See
also: gehe5n.
pahare5s ~sDDP N. Diet or activity
restriction for medical or religious reasons,
fast; rsVdrWY. From: Persian.
pahare5s ka5rik sD ~sDDP V. 1) To
restrict ones diet for medical or religious
reasons; MWar rsVdrWY. [Such foods as

pak paca5aw. The sun really burned me

from the heat. Past(hearsay): paca5la
he/she cooked it; Max: pak2. Etym:
pa2ca5yati causes to be cooked T-8028.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pacha5n DdDP Adj. Out of sight, hidden; OU@L.
dhe5nta ho5ma ha5tya pacha5n }an. The
mountains are hidden from our view. Ant:
were5k; jhona5wak; pa}u5nyak.
pacha5n ka5rik sD DdDP V. To hide
something; MWaMVYEik. may ec tay ha5tya
pacha5n a5ris. I hid my eyes from you.
[This verb is also used euphemistically to
refer to someones burial.] Ant: were5k
ka5rik.
pacho45ik dDP N. Butterfly, moth; VZHWZ.
See also: kamu5; ka5Li ma3jo43%i. Variant:
bac4ho45ik; pache5yik. Etym: pakSa5- wing,
feather, fin, shoulder, side T-7627.
pa5cik dDP V. 1) To ripen; MVaWY. gu5um
pa5ciu day. Wheat is ripening. 2) To cook;
MVaWY. Past(hearsay): pa5ciLa it ripened.
Etym: pacya5te2 is cooked, is digested,
becomes ripe T-7654. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
pac4 gDP N. 1) Feather; rAW.Y Restrict: When
this is used in compounds, it becomes wac4.
2) Quill, spine of a porcupine; MV`WaM M Vdy.
Variant: pac4h; wac4. Etym: pakSa5- wing,
feather, fin, shoulder, side T-7627.
pac4e5w hDP N. Stick like a golf-club for
playing snow golf; M VaVd M fr M
N M ru. Syn: gaLu5tsun.
pac4e5w gaL D hDP See main entry: pin,
pinD.
pac4h%yak DhDP N. Bird (generic word);
MWdruik. Spec: tsire43% parrot; uhu5k owl;
jiaTo5k bird, a kind; gorwe5lik vulture;
koho5w
dove;
kaLahu5r
pigeon;
bubu5yak hoopoe; TiTayo5K oriole;
sayu5ru} hawk; manDawa5r kite or
hawk; wa5ra} hawk, falcon; do5ndSiS a
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paha5rik

paLahe5k

pak dyik o DP V. To step, put

ones foot down; MVaq MWY.
pak thek T DP V. To put under ones
feet; MVaq MWY. a post pak tha5i,
monDa5i batyo5st ka5i a5am. I have made a
leather bag by working the leather with my
feet.
pakno45 DP N. The sole of the foot; LWZ.
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
paka5 man D DDP N. Measure of twenty
baTi (about 50 kg); A M H vMhkWY. [One
baTi is equal to 2.5 kg.] See also: kaca5
man. From: Urdu.
pa5ki DP N. Dried wood; MWd PSilqm MEy
ru. Syn: grek.
pakt UDP N. Cooked rice or a cooked mix
of rice and some other grain; e eMWY
Mik. Syn: grinj; }al.
paktu5ri sUDP N. The sunny side of a valley
or area; M VaMy fjqy. kraka45
paktu5ri. Krakal is a sunny place. CPart:
nicha5k shady side. Variant: paktu5l.
palarga5 DsDP N. The summer village of
Palarga in upper Rumbur Valley; mL
M WdL M qVXq.
palawa5n CDP N. Wrestler, hero, strong
man; LWY. From: Persian.
pali}Te5k YDP N. Plastic bag; V`yWY.
Variant: pala}Tu5k. From: English.
pa5lum DP N. 1) Fine or broken pieces,
crumbs; ruW`. 2) Small money change;
xVdWY E. ek }or rupa5yuna pa5lum }an
e ne? Do you have change of one hundred
rupees or not? Syn: punDu5irak.
Adj. Small; rsWdq. Syn: chu5tyak.
pa5lum ka5rik sD DP V. To break,
pound, cut into small pieces; MWar ruW`.
Syn: dru5Kkik.
palu5n DP N. Western style pants (trousers);
VZWY. See also: bhut2. From: English.
paLahe5k DP V. To cause or help to
flee; MWaMWX. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

tomatoes, peppers, butter milk, sour fruit,

or other sour things are avoided in order
to get well from some sickness or bodily
pain. It also means going without eggs and
chicken meat during a religious festival in
order to remain ritually pure.] See also:
ro5ci grik. 2) To refrain from doing things
that would make one ritually impure. [This
entails such things as refraining from
marital relations for three to ten days
during cawmo5s the winter festival and
from touching Muslims.]
paha5rik sDDP N. Boil, abscess; ,VaWY
LquWY. paha5rik nih }au. A boil has come
out (here). Syn: ta{ya5n. See also: ustu5r;
}oTha5yak.
pa5i
DP V. Going (participial form of park
to go); rMij. Restrict: This is the
irregular present participle of park to go.
pak1 DP Adj. Clean, pure, holy; MWY. ey,
pak parwadiga5r tu khayr ka5ri. Oh Holy
God, do (us) good! Syn: pagiza5; sapha5;
Ant: naz; wa4klo5ti; ghusgha5p. From:
Urdu.
pak2 DP Adv. Extremely, completely; PSWX.
pak go5ra. Extremely white. pik go5irak
Snow-white. [This adverb and some of the
synonyms listed below have diminutive
forms which modify the diminutive forms of
adjectives (as in the example above). The
exact difference between the meaning of
the diminutive form and the normal form is
not known. It may refer to the relative size
of the noun being described in the context.]
Dim: pik; Syn: bekh; sak; pu5ra; blkul;
cap; c4ap; phu; prak; trap; tyap; phak;
phaS; c4aw; }aw; su5ja; tap; khuS2; di};
kha5ca; Tam; Lam; Lap; ba4K; ka4k; Zham;
namakn; bo.
pak3 DP N. The sole of the feet; M MWY
LWZ. Morph: pag. Etym: padga- afoot
T-7766.
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paLa5ik

panda5r

paLa5ik DP V. To flee, run away; MVaMWX.

Da5ran a5aw pe ha5w, a paLa5am. If a
flood comes, I will flee. Etym: pa5la2yate2
flees T-7955. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
paLa5rik sDP V. To sharpen as with a
hone, to bring to a point; MWar rsVdWZ qMm. a
caku5 paLa5rim day. I am sharpening the
knife. Instr: bat stone; Proverb:
kakbo5yas raw samla5t mo paLa5ri.
Dont be proud and angry like a leopard
(lit: Dont sharpen your mustache like a
leopard). Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
paLa5w DP N. 1) Apple; PQVdy. Gen: me3w
% a
fruit. 2) Apple tree; PSilqm M PQVdy. Gen:
muT tree. Etym: pa2Tali- Bignonia or
Stereospermum suaveolens T-8034.
paLaw DP N. Partner in a dairy
cooperative; WZMy M MWX . a may
paLe5y. This is my milk partner. [In this
cooperative, one partner will work (make
cheese) while the other one rests or does
something else.] Variant: paLe5y.
paLaw hik DP V. To join in a
dairy partnership; MVaVaWX WZMy M MWX J.
ka5as mo5cay mi}e5s ne, yaw ka5as som
paLaw his ne? Why dont you mix, or
become a partner in someones dairy?
paLazk uDP N. Dew, moisture; VaVXy.z
kha5say paLazk th ma3u5cak th }ian.
huLu5kuna {a adhe5k su5ri paru, to5a e5Li
udrman ata5i tha5a. o5nja pe atha5li
haw, e5li trak hin. The dew collecting in
the grass (makes it) soft. Until noon some
sun will shine on it, then take it inside and
store it. If you store it now, it will spoil.
Syn: peSgha5r. See also: krik }u5ak.
pa5Lik DP V. 1) To fall (of animate or
inanimate things); MWar. Syn: SiSirk; phaw
bihoTk. 2) To fall in an abstract sense;
MVaxVaWY )d xz(. a bhala5una pa5Li
a5am. I have fallen into a problem.
Past(hearsay): pa5LiLa he/she fell; Past:

a5taw he fell. Etym: pa5tati flies, falls

T-7722. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
paLncak DeDP Adj. Thin (of things like
cloth and paper); WdqMWX ,VZWY. Ant: bos.
paLuni DP N. Hook or hotpad for
handling hot things; L WaMW`DL WZrWX r
LruVY. Syn: awa5runi.
paLu5 DP N. 1) Magician; rEmMij. a5sa pa5Lu
ka, ec bho5niu day. He is not a
magician, he merely makes it look like
that. Syn: jaduga5r; gec bota5k. 2) Snake
charmer; ij.
pana5 DDP N. Splint; fkMVY. a i}le5ygi may
khur pelaTa5i a5am. may khu5runa pana5
SaTa5ik baS. I slipped and turned my ankle.
Now I need to put a splint on it.
pana5 dek o DDP V. To shelter a refugee,
give refuge to; MVanWaMWX fkMVY ,MVaWdm MVaWY. a
ta5sa pana5 pra. I gave him refuge. From:
Persian.
panda5r
panda5r grik t sCpDP V. To receive
aid in payment of a debt; mn rsVdik We
MVaVd rWY q. CPart: panda5r ka5rik to give
aid in debt payment. See also: dec grik.
panda5r ha5rik sD sCpDP V. To take
help from someone else to fulfill an
obligation; MVaVd rWY q mn rsVdik . a
tay pi tupe5k panda5r ha5i a5am. I have
borrowed a gun from you. CPart: panda5r
ka5rik.
panda5r ka5rik sD sCpDP V. To give aid
to someone paying a debt; MVaWdm mn. a tay
ha5tya ek tupe5k panda5r a5ris. I gave a
gun for you (as part of the bride-price
which you had to give). [This is usually
done within a family or clan when one
person will give something to help his
relative give the full bride-price to get
married. Both will keep it in mind as help
which may need to be repaid some day.]
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pandr

parcik

CsDP V. Cry out in great distress;

MWaIik Vd VdHWZ.
para5Tik XCsDP V. To change in appearance;
MWa WdnVXWZ yz. a tay bo wat ne pa5}i

para5}ik

CPart: panda5r grik; panda5r ha5rik. See

also: dec dek.
pandr tpDP N. A kind of aged cheese; MWaLrWY
dVaWY. Gen: chaman cheese. From:
Persian.
panja5 dyek o D]DP V. 1) To pat
someone; MVaWdm VYWZ. se ta5sa panja5
praw. He patted him (on the back).
2) Congratulate someone; MVaWdm mLm.
panu5s {DP N. Tray; MWZ. From: Khowar.
par sDP Adv. Last year, long ago; hkWY
My. a par aya5 ta a5is. I came here last
year.
Adj. 1) Last, previous. par kaw. Last
year. par he5man. Last winter. 2) Great(as used in kinship terms). par a5wa.
Great-grandmother. See also: aj kaw.
Etym: paru5t last year T-7907.
par a5wa CE sDP KT. Great-grandmother
(father or mothers grandmother); ,mLm rWY
MWa rWY. CPart: nawa5w great-grandchild.
par wa5wa CC sDP KT. Great-grandfather
(father or mothers grandfather); rWY ,LmLm rWY
MWaMWa. CPart: nawa5w great-grandchild.
paraLak DCsDP N. Fancy fringe on woven
belts; Wd@L M qMWa wzWa OSqEVWXEil
__ MWZMij MWdMVaWX rWY VdV`WY ij WaEWa. [These
are colorful patterned bound tassels that
are put on }uma5n pant-ties, and similar
bands or belts.] See also: Dha3%}ak.
paranTho5 YCsDP N. Virile male goat (about
two years old); M r mMWdqs y My m
LrWX. Species: pay goat.
para5nu CsDP Adj. Old (of things); MWaLrEWY. }a
brbo muT bo para5nu. This walnut tree is
very old. Syn: La5Zna. From: Khowar.
paraKgase5k |DCsDP V. To celebrate.
1) celebrate; MWaMVa ,MWaqLrs. kawsa5Kgaw
pruST ka5i paraKgase5mi. We celebrated
the festival very well. Syn: parwaze5k.
2) To see off; MWar PSVilq. Syn:
parwaze5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).

a5is. tu bo para5TiLa his. I havent seen

you for a long time, it seems you have
changed very much.
parca5m DdsDP N. Head hair; qs. parca5m
sawze5k. To comb ones hair. See also:
ca5war.
parc dsDP N. Admittance slip or other kind
of authorizing paper; ikrWY. Variant:
parca5. From: Urdu.
parda5 CosDP N. 1) Curtain; mrWY. aya5 u5STi aya5
ta, a5ma parda5 aLa5y a5ris e, a5tra day
laTe5n paro5n. I got up and came over here
and when I opened the curtain I saw
lanterns going over there. 2) Cataract (of
the eye); MVdWZ )M WaN(. 3) Veil; OQMWa.
From: Persian.
par sDP N. Fairy; rWY. [Among other
things it is believed that these cause people
to be sick. It is also believed that they have
wings. They live in the mountain of
Trichmir. Some say that people who are
loved by them become insane and
eventually die. Some say that their wives
are the su5ci fairy. There are thought to
be both good and bad fairies.] Syn: su5ci.
From: Persian.
pari {u5ni w sDP N. Person possessed
by a spirit; VdiEq nWX Vd wHij. Syn:
burtun {u5ni. See also: za5ra} {u5ni hik.
parcik esDP V. To sift flour or grain;
MVaWaMik )MW`N( ,MVaWaMik )(. pare5c gri, at
parcin. They take the flour sieve and sift
the flour. Instr: pare5c sieve. Etym:
*parive2cya- to be sifted T-7882.2.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
pare5c fsDP N. Sieve; aik. [The grain
sieve is made from strips of juniper bark
and is quite large. It is classified as being
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parie5k

parwar} ka5rik
patia5li; jaKga5l. See also: machiLo5y. Etym:
paralo2ka- the next world T-7799g.
partawe5k DTsDP V. To throw with force;
MVaVaVdWY y qqs. c4hir ga45ay dya5io
bire3l% eyo drama kay hsti partawa5i.
Put milk on the necks of the kids and throw
the males up on the roof with force (so
theyll reach it). Syn: hstik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
parthe5k TsDP V. To keep animals in one
place; ,MVaq q ij Wd@L qWaMij
MVaq q. e5li pay partha5i paruna mo
de. Keep the goats in one place, dont let
them go out. [Shepherds do this to keep
their animals from mixing with another
flock.] Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pa5ruka ka5rik sD DsDP V. To neglect or
fail to care for anothers property, be
partial; MWar WdrWZ. may pay pa5ruka mo
ka5ri. Dont neglect to care for my goats
(while treating your goats well).
parwa5 CsDP N. Worry, care, concern; LrWY.
Syn: }emk; gam; peri}a5ni (Sa5Tik);
awiza5n (hik). See also: bey-dawa5. From:
Persian.
parwa5 ka5rik sD CsDP V. To worry, be
concerned; MWar LrWY ,MWar r. parwa5
mo ka5ri. Dont worry!
parwana5 DCsDP N. Moth; WaLrWY. See also:
kamu5. From: Persian.
parwana5 hik DCsDP V. To become
infatuated; MWa WaLrWY yzM. Syn: a}e5k
hik.
parwardiga5r sDosCsDP N. The Creator God;
qMmqrWY. ey, pak parwardiga5r tu khayr
ka5ri. Oh Holy God, do (us) good! Syn:
khoda5y;
male5k;
DziLa
Diza5w;
paydagara5w. From: Persian.
parwar} ka5rik sD sCsDP V. To be
hospitable to someone, to take care of
someone; MWar vzqrWY ,MWar PSnil.
ajho5na pruST ka5i parwar} ka5ra. Be

o5njeSTa ritually pure and is kept in the

goat shed.] Use: dyek to use; Spec: at
pare5c flour sieve; phaLk pare5c grain
sieve. Etym: *parive2cana- sifting T7882.
parie5k sDP V. To cause to go, ejaculate;
MWar ilLm ,MVaLo. [The only object used
with this verb is bi sperm.] Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
park sDP V. 1) To go (of animate or lifelike things); MWaMij. u5gas para5. Im going
(to get) some water. ta5sa baza5ray pa5i bo
wat ha5waw. Hes been gone to the market
a long time. Onset: Tham; srap; Caus:
parie5k. 2) To flow; MVaWX. {a5yani uk paru
day. The water is flowing in the channel.
Syn: ka5sik. 3) To go in an abstract sense;
MWaruWY )d fky(. se ba5ta so5cas mo5cay
pa5i a5au. She began to think.
Aux. 1) Passive; MWaMij. o5nja ta pruST,
moc sapra5un paru day. kay ne pe
ku5ra ha5wan haw, tay kay ma5am. Its
all right for now, men can be obtained.
Whenever I cannot find anyone, I will let
you know. 2) Completely; MWaMij. pha5silo
}e3he3% thi, du5i paro5n. Since the crops
were like that (without water) they
completely burned up. may kirmc
purpu5r thi paro5n. My tennis shoes
completely came apart. Past(hearsay):
ga5La he/she went. Etym: gata5- gone T4008; pa5raiti goes, goes away T-7914.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
pariLo5y sDP N. Place where fairies and
evil spirits live, a wild, forsaken place;

MVa, WdMy M PSWdrWY OSEWX Mij ij

Vaij. pay jaKga5lay ni a5is. kawa5y

pariLo5i paro5n haw te, ka jho5nik. I

took the goats into the woods. Who knows
if they went to where the fairies live or
what happened to them. Syn: behaba5n;
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parwaze5k

paSn
pruST la, la3ST. Where are you taking your
flock this year? Every year I take my flock
to Pastiret itself. There it is good and easy.
Gen: son summer pasture.
pa}, pa}t VDP ,DP N. Ribs; xWY. Whole:
jhan, jhand body. Etym: pa5rs5u- rib
T-7948; pa2rs5va5- region of the ribs, side
T-8118.
pa}e5k DP V. To show, point out
something; MWaMHm. Etym: *pa2sa5 yati
shows T-8134. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
pa5}ik DP V. 1) To see; MVaWdm. See also:
jage5k; jie5k; ZoK hik. 2) To visit someone;
MVa. Comp: ta5da kay bo pa5}ik to be
jealous.; Past(hearsay): pa5}iLa he/she
saw; pa5}tya he/she saw. Etym: pa5sy
5 ati
sees T-8012. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
pa}u5nyak DDP Adj. In view; ,VL
MWdMWa. Syn: were5k; jhona5wak; dre3S; Ant:
pacha5n.
pa}na5 DDP N. The stock of a rifle; ,LnVaD
KVi hkWY M nVaWX. Syn: kunda5k.
paS DP N. Fleece, sheeps wool; DL.
Etym: pa5kSman- eyelashes T-7638
(may be < Ir.).
paS cew d DP N. Dress woven from
wool; ruVY DL.
paS ko5nDuni r DP N. Spindle used
to spin wool; WZ. [This is shorter than a
sut La5uni spindle for spinning strands.]
Syn: tra5ku. See also: sut La5uni.
paSawa5Si CDDP Adj. Soft like wool; @L
rWa fr . Syn: ma43u5cak; phla}; pra}1;
Ant: DaK.
paSme5La DP Adj. Wool-bearing; DL
)ruVdWX( L. [This is only said of sheep.]
See also: jacme5La.
paSn DP N. Heel; ruWdL. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. Etym: pa2%rSni- heel T8124.

hospitable to your guests. Syn: ada5p

ka5rik. From: Persian.
parwaze5k uCsDP V. 1) To spend,
celebrate, observe; MWaqLrs ,MWaMVa. a5bi {o5}i
pruST ka5i parwaze5mi. We had a good
time celebrating Joshi. Syn: paraKgase5k;
}okse5k. 2) To see off; MWar PSVilq. a
ajho5na pruST ka5i parwaze5s. I saw off
my guest in style. Syn: paraKgase5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
pas {DP N. Chest, breasts; Mik. Whole:
jhan, jhand body; Syn: kro4. Morph:
paz. From: Khowar.
pas hik {DP V. To pass (in an
examination or test); OQMVdM ,MWa vMWY
MWa. Ant: phel hik. From: English.
pas, past V|DP ,{DP Adj. Low, lowdown;
hkVdWa ,PSxWY. baza5 past ka5ri. Put your
hand down low! Ant: hu5taLa. From:
Persian.
pastanadre5k ka5rik sD soDDU|DP V.
Childrens game like jacks played with
pebbles; hkWX L WaMij Vd y WdrVa
Vd WdL M. [This is done by throwing up
a stone, twisting the hand or striking the
ground, and then catching the stone.] Gen:
Labe45 game. Variant: paspanadre5k;
spandra5k.
pasta5rik sDU|DP V. To stretch out;
MWaVdWY. }en jaga5i, khur pasta5ri. }ay
jaga5io, gak Lasa5i First examine the bed,
then stretch out your feet! First check out
the pasture, then release the cows [The
example is the equivalent of the English
proverb, Look before you leap!]
past U|DP N. Storehouse for food-goods;
Lm M WY q@L Lqil. Etym: pastyadwelling T-8017.
pastire5t VtU|DP N. Pastiret high pasture;
MLrik WdL PSWdqVXWX mL. a5j kaw
pay ka5wa ha5tya nis day? a5o may te
har ka5La pastiretm ha5tya nim. tara5
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paSu5k

paTake5k

someone; MWar VX. se to patia5w. He

accepted him. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
pati}o5i TDP N. River, ocean; ,MWdqm
qnVa. Syn: babayu5k; dariya5. See also:
samanda5r.
patwili TDP N. Wedge holding plough
tooth in the plough; rhkWY. Matl: mrac4
mulberry wood; Whole: haw1 plough.
See also: kyu.
pato4 TDP N. 1) Bark (of a tree); Mik. Syn:
le5nDu. 2) Skin (of fruit); Mik.
patre5w pace5k dDP tTDP V. To give a lot
of trouble to; MVaWdm VdWZ mMWdqs PSWX. tara5
bu5mbur tay patre5w paca5an. The wasps
made a lot of trouble for you then.
patr tTDP N. Bandage, adhesive tape; KV`W.Y
pa5tua CTDP N. Muslims; ,Mx LZik
Mx.
pa5tyak DTDP N. Sash or garland made with
a variety of designs; MV`WY M r MW`ik.
[This sash is typically given during {o5}i
the spring festival and is wider than
usual and beautiful. It is made on a loom.]
Gen: }uma5n decorative woven band;
Syn: }okhe5k; citro4y
5 ak. See also: pa5Ti.
patse3%ru t}TDP N. Tiny piece of something;
LruW` MW`ik PSWX.
patsha5t SDlDP N. Wooden platter or
container for serving food; PUVdWY ru.
[This typically made from walnut wood.
Few are left in the Kalasha valleys.]
Riddle: }}a patsha5to, {uba5ram: glass
container, edible. Answer = o5nDrak an
egg. From: Khowar.
paTa5 DXDP N. Board, flooring; VZhlWZ. Syn: kaT.
paTa5 biZge5k zL DXDP V. To lay out
boards; MWaMhkWX VZhlWZ. Sequence: sastrik
to roof a house.
paTake5k DXDP V. To move something,
shake; MWaMx ,MWaEij MWaI. a Tep aLa5yhak
paTake5m day. I am moving the tape-

DP
rWX V`E.

paSu5k

N. Handful, a small amount;

ek paSu5k at pSi, sa5ras
dykas ba5ti. Grind a bit of flour to throw
on the juniper. See also: khoS; nmuS; jiS,
jiST; has, hast; caw a43%gu; anjl. Variant:
paS.
pat
SDP Adv. Quickly, suddenly; y nij.
pat u5STi. Get up quickly! Syn: ka4K; zup;
Daz; Saka45k; bak; Tham; Thuk; phaw; gar;
LaS; ba4K; tsrap; c4hum; khaS; SaKk; kLuc;
srap; Tap; Lap; Zham; pLak. See also: gaST.
pa5ta DTDP N. 1) Information; VZWY. ta5sa ha5tya
pa5ta ne a}s ki a may chu gho3%i. He
did not know that this was his daughter.
Syn: mahalu5m. 2) Address; VZWY. From:
Urdu.
pa5ta ka5rik sD DTDP V. To find out
information; MWar VZWY. Syn: dara5k ka5rik;
mahalu5m ka5rik.
pa5ti TDP N. Playing cards; vzMWZ. tu pa5ti
pSi. a tay som labe45 him. Shuffle the
cards! I will play with you. Gen: Labe45
game.
pa5ti ka5rik sD TDP V. To play cards;
MVaVd vzMWZ.
patia5li DTDP N. Wilderness, abandoned
area, far away; MWXMVdWX. ey khoda5y ho5ma
ha5tya sa5raK ha. apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri.
}u {e trip phu5Si patia5li hsti. O God,
protect us. Send evil spirits far away. Blow
away fear and suffering and send them
away to the wilderness. Syn: behaba5n;
jaKga5l; pariLo5y. Variant: petia5li. From:
Arabic (?).
patie5k TDP V. To persuade; MWam dWd. a
Sa gho3%i, se ta5sa patia5la. He persuaded
him that he was a king. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
patik TDP V. 1) To believe; ,MWar dWd
MVaWaM. a tay mo5n patim. I believe what
you say. See also: yakn ka5rik; barosa5
ka5rik; bawa5r ka5rik. 2) To accept
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paTakh

pay
grouped together, are bedding. [These mats
are about 3/8 inch thick, and typically
woven with attractive designs. Their
purpose is to cover the rope webbing and
to provide comfort and warmth.] Syn:
pile5sk; Gen: bistara5 bedding. Morph:
paTi-ghu43%i. See also: ghu43%i; waLghu43%i.
Variant: paTighu5Ri (Birir).
paTiKga5n DXDP N. Eggplant; VaVdWX.
Solanum melongena.
paTiKge5l XDP N. Tomato; rW`MW`. Gen:
}ak vegetable. Variant: paTKger
(Urtsun).
paTipu5r dya5i ka5rik sD Do sQXDP Id.
To weave a cummerbund so that it turns
out soft; MWaMVaWX `WY HWe rWa.
pawband pDLDP
N.
Conscription,
obligatory work; ,nVd ,nVaWXMWY.
Variant: phawband. From: Persian.
pay DP N. 1) Goat (generic word); rWX.
may ek }or pay a5an. I have one hundred
goats. Gen: haywa5n domesticated
animals; jho5nta goats, sheep and cows;
krizipo5Kgi group of small edible
animals; Child1: ba5tya kid (m/f, 1-5
months old); Child2: mu5ti kid (m/f, 6-12
months old); Subadult: }e5nyat kid
(female, one to one and a half years);
dwaSa kid (male, one to one and a half
years); Male: bra; buS bra goat (male,
two years old); Product: c4hir milk;
Group: rhom herd; Sound: ba5}ik bleat;
Imp: wawa5 Come here!; ku5lu ku5lu
Come here!; chu}e5y Shoo!; c4hc4e
Shoo!. See also: }a5ra. 2) Female goat;
rWX. a5sa pay. Its a female.
pay chnik d DP V. To steal a goat
or goats by force; MWaLrEik MWdrWX MWd rWX.
pay c4hir th DP N. Goats milk; M rWX
mm.

recorder aside. Prdm: Causative I

(sawze5k).
paTakh DXDP N. Explosive charge for a
muzzle-loading rifle; MilMV`WY. From: Urdu.
paTakhida5r sCpDXDP N. Muzzle-loading
rifle; rVd wzWZN ij EnVaWX WaMqs WaLrEWY
WZ Zik y Mm r Lo mM. [This
used to be fired by a wick.]
paTa5kik DXDP V. To move; ,MVaEij MVaI
MWar PSri. prSu paTa5kaw day. The flea
is moving around. Proverb: pillakas raw
mo paTa5kas, Zar Zar i. Dont move as
slow as an ant, come quickly; Syn:
khe5zik; dzaLa5kik; tsaTe5Kgik; ku{ubk.
Prdm: Class 3 (ma5trik).
paTa5K DXDP N. Fodder for livestock
composed of fallen leaves and grass; vM
wWaWY.
paTa5ra CsDXDP Adj. Cross-eyed; MVaVdWX.
paTa}a5r sDDXDP Adj. Pale with fright; M ik
L nWX Waq. bho5njaw praw e, biho
pak paTa}a5r thi a5au. When the
earthquake occurred, he was afraid and
turned ghostly pale. Max: pak2. Variant:
paTa}k.
paT XDP N. Political party, group; ,qMWY
r. From: English.
pa5Ti XDP N. Womans woven cummerbund;
nVaWX r ,MV`WY M r WZq vzVd.
[This is woven from sheeps wool, is 4-5
inches wide, and about 3 yards long with
designs and a fringe on each end. It is
typically decorative, and is worn wound
around the waist to hold the too long dress
up and in place.] See also: pa5tyak. Etym:
paTTa- cloth, woven silk T-7700.
paTighu4i%3 XDP N. Mat of woven goathair
for laying on the ropes of a bed; WdL

MWZMij MWdMVaWX y MWX rWX ij VdM M

__. khaLa5K, paTighu4i%3 , tola5y, dara, u5SiS

dyuni, tu tya5i, bistara5. Quilts, bed

mats, quilted covers, bedspreads, pillows,
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pa5yda

pa4k tyek

payo5st V|DP N. Goatskin; M rWX.

payo5st ac4u5is. The goatskin shriveled up.
Gen: post leather. Morph: pay-post.
paywa5w CDP N. Goat watcher; MWX . a
paywa5w. I am a goat watcher.
Adj. Goat-watching. paywaw ku5ak
4 .A
child who looks after the goats.
pa5yda
pa5yda hik CpDP V. 1) To be born;
MWa LnVdWY. 2) To appear; MWa qLmWa. Syn:
e5ca hik; were5k hik. From: Persian.
payda5 ka5rik sD CpDP V. 1) To create;
MWar LnVdWY. khoda5y dunia5 pa5yda a5raw.
God created the earth. 2) Discover, find;
MVaVd MWY ,MWar PSMWdqm. tu kawe5La pa5yda
a5ri? Where did you find this? 2) To cause
to be, to start; MWar qsMN M M VeWa.
paydagara5w CsDCpDP N. Creator God; Lnil.
Syn: khoda5y; male5k; DziLa Diza5w;
parwardiga5r.
payga5m DDP N. Message; MVdWY. se
imra5na ta5da ta5sa ha5tya payga5m praw.
He sent a message for him with Imran.
From: Persian.
paygumba5r sDMDP N. Prophet; XVdWY.
payp RDP N. Pipe for water or gas; PRWeMWY.
Syn: bamba5. From: English.
pa5yra CtDP N. Round, flight, trip; ,qMWX ,LWY
VXWZr. doS du pa5yra a}s. Yesterday
there were two flights. kimo5n pa5yra
ahe5ri? How many trips did you take? See
also: pho; war; ghont. From: Urdu.
pa5yra ka5rik sD CtDP V. To guard; LWY
MVaWdm. a ge5Tuna cawkida5r pa5yra ka5am. I
guard the gate. Syn: waL hik; waL park;
wa5jik.
payrada5r sCoCtDP N. Guard; qLm WY.
payra5k CtDP Adv. Over a mountain pass or
boundary; r m quMWY. a payra5k
{a pa5io, im. I will go over the high pass
and return.

payra5k park sDP CtDP V. To go

across a mountain range to the next valley;
MWaMij d mL m. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
paysa5 D}DP N. Money; xVdWY. See also:
rupaya5. From: Urdu.
pa5ysa {uk w D}DP Id. 1) To waste
money; MWar WeMV xVdWY. 2) To embezzle,
use someones money for the wrong
purposes; MWaM xVdW.Y Lit: eat money.
paywa5Lak CDP N. Drongo bird; WdL
nWarWY M . [This bird is rather tame and
accompanies the goats, sitting on their
backs and near the shepherds. It is not a
good thing to kill them. The meaning may
be little goatherd.] Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
Morph: pay wa5lak.
paza5r sCuDP N. Self; y r aWY@L. tu tan
paza5r mon mo de, u5jak mon de. Dont
just talk out of your own mind, speak the
truth! 2) Means; Wdqqs . a ta5sa paza5r
tan krom karawa5is. I did my work
through him.
pa4 JP V. Hit (past tense root of tyek); LqM. See
also: tyek.
Verbal Suffixes of pa4
Singular
Plural
pa4
I hit
po45mi we hit
pa4
you hit
pa45Li you hit
pa45aw s/he hit
po4n they hit
pa4gohan tyek T DJP V. To kick
something; MWaqM MWY ,MWaqM OS. o
su5irak, me5njas pa4gohan tye. O Sun,
send the clouds away! Syn: peLKan tyek;
peLiKan{u5t dyek.
pa4go5yak DJP N. Wooden peg used to
bind joints together; Vd M ru. See
also: pio5nyak.
pa4k tyek T JP V. To crack from heat;
MWaruWY quLqm r r. ha5nyak pa4k tyel

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pa4pa45

MWa.

duwdu5w thi. aLayha5k kheza5i. The stool

will get hot and crack. Move it aside.
pa4pa45 JPJP N. Bread (as spoken by a child);
)Vd qsLN hkWX( q. pa4pa45 de a5ya.
Give me bread mommy! Syn: au5. See also:
ppu.
pa43yu5 JP N. Leaf buds; Wa VeWa ,VYWa
KVZWY e.
pa43yu5 ka5rik sD JP V. To bud with
leaf buds; MVaWa MVZWY MVdWa ,MVaW`WY VYWa.
bribo5 pa43yu5 ka5i }an. The walnut trees
have budded out.
pe1
P Cnj. If; rL. tu pe sawze5s day
haw, may ha5tya ek jaha5s sawza5i na?
If you are making airplanes, make me one
too, OK? Syn: po5yuno.
pe2
P Intj. Hopefully, maybe, might, O
that!; )( vzM. }e3he3 ctiman a5is ki har
a5dua pe to pa5}im. I was thinking that
hopefully any day, Oh! that I might see
her!
pec fP N. Saucer; fkHrWY. Variant: pyec.
From: Urdu.
pecmek eP N. Screw; gkVdWY. Morph:
peci-mek. From: Persian.
pecka5} DeP N. Screwdriver; whkVdWY.
From: Persian.
pec4 jP Adj. Hot (of air, clothing, or
liquids); r. pec4 uk. Hot water. Syn: oS;
iSpo5na; duwdu5w; Ant: o}; tramo5na;
tsrekh; Max: Zham. Variant: tapri
(Urtsun). Etym: *pakSya- hot T-7641.
pec4 ukutk TC jP V. To have a
fever; MWa r y qMhlWX. may pec4 ukut
}au. I have a fever. Syn: duwdu5w hik.
pec4 iP N. Heat; r.
pec4e5k iP V. To heat, make hot; r
MWar. Syn: oSe5k; Ant: o}e5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
pehel hik P V. 1) To become a
nuisance or a pest; y War MWd WaN qMWX qMWX
MWa VaWZ. 2) To become addicted to; mM

pera5zik

se Da pkuna pehel ha5waw. He

became addicted to wine.
pelaTe5k XP V. 1) To turn over; MVaWdm MV`DL.
a i}le5ygi may khur pelaTa5i a5am. may
khu5runa pana5 SaTa5ik baS. I slipped and
turned my ankle. Now I need to put a splint
on it. ekwa3 pelaTa5i. Turn it over! Syn:
prost ka5rik; ekwa3% ghere5k; mu5San
ghere5k. 2) To fell a tree; MWaLr OUM. Syn:
prekie5k. Variant: pilaTe5k. Etym: *pallaTTturn, overturn T-7968. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
pela5Tik XP V. 1) To turn over; MWa MV`DL.
2) To fall down; MWaMij r. muT pela5Tau.
The tree falls down. 3) To cramp; Lqur
MWaMij. may ma43%u pela5Tis. My calf muscle
got a cramp. 4) To change course; MWaMij ru.
Da5ran pela5Tis. The mud slide changed
course. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
peLiKan tyek T DP V. To kick.
Syn: pa4gohan tyek; peLiKan{u5t dyek.
peLiKan{u5t dyek o SxDP V. To
kick someone repeatedly; MWaqM dWZ. Syn:
pa4gohan tyek; peLKan tyek. Variant:
pa4go{u5t dyek.
pe5ran CtP Adv. Across or over a stream or
chasm; qMWY MWdqm ,r m mL.
a perana5k parm day, su wa5zi. I am
going across by the bridge. Variant:
pa5yran.
peraze5k uCtP V. To change something
into something else; MWar WdnVXWZ yz. ek
moc a5sta. se5o phu5Si, to moc meS
peraza5La. pha5to se5o meS pera5zis. There
was a man. He blew into the air and turned
that man into a sheep. Thus that man
became a sheep. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
pera5zik uCtP V. To change into
something, transform; MWa WdnVXWZ yz. ek
moc a5sta. se5o phu5Si, to moc meS
peraza5La. pha5to se5o meS pera5zis. There
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pe5ri}

peTro5l

fields; q L VaLo mM. [This is

eaten with gaZaga5Zi walnut butter. It is
made with either wheat or corn.] Gen: au5
bread, food.
peSga4Kgaya5k DDJP N. Droppings,
goat and sheep; MVaVaVd. go5STuna pa5ri na,
tay ka peSga4Kgaya5k triu day e? Get
yourself out to the barn! Are you afraid
that the manure balls will split (if you do)?
Syn: ppu5ciK.
peSgha5r sDP N. Dew, moisture; Wa.
may pha5nDay pha5Lakay peSgha5r ka5da,
to chaLa5i su5ira dyie5li. My grain got a bit
wet in the storage bins. I need to take it out
and put it in the sun. Syn: paLazk; Do:
dyek to fall; ka5rik to fall.
peSgha5r dyek o sDP V. To fall (of
dew); MWa Vd ,MWa Wa. peSgha5r praw.
Dew fell.
peSma5n hik DP V. To regret;
MWa MVdxzWY. a ja ne ka5i peSma5n
ha5wis, dya5pa may a5sta ku5a4k ha5wan. I
regret that I didnt marry, otherwise I
would also have children. From: Persian.
peSman DP N. Regret; ,MVdxzWY
LMVZhkWY ,vx@L. c4hir pe uzuka5w haw,
peSman aba5s. If the milk is spilled, regret
is useless. Syn: aphsu5s.
petye5k UP V. To give something for a
favor, to bribe; MVaWdm OSyzq. a ta5sa bra
petya5i, khala5s ha5wis. I gave him a male
goat and got set free. Syn: bunya5t ka5rik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
petse5k mP V. To separate fighting
people; MWar @L ,MWaLruik WeLru. a doS moc
petse5s. Yesterday I separated some
fighting men. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
peTro5l tYP N. Gasoline; rV`VdWY. a5bi yaw
peTro5l gri, yaw kakawa5Kkan ha5tya
khu5rak gri {ar i, pha5to lawa5ri band
hu. Buy either some petrol or some feed

was a man, he blew and turned that man

into a sheep. Then that man changed into a
sheep. Caus: peraze5k. Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).
pe5ri} tP N. Eaves of a house or the ends
of boards which protrude out beneath the
clay covering; )PSik( Mhjik.
peri}a5n DtP Adj. Worried, upset; MxzWdrWY.
a5bi bo peri}a5n a5imi ki ho5ma ba5ba ne
a5an gho3%i. We were very worried that we
have no sisters, they said. Syn: bey-dawa5.
See also: gam; parwa5. From: Persian.
peri}a5ni Sa5Tik XD DtP V. To
become worried; MVa MxzWdrWY. may
peri}a5ni Sa5Ti }au. I am very worried.
Syn: awiza5n hik; }emk.
pertse5n ltP N. Pencil; xVaVdWY. Variant:
pertsn. From: English.
peru5k tP N. Likeness, resemblance;
yz. tay du putr tay ja5aw peru5k a5an.
Your two sons have a likeness to your
wife.
Adj. Similar, alike; xVdij WdL. e5mi
peru5k cew samban. Theyre wearing
similar clothes. Max: di}. See also: raw.
peru5k hik tP V. To mimic,
imitate, become like something; yz
MWa. Syn: hara hik; na5kal ka5rik.
pesphu5k Q}P N. Twigs, small sticks;
ruW` ru.
pe} ka5rik sD P V. To present
someone before another; MWar wzVdWY. to
bho5ni goane5ras ru5as ni, pe} a5ran.
They tied him up, took him before the
governor, and presented him. From:
Persian.
peS P N. Manure; mM rWX. a peS
dyem day, c4he5truna. I am putting
manure in my fields. Etym: pa2Si- dry
cowdung T-8139.
peS sa5li au5 E D| P N. A kind of
large bread for men who are fertilizing the
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pe5ynyak

phaLa5ik

pha5ki DP N. Finely ground grain, fruit, or

nuts; WaLm e xVdWY r WX. [This can be
made from corn, barley, or dried
mulberries, or a mixture of corn and
walnut meats.] Use: dho5mik to consume.
pha5kum DP
N.
Recollection,
understanding; MVdm. tay pha5kumuna.
As far as you can recall.
pha5kum hik DP V. To remember;
MWaN mMWd ,MVaWdm MVdm.
pha5kum ka5rik sD DP V. To
remember; MWar mMWd ,MVaWdm MVdm. tu aum
{uk pha5kum ne ka5ris day. You dont
even remember to eat anything. Syn: aKga5
hik; ya5di hik.
pha5kur sDP N. Pride; rhl. Syn: guru5r. See
also: joSTo5ruk. From: Arabic.
pha5kur jo5Sik \ sDP V. To be
proud; MVahj rhl HPTMWX ,MWar rhl. se bo
pay hik pha5kur jo5Siu day. He is being
proud about his many goats.
pha5kur ka5rik sD sDP V. To be
proud; MWar rhl. tu tan juanas tha5ra
pha5kur mo ka5ri. tay ha5tya a5sta wat
{a5Liu. Dont be proud of your youth. Your
time will also come to be old. Syn:
kokiam ctik.
phala5na DDP Adj. A certain; . phala5na
ba5ca tan chu5Las ja del day. A certain
king is giving his daughter in marriage.
From: Arabic.
phalt VDP Adj. Dirty, unwashed; ,nVa
nVdWY. e4y suda5 phalt baza5 kay au5 mo
{u. baza5 ngas. Hey boy, dont eat with
dirty hands! Wash your hands. Syn: naz;
wa4klo5ti; ghusgha5p; Ant: pagiza5; pak1.
From: Persian.
phaltu5 UDP Adj. Extra, spare; VZM. phaltu5
kaga5s may de. Give me a spare sheet of
paper! From: Arabic.
phaLa5ik DP V. To go out (as a fire), to be
extinguished; MVahjEWX N. aKga5r phala5au

for the chickens and come quickly; because

Lowari Pass will close. From: English.
pe5ynyak DP N. Shelf formed by rock or
board protruding from wall; L M rWY qLWdm

VZq WdrsVdik rWY wij ru MWd rVZWY qL

d. Syn: ka45i. Variant: pha5nyak.
pe{emk xP V. 1) Give; Li ,MVaWdm m
MWar. se tan jhan pe{emia5w He died (lit:

he gave his life (to God)). a ta5sa amana5t

i}neha5ri ta5sa pe{em a5am. I gave him
back the thing he entrusted me with. Syn:
dek. 2) To risk ones life; LrWY ) Mij(
MWar Wa. tan jhan pe{em u5guna uTkis.
Risking his life, he jumped into the water.
3) To sell; MWar PSilr. se tan c4het may
pe{emia5w. He sold me his field. From:
Khowar. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
pe43 P N. Palm of hand; VdVZ. Riddle: ponc
baya5wtr mo5cuna ek che5La c4hetr:
among five brothers is one piece of a
field. Answer = pe43 the palm of the hand;
Idiom: tan {an pe43 tha5ra thek. To risk
ones life (lit: to place ones life on the
palm of ones hand); Syn: cape45. Variant:
hast (Urtsun). Etym: pa2N- hand T8045.
phagle5y &DP N. Turban; ruWY. From:
Urdu.
phak DP Adv. Bright, extremely; PSWX.
phak baDu5. Bright yellow. phik baDu5lak
Bright yellow. Dim: phik; Syn: pak2.
Variant: phuk.
phaka5t SDDP Adv. Only; . phaka5t tay
khayr kho5jim. I am only seeking your
well-being. phaka5t sira43% dya5i, di
tramone5n ac4u5is. When the wind only
blew (and blew), I hunched up from the
cold. Syn: khal1; he5Kka; sirp. From:
Arabic.
phake5r tDP N. Beggar; d. abo bana
phake5ran raw a5ik. From: Arabic.

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pha5Lak

pharika5

phan, phanD

day. The fire is going out. Past(hearsay):

phaLa5la it went out; Caus: phaLe5k.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
pha5Lak DP N. Grain, cereal (corn, wheat,
millet); d ,Ve ,nVa. may pha5Lak
pha5nDay }au. My grain is in the storage
bins. Syn: pha5sil. Variant: phaLu5k (Birir).
Etym: pha5la- fruit, grain T-9051.
pha5Lak khera5 Ct DP N. Wooden
scoop or shovel for shoveling grain; ru
d WZr MV nVa y wij MhkVdWX M.
Matl: bribo5 walnut wood; sa5ras
juniper. See also: khera5.
phaLe5k DP V. To extinguish, put out, turn
off (light); MWaMhjWX )hjWX ,N(. aKga5r
phaLe5k. We will put out the fire! [Typical
things that are put out are fires, candles, or
torches, or electric lights.] Etym: sphalati
moves rapidly, throbs, twitches T-13822.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
phaLk1 DP N. 1) Single grain, seed,
kernel; WaLm. da} phaLk juwar. Ten
kernels of corn. [If the piece is larger than
a grain, the word da5na item is typically
used. The kind of things that can be
counted by phaLk are: grains, mulberries,
raspberries, cowrie shells, beads and
jujube berries.] See also: da5na; ka45wa1;
kham2; gLak; ca5ni; }uru5p. 2) Life span;
nWaqs. ta5sa phaLk khul hu5La. His life
ended.
Adj. Only; MWZ@L , WdL. a5sa ta5sa
phaLk putr. That is his only son. Etym:
pha5la- fruit, grain T-9051.
phaLk ka5rik sD DP V. To shell
beans or peas; MWar WaLm ,MVaMWa WaLm.
phan dek o DP V. To deceive, lie;
MVaWX OUij. a5sa phan del day. Hes
deceiving (you). Syn: lawe5k; dukha5
ka5rik. Variant: pan dek.
phandyok pDP N. Liar, deceiver;
L VaWX OUij. Syn: lawanyo5k.

Lm dqs.

rDP ,DP N. Storage bin; rWdqs

te brbo Su5Sin haw, te

uchunde5n. uchunda5i, du5ray pha5nDay
dyen. When the walnuts have dried, they
bring them down (from the roof). Then
they put them in the storage bins in the
house. go5njuna phanD }an. There are
storage containers in the storeroom. Loc:
gonj storeroom in the house; o5c4um
storage cellar. Etym: bha2NDa- pot, dish,
vessel, ornament, wares T-9440.
pha5nsi ka5rik sD }DP V. To put to
death by hanging; MVaWdm WaMWY. From:
Urdu.
pha5pu PDP N. Dandruff; rHy.
pha5rak CsDP N. Difference; r. From:
Persian.
phara5nts nCsDP N. France; wWaLr. From:
English.
pharaKg CsDP N. Westerner, foreigner,
especially European or American; ,War
rsWdrWa@L. From: Persian.
pharaKg su{k w|
CsDP N.
Safety pin; LxWX. Gen: su{k needle.
pharasa5t SD|CsDP Adv. Heavily, hard; y
)vzqMWX( qMm. pharasa5T mu5caw day. It is
really raining hard.
phare5k sDP V. To put a load on ones
back; MWaMW`DL ijWX ,MWam ijWX. a }uLa5
rajhu5k gri phare5m day. I am putting a
load of wood on my back (having tied it)
with a rope. Noun: phar backpack, load;
Caus: pharawa5ik. Etym: bha2rayati
causes to bear, engages for hire T-9463.
phar sDP N. Backpack, bag, load; ijWX.
Variant: bha2r (Urtsun (M)). Etym: bha2ra5burden, weight T-9459.
pharika5 DsDP N. 1) Religion; r ,PQ. se
hndu pharika5ani moc a5sta. He was a
Hindu. Syn: masaha5p. 2) Nationality; .
tu ka pharika5. What is your nationality?
From: Arabic.
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phari}tya5

phaw

phari}tya5 DUsDP N. Angel, messenger of

God; VZyzr. From: Persian. Pl:
phari}tyaga5n.
pharma5i} dek o DsDP V. To request
something to be done; MWar wzWeMr. From:
Persian.
phas1 {DP N. Pain in ones torso (shortlived); mqm Mij. phas agraw. I felt a
pain (in my side). Syn: dyli; khila5.
phas2 {DP N. Piece; LruW`. Syn: che5La; cu4a5k.
phaspha5s hik {DQ|DP V. To
become small pieces; MWa ruW` ruW`.
undruha5k a5La e, ta o5gaLa se5nday tya5i,
phaspha5s thi ga5La. When he came to the
bottom, he hit against the side and
completely broke into little pieces.
phasphase5k |DQ|DP V. To break into
little bits or pieces; MWar ruW` ruW`. tya5i,
tay phasphase5m. Ill beat you into little
pieces. Variant: pasphase5k.
phasa5t ka5rik sD SD|DP V. 1) To make
a fight or argument; MWar mMx. tu bo
phasatga5r hu5La his. tay po5rnikan
kmon moc za5ya ha5wan? You have
become a great trouble maker. Because of
you how many people have been hurt?
Syn: janja5l ka5rik. 2) To do something
with intensity; MWar y Wdr nWdnyz. a5yas
ne kan su5da tro5i phasa5t ka5i a5au.
Because his mother did not come the child
cried very loudly. From: Arabic.
phasa5w hik D|DP V. To get stuck or
detained; MVaxVaWY ,MWaMij wVaWY. tasa
wajahe5n day may baza5 ga45Kgay
phasa5w ha5waw. Because of him my arm
got stuck in a hole. Syn: sathik.
pha5sil |DP N. Grain crops, produce;
V. a5j kaw pha5sil khe3 ha5wan? How
are your crops this year? Spec: a4n
millet;
juwa5ri corn; gu5um wheat; {o barley;
}al rice; ka5ras a grain; }il a grain;

Syn: pha5Lak. Variant: pha5sul. From:

Arabic.
pha5sura Cs|DP Adj. Soft, crumbly (for
example, of rocks and wood); MWd rVZWY(
rWa )ru.
pha} DP N. Trap, snare; LnVaWY. Use:
dha5rik to set; Syn: bethu5k; ka4mka45m;
gru. Etym: pa2%s5a- noose, snare, cord,
fetter T-8133, 14689; spa2s5a- fetter,
noose T-13813.
phaS DP Adv. Extremely; m WdL. may
piST phaS adu5aw. My back is burning.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb du5ik burn. Syn: pak2.
phat SDP Adj. Torn, cracked, burst; MV`WY.
N. Half; MmN. du }or {e phat. Two
hundred and fifty. Syn: kho5nDa. From:
Khowar.
pha5to TDP Cnj. 1) Then, even; rIWY. pha5to
a5bi dra5wsay dra ha5tya ware5k moTe5r
ne sapre5mi. Then we couldnt get another
car in Drosh for Dir. 2) Otherwise; Waq.
hok mo ka5ri, pha5to manDawjaLe5ki in.
Dont cry, otherwise the ghosts will come.
dur na4 ka5ri, pha5to he45ru u. Lock the
door otherwise a thief will get in.
3) Because; WaVd. a5bi yaw peTro5l gri,
yaw kakawa5Kkan ha5tya khu5rak gri,
Zar i, pha5to lawa5ri band hu. Either
get gasoline or chicken feed and come
quickly, because Lowari will be closed.
pha5to a5sta DU|C TDP Cnj. Even then, even
so; WX rIWY.
phatu5ki TDP Adj. Less, insufficient; . at
ek ser phatu5ki ha5waw. The flour is one
kilo less (than it should be). Syn: kam2.
phatu5ki ka5rik sD TDP V. To leave
something partially finished; MWaquik MmN
)(.
phaw1 DP N. Earth, soil, dirt, ground; `.
Etym: pa2~s5u- crumbling soil, dust, sand
T-8019.
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phaw

phe5nu

phaw{ wDP N. Soldier; ij. From:

Arabic.
phayda5 CpDP N. Benefit, profit; nWeM. From:
Arabic.
phaysala5 D}DP N. Decision, judgment;
VVd. Syn: ray. From: Arabic.
phaysala5 ka5rik sD D}DP V. To
decide about something; MWar VVd. a5bi
}a5ma krom phaysala5 ka5ra, janja5l mo
thawa5. Decide about this matter and do not
continue to fight!
pha5{ik wDP N. To divide; MVaV`WaMWX. te
zemn pha5{i, du baS ka5da. I heard they
divided the land into two parts. Etym:
bhajati distributes T-9360. Prdm: Class
1 (ka5rik).
pha{a5w CwDP N. Divider, distributor; VaV`WaMWX
L. [Usually a distributor of food in a
group gathering.] Syn: ma45in moc.
pha4a gonDk r CJP N. Memorial
pole; MVX qMmMWd. [When a heroic act is
performed like the killing of a leopard or
enemy, the Kalasha will place a pole as a
sign of this.] Use: c4hmbik to set (it) up.
See also: maLwa5t.
pha43%as ~CJP N. Thorny tree with beautiful
smelling blossoms; Vaij qLm V`WaM WdL
PSilqm. [The branches can be woven
together to make a kind of rope.] Gen: muT
tree.
pha43Kga45 JJP Adj. Spoiled, moldy (of bread
and cheese); L nWaEVYWY. [This may
have specific reference to hairy mold.] See
also: au5.
phel hik P V. To fail (in an
examination or test); MWa Vd. Ant: pas
hik. From: English.
phe5nu P N. Froth, foam, skin on milk,
scum, bubbles; Mij. Syn: sra43%pa. Variant:
pha45nu. Etym: phe2%na- foam, froth T9108.

phaw gok DP N. Earthworm;

LhkVd. Syn: kre} gok.
phaw hstik U} DP V. To put a
layer of mud on a roof; ` )rWY PSik(
MVaLo. Sequence: sastrik to roof a house.
phaw tew T DP N. Kerosene; M `
VdWZ. Gen: tew oil.
phaw udho43% oC DP N. Duststorm; mr
qMVXE . phaw udho43% draZnu day. A
duststorm is forming. Syn: thumanDa5.
phawo5k DP N. Muddy water; n
MWY. Morph: phaw uk.
phaw2 DP Adv. Quickly, suddenly (cry);
)MWaq( m WdL. a5sa su5da phaw atro5aw.
That boy all of a sudden broke out crying.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb tro5ik cry. Syn: pat.
phaw bihoTk XL DP Id. Fall from a
high height; MWar WaMik@L y nVaEWX PSWX.
Syn: pa5Lik.
phawa5{ik wCDP V. To dedicate, pray
over a sacrifice; MWXr rWY MWa Lnil
MWar Mm _Vd. ru5aw thi bra phawa5{i. Go
out in front and dedicate the goat. Object:
jho5nta goat, sheep, cow; gakgu5r cow,
bull; Past(hearsay): phawa5{iLa he/she
dedicated.
phawa{a5w CwCDP N. Dedicator of a
sacrifice; Mm _Vd MWXr rWY MWa Lnil
L War.
phawg DP Adj. Thin, undernourished,
weak; qrs. may don phawg a5au.
kSik ne bha5au. The bull is thin. He is
unable to plough. [This applies to people
as well as animals.] Syn: dakma5; bozda5;
pul. See also: poKga5r park. Variant:
phawgna. Etym: phalgu5small,
pithless T-9064.
phaw}k DP V. To be finished (of a
festival or part thereof); ,MWaMij qrs )q(
MWa Zil )q(. {o}i phaw}ia5w. Joshi is
finished. See also: khul.
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pherkk

phla}

tP V. 1) To cut off; qMm(

MVaW`M )y. 2) To cut or bite into wood;
MVayzLrWZ. a bho5Kki Damba5 ha5waw. a ne

pherkk

Syn: gerdk; ghe5rik. Prdm: Class 2

(ma5trik).
phirp RtP N. Slander; PQWdr. a5sa bo
}um moc. sa5win khila5una phirp dyel
day. Hes a very bad man. He slanders
everyone. Use: dyek does. From:
Persian.
phirs, phirst V}tP
,~tP
N.
1) Census, registry; PSy. hukuma5t
moc phirsuna nom newe5}i ha5riu. The
government man writes names in the
registry and takes it to the office. 2) List;
PSy. pha5to se istr{agu5a4k ek phirst
sawza5La. Then that girl made a list. Use:
sawze5k make. From: Persian.
phsta DU}P N. Genital organs; V
yMVaWZ. See also: wam.
phiT hik ZP V. To fit, as a piece of
clothing; MWaN LqWY. }a pira5n may ha5tya
phiT hu day. This shirt fits me. From:
English.
phTi ka5rik sD YP V. To offer bread
to a guest; MWaquWZ q r H. ajo5non som
phTi ka5rin. They give bread to their
guests. [The host holds one side of the
bread while the guest breaks the bread and
raises the piece to his forehead in a kind of
salute before eating.]
ph}tyak DUP Adj. 1) Lightweight;
M PSWX. go5STuna batya5k ph%}tyak,
pa5yo gu5raka. In a goat house, a kid is
light and a goat is heavy. Ant: gu5raka;
bo5ac; Syn: lots. 2) Fresh; qsMWZ. rage5STi
u5STi, c4he5a43 ph%}tyak hu. Get up early,
your body will be fresh. Variant: uchk
(Urtsun).
phla} P Adj. Soft; rWa. [This is said
about hides that are put into water as part
of the process of softening them for use. It
is also said of rehydrated dried apricots
and the lobe of ones ears.] Ant: ac4u5na;
DaK; Syn: ma43u5cak; pra}; paSawa5Si.

phe5rkiu day, a5ma tcak sawzae5li. This

adze has gotten blunt. It does not cut well.
We will have to sharpen it. Riddle:
pherku pherku ne tatsraw: it chops
and it chops but it is never satisfied.
Answer = bado5k an axe. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
phe} P N. Pieces of the husks of beans
after they are beaten; WY _VdWX
ik. See also: ku}ak.
phik P See main entry: phak.
phil P N. Elephant; WZM. From: Arabic.
phKki P Adj. Withered, dried up; qnWa@L

OQLril ,)gjVdWX( L LruEy q@L My y

)gjVdWX(. [This is spoken of nuts, kernels, and

fruit. As such they are inedible.] Syn:

preSpha5Kk; SuSua4k
%3 .
phire5k tP V. To incite, stir up; ,MWaMxDL
MVaWdm PQWdr. moc mo phira5i, janja5l hu.
Dont incite people, there will be a fight.
Syn: }ure5k; i}lage5k; u}uphe5k. See also:
phirkik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
phri ka5rik sD tP V. To be happy
(shown by the wagging of a tail); M VZD
MWa Em y zil. }o43%a phri ka5riu day.
The dog is happy (shown by wagging its
tail).
phiria4i%3 k JtP V. 1) To sprinkle on
food (salt, spices, etc.); MWaMruik. 2) To
sprinkle snow; MWaruWY )rWX( . adhek
phiria43%i, krik dyel day. It is snowing a
little.
phirike5k tP V. To whirl something
around; MWaMD. Syn: gerde5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
phirkik tP V. To spin around, whirl,
wag; MVa. }a5sa ka i}neha5ri phirkaw
day. What is that thing that is spinning.
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phLis

phrak

phLis ~P Adj. Stark naked; MVaWa. se phLis

thi gha5ay a5sta. He was naked near the
ravine. Syn: }ru5ki; bey-parda5; can.
pho P N. Time, round, turn; m ,VXWZr.
kimo5n pho peS ahe5ri? a du pho peS
ahe5ris. How many times did you take out
goat manure? I took manure to the fields
twice. Syn: ghont; war. See also: pa5yra.
phok P Adv. 1) Slowly; VZxN. phok
phok park. We will go slowly. phok ka5i
ma5as. Speak slowly! Syn: la}. 2) Quietly,
low in sound; y VZxN.
Adj. 1) Soft (of wood or metal); rWa.
kuwe5rik }uLa5 phok hu. Pine is a soft
wood. Ant: DaK. 2) Loose (as a knot);
Vdo.
phok ka5rik sD P V. 1) To loosen a
knot or something tight; MWar Vdo.
rajhu5k phok ka5ri. Loosen the rope! 2) To
do slowly, deliberately; MWar VZxN. Etym:
*phukyate2 is opened, untied T-9082.
phon, phond pP ,P N. 1) Path, way;
VZyLq. Spec: granzu5, kulca5 path between
houses; sara5k road; re path in the
snow; ra way; reS high mountain path;
bric small mountain path. 2) Journey;
ry. se bo de5}a pho5nduna a5is, gho3%i
ma5iLa. She was on a very long journey,
she said. Variant: phanth (Urtsun). Etym:
pa5ntha2- path, road T-7785.
phond pP N. Food for eating on the
trail; MWaM _Vd ry ,Lq HmLqs. Gen: au5
bread,
food.
Etym:
*panthiyaappertaining to the road T-7787.
phona5yak1 DDP N. Wooden funnel which
feeds grain into the grindstone; M ik
d WZr _Vd VaxWY WaLm y wij N. [In
the following riddle, the mother refers to
the phona5yak grain funnel, the child, to
the TakTa5k clapper.] Riddle: a5yas
ku5a4kas ba5tay tyel: the mothers child
hits the rock. Answer = TakTa5k the

clapper on a millstone; Whole: {ont,

{ontr water-mill.
phona5yak2 DDP N. Basket of fruit,
walnuts and bread; L WY MWd VdW`q
rW` ik. [This is presented by a boys
mother to her brother during cawmo5s the
winter festival at the ceremony of bhut
sambie5k rite of passage for boys. Or if a
mans wife becomes pregnant he will make
such a basket and give it to people.]
phonD rP N. Small section of a field
partitioned off to retain irrigation water;
PSVd MW`ik M fr qMVd ruWX. [These
sections are made to facilitate irrigation.]
Whole: c4het, c4hetr field.
phoKro5s {tP N. Traveler, someone
passing through; dLq.
pho5pho PP Intj. Sorry!, Too bad!, What a
shame!; )M M vx@L ruWX( DL. o5ho,
}um hu5La, pho5pho. Oh, thats bad, Im
sorry!
phosba5Ti XDM|P See main entry: brazanLo5.
photba5l gaL D DMTP N. Football, soccer;
Vd M MWX PU. Gen: Labe45 game; gaL
ball game. From: English.
phoT WP N. 1) Chaff, wood shavings, rock
dust, eggshells; MIik. gu5um phoT. Wheat
chaff. 2) Skins or peels of fruit such as
grapes, apples, peaches, figs, jujube, pea
pods and nut meats; MIik. Whole: bribo5
walnut.
pho4 P N. Callous, blister; Mik. may
baza5 pho4 thi }au. My hands have
calluses.
pho4 P N. Birch tree; ,PSilqm M rWXVaV
ruik. [Its bark may be used to write on.]
Gen: muT tree. Variant: bur (Urtsun
(M)). Etym: bhu2rja- the birch tree Betula
bhojpattra T-9570.
phrak CtP Adj. Wide, loose-fitting; E.
ba5lpani ga4K phrak thi }au. The hole
for the bulb is too large. See also: bir.
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phra4

phuS

phra4

Etym: pr0ccha5ti asks T-8352. Prdm:

Class 1 (ka5rik).
phudie5k oP V. To cause to become
bloated; MWaMij rWX wVd d PUVdWY. ke5la kuc
phudie5l. Bananas make the stomach
bloated. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
phuni P N. Balloon; qMVX.
phuk P See main entry: phak.
phukac4a5Sa DDhDP N. Popcorn; WX
Ve. a5bi juwa5ri ba45i, phukac4a5Sa ka5rik
day. We are popping the corn. Syn: dhan;
Do: uTkik to pop.
phun P N. Telephone; VdW`. From:
English.
phur sP N. Peak, ridge; ik. Syn: Duk;
cu45ik; SiS; biw1; bro. From: Khowar.
phu5sti U|P N. Hairy goatskin coat; MWX
OU L MVaWX M M L.
phusu5l |P Adj. Meaningless, useless; _WX
V ,nV _WX ,PQ. phusu5l mon
may kay mo de. Dont speak useless
things to me! Syn: aba5s; gaybana5;
bey-}ay. From: Arabic.
phu5}ak DP N. 1) Cat (generic word);
IWX. Gen: haywa5n domesticated
animals; Child: phu}a3%y}tyak kitten;
Male: boniLau5}ak male cat; Sound:
ba5}ik mew; Imp: p}e Shoo!; chu5}ey
Shoo!. 2) Adult female cat; IWX.
phu}a3%y}tyak DUDP N. Kitten; WX
hkWX M. Species: phu5}ak cat.
phu}u5ik P V. To whisper, talk to
oneself, mumble; MWar z. a5bi ka
phu}u5a day, may kay a5sta ma5a. What
are you whispering about, tell me too! Syn:
munuk.
phuS P N. Breath; wWaMy. Idiom: ta5sa
phuS draSna5w. He died (lit: his breath
came out).
phu5Sik P V. 1) To blow up a fire;
MWaqM WaEWY. Syn: phuS upue5k; upue5k.
2) To blow out a candle, blow something

ItP N. A kind of hardwood tree; WdL

PSilqm M . Gen: muT tree.
phreLe5k tP V. To pass something to
someone; MWaLruWY. Prdm: Causative I

(sawze5k).
phreLk tP N. Light; Vayzq. Do: dyek
to shine; thek to shine; Syn: praw.
Adj. Bright. ba4K phre5Lik. Very bright.
Max: ba4K. Etym: *prabha2la- light,
splendour T-8711.
phreLk dyek o tP V. To shine;
MVaik. su5ri phreLk dyel day. The sun
is shining.
phre5Lik1 tP V. 1) To get or take
something in ones hand; MVaVd )y WZM(.
uk phre5Li o5ni. Get some water and bring
it! 2) To pick (fruit); MWaqMWZDL. a doS paLa5w
phre5Li ais. I picked an apple yesterday.
Caus: phreLe5k. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
phre5Lik2 tP N. Razor blade; pVdWX. Syn:
c4hor. Variant: phe5Lik.
phu1 P N. Loud shouting, alarm; glVdik. dur
umra5i ZoK thi jie5m e, perana5y phu
hu day. Opening the door and looking
over across the way there was loud
shouting going on.
phu ka5rik sD P V. To raise an alarm
by shouting loudly; MWar qyz.
phu2 P Adv. Completely; )MWa Zil( MIWX.
se5o pa5i, phan bLa gaLa e, pha5nDani
gu5um phu khul. He went to the mouth of
the storage container, (and discovered that)
the wheat was completely finished. Gen:
pak2 extremely.
phu5cik dP V. 1) To ask; MVaikWY. a tay
pi phu5cim day. I am asking you. baba5a
phu5ci Ask (our) sister. Restrict: The
indirect object is either in the dative case or
is marked by pi from. Syn: suwa5l ka5rik.
2) To inquire for or about someone;
MWar PSMWdqm. se tay aphu5caw. He asked
about you. Variant: pu5cik (Rumbur).
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phu5Ski

pile5T

away; MWaqM WaEWY. ey khoda5y ho5ma

ha5tya sa5raK ha. apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri.
}u {e trip phu5Si, patia5li hsti. O God,
protect us. Send evil spirits far away. Blow
away fear and suffering and send away.
3) To blow up a skin; MWarWX L. 4) To blow
in order to cool hot food; r qM WaEWY
MWar LpVaW`. 5) To pant when winded; wWaMy
MWaquik. Etym: *phu2tka- blowing T9102.
phuS grik t P V. To be winded,
be out of breath, to be tired; ,MWaMij WZ
MWaMij WY wWaMy. may phuS gri }au. I
am out of breath. Syn: {Kkik.
phuS ka5sik |D P V. To breathe;
MVaik wWaMy. Syn: ha ka5sik.
phuS kase5k |D P V. To breathe in
and out; MVaVd wWaMy. tol ka5i phuS kasa5i.
Breathe deeply! Syn: ha kase5k.
phuS upue5k PC P V. To blow up
a fire; MWaij N r qM WaEWY. Syn:
upue5k; phu5Sik.
phuS wica5ik De P Id. To take a
break from hard work; ,MVaVd wWaMy r q
MWaqMWZDL OUMWZ. phuS wica5as. Take a break.
phuSamo5nyak DDP
Adj.
Fat,
balloon-like; MW`.
phu5Ski P Adj. Easily hurt or offended;
Hm qrs. se bo phu5Ski ta5a zyad mo
ka5a, tro5iu. He is easily hurt. Dont say a
lot to him or he will cry.
phuTa5 DXP N. Ruler, tape measure; WaMVdWY.
phuTu5 XP N. Photo; rWdVWZ. Create: chaLe5k
to take; grik to take. Variant: phuThu5.
From: English.
phu5Tu chaLe5k Dd XP V. To take a
picture; MVaVd rWdVWZ.
phu5Tu grik t XP V. To take a
picture; MWaqMWZDL rWdVWZ.
pi P Rel. 1) From; y. se pe may pi
akru5caw haw, a to Snjim. If she gets
peeved at me, I win her back. 2) By; y.

pyala a5sa pi bi}s. The cup was broken

by him. 3) Than; y. sa5win pi pruST. Best
of all (lit: than all good). 4) Concerning;
d qMWX. do3%yo3 tu {o5ntras pi gawr m
ne ka5ris day hu5La. Then it seems that
concerning the mill you do not really take
good care of it.
piade5l oDP Adv. By foot; nVdWY. a piade5L
pa5rim day, ko5ki maTo5r ne sapre5s. I am
going by foot because I couldnt find a car.
Variant: piada5. From: Urdu.
piala5 DP N. Cup; MVdWY. From: Persian.
picST Sa5Tik XD ZeP V. To attach to
someone, to tag along or cling to someone;
MWaruWY _hkVdWY. tay picST ne Sa5Taw day e?
Hes not clinging to you, is he? kabu5l ne
ka5i a5au, picST Sa5Ti. He didnt obey; he
came and tagged along with me.
pie5k P V. To cause to drink; MWaIWY.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pik P V. 1) To drink; MVaVdW.Y Syn:
dru5pik; tsa5kik. 2) To smoke; MVaVdWY. cilm
pin day. They are smoking a hubblebubble. Syn: ZiKga5ik; }ophk; Object:
cilm hookah; bhoK hashish; sigre5T
cigarette. Etym: pbati drinks T-8209.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
pia5lak DP N. Desire to drink, thirst;
MWar m VaVdWY ,vMVdWY. may pia5lak hu
day. Im getting thirsty. Syn: Da5han.
piko5k P N. Drinking water; M VaVdWY
MWY.
pik P See main entry: pak2.
pikawL DP N. Pastry snack like potato
slices, onions or spinach deep fried in
batter; LquWY. Variant: pikawa5ri. From:
Urdu.
pile5sk }P N. Rug or mat of woven
goathair; rWX ij VdM M WdL
__ MWZMij MWdMVaWX y MWX. Syn: paTighu4i%3 .
From: Khowar.
pile5T ZP N. Plate (dish); PUVdWY.
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pilik

pinDo5r

pilik P V. 1) To climb, run, crawl, as a

vine; MVaruik. Drac4 aKgu5 mu5Tani pilaw.
The grape vine will climb into the tree.
Actor: aKgu5 vine. 2) To climb or crawl
up something like an insect or a snake;
)M rsVdik ( MVaruik. pillak pe mez
tha5ra pilni haw, au5 a5}an dya5a. If the
ants had crawled on the table they would
have eaten the food. [This can also be used
for animals and humans who climb a
mountain like an insect.] Prdm: Class 3
(a5sik).
pilla P N. Skin disease; qMVdWX nij.
po5stuna pilla thi }au. The skin has
become diseased.
pillak P N. Ant; `WaVdik. pillakas
raw mo paTa5kas, Zar Zar i. Dont move
like an ant, come quickly! [If a man is
called a pillak, it means he is slow.] Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect. Variant: piulk
(Urtsun). Etym: pipla5- ant T-8201.
piln P N. Luck; PS. From: Khowar.
pilinpo5Kgi P P Adj. Successful,
lucky, fortunate; qLm PS. ta5sa ja5as
pilinpo5Kgi hu5La. se ik {e ta5sa ba5yas
put ubuja5w. His wife is lucky. When she
came his brother had a son. Ant:
}umpo5Kgi; Syn: kesmatda5r.
N. Lucky or fortunate person; PS
L PS ,qLm. tay pi pilinpo5Kgi ubu5ji
a5an. Lucky children have been born to
you. From: Khowar.
piliwe45 P Adj. Rainy, snowy, inclement;
qMWX rWX MWd vzqMWX PShly , OQLril.
ho5ma gro5muna piliwe45 thi, du bas
krik dya5i, ek hast atha5w. In our village
the snow began, and it snowed for two
days until a foot and a half fell. Syn:
Jac4aLo5a; tilsum.
pin P Adj. Strong (good), sharp; rsVdWZ. pin
Da. Strong (good) wine. [Besides wine,
tobacco can also be strong in the sense

that it has a strong effect. Strong tobacco

is thought to be good in the same sense
that strong wine is.] Ant: }um.
pin dek o P V. To give a feast to
celebrate an event; OSm ,MWar PSMVdV
MVaWdm.
pin, pinD rP ,P N. Wooden ball for
snow golf; y wij nVaVd L MVaWX M ru
Vd VZVd Vd M fr . Matl:
tar a hardwood; pho4 birch; Syn: pLinz;
c4ikk; canDu5l; plots. Etym: pNDalump, clod, piece T-8168.
pin gaL ka5rik sD D P V. To play
snow golf; rWY rWX Vd M fr
MVaVd. a moc ma{u day. di} gaL
ka5riu day. This man knows well (how to
do this). He plays golf like a champion.
Max: di}.
pin gaL D P N. Game like golf, played in
the snow; rWY rWX ij Vd M fr
__ MWZMij Vd. [This game is played in the
snow by at least two teams who hit a ball
from player to player over a pre-specified
course. The first team finished wins. It is
played with a ball called a c4ikk, or pinD
and a club called pac4e5w or gaLu5tsun.]
Gen: gaL ballgame; Gen: Labe45 game.
Variant: pac4e5w gaL; plinz gaL; c4ikk
gaL.
pnDa CrP N. Food given to those guests
unable to attend the celebration of birth;

MWaLrEWY M VaV`WaMWX MWaM rWY wzWeLnVdWY hkWX

fjLq. Etym: pNDa- lump, clod, piece T-

8168.
pinD rP N. Stone seat to sit on or to rest
ones load on; PUVdy rVZWY _Vd VaV`VdWX.
Etym: pNDa- lump, clod, piece T-8168.
pinDo5r srP N. Penis; EyMVaWZVHE. Syn:
pucu5k; }aru5m; Whole: jhan, jhand
body. Etym: *piNDara- round like a
lump T-8171.
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piKga5k

piST

piKga5k DP N. Reddish brown bird with

white markings; nWarWY WeM ilE. [Its
size is slightly bigger than a myna bird. It
is hunted for food as its meat is considered
delicious.] Gen: pac4h%yak bird. Etym:
piKga- yellow, reddish-brown T-8147.
piophT hik ZPP V. To swing in a
swing; MVaEij Eij ,MVaEij VaVdW.Y
piophT hin day. They are swinging. Syn:
cukumbS hik. Variant: piuphT.
pir
tP N. Skill, ability, method; ,.
pir dek o tP V. To teach a skill to
someone; MWaMy ,MVaWdm . se khet
tha5ikas pir tan pu5tras da5io ana5}aw.
He taught his son how to apply Artemesia,
and then he died.
pir grik t tP V. To learn a skill;
MVaVdy. a ta5sa pi SaTkas pir agris. I
learn how to fight from him.
pira5n CtP N. 1) Shirt, kamiz; Vd.
2) Dress, shalwar kamiz; vMVX. pira5n su
day. She is sewing a dress. Syn: cew.
From: Persian.
pire5k tP V. To fill a container; MWarWX.
drac4 dzo5nay pira5io i. Go to the
winepress and bring back some wine. Syn:
Tipe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pire5T ZtP N. Metal mixing pan for making
bread or cleaning grain; PUVdWY. See also:
kho45a.
pirk tP V. To fill, fill out; MWaMij rWX.
}a5sa sawe5luna pirau day. tara5 pa5i
o5ni. That basket is filling; go and get it!
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
pirmo5nyak DtP
N.
Fat
person,
someone with a big stomach; ,mN MW`
mN M PUVdWY ruWX. Morph: pir-moni-ak.
p}e P Intj. Shoo! said to a cat; WX
i _Vd WaMWX. See also: phu5}ak.
pi}motraydye5k pCtT}P
N.
Homosexuality; qsMWX pWa ,qsMWX hkWX.

pi}motraydye5k mo ka5ra. Dont do

homosexual acts.
pi}tya5k DUP Adv. Back, behind; _hkVdWY
. te pi}tya5k rugmu5 ha5tya paro5n.
They went back to Rumbur. Syn: a5ci. See
also: piST.
pi}tyako5a CDUP
Adv.
Backward;
_hkVdWY ,r _hkVdW.Y se pi}tyako5a
thi }uru5is. He fell backward.
pSik P V. 1) To grind; MVaxVdWY.
{o5ntruna a5bi phaLk pSik. We grind
grain in the mill. Loc: {ont, {ontr watermill; Syn: dru5Kkik. See also: bha3%cik.
2) Shuffle (cards); MWa )VZWY vzMWZ(. tu
pa5ti pSi. a tay som labe45 him. You
shuffle the cards. Ill play with you. Etym:
pi~Sa5ti grinds T-8142; pe2Sayati
grinds T-8386. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
pSuni bat SDL P N. Upper grinding
stone which revolves in a water-mill;
rVZWY M VaxVdWY. Whole: {ont, {ontr watermill; Syn: thar wat.
piST ZP N. Upper back; V`VdWY. Syn: krem;
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
Adv. On the back side, behind; _hkVdWY.
See also: no4; thar; send; ru. Etym: pr0STvertebrae T-8370.
pSTaw ik C DYP V. To follow, come
behind; MWaN _hkVdWY. may pSTaw mo i.
Dont follow me!
pSTaw ju4y
5 ak D\ DYP N. Child born
after a firstborn; Wa LnVdWY rWY XWa m
hkWX L. See also: Sumbe5r ju45yak.
pSTaw DYP Adv. 1) Behind; _hkVdWY. may
pSTaw i. Come behind me! Reversive:
ru5aw before. 2) Late; y rWdm. tu may
kay bo pSTaw lahasas kha5bar a5ri.
You told me about this sickness very late!
Syn: to5a; bircio.
Adj. Next; @L. pSTaw adu5o ghe5ri
dawa5t dta. The next day again he gave a
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pSTaw

po
gri. Dont buy these breakable cowrie
shells. Syn: kaTe3r% u; thadaru5k; nazu5k.
2) Tasteless; WeL _WX. plok Drac4-o may
ne kho}. I dont like tasteless grapes.
plots kP N. Hockey ball; nVaVd. [If
homemade it is made from goathair and
burlap.] Syn: pin; pLinz; c4ikk; canDu5l.
plots gaL D kP N. 1) Game similar to
hockey; Vd M fr M. Gen: gaL ball
game. 2) Game like football; MWX PU
Vd M fr. Gen: Labe45 game; Syn:
photba5l gaL.
pLak P Adv. Suddenly, quickly; ,m WdL
rsVdWZ ,nij. pLak acu5nDaw. He suddenly
stung him. Restrict: This is typically
associated with the verb tyek hit and
cu5nDik sting. Syn: pat.
pLik P Adj. All; PQy PQy ,qMy. te
ta5sa kha5bar saKga5i pLik thi paro5n.
When they heard what he had to say, they
all left. Syn: saw; khul; c4hik. Variant:
prik.
pLik ka5rik sD P V. To finish doing
something; MWar Zil. pLik ka5i {u, mo
thawa5i. Eat it all, dont leave any
leftovers. Syn: khule5k; pLikhek.
pLikhe5k P V. To finish doing
something; MWar Zil. a may au5 pLikha5io
nis a5au. This fellow finished (eating) my
food and sat down. Syn: khule5k; pLik
ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pLin, pLinz vP ,P N. Ball for playing
snow golf or other games; nVaVd. Syn:
canDu5l; pin; c4ikk; plots.
po P N. Foot print, hoof print, tracks; M n
wzWa. Riddle: bat tha5ra ha3} po: on the
stone there is a horse hoof print. Answer =
nyo5yak a persons navel.
po ka5rik sD P V. To track someone or
something; MWar vzWZ MxzWa n.
ta5sa po ka5i a5an. ka4mka45mas po5una pa5i
pa5i ke43%una a{a5Lan. They tracked him.

party. Morph: piST-aw. Etym: pr0STha5back, hinder part T-8371.

piST aTh XC ZP N. Backbone; ruWdq
p. Whole: jhan, jhand body.
piST ghe5rik t ZP V. To turn
ones back on, reject; MWaqu _hkVdWY. de5wa
bha5yras suwa5las ha5tya piST aghe5raw.
The spirit being rejected the despised
mans prayer.
piSTku5Kk YP Adj. Bent over; )r(
L LruE.
pSTaw DYP See main entry: piST.
pit, pitr tUP ,VP N. 1) Skin flakes, skin (as
on milk); ij )rWYDL WeMik MWd mm(
WeMWX We. c4hrani pit. Skin of milk.
2) Hymen. Etym: piccha2- scum of boiled
rice T-8154.
ptak DUP N. Gall bladder; VZWY. Whole:
jhan, jhand body.
piTe5k YP N. Shawl, chadar; V`WYm. Syn:
tsada5r.
pi{do5 oxP N. Avalanche; M ` MWd rWX
rVdo. Do: ik to come.
p|45ik P V. 1) To squeeze, press or tread
grapes; MWaMWXm ,MWaquik. Syn: dzu5nik;
TrikTrike5k. 2) To turn a knob, tighten;
MWaM ,MWar PShly. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
pio5nyak DP N. Wooden tie piece or
brace which joins joists. [This piece not
only joins the joists, but fills in between
them to provide a better base for flooring.]
RootVb: p4i5 k squeeze; Syn: pa4go5yak.
pio5nyak gonD r DP N. The
wooden control knob in the grain hopper;

Ve MWd nVa Vd ik ij( VZym

)__ MWZr rV`Va WaLm. [This functions

to control the flow of grain out of the

phona5yak grain funnel.] Syn: khar go5n.
plinz gaL D vP See main entry: pin,
pinD.
plok P Adj. 1) Easily broken, fragile;
)rsVdik( L VaW`W`. }e5mi plok ca5ka} mo

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pok

po5yuno

po5ncik eP V. To take away something

from someone by force, grab; MVaVaVdik. se
ta5sa mu5c4ani gonDk po5nci tasam SiS
paha5ra pa4a5 w. He grabbed the stick from
him and hit him on the head. Syn: oho5nik.
ponj ^P Num. Five; fkMWY. Variant: panc
(Urtsun). Etym: pa5n3ca five T-7655.
ponj b}i L ^P Num. One hundred;
y. Syn: }or.
ponjtra CtU]P Adv. Fifth day from now;
Hm WdikMWY. See also: o5nja today.
ponjSa5Kki {uk w D]P V. To be hit;
MWaM ruVYWZ. Lit: eat five fingers.
poKga5r park sDP sDP V. To become
weak and tired; MWaMij WZ ,MWaMij qrs.
may pay poKga5r pa5i a5an. My goats
have become weak and tired. See also:
phawg; dakma5; pu5li; bo5zda.
pornkan DsP Rel. Because of; ,PTMWX
y ij. tay pornkan may ha5tya cir
ha5waw. Because of you I was late.
post V|P N. Skin, hide, leather; MWd M
Lruik. Spec: payo5st goathide; batyo5st
kidskin; meSo5st rams hide; ame43o5st
sheepskin; gako5st cowhide; Dim:
posto4a5k. Variant: -ost (As 2nd member of
a compound). From: Persian.
post chaLe5k Dd V|P V. To skin an
animal; MWaqMWZDL M. Syn: hu5nDik.
posto4a5k CU|P N. 1) Leather piece,
small piece of leather; LruW` M ruik.
2) Foreskin, prepuce; N yMVaWZ HV
M .
po}a5Ta DXDP N. Hoof; rD. From: Khowar.
po}aya5k ka5rik sD DDP V. To make
a noose; MWaMVaWX LnVaWY. rajhu5k po}aya5k ka5i
tan so5ro uSio5n pa5i ana5}aw. He took a
rope and hanging himself died.
poy P N. Tendon; MV`WY. Whole: jhan,
jhand body.
po5yuno P Cnj. If; r@L. }o5on ha5waw
po5yuno, moc tan jho5niu. If a man is that

Following the marks of the trap (attached

to his leg) they reached the cave.
pok P N. Tread or step in a }idk (see
}it) a log stairway; VaWdqs. Variant: po.
pok kare5k sD P V. To help someone
get a firm footing; MWar mn d Varuik.
u5STik pe ne bha5as day haw, a pok
kare5m. If you cannot climb, I will make
steps for your feet.
pok sawze5k uD| P V. To make
steps in a log stairway or anywhere; VaWdqs
MWaMVaWX.
pokhta5 DUP Adj. Genuine, real, strong;
VXV ,Mil. a pokhta5 kaLa5Sa mon.
This is genuine Kalasha language. Variant:
pokta5. From: Persian.
pola5t SP N. A kind of battleaxe; Vaij
quM. Gen: yara5k weapons; bado5k
ax.
poline5k P V. To coil a line, rope or
thread; MVaV`VdVY. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
polni hik P V. To be coiled
up; MWaMij PUik ,MWaMij PUVY. [Things that can
get coiled up are snakes, threads, ropes,
wires and grass.]
polita5 DUP N. Wick, fuse; ZWX.
polita DUP N. Rifle, gun; M WdL
nVaWX. phato se moc anday ka5i polita
gri tara5 kay kakbo5yas tya5i a5au. Then
that man, putting the gun to his shoulder,
killed the leopard there. [This old kind of
gun had to be hand loaded and fired by
lighting a fuse.] Use: tyek to shoot; Gen:
yara5k weapon; tupe5k gun.
pon P N. Appeal, liking, pleasure; nVaxWY.
Use: dek to give.
pon dek o P V. To like, enjoy; nVaxWY
MWaN. }a pira5n tay pon praw e? Do you
like this shirt? se moc tay pon day a5is?
Did you like that man? Ant: aSke5k;
dic4hik. Variant: pun dek.
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po4

pra}

prago5 CtP N. The lower portion of an entity,

foot; ij hkVdWa ,LnVaVdWY ,Lm. Whole: }en
bed; CPart: uSS upper portion.
prago5ik CtP V. To become ritually
impure; MWa MWY MWa. pay ma5ri to5a
prago5imi. After we sacrifice the goat, we
again become impure. Ant: o5njeSTa (hik).
pra5gata tshim l DTDCtP N. The place
where women wash themselves and their
clothes; ij Wam MWY MWa OSq.
[This is a taboo or impure area for men.]
pra5gata DTDCtP Adj. Ritually impure, defiled;
MWY MWa. Syn: Trka; ma45ka; Ant: o5njeSTa.
praha5r sDCtP N. Boil, sore; LquWY. praha5r
draST nih }au, baza5una. A boil has
suddenly appeared on my arm.
prak CtP Adv. Very, extremely; ,PSWX
WeMVZWaHL. prak krSna. Pitch black or very
dirty. pruk krSnak. Pitch black. Dim:
pruk; Syn: pak2.
praka45k JCtP N. Village below Kotdesh in
Rumbur Valley; M WdL M qVXq mL.
pranc4apra5nc4 jCtPDiCtP Adj. Damaged,
defaced, vandalized; ilqs. a muT
pranc4apranc4 thi }au. This tree has been
defaced.
praphanDawa5ka DCCrDPCtP N. 1) Festival
rite of masquerade; zij M VanWX wVdWX.
2) Masked person; L VanWX wVdWX.
prasu5ik |CtP V. 1) To sleep; MWay.
prasu5i a5san. Theyre asleep. Syn:
ispra5puna park; Du5Dik; SanJu5ik. 2) To
have sexual relations with; MWar Mij.
[Use of this word doesnt usually cause
embarrassment as the primary meaning is
sleep. It is used euphemistically of sexual
intercourse however.] Variant: purswmis
(Urtsun). Etym: *prasupati falls asleep
T-8845.
pra}1 CtP Adj. Soft; rWa. Syn: ma43u5cak;
phla}; paSawa5Si; Ant: DaK; tre5yLa.

far along in life, then he should know by

himself! krik praw po5yuno, khe3% ka5i
}u5La o5nik. If it snows, then how will we
bring wood? Syn: pe.
po4 P See main entry: tyek.
po43 P N. 1) Leaf; VZWY. 2) Evergreen needles;
VZWY VZilqm qMWX Lny. See also: rawe5Sa.
Variant: pe43 (Urtsun). Etym: parNa5plumage, foliage (of tree) T-7918.
po43 hstik U} P V. To put a layer of
leaves on a roof; MWaVdWY VZWY. Sequence:
sastrik to roof a house.
ppu QP N. Water (language for a small
child); )d MWXqs hkWX( MWY. ppu de,
a5ya. Give me water, mommy! [The [pp] is
a bilabial (both lips) trill.] See also: pa4pa45.
ppu5ciK dQP N. Goat and sheep
droppings; aVaVd ruVdWX MWd rWX. Syn:
peSga4Kgaya5k. From: Khowar.
ppu5}ey &QP Intj. Shoo! said to sheep; ruVdWX
i M Vaik _Vd . [The [pp] is a bilabial
trill.] See also: ame43%a. Variant: ppuze5y;
ppru5}e.
pr tP V. Gave (past tense root of dek give
and dyek put); m. Etym: pra5dada2ti
gives away T-8655, 8656.
prabazo5n uDLCtP N. Spirit being of Birir.
1) Prabazon; M ij VZyzr M M rWX
__ MWZMhkWX y OSMN qn . Gen: baS
{ua5w spirit beings. 2) Altar to Prabazon;
gWX M M rWX. Variant: praba. Etym:
pravabhra5- a name of Indra T-8782.
prabe4he5k LCtP V. To gather together, to
keep under control; MWar ij ij WdL.
we3ha5k {e pre3ha5k ka5y, }a5ma sra43
prabe4ha5i. Upstream and down, control this
wind! The meaning of this example about
controlling the wind is poetic. It possibly
refers to the force of love which cannot be
controlled. Object: pay goats; uk water.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
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pra}

pre5gi dyek

pra}2 CtP N. Steep hillside; Lo. Syn:

La3w
% ta3w.
pra}o5k CtP N. Mud slide; y quMWY
OQVdy n L WarWZDL. pra}o5k ta juwa5ri
no4 ka5riu. The mud slide comes and buries
the corn. [This comes down the mountain
side while a Da5ran flash-flood, comes
down the river.] Syn: Da5ran. Morph:
pra}-uk.
pra5Smik CtP V. To forget; MWaMij WX.
Syn: hardia5r park. Variant: pra2muS
(Urtsun (M)). Etym: *pramr0Sati forgets
T-8730. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
praw CtP N. Sight, light; ,Vayzq WaN
MVaVdWX. may e5caw praw paru }amo5n,
tay ne ba5ta pa5}im I dont want to see
you again until I die. Syn: phreLk.
pra5wac4 gCCtP N. Side (from waist to
underarm); KVi M hkVdWa WX.
prawa5Tani go5ra Cs DXCCtP Adj. Whitebellied (of any animal); nVdy )qWaMij(
Mik. Gen: coT pattern.
pra4a5 CItP N. Spleen; HWZ. Whole: jhan,
jhand body.
pre tP V. Get going!; Vdik N. a nsi
a5am. jie5m day. to gham mo ka5ri, pre.
I am sitting here. I am watching. Dont
worry! Get going! Syn: he3. See also: pre5o.
prece5} etP N. Harvest sacrificial feast;
MWXr _Vd MV` V. [This is done
in the fall after the goats are brought back
to the valleys from the high pastures. Goats
and bulls are sacrificed to Mahandeo or
Ingaw, by each clan in thanks for the
harvest and health. Prayers for future
success are made. People are summoned
and feasted.] Variant: prece5}i; prechai}i;
preche5}i.
prece5} dyek o etP V. To sacrifice
male goats and give a feast in thanksgiving
for good crops; MWXr _Vd MV` V

MVaWdm. Gen: ko}an celebration; khoda

ka5rik make a sacrifice.
prece5w etP N. Ceremonial axe used in
dances; VaikMWa rV^@L ij quM WdL
__ MVZyHL Vd. Gen: bado5k axe;
Syn: taparzK.
prechn
prechn hik etP V. To become
weaned; MVaWdm quik mm. may chu
prechn thi a5au. My daughter is now
weaned.
prechn ka5rik sD etP V. To wean
a child or animal; MWaLruik mm. a5bi to
prechn ka5i a5ik. We have weaned her.
[With an animal this is done by separating
the young and its mother.]
preco5na DetP N. Ghee, clarified butter;
. See also: ca5ru; ma5ska. Etym:
mrakSaNa- rubbing in, ointment, oil T10378?.
prec4 hik jtP V. To fall down,
collapse; MWar r WdL. jhaw prec4
thi }au. The fence has collapsed. Syn:
prekk.
prec4ek
5 itP V. 1) To destroy, dismantle,
annihilate, erase; MWaMo. a diga45 prec4e5m
day. I am tearing down the wall. See also:
prec4 (hik). 2) To dissolve; MWar i. laT
prec4ai5 . Dissolve the lumps! Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
prec4a5uni DitP N. Eraser; WaMV` WeM
rsVdik .
prec4he5w gon, prec4he5w gonD , itP
r itP N. Blades of a water wheel;
MVaWY M ik. Matl: rha cedar;
kuhe5rik pine nut wood; Whole: {ont,
{ontr water-mill. Morph: prec4he5w
gonD.
pre5gi dyek o tP V. To spread
abroad or around; MWaVdWY. [Typical things
that can spread are news, water, people,
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preje5y

pre3

and animals.] See also: hu5li hik. Variant:

pre5gi jek.
preje5y &]tP KT. 1) Sister-in-law (wifes
sister); My. CPart: jamo5w brother-inlaw (sisters husband). 2) Female cousinin-law (wifes female cousin); My. Etym:
bhra2turja2ya2- brothers wife T-9660.
prekie5k tP V. To fell a tree; rsVdik
MWaMo . Instr: bado5k axe; gir saw;
Syn: pelaTe5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
prekk tP V. 1) To fall over, collapse;
MWarH. asam prki }au. That thing fell by
itself. [Typical things that can fall are
trees, walls, and mountains.] Syn: prec4
hik; nitsk. 2) To fall (of an avalanche);
MWar )mWZ MrWX(. krik preks. The
snow fell in an avalanche. Variant: prikk.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
prenarie5k sDtP N. Residents of the
lower part of a village; M ij
d VZq r hkVdWa. CPart: wenarie5k
residents of upper part of a village.
pre5naw DtP Morph: pre3-aw. See main
entry: pre3.
pre5nja gok D]tP N. Lady bug; WdL
LruVd M . Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
prenja4i%3 k J]tP V. To covet, be jealous
of, envy; r Wdm ,MWar nxi
MVaij. ware5gis mal jaga5i, mo prenja4a%3 s.
Dont covet anothers things. kas pa5}i
prenja43%ik pruST ne. It is not good to envy
someone else. Syn: LaLc ka5rik; ta5da kay
bo pa5}ik.
pre5o tP V. Lets go (said to several
people); Vdik. See also: pre.
pre5o park sDP tP Id. Lets go!; ik
dik.
pres ~tP N. Lower branches of a tree
reachable from the ground; ik PSilqm
dilMyz. pre5saw bribo5 taya5r thi }an,
khalo43%yank hin day. In the lower

branches the walnuts are ripe, they are

becoming harvestable walnuts.
pres ka5rik sD ~tP V. 1) To pick from
low branches; OUril@L y ilMyz ik
MWaqMWZDL. 2) To eat leaves which are low on a
tree; r ru rWY WaMW` m M VdxzWd
MWaM VZWY flMyz. pay ic4ho5a thi pres
ka5rin day. The goats are standing on their
hind legs and eating the leaves.
pre}ahe5k JtP V. To cause to cool
down; MWar LpVaW`. cay bo duwdu5w, mo
pi. a tay ha5tya pre}ahe5m. The tea is
very hot; dont drink it! I will cool it for
you. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
pre}a5ik DtP V. To cool down; LpVaW`
MWa. cay pre}a5u day. The tea is cooling.
Caus: pre}ahe5k. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
preSe5k tP V. To skim off or take out
impurities, filter; MWar r. monD preSa5i.
c4a5Sa cakrak kay dye. Take out the
whey! Put the cottage cheese in the bowl!
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
preSk tP V. Clear up of clouds or any
cloudy or dirty substance; ,MWaMij r
MWaMij MV. di preS }au. The sky has
cleared. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
preSpe5l QtP See main entry: khel.
preSpha5K DQtP Adj. Old, worn out; PSWX
MW`EWY MW`EW` ,MWaLrWY.
preSpha5Kk DQtP Adj. Empty, hollow;
,Mil. Syn: SuSua43%k; phKki.
pre3 tP Adv. Downstream. Restrict: This
word has not so far been heard in isolation,
but it is posited as the root which underlies
such words as pre5naw, pre3a% , and pre3ha5k.
See we3 upstream, for a similar pattern.
Reversive: we3 upstream.
pre3a% DtP Adv. Downstream; hkVdWa
qm r. Reversive: we3a% upstream.
Morph: pre3-a.

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prSu

pruST

pre3n
% aw day Co DtP Adv. From down
below (from a downstream direction);
y r _hkVdWa.
pre3%naw DtP Adv. From downstream, from
down the valley; y _hkVdWa. pre3%naw thi
a5a. You came from downstream. batrkey
pre3%naw bru43%a. Brun is downstream from
Batrik.
Reversive:
we3%naw
from
upstream. Morph: pre3-aw.
pre3ha5k DtP Adv. Downstream a little
ways; r hkVdWa mL. Reversive:
we3ha5k upstream a little ways.
prSu tP N. Flea; xWY. Etym: plu5Si- a
partic. noxious insect, (prob.) flea T9029.5.
prost
prost hik V|tP V. To bow down
on ones knees; Va ,MVaEij WX VaV`
MWar WX .
prost ka5rik sD V|tP V. 1) To turn
something over; MVaq r MV`DL. Syn:
pelaTe5k; ekwa3 ghere5k; mu5San ghere5k.
2) To make a person bend over; MWaMEij. a5La
prost ka5i gri. Help him to bend over
(hes sick and needs to vomit).
pruc4ho43%ik htP V. To prune a grape
vine or other fruit tree, to cut off suckers
from a tree; MVaV`WaMik flMyz PSilqm. a5La
muT ispie5k baS a}s. o5nja pha5to
pruc4ho43%i lase5s. That tree needs to be
pruned. Now I have pruned it. Syn: ispie5k;
sor ka5rik.
pruk tP See main entry: prak.
pruST ZtP Adj. Good, better, best, OK;
Mik@L. waL a5a? a3%a3. pruST a5as e?
khoda5yas meherba5ni pruST Zo5ya. Have
you come to watch the goats? Yes. Are you
well? By Gods kindness I am well. }a
a5sa pi pruST. This one is better than that
one. a sa5win pi pruST. This one is the
best of all. Ant: }um; Syn: be; Zo5ya; sawz;
Max: sak.

Adv. 1) Well. Lawak tara5 ta, to pruST

{u5io, tay jaha5so }a gho3%i, pruST
tatsri, tre bas {u5io ga5La. The fox came
there and ate well, saying, This is your
airplane. For three days he ate his fill and
went away. 2) Very. }o43%as pruST be tye e,
paru. When you beat a dog very well, he
will go. Etym: praSTha- leading, going
first T-8820.
pru5STi ka5rik sD YtP V. To do
someone good; MWar Mxi@L ,MWar WeMik@L.
moc }e5ras kay ma5iLa ki, tu may ko
{us day, a5 ta tay som pru5STi ka5i
a5sam. The man said to the tiger, Why
will you eat me? I have done you good.
Restrict: The object is marked with som
with. See also: jam.
pruST hik ZtP V. 1) To be or
remain well; MWa Mik@L. pruST thi pa5ri. I
wish you a safe journey. Syn: wa3ts hik.
2) To become better; MWa OQMWd PShV. a
lahazani pruST him. I will get better
from this sickness.
V. To become reconciled with someone;
MWar gV. pha5to se ta5sa som pruST
hu5La. Then he became reconciled with her.
Restrict: The object is marked by som
with.
pruST ka5rik sD ZtP V. To do well;
MWar Mik@L. drac4 pruST ka5i uchunda5i
thawa5i mo. Harvest the grapes well; dont
leave any. Syn: wa3ts ka5rik; gawr ka5rik.
pruST park sDP ZtP V. To go to
greet someone; Va Vd VZyLq M
MWaMij. se ta5si ha5tya pruST para5w. He
went out to greet them.
pruSTe5k YtP V. To calm a fight or
argument and reconcile the two parties;
MWaLr gV. a te pruSTe5m day. I am
stopping them from fighting. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
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pruST thi a5a e, ba5ya, ba5ba

punDu5iro

pruST thi a5a e, ba5ya, ba5ba E T ZtP

DLDL ,DDL ,C Id. Greetings brother, sister!;
WX MWd WeMWX d VdW` ORN. Lit: being
well have you come brother, sister?. See
also: i}pa5ta.
pruSThe5ni YtP N. Basket made of
strips of juniper wood; rW` WdL

pucu5k chnik d dP V. To
circumcise; MWar PSVay ,MWar VaVZil. See
also: suna5t.
pudina5 DoP N. Mint; VaWdHmWY. Gen: muT
plant. From: Persian.
pudru5L soP Adj. Poor; PQWdr. e5Li te bo
pudru5L moc, a5si pi ka ne niSpiju.
Those are very poor people; nothing can be
expected from them. Syn: can; naca5r;
garp.
pu5irak CtP See main entry: pu5ri.
pu5li P Adj. Weak, anemic; qrs.
Lahazani pSTawo, bo pu5li thi a5sau.
After being sick, he has become very
weak. Syn: dakma5; phawg; bozda5. See
also: poKga5r park.
puliThs ~YP Adj. Useless, bad, ruined,
spoiled; OQLril. bo mu5cik dya5i, gu5um
puliThs thi pa5i }an. Because it has
rained the wheat has gone very bad.
[puliThs only applies to things. pu5li
applies to children, phawg applies to
adults.] See also: This.
pulka5 DP N. A kind of dry chapatti; MEWY
q. Gen: au5 bread, food. From: Urdu.
pulu5s {P N. Police; wVdWY. From:
English.
pu5La P N. Sheaf, bundle of grain stalks;
MV` ,WY. o ba5ya, may gak sak ano5ra
thi a5an, du tre pu5La may de la. O
brother, my cows have become very
hungry, give me two or three sheaves of
grain! Whole: Dhay stack of sheaves.
Etym: pu2la- bunch, bundle T-8349.
puL P N. Cotton webbing for making a
bed; L VaVaWX WeMWYqMik.
punDu5iro trP Adv. All around; mIr mqHL.
{Luna punDu5iro ga4K }an. There are
holes around the borders of the blanket.
phunDu5iro day c4he5truna jhaw dye. Put
a fence around the border of the field! moc

WeMVaWX y Mik ru rWXVaV ij

__ Mij. sa5ras badr gri a5ras {e

caku5as tha5ra prusthe5ni sin. They

weave a juniper basket with an awl and a
strips of juniper wood. [This is woven of
thin strips of juniper wood. It can be deep
or shallow and is used for temporary
storage.] Instr: ar awl; caku5 knife;
Create: sik to weave. See also: sawe5w;
soho5La; khawa5; khapo5; cire5w; grio5ni;
dray.
puchu5m dP Adv. Uphill from speaker,
up; rWYDL. Reversive: undru5 downhill from
speaker.
puchu5m pa5rik sDP dP V. To go
up, to hike up; MWaMij rWYDL. adra5kuna
puchu5m park. Lets go up on the hillside.
Reversive: undruha5k ik to come down;
Syn: u5STik.
puchuma5k DdP Adv. Uphill a little
ways from speaker; r rWYDL.
Reversive: undruha5k downhill. Morph:
puchum-ha5k.
puchumala DDdP Adj. Ascending,
uphill; r rWYDL. a phond
puchumala. This path goes uphill.
Reversive: undruhakala descending;
Syn:
uprali;
c4o5ktu.
Morph:
puchum-ali-a.
pucu5k dP N. Penis; EyMVaWZVHE. Syn:
pinDo5r; }aru5m; Whole: jhan, jhand
body. See also: wam. Etym: pu5cchatail, hinder part T-8249.

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punDu5ri

pu5rum
a5is. (Frog to Scorpion:) What is happening
on my back? (Scorpion to Frog, after
stinging him:) Nothing much, I was only
fulfilling what is natural for me. Variant:
pu5yrak ka5rik.
pu5ra nihk CsP V. To come true;
MWa PSWXMW^ gky ,MVaWa gky ,MWa gky. ta5sa
mon pu5ra niha5w. His word came true.
purdl osP Adj. Courageous, brave;
qmMWX. moTe5r kasa5ikas ba5ti purdl hie5li.
One needs to be courageous to drive a jeep.
Syn: bagde5r. See also: So5nDik.
purgo5n, purgonD rsP ,sP N. Shed
stick on a loom; MVZyHL Vd WaMVaWX `WY
LpWao L Wa. Whole: tron, trond loom.
Morph: pur gonD.
purgura5m CssP N. Program; LrrWY.
}atara5 rat kho5jikas purgura5m ka5da.
That night they had made a program to
make an engagement to marry her to their
son. From: English.
pu5ri sP Adj. Full, whole, entire; LE LrWX.
coomno u5STi, jaga5i, pu5ri mos. au5 {u5i,
beS a5sta. In the morning he got up and
saw meat everywhere. He ate and there
were leftovers. ha5nduna tyap pu5ri moc
a5an. The temple is completely full of
people. Max: tyap; Syn: su5ja; drus; Dim:
pu5irak. Etym: pu2ra- filling T-8330.
pu5ri ka5rik sD sP V. To fill
something; MWarWX. Syn: }ur}u5r ka5rik.
pu5ri thi uzukk u T sP Id. To
overflow; MWarH r rsWdX. a kha5liley
awe45yak. c4hir pe a5tra pra ha5w, pu5ri
thi uzu5kiu. This empty (pitcher) is too
small. If you put the milk in there, it will
overflow it.
purpu5r au5 E sPsP N. Bread layered with
mashed walnuts or other food; q qLm WZ.
Gen: au5 bread. See also: pur.
pu5rum sP N. Stuffing (as for a quilt);
WeEq.

gho43 dia5was punDu5iro cSTin. Men stand

around the singer.
punDu5ri srP Adj. Round like a disk;
. Syn: LaTo5ra; drigo5lak; Max: khuS2.
Etym: *piNDara round like a lump T8171.
punDu5irak ghe5rik t CtrP V.
To spin; MVaE. punDu5irak ghe5ram. I
make it spin.
punDu5irak CtrP Adj. Round like a
disk (said of small things); .
N. Money; VdWYq. [This is a colloquial
term for money.] Syn: pa5lum.
pur sP N. 1) Layer, section; WZ. [This
refers to layers of threads in weaving that
can be alternated up and down.] 2) Story,
floor; gy ,WZ ,rsVa. tay dur kimo5n
pur? How many stories are in your house?
pur ka5rik sD sP V. 1) Make layers;
MWaM WZ. 2) To make a number of stories
on a house; MWaMVaWX rsVa.
purpu5r sPsP Adj. 1) Layered, sectioned;
qLm WZ. ba5ba, ja43u5 purpu5r ka5i ka5ri.
Sister, make some layered walnut bread!
2) Tattered; L MV`WY y ij ij. may
kirmc purpu5r thi paro5n. My tennis
shoes have become completely tattered.
pu5ra CsP Adv. Completely, totally; ,LqWY
LqMy. ghe5ri to bat hsti a5au. bat hsti
a5au e, ghe5ri a5la cu45ika pa5i a5au. pa5i
a5au e, se pu5ra gade5ri thi a5au. Again
he threw that stone and having thrown it,
again he went up to the top of the tree.
Then he went completely crazy. Syn: pak2.
pu5ra hik CsP V. To be complete; LqWY
MWa ,MWa. may tankha5 den,
mastru5k pe pu5ra ha5waw ha5w. They
will pay me if the month is finished.
pu5ra ka5rik sD CsP V. To complete, to
fulfill, to carry out; MWar . may
pSTuna ka kbaw hu day? ware5kta
ka ne, mic a tan ada5t pu5ra ka5riman
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pu5ruS

put, putr

pu5ruS sP N. Man; mr. [A boy becomes a

man at the age of about four years when he
gets his first outfit, and has a sacrifice
made for him at cawmo5s the winter
festival. From that time he no longer can
eat or drink from the same dishes as
women.] CPart: istr{a woman.
Adj. Male; rAWa. puruSgu5a4k. A boy child.
Morph: pu5ruZ. Etym: pu5ruSa- man,
male T-8289.
puruSgu5a4k IsP N. Boy, male
child; Mru. [The difference between these
two synonyms may be that the su5da has not
yet been initiated into the world of men,
whereas a puruSgu5ak has.] Syn: su5da;
CPart: istr{agu5a4k girl, female child.
Morph: puruS ku5ak
4 . See also: ku5ak
4 .
puru5t SsP Adj. Very ragged, very holey;
L MV`WY y ij Ve. puru5t pira5n
sa5mbi a5au. He has put on a ragged
shalwar kamiz. Syn: lok; waSwa5S; curcu5r;
baze43% baze43%.
pu} P N. Flower blossom, flowers; WY.
Etym: puSya2%- a kind of plant T-8306,
14697.
pu} ka5rik sD P V. To blossom;
MVaI. }aktha5l pu} ka5riu. The clover will
blossom.
pu} mu5c4a dek o Dh P V.
Ceremony for ending the period of
mourning for a death; War Zil y
q. te pu} mu5c4a da5i, }ok achnan.
Giving flowers they break the }ok
mourning period. [When they give the
flowers they will say, ande5y bircio
khoda5y khayr kariu5 ori, kho}a5ni
oniu5ori. After this may God treat you
very well and bring you happiness.] See
also: }ok.
pu}k dyek o P V. To blossom;
MVaI . pu}k dya5i }an The flowers
have blossomed.

pu}k P N. 1) Flower blossoms, small

flowers; . scin u}k. Jujube blossoms.
2) The small pompom on the front of the
womens headdress; W` OSq zVd
MWanVaWY M. See also: Tumbk. Variant: u}k.
pu}, pu}t VP ,P N. Generation; ,PSxzWY
xWa. ka5Ta sKga du5ra du pu}t thi }au.
In Kata Singhs family there are now two
living generations. [If a man has children,
they are referred to as a pu}t. If then they
have children, they are referred to as a
second pu}t.] Syn: maja5r. From: Persian.
pu5}aw mara5T isto5Kgas ka5rik WCsD DP
sD {DU}C Id. 1) To do a special
sacrifice for boys to celebrate their having
received a ceLk; Vd qLyz hkWX
MWar MWXr rWY q WaMVaWY. [This is done
the evening of the day that boys are given
their ceLk ceremonial shirt. It is only
done during the winter festival.] 2) To
sacrifice to Balimain; MWa WeMVdMWX
MWaMruik MWXr _Vd VZyzr. [Hands are
placed on the goats neck as one man
prays. Then two others with washed arms
slaughter the goat and throw blood on the
fire at the de5wa dur altar.] Variant:
pu5}aw mara5T ka5rik.
put, putr tTP ,SP KT. 1) Son; MV`VdWX. CPart:
da5da father; a5ya mother; Syn: da5daso;
a5yaso;
Dim:
butru5k;
putru5kik.
2) Nephew (brothers son if speaker is
male, brother or sisters son if speaker is
female); MhjVdVZWX. CPart: da5da uncle
(fathers brother); na5na aunt (mothers
sister, or fathers sister, or sister-in-law);
Syn:
na5naso.
3) Nephew-in-law
(husbands nephew); MijMWX. CPart:
baya5ya aunt (wife of mothers brother).
4) Stepson; MV`VdWX VdWZy. CPart: dadu5k
stepfather; na5na stepmother. Etym:
putra5- son T-8265.
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putra5Li

rajhu5k

put haLk D

SP
MVaWdm aij V`VdW.X se

P N. 1) The lower part of a thing;

LnVaVdWY. cay khul thi, pu4tyakay }au.

pu45ik

V. To bear a son;
put haL a5au. She
gave birth to a son. Morph: putr haLk.
putru5k tTP N. Dear little son; ,MV`VdWX
hkWX. tay ja ka ha5li a5au? putru5k ha5li
a5au e, juru5k? What did your wife have, a
son or daughter? [Anyone can address a
little boy by this title. Only his mother or
father or an aunt or uncle whose son he
is, could call him putru5kik dear little
son, however.] CPart: juru5k dear little
daughter.
putra5Li CtTP KT. Nephew-in-law (wifes
nephew); MijMWX.
pu5tsas {DlP N. Lake surrounded by walls
of ice; rWX r qMik wij Vdij.
Syn: sardawa5y; sar2; chat.

The tea is finished. There is only a bit in

the bottom of the can. Dim: pu4t yak.
2) The roots of a tree; ruij PSilqm. a5la
ka5nda ja5Lay, ka5nda pu45ik tro5c4iu. a5la
bSa ja5Lay, bSa pu45ik tro5c4iu. Up there in
the almond woods, he is scratching on the
roots of a almond tree. Up there in the wild
laburnum grove he is scratching on the
roots of a laburnum bush. Whole: muT
tree; Syn: isno5s; yowa5k.
pu43 P N. The grape harvest; rWdrWX mL
zij M VaWY qWa@L. [This is celebrated in
Birir in late September at full moon] Gen:
khawsa5Kgaw festival. Etym: pu2rNa5filled, full T-8339.

r
N. Way; VZyLq ,Lq. ra nihu. A way
will open up. Gen: phon, phond path.
See also: re; reS; bric. From: Persian.
ra5but SLCs N. Rubberbands; ruWXq. From:
English.
ra5but thom T SLCs N. Slingshot; Vd.
Syn: ji tho5m. Variant: ra5bot thom.
ra5cikoS da5ri sCo dCs N. The clan of
Sharkat; M MLr M mL PSWdqVXWX
VdVX. Syn: }araka5t da5ri; Gen: kam1
clan.
rage5STi YCs Adv. Early; qs@L VX ,nij
PS. rage5STi }au. Its early. mo5 ta,
rage5STi nis day hu5La. No! It seems that
you are taking your goats up to the
mountains early. Ant: cir; mala5l.
rahat TDCs N. Prosperity; Mhyzil. ho5ma
mu5lkuna bo rahat }au. Our country is
very prosperous. From: Arabic.
ra

Cs

rah ka5rik sD Cs V. To set out on a

trip; MVaWa _Vd ry ,MWar Ez ry.
pha5to a5bi rat kay biru ha5tya rah
a5rimi. phre5Lik atha5w e, a5bi biru
a{a5Limi. Then we set out for Birir at night.
When it dawned we reached Birir. From:
Persian.
ra5ik Cs V. To bark; MVaWaWX. }o43%a ra5iu. A
dog barks. Syn: }aK ka5rik; wakhok;
Jac4h hik. Etym: ra2y
% ati barks at T10714. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
rajhu5k \Cs N. Rope made of goathair;
yq. [This is only made from goathair.
Two or three strands are twisted or
wrapped together. Different lengths of
ropes are referred to as c4ho bho5nuni
rope for harnessing cattle for threshing
or TamTe5y bihruni a rope for carrying
loads of corn stalks, and }uLa5 o5nuni rope
for tying and carrying wood.] Create:
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rakeSk

ra}a5n
batsulK turquoise; gore5Tuk Lac4ha
reddish orange; kriSma4%3 dark brown;
gorLo5ma color of sheep; Laco43%a light
brown (of sheep). From: Persian.
rapa5l DPCs N. Muzzle-loading gun; nVaWX
WdL. Part: bo43 slug or shot; Gen:
yara5k weapon; tupe5k gun. From:
English.
ras
{Cs N. Secret; qsLq. tu may jha5nani
ras jho5nis day. You know the secret of
my heart. Use: bic4hirk to become
known; were5k hik to be revealed;
Dhumbe5k to keep. From: Persian.
rase5n |Cs N. Food; zLq. From: English.
raswa5 hik C|Cs V. To become bad of
character, to go bad; MWa Lyq ,MWaMij ruWX.
da5das pu5tras ha5tya me5her ne ka5riu
day. }e3%he3 tho pu5tras raswa5 thi a5au.
The father was unkind to his son. Because
of this, the son became bad. From: Arabic.
ra}
Cs N. Large scattering of any
material; rsVdik rWX ,vzq.
ra} grik t Cs V. To measure
something; MWaM OQMxi M . pSTawo
jaga5an ki kalo45yank kimo5n ha5wan,
zale5yki kimo5n ha5wan. to5a ra} grin.
Afterwards they see how many shucked
walnuts they have, how many unripe ones.
Then they measure them.
ra} hik Cs V. To fall in great
quantities; MWar Vd qLn mMWdqs ,MWa do.
a ba5tan pa4 e, brbo ra} ha5wan. When I
threw the stone the walnuts fell in great
quantity. See also: barke5}.
ra}a5k DCs N. Shaft connecting millstone
with waterwheel; ij KVi M ik
__ MWZ y OUMWY _VaWY. Matl: bew1
willow wood; Whole: {ont, {ontr
water-mill.
ra}a5n DCs N. 1) The back of ones hand;
PUDL M VdVZ ,KVi MV`DL M WZM. Whole:

ka5rik to make; Degrad: gren tshr

tangled; maTho5La wadded up. See also:
baTie5k. Etym: ra5jju- rope, cord T10582.
rajhu5k ka5rik sD \Cs V. To make
a rope by braiding goathair; MWaMVaWX yq.
rakeSk Cs V. To drag; MVaV`Vdx. Syn:
kaSe5k; kaSaLek. See also: ho5ncik. From:
Khowar. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
ra5kum Cs N. Familial love, kindness;
iq. Syn: me5har. From: Arabic.
ra5kum ka5rik sD Cs V. To be kind
to; MWar iq ,MWar PSVXh. ey baya5, tay
putraw ha5tya ra5kum ka5ri. Hey brother!
Be kind to your son! Restrict: Object is
marked by ha5tya to, or tha5ra on. Syn:
me5har ka5rik; liha5s ka5rik; lots ka5rik.
rakumgn Cs Adj. Kind; ,m iq
Vdy.z Syn: mehargn; sa5raK.
ram Cs N. Cud; MEij.
ram ka5rik sD Cs V. To chew the cud;
MWar MEij. kiS ka5io ram ka5runa ne da5i
lasa5i, uk pie5s. After ploughing I didnt
allow him to chew the cud and I gave him
water.
rambere5k tMCs V. To trample down;
MWanWaq. jaga5i, te may juwa5ri rambera5i,
dhumba5i a5an. Look, they have trampled
down my corn and destroyed it! Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
ra5mon Cs N. Spirit being revered in
Bumburet; M M MLr Vd PSWdqVXWX
VZyzr. Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings. See
also: daSgo5raLa.
randa5 CpCs N. Carpenters plane; nWaq. Matl:
d{a4r%3 ay a kind of oak; Gen: aspa5p
tools. See also: dara5s. From: Persian.
raK Cs N. Color; Waq. Spec: go5ra
white; baDu5 yellow; baDua5w golden;
krSna black; Lac4ha red; kriSma4%3
lac4ha red, deep dark; harlak green;
nLa blue; susan purple, aqua;
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ra5}muk

reLa5
pine nut pine, c{in pine, rha cedar,
ka5c4u spruce, and c4a}ku5 an evergreen
tree.] Whole: c{in a kind of pine tree;
c4aSku5 a kind of evergreen tree; ka5c4u a
kind of short-needled evergreen tree;
kuhe5rik a kind of pine tree; rha cedar,
deodar. See also: po4.3
ra5wley Tap ODX &Cs N. Lowari Pass;
ORMW` qL. Variant: Laho5ri Tap; lawa5ri.
ray Cs N. 1) Desire, wish; wzLil. tay ja
karawa5lak hu day? }a5sa istri{a5as
ha5tya tay ray hu day e? Do you want
to get married? Do you desire that girl? a
tcak uk pi Dahan ra5y chni im. I will
drink some water to quench my thirst and
then I will come. Syn: na5us; kuTrts;
arma5n. 2) Decision, opinion; VVd ,WeLq.
a5jo mmi ka ray? Now what is your
decision? Syn: phaysala5. From: Arabic.
ra45ya DIs N. A kind of lentils; WdL
Lm.
ra4ya5k DIs N. Burning coals; We VZm.
[The difference between this and
bru5mbu4a4, is that ra4ya45k are many, whereas
bru5mbu4a4 is one.] Unit: bru5mbu4a coal,
burning; Syn: ciwr.
re s N. 1) Path made in the snow; rWY rWX
VZyLq L MVaWX. Create: chnik to forge or
break; ka5rik to break (a path); Gen:
phon, phond path. See also: bric; reS;
ra. 2) Way; VZyLq. khut re nihu m. One
day a way will open for me (to do
something).
rejiSTe5ri tY]s N. Registered letter;
rV`xijq. rejiSTer ka5rik gho3i%
Dakha5nauna paro5mi e, Dakha5na band
}iha5La. We thought we would send a
registered letter, but when we went to the
Post Office it was closed. From: English.
reLa5 s N. Wheelbarrow; quM VZA. moc
reLa5una tha5i bat bihrin. People carry
stones in a wheelbarrow.

jhan, jhand body. 2) The top of ones

foot; PUDL M eWZ ,KVi MV`DL M MWY.
ra5}muk Cs N. A kind of bean with small
black speckled design; H WdL _VdWX.
Gen: da4u5 beans. Etym: ra2jamudga- a
kind of bean T-10685.
ra}u45ik Cs N. Wheat and straw mixture;

Vd wij nVa L MVd Wa MV fr ik@L

Myz VaWZ q@L yWX.
raS
Cs N. Soot; VaWX y VdWem ru
M We. ru5una raS Sa5Ti }au. Some

soot is smeared on my face.

rat1 SCs N. Night; OSLq. Whole: bas1 day;
Syn: osakas; tro5mi}. Variant: ara5t
(Urtsun). Etym: ra2t% r- night T-10702.
rat naT WD SCs N. Dancing and singing at
night as part of the Uchaw Festival; M OSLq

Vd PSx@L q@L Weij ij q VaikMWa

__ .
rat2 SCs Adv. Astray; )MWa( Wa . rat

para5w. It missed the target. a phuTba5las

pa4 ma5gam gol hkas jayga5una rat
ha5waw. I took a shot at the goal, but the
football missed. Syn: abatha5.
rata5da CoDTCs N. Ratada village in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
ratbara4i5 IsDMTCs See main entry: brazanLo.
ra5us {Cs N. Musk deer; r L xz.
Gen: bhero{anda5r wild animals;
krizipo5Kgi class of small animals.
raw Cs Adj. Like; yz ,fr . ta5sa
raw su5da. A boy like him. khe3%lay a5sa?
pac4h%yakas ra5wley a5sau. What is it like?
It is like a bird. See also: peru5k. Variant:
rawle5y.
rawa5 CCs Adj. Legal, permitted, allowable;
rsWeMij ,Lq. a5sa may ha5tya rawa5. She is
marriageable to me. Ant: narawa5. From:
Persian.
rawe5Sa DCs N. Dried out evergreen
needles; VZilqm qMWX Lny m q@L Vdik
VZWY xzil . [This applies to kuhe5rik
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reS

ric4

s N. 1) Small and dangerous path on

a high mountain side; WdqMWX rWY quMWY
VZyLq. [Mountain goats and leopards can
walk these paths, but men cannot.] Gen:
phon, phond path. See also: ra; re;
bric. 2) Drawn line; dWe. Morph: reZ.
reS dyek o s V. To draw a line on
the ground as a kind of sign or boundary;
MVahkVaVd rVd. Syn: rok dyek.
re5Sak Ds N. Bread bits stuck to griddle;
d WZMij PUik rWY WZ ij ruW` q.
rha Ds N. Cedar, deodar; qLmWdm. Cedrus
deodara. rha mu5T. Cedar tree. [This is
used to make ganDa5w funeral statues,
along with kuhe5rik pine nut wood.] Gen:
muT tree; Part: rawe5Sa dried out pine
needle. See also: Lu5ndur.
Adj. Honorable, rich, influential;
L MVaWdm MVaWY ,nVaZm ,nVaWZrsH. Syn:
talama5n. Variant: rak (Urtsun (Tu)).
Etym: ro2%ka- light, splendour T-10826.
rha DDi} rq Ds N. Pine-cone, cedar
cone, evergreen cone; VZilqm qMWX Lny
WY. [The trees that have cones are rha
cedar, c{in pine, kuhe5rik pine nut
tree, ka5c4u an evergreen tree.]
rhan Ds Adv. More; y WY ,mMWdqs WX q@L
mMWdqs WX. se5o te dyi waL pa5i asau e,
rhan lo5yak thi ta }an. When he put
them on (moccasins) and went to be a
herdsman, they became smoother (day by
day). Variant: rha5ndi.
rha5zaw CuDs Adj. Sharp, like a blade or
needle; VdWa ,qMm rsVdWZ. Ant: Damba5; Syn:
tsiLa5ka.
rhom s N. Group of beings, herd, flock,
crowd; r. Syn: ruts; Dal; baw. Variant:
rom. Etym: rambha- lowing, roaring T10632.
rhoS s N. Anger; KV. tu ko rhoS ka5i
a5as? Why are you angry? Syn: kaha5r.
Etym: ro2Sa- anger, fury T-10856.

rhoS ka5rik sD s V. 1) To become

angry; MWar KV. a yo5ru hman a5is, se
rhoS a5raw. I was joking (but) he got
angry. Restrict: The person causing the
anger is marked by ha5tya at, with. Syn:
aKga5r hik; kaha5ri hik; oS hik; thun hik;
ka5har ka5rik. 2) To roast meat over open
coals without a pan; MWar PUyq.
rhu5ik s V. 1) To coat walnuts by
dipping in a batter of flour and wine; OU
MWar. 2) To dye cloth or thread; MVaWaq.
liKwa5t gri sutr rhu5in. They dye thread
with bluing agent. Past(hearsay): rhu5iLa,
rhu5ta, rhu5na he/she dyed. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
rhu5ta ja43 J\ DTs N. Walnut meats
coated with a mixture of wine and
mulberry flour; xVdWY q@L ij OUril@L

reS

eWX d rsVdN OSVZyz xzil eE

.
rhu5ta DTs Adj. 1) Coated; e _Vd OU.
2) Dyed; L MWaq. Variant: rhu5iLa; rhu5na.
rhu5{i ws N. Witch (male or female);
r mMij ,Wdruik. [This person can cast

spells and can change her/himself into

different forms.] Syn: gor; kaphu5si.
ric4
js N. Excrement (human and animal);
rWX ,WaMilMWY. Variant: irc4 (Urtsun). Etym:
*rikSa- excrement T-10731.
rci4 k is V. To defecate; MWar WaMilMWY.
Etym: rcyate2- becomes empty T10741.
ric4 dha5rik sDo js V. To collect
manure and urine from threshing cows lest
it contaminate the grain; MWar ij rWX.
ric4 ka5rik sD js V. To defecate; WaMilMWY
MWar. may biana5w ka5i }au. a biana5w
ka5io im. I need to go out. I will go to the
bathroom and return. [This example is a
euphemism for defecate.] Syn: ak ka5rik.
ric4 {ua5w Cw js N. Crazy man, foolish,
unreasonable person, a loser; MWY.
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riganyo5k

-ro

Ds Adj. Afraid, scared, timid;

WYqo. se bo riganyo5k. janja5l pe

riganyo5k

means, he will honor the girls relatives.

Syn: riwa5c; awi{a5. From: Persian.
rite5k Us V. To pour; MVaWdpWaDL. a uk
cayju5}una rite5m. I will pour water into
the tea-kettle. Onset: Zham suddenly.
Etym: rikta5- emptied T-10729. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
rita5uni DUs N. Container for pouring;
N M VaWdpWaDL.
rti hik Us V. To miscarry (of
animals); WY y PS ) qWaMij(
MWa ikqs. go5STuna ek pay rti
ha5waw. In the goat shed a goat miscarried.
Syn: naSpra5muS hik.
ritswa5k Cms Adv. Barefoot, shoeless; VaWa
MWY. ridzwa5k mo ka5si, tay khur
Duka5l. Dont walk barefoot, you will
stumble! See also: sasri; bra5Kku4i.
Variant: ridzwa5k.
riwa5c cCs N. Relative; qLm VZyzq. Syn:
ri}tada5r; awi{a5. From: Arabic.
riw} s N. Feed for a horse, bull or
donkey; WaLm ,Lqil qWaMij.
riza5 Cvs N. Will, desire; MVq ,r. se
pe riza5 ne ha5waw haw tan chu5Las ne
del. If he is not willing he will not give his
daughter in marriage. Syn: marz; cit;
kha5i}; kuTrts. From: Arabic.
riza5 hik Cvs V. To be pleased;
MWa nVaMVq. may ha5tya riza5 ha5waw. I
was pleased. tay arwa5 may ha5tya riza5
huori. May your spirit be pleased with me
after you die.
rizk vs N. Provisions to sustain life;
qsq. khoda5y ka rizk ho5ma da5i a5au
haw, ta5sa som }u5kar kare5li. If God has
given us daily food, we must thank him.
See also: niama5t; baraka5t; behe5l. From:
Arabic.
-ro
s- Sfx. A little more, a bit, rather. a5ma
{a5yo kay {a ka5rik bha5as haw? am
a5sta gaST-ro5 ka5rik baS How long will it

ha5waw haw, paLa5au. He is very timid. If

there is an fight he will run away. Syn:
righu; bey-dl; bisme5; bihanyo5k.
righu s Adj. Afraid, scared, timid;
WYqo. se bo righu. janja5l pe ha5waw
haw, paLa5au. He is very timid. If there is
an fight he will run away. Syn: bihanyo5k;
riganyo5k; bisme5; bey-dl.
rgik s V. To have diarrhea; My@L
MWa. se rgiu day. He has diarrhea. [It is
embarrassing to say this about a person. A
better way is to say, ta5sa kuc kha3S thi
}au.] Syn: kuc kha3S hik; jula5p ka5rik;
rigorgi ka5rik. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
rigorgi hik ss V. To have
diarrhea; MVa wzhkVdWY. a rigorgi him
day. I have diarrhea.
rigorgi ka5rik sD ss V. To
have diarrhea; MWaN wzhkVdWY. may rigorgi
ka5riu day. I have diarrhea.
rigorgi ss N. Diarrhea; wzhkVdWY.
may rigorgi kare5l day. I have diarrhea.
Syn: jula5p; kha3S.
rikhni s N. Temple (in Birir dialect);
WaMil OSmMVX M rWdrWX.
Adj. Decorated; L MWdMhjy. rikhni
ha5nduna ha5tya parm day. I am going
to the decorated temple. Variant: rikhni
han; han (Bumburet).
ril s N. Cassette tape; HWdHq. From: English.
rim}a5m dyek o Ds V. To monkey
around; MWa rmDL rmHL V. Syn:
sakera5t hik; gu5spik; simso5m hik.
ri} s N. Construction to repair a damaged
path.
ri}tada5r sCoDUs N. Relatives by blood or
marriage; qLm VZyzIq. ta5sa mo5cas ka wa5sa
hu haw, ta5sa istri{agu5a4kas awla5tan
ha5tya iza5t ka5riu. If that man has the
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ro5ci

ro5raS
chosen each year at the spring festival.
They have the responsibility of collecting
fines, directing public works, and guarding
fruit trees.] Syn: Den moc. Variant: roh.
rok s N. Fissure, furrow, line; ,quLqm
Myz. Syn: kandra5k2.
rok dyek o s V. To draw a line;
MVahkVaVd d. Syn: reS dyek.
rok park sDP s V. To split, divide
into two; MWaruWY Myz. }u5La rok pa5i }au.
The wood split.
ro5kan hik Ds V. To be unconscious
from fear; MWa vzVdWX y qo.
roksa5t
roksa5t dek o SD}s V. To release
someone to go, to see off; MWar PSVilq.
a5bi ajho5na roksa5t da5i ahu5timi. We saw
our guest off. From: Arabic.
roksa5t hik SD}s V. To leave, go
away; MWa PSVilq. From: Arabic.
roksa5t ka5rik sD SD}s V. To release
to go, to see off; MWar PSVilEq. ajho5na
roksa5t a5ri e? Did you see off (your)
guest?
ro5nzik vs V. To shiver as with fear,
fever or cold; MVaVYWaM. may khu5Ta baza5
ro5nzan da5y, tramo5na gria5i. My legs and
arms shake when I get a fever. Etym:
*Dag- tremble T-5522, 14537.
roK s N. A kind of bush; M WdL
LmWY. roK phaLk u5guna kice5n. kica5i,
taLa5y sutr hstin. pha5to se raK Sa5Taw.
The seeds of the rong plant they soak in
water. They put the thread in as well. Then
the color will dye the thread. Gen: muT
plant.
rop Os N. The power of a persons
presence, personality; PQq. Syn: sa5ya; tas.
From: Arabic.
ro5raS Css Adj. Fully ripe; WY fr ik@L
MVd. drac4 pa5ci, ro5raS thi }an. The
grapes are fully ripe.

take you to build this canal? This also I

must do rather quickly. tol-ro5. A little
louder.
ro5ci ds N. Islamic fast; qsq. a ro5ci
chni a5am. Ive broken my fast. From:
Persian.
ro5ci grik t ds V. To fast as a
Muslim; MVaq qsq. a ro5ci grim. I will
fast. [This means to go without food during
the day, but to eat at night.] Syn: pahare5s
ka5rik.
ro
s N. 1) Responsibility, leadership;
qLm qs. ro tay pra. tu ba5ta gaDe5rak
ha. ro may ba5ta de. a ba5ta gaDe5rak
him. I have given you the leadership. Now
you become the leader. Give me the
leadership. I myself will become the
leader. [A man is chosen as ro each year
at cawmo5s the winter festival. In
Bumburet, there is only one for the whole
valley, that is, for all five villages--Krakal,
Darasguru, Anish, Brun, and Batrik. Each
year he is chosen from a different village
by the elders of all the villages together.
The duties are many, but among them are
to pray for the prosperity of the Kalasha in
crops and livestock, and to sacrifice
several times (providing his own animals),
and to cut the cheeses and divide them
according to each mans correct portion at
Little Joshi. If during his tenure the
weather is bad, or calamity falls, the elders
may ask him to resign and another is
chosen in his place.] 2) Leader; LrWX. a
ro a5sa roas ro del. This leader gives
the leadership to that leader. Syn: gaDe5rak;
mer. 3) Local police who guard the
harvesting of walnuts and fruit; q@L Vaij

Vaq MWa WeM rWY nVaWXMWY rWY V

L. [There are five ro chosen each

year in Rumbur. These have work similar

to the Den moc of Bumburet. They may be
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ro} {aLe5k

rukmu5
send. Variant: rhu; uru5k (Urtsun). From:
Persian.
ru5aw Cs Adv. In front of, before; N.
Reversive: pSTaw behind.
ru5a Cs N. Silver; nWaMik. Gen: cmbar
metal. Etym: ru2%pya- beautiful, bearing a
stamp, silver T-10805.2, 10576.
rua5k Cs N. Moss; WeM. Do: tru5ik to
grow; grik to take hold and grow; Gen:
muT plant. Etym: *rava- piece T10642?.
rua5ni Lac4ha Dh Cs Adj. Brown-faced
(of white sheep); L Va fl )qWaMij(.
Gen: coT pattern.
ru5aw Cs See main entry: ru.
rue5k s V. To count domestic animals;
MWaqM MWa ,MWar qMz ,MVaVa VdxzWd.
[This seems to be associated with ru face
and only applicable to living things.] Syn:
iSmare5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
rugLu45uni s N. Mirror; VaVdWeN. RootVb:
Lu45ik. Morph: ru-Lu4-uni.
ru} s N. A kind of small wild cat like a
leopard; IWX Vaij WdL. [These are
thought to be leopards which did not
develop correctly and were abandoned.
They are dangerous to flocks. If the
remains of a goat is found and it is not
known whether a fox or jackal ate it, they
say a ru} did it. So they group this with
foxes and jackals.] See also: phu5}ak;
kakbo5y.
ruk s N. Spirit; fq. [This part of a
person goes places in dreams. It thinks and
talks.] Syn: ha. From: Arabic.
ruk hik s V. To stop; MWaMij Eq. ek
kada5runa ruk ne hu, mu5cik. The rain
does not stop for any time. Syn: cSTik.
From: Persian.
rukmu5 s N. Rumbur Valley; HmL
qVXq. Resident: rukmu5La resident of
Rumbur.

ro5raS hik V. To become over done and

burned; MVaij r WY )M q(. Variant:
Lo5raS.
ro} {aLe5k Cw s V. To bless; dil
MVaWdm PSrWX ,MWar Mhyzil ,MWar. Lit: to
bring light. ka5La ka5Li ro} {aLa5i. Every
year make blessings come to us! Etym:
ro2ca5- bright, gladdening T-10831.
ro}t nihk Us V. To get better
(from sickness); MWa ZWX PSMi. se hala5k
a5is. a5jo ro}t nih a5sau. He was weak.
Now he is well.
ro5ytu dek o Us V. To meet someone
on the way; MVa ,MVa d Lq. se ta5si
ro5ytu da5i ama5aw
5 ... Meeting them on the
path, he said... Syn: DhuKk hik.
rozga5r sDus N. Product. 1) products;
qLLnVdWY. camanani rozga5r a5j kaw khe3?
How were the cheese products this year?
2) Profession, occupation; Wdqqs ,qMqsq
vzM. From: Persian.
rozk us N. The leaf buds of a holly oak;
)WX Myz( yz ,VYWa. Whole: bonj
oak tree.
ro{e5nik ws N. Unripe mulberries; hk
OSEWZ. See also: }are5Tuk.
ro4a%3
ro4a%3 ame4a%3 DE Cs N. Wild female
sheep with circular spiral horns; Vaij
ruVdWX. Species: ame43%a sheep; Gen:
bhero{anda5r wild animals.
ro4a%3 me5S Cs N. Wild ram with
circular spiral horns; MpVaVd Vaij. [The
Kalasha say that these are the sheep of the
fairies.] Species: ame43%a sheep. Etym:
ro2%hiN- red cow, cow T-10864.
ru s N. Face; q ,VaE. Whole: jhan, jhand
body.
Adv. Front side, ahead; N. a pi}tya5k
pa5rim, tu ruya5k pa5ri. I will go back, you
go a little ahead! See also: no4; thar; piST;
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rundu5ik

sada5

ks N. 1) Cluster of grapes; qWa@L

_hk. Unit: brombo4y5 ak one grape. See

s N. Resident of Rumbur;
nVayzMWX M qVXq HmL.
rundu5ik ps V. 1) To growl at
someone; MVaWa qsLN qLm fjIr ,MWaLr ,MVaijIr.

ruts

rukmu5La

also: ke43e5}; Da5Da}. 2) Swarm of bees, flock

of birds; pVaij. Syn: rhom; baw; Dal.
Etym: guccha- bunch of flowers T4172.
ruts hik ks V. To swarm, gather in
a group; MWar ij. mac4he5rik ruts thi
a5an. The bees have made a swarm.
ru5yakan DDs N. Kind, type; )( .
Syn: ke5sman. Variant: ru5yan.
ruz us N. Luck, fate, destiny; ,qsq
PS. ta5sa ru5zi khul ha5waw. His luck
ran out. Syn: mukara5r; kesma5t; nasp.
From: Persian.
ruz {uk w us Id. To prosper; qsq
MWaM. }e3he3% mu}aka5t pe ha5wi haw,
}e3he3m ka5io ruz {us. If you are that
industrious you will certainly prosper.
ruziasa5n D|Dus N. Provisions of all
kinds; qsIq. ey khoda5y, tu ruziasa5n
beSa5r beS ka5ri. O God, give us abundant
provisions!

}o43%a ta5sa ha5tya rundu5aw day. The dog

is growling at him. Restrict: The object is
marked by ha5tya to. 2) To talk angrily to
someone; MWar OSMWX y Vd KV.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
rupaya5 DDPs N. Rupee; VdWYEq. See also:
paysa5. From: Urdu.
ruph Ps Adj. Stopped; Lru ,L Mq. ta5sa
yuruba5n ruph }au. His pulse is stopped.
[This word seems to be only used in
reference to a pulse.]
ruphona5a FPs Adj. Rushed; nij nij
d. ruphona5a thi khe3 his day? Why
are you so much in a hurry?
rupu5} ka5rik sD Ps V. To make
(women) cover themselves; MWaLr mrWY.
kaLa5Sa tan istr{a rupu5} ne ka5rin. The
Kalasha do not make their women cover
themselves. From: Persian.

s
F| N. Shelf of poles under the ceiling;
VZhlWZ M _VX hkVdWa PSik.
saba5k DLD| N. Lesson in school; VXy. }a5ma

saba5p hik ODLD| V. To be someones

means of rescue; MWaMij WX Wdqqs ,MVaVaWX PQVXy.
khoda5y may ha5tya saba5p ha5waw. God
rescued me. Syn: zaria5 hik; sara5K hik.
From: Arabic.
sabu5n LD| N. Soap; WXMV. From: Arabic.
saco43% dD| N. A kind of cheese like c4aS5 a;
dVaWY M WdL MVd MWdMVaWX y . [saco43%
is made by boiling buttermilk while c4aS5 a is
made with milk. The dogs drink the watery
by product.] Gen: chaman cheese.
Etym: sa~stya2na- coagulated T-13047.
sada5 CoD| Adj. 1) Well-behaved, helpful,
good-charactered; Wdz. sada5 moc, se.

sa5a

saba5k yad ka5ri. Remember this lesson!

From: Arabic.
saba5k dek o DLD| V. To teach
lessons; MVaWdm VXy. a tay saba5k dem. I
will give a lesson to you.
saba5k ma5aw F DLD| N. Student, pupil;
L VaruWY VXy , PQM.
saba5k ma5ik D DLD| V. To learn
lessons in school; MVaruWY VXy. kimo5n kaw
saba5k ma5i a5as? How many years have
you been in school?
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sadaka5t

salark

sak D| Adv. Very great, extremely; PSWX.

sak kha5dra. Very great danger. Syn: pak2.
Variant: sakh. From: Persian.
sakanDule5k ka5rik sD rDD| V.
To play a game with walnuts; WdL M hkWX
d VZVd y W`ril@L ij Vd. Gen:
Labe45 game.
sakhera5t hik SCtD| V. To monkey
around (such as trying to do something one
knows nothing about); rmDL rmHL V
MWar WeMV PS V ,MWa. tu ka
sakera5t his day? What are you doing
monkeying around? Syn: rim}a5m dyek;
gu5spik; simso5m hik.
sakt o5nik C UD| V. To persecute
someone; ,MWar Zhly rWY
MWar VaWZ. te ta5sa ha5tya sakt o5nin.
They persecute him. Restrict: The object is
marked by ha5tya to or tha5ra on. Syn:
taK ka5rik. From: Persian.
sa5la D| N. Plan, advice, counsel; fV.
N. Harmony, concord; fV. a ghe5ri
tay ha5tya mri} ne him. sala5una thi
apa5w dek. bey tipha5ki }um. I will not
scold you again. Lets live in harmony.
Disharmony is bad. From: Arabic.
sa5la ka5rik sD D| V. To discuss
something; MWar fV. se ta5si som sala5
ka5i a5sau. He planned with them. Syn:
ma}bara5 ka5rik.
sala5una hik DD| V. To agree,
obey; m WdL ,MWa M d M
MWa qLmXWaMr ,MVaWaM OSMWX. te5o a5sa
sala5una hin day. They are agreeing with
him.
sala5mi ka5rik sD D| V. To salute;
MWar y. saw ka phaw{ sala5mi
ka5rin-emna. Just like soldiers who are
saluting.
salark s| N. A kind of bird; WdL
nWarWY M. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.

He is a real gentleman. 2) Plain, without

additives; mMy. From: Persian.
sadaka5t SDCoD| N. Fairness, honesty;
PSLnV. se dukanda5r sadaka5t ne ka5riu.
bo kima5t brKkiu i}neha5ri. That
shopkeeper is not fair. He sells things at
very high price. Syn: insa5w. From: Arabic.
sadra5ik CsoD| V. To fill in with earth;
MWar rEWY ,MVaVYWaMo. a5ma {ay ho5ma sadra5ik
baS, ware5k awa5ta day {ay ka5rik baS.
We have to fill this water channel in and
make another one somewhere else. See
also: sarue5k.
sadra5s {CsoD| N. Sound made by
someones movement or footfall; ,Lru
qsLN yz . ta5sa sadr5as saKga5i,
biho5mi. We heard his sound and were
afraid.
sa5ga} DD| N. Eagle; OQME ,dMyz. sa5ga}
batya5k ha5riu, kaw SaTa5i. The eagle will
take away a kid in its talons. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
saha3%t VDD| N. Short period of time; h.
ek saha3t a5sta sa5pur ne ka5ris day.
Even a little time you do not wait. Syn:
darba5t; Thuk.
sah D| Adj. Correct, true; gVdhV. sah
ma5as, tu aj a5dua kawa5y pa5i a5i? Tell
me the truth, where did you go today? Syn:
su5ca; a5sil; a{L. From: Arabic.
sah ka5rik sD D| V. To act honestly;
MWar VdW`. Syn: uja5k ka5rik.
sahim th T D| Id. Really, truly;
d PSVdi. sahim th u day. He is
really coming.
sajigo5r s\D| N. 1) The spirit being
Sajigor (especially honored at the fall
festival in Rumbur); y PQy M mL qVXq
VZyzr LruWX. Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings.
2) The altar to Sajigor of Rumbur; mL
M OSmMVX ruWX qVXq.
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sale5m ka5rik

saKga5ik

sD D| V. Greet someone;
MWar y. ta5sa kay may sale5m ka5ri.

sale5m ka5rik

ka5ri. First control your own wife, then take

someone elses. From: Urdu.
sambie5k MD| V. To dress someone;
MWaMVaWY. a ta5sa to pira5n sambia5i a5am. I
have put that shirt on him. Restrict: The
person dressed is in the dative case. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
sambik MD| V. To put on clothes;
MVaVaWY. a pira5n sambam day. I am
putting on a shirt. Reversive: njik to take
off; Syn: dyik to put on footwear;
Past(hearsay): sambLa he/she dressed.
Etym: sa5~vyayati wraps in, puts on T13027. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
sambuni MD| N. Clothing; VaVaWY
rsVdik. Lit: something to wear. Syn:
anja5rum; cewbe5w.
samla5t SD|
N.
Mustache;
ik.
Proverb: kakbo5yas raw samla5t mo
paLa5ri. Dont be proud and angry like a
leopard (lit: dont sharpen your mustache
like a leopard).; Syn: uSpu5K. From:
Khowar.
samu5n hik D| V. To get dressed up;
MVaVaWY vMVX OSqVWXil. samu5n ha e,
park. Get dressed up, (and) then lets go!
sanduriga5 DspD| N. The summer village
of Sanduriga in upper Rumbur Valley;

Give him my greetings. Syn: i}pa5ta ka5rik.

Variant: sala5m ka5rik. From: Arabic.
salo5m Sa5Tik XD D| V. To wrestle;
MWar ZxzD. a salo5m Sa5Ti to pa4. I
defeated him in a wrestling match.
Restrict: The object is marked by som
with. Gen: Labe45 game.
saLr tD| N. Shearing scissors; q@L WdrWX
N M WaZ MWX ruVdWX. Syn: karc.
saLtak DUD| Adj. Ritually pure (of goats
milk); )mm( MWY. [After a goat has
given birth, and until the tuSuLe5k
cleansing ceremony is performed, its milk
is saLtak and women are not permitted to
drink it.] Syn: o5njeSTa; suc.
sam pa}e5k DP D| V. To punish
someone in some way, get even; OSX
MWaMik Lrs ,MWam. Syn: cak pa}e5k; cak
ghere5k; La45ik. Variant: sam ka5rik. From:
Khowar.
sama5n DD| N. Tools, equipment, utensils,
things; MMy. Syn: aspa5p; geha5rum.
From: Persian.
samanda5r sCpDD| N. Sea, large river;
qnVa. See also: pati}o5i. From: Urdu.
sa5mani DD| N. Tobacco bush growing in
mountains; wij quMij Wd@L
d WZr MVZyHL WX Vd qLxWa. Ephedra
(M). [The goats graze on this, and people
use it as an ingredient in making nazwa5r
chewing tobacco. Morgenstierne called
this, a small shrub resembling heather,
with stiff, straight twigs, growing in the
high mountain-valleys.] Gen: muT
plant. See also: tamaku5. Etym:
sumanas- flowers T-13492.
samba5l dyek o DMD| V. Control, keep
in order; MVaMVXVay. awe5l tay ja5aw samba5l
dye, to5a ware5kin ha5tya ba5ta khaSa5p

Vd Vdr Mij M WdL M qVXq mL

Vd VZq .
sane5}ik D| V. To eat and be content;
MWaMij rWX. wale5yina pay sane5}i a5an. My

goats have eaten and are contented.

sanhe5} D| N. Pen (partially roofed part
of a goat shed); PSik dWX M WaMil zWd
KVi .
sanj ^D| N. The footer of a door or the
footer of the posts of the building; qsLqm
ru hkVdWa WaVZy q@L. Gen: dar
beam or timber. See also: ba}; dar.
saKga5ik DD| V. To hear something; qsLN
MVaVay M. tu5o ek gehe5nawta saKga5as day,
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saKga5Lik

sara5k

ek gehe5naw tay pi nih parn day.

Words just go in one ear and out the other
with you. Syn: ko43 ka5rik. Etym:
sa5~khya2ti reckons T-12842. Prdm:
Class 3 (a5sik).
saKga5Lik DD| V. Channel water from an
aqueduct to a field, or from a stream to an
aqueduct; MWaMhkVaWY WZ PSVd MWY. Syn:
jupe5k; uk Lase5k; uk dyek.
mon saKga5Lik DD| V. To repeat
to others something someone has heard;
MWaLrm OSMWX. tu5o bas ne ka5i mon
saKga5Lis. You keep on repeating that
without stopping.
saKgawr tDD| N. Otter; WX mDL. Gen:
bhero{anda5r wild animals.
sape43u5nt VPD| Intj. Congratulations!;
mMVXqMVX. [This is said to a boy and his
parents after he has been dressed in the
ceLk ceremonial shirt in the first rite of
becoming a member of the male
community.]
sapha5 DPD| Adj. 1) Clean, clear; MV. uk
sapha5. The water is clear. Ant: khado4ok
5 ;
Syn: pagiza5; pak1. 2) Sincere, true; MV.
ta5sa nia5t sapha5 ne. He does not have
good intentions. Variant: safa5. From:
Arabic.
sapha DPD| N. Legal defense; WaM
Mm.
sapha5r sDPD| N. Journey; ry. se bo de5}a
sapha5runa a5is, gho3%i ma5iLa. She was on
a very long journey, she said. From:
Arabic.
saphok PD| V. To talk nonsense, talk
to oneself; MWar OSMWX V ,MWar vLWX.
tu mic saphos day. You are simply
talking nonsense. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
sapho5sta DU|PD| Adj. Weak, unsteady;
qrs.
sapre5k tPD| V. To find, to get; MWaMWY.
tro5mi}o ta, a tay ne sapre5s. I came in

the evening but I didnt find you. Etym:

sa~pra2%payati causes to obtain T12950a. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
sa5pur sPD| N. Patience; XV. Proverb:
sa5puras khaKga5r tez hu. Patience is
effective (lit: the sword of patience is
sharp).. From: Arabic.
sa5pur ka5rik sD sPD| V. 1) To wait;
MWar XV. sa5pur ka5ri ta5sa ha5tya, ne5ji
u. Wait, for him, he has not yet come.
2) To control ones self.
sar1 sD| N. Portion of meat, share; M PSyz
KVi. [This refers to the portion a
household receives when a cow or bull is
killed.]
sar2 sD| N. Lake (especially one high in the
mountains); Vdij. Syn: chat; sardawa5y;
pu5tsas. Etym: sa5ras- lake, pool T13254.
sa5ra CsD| Adj. Whole, complete; LqWY ,PSWXMW^.
a kho5nDa, a5sa sa5ra. This is broken,
(while) that is whole. See also: thama5m.
saraja5m D\CsD| Adj. Peaceful, undercontrol; L MVXVay ,rV`Va qpWa@L. malaha5l
saraja5muna a5san. The livestock are
peaceful.
pruST
saraja5muna
khawsa5Kgaw ha5waw. We had a really
peaceful celebration.
sarajam D\CsD| N. Peace, well-being;
y ,@L ,Mhyzil. [Examples of lack
of peace are when the goats are hit by
falling stones, or eaten by leopards, or are
sick.] Syn: a5man; aphia5t; aram; sukla5t;
suku5n; khayr; uzur.
sara5k CsD| N. Road for motor vehicles;
ruy. ko5ki a5bi actimi ki sara5kuna
day pe paro5mi haw, ho5ma pa5}in.
Because we thought that if we go by the
road, they will see us. Gen: phon, phond
path. From: Urdu.

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sa5raK

sarie5k

sa5raK CsD| Adj. Kind; MWX. khoda5y

may ha5tya sa5raK ha5waw. God was kind
to me. Syn: meharba5n; ra5kum.
sa5raK hik CsD| V. To be kind to
someone, rescue; MWa MWX. ey ho5ma
khoda5y ho5ma ha5tya sa5raK ha. apha5t
bhala5 de5}a ka5ri. O our God, be kind to
us. Drive away evil spirits from us.
Restrict: The object is marked by ha5tya
for, or tha5ra on. Syn: zaria5 hik; saba5p
hik.
sa5ras {CsD| N. Juniper; rWXVaV. Juniperus
excelsa. saw moc sa5ras pron. tu a5sta
pa5ri Zar sa5ras dya5io i. All the people
have offered juniper. You also quickly go,
put it (there), and return! [Juniper
branches have ceremonial use, and are
considered to be o5njeSTa ritually pure.
They are burned and used to purify things
for a sacrifice. bonj holly oak, can be
substituted for this if juniper is not
available.] Gen: muT plant. Etym:
*sarasa- juniper T-13256.
sa5ras dyek o {CsD| V. To burn
juniper to purify the place of sacrifice;

saraza5ri sCuCsD| N. Ceremony held during

Chawmos; Vaij d wij q WdL

VZikMWa y Vd q@L d WZij N Mij d

d WZN r M e. nem pe haw,

ta ne. la la5} ka5i parwaze5k may du

ku5a4k saraza5ri. If you dont come, thats
the way it will be. Dear, we will slowly
celebrate our twin Sarazari festivals. [This
ceremony takes two days during which
people go to the woods and get cedar
branches to make smoky fires. There is
singing and dancing from house to house
during which people give foodstuffs to the
dancers. Finally, a fire is made and old
baskets are thrown onto the fire to possibly
symbolize the casting away of the old and
making way for the new. The reference to
twin festivals is to the pair of festivals
which are always celebrated together--one
big, one small.] Variant: saraze5r.
sarbara5 CsDLsD| N. Head or ranking member
of a household; LruWX M LnWaMil ,LrWX. Syn:
du5ray gaDe5rak elder of the house.
From: Persian.
sarda5 CosD| N. Large kind of melon; ,m
qsWXril. Gen: me3w
% a fruit. See also: la4u;5
kharbiza5. From: Persian.
sardawa5y CCosD| N. Lake, pond; ,i
OQMWZ ,Vdij. [A lake can be formed by
damming a stream or by the overflow on
the other side of a dam, or just be the
result of spring water.] Syn: chat; ku;
sar2; pu5tsas.
sarga5yr tDsD| Rel. Without; ,dWX
. a tay sarga5yr apa5w dek ne
bha5am. I cannot live without you. Syn:
gayr.
sarie5k sD| V. To cause to gather
together; MWar MV`HL. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
N. Celebration feast for a married
daughter or sister; M VaWdm rsVdij `VdWX

r ij VaW` rWXVaV WY y MWXr

AMWar MWY ij. se dewa5una sa5ras

dya5i ta5sa ha5tya bhala5 ka5i a5au. He

burned juniper at the place of sacrifice and
did evil to him. [Usually the burning of
juniper is used in normal Kalasha worship
in a good sense, but sometimes it can be
used in an evil function.]
sarasa5p OD|CsD| N. Understanding; hj. a
sarasa5puna a{a5Lis. I have understood.
Use: {a5Lik to attain.
sarasa5p park sDP OD|CsD| V. To
understand; MWaN hj. a sarasa5p ne
para5. I dont understand. sarasa5p para5 e?
Did you understand?
saraswar sC|CsD| N. A kind of bird;
nWarWY M WdL. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
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sarik

sastrik

zij. [This is given by the father to foster

a long and lasting union of his daughter
and
son-in-law.]
Gen:
ko}an
celebration.
sarie5k ka5rik sD sD| V. To give a
feast for ones married daughter or sister;
MWaMVa zij PS VZWdm rsVdij `VdWX. [This
feast is usually done in fall and early
winter and entails the giving of 20-100
young goats, several sheep, one or two
cows, a chest, blankets, cups, bracelets and
the like. This feast is also accompanied by
one to three days of singing and dancing.
Because this is a namu5s merit feast, the
people praise the giver both at this time,
and when he dies. This is hosted by the
girls fathers, uncles, and brothers. They
give gifts of household items.] Gen: namu5s
merit feast.
sarik sD| V. To gather together, to
collect, come together; ij ,MWa MV`HL
MWa. ostada5n {e gaDeraka5n saran day.
The teachers and elders are gathering
together. uk c4he5truna sarau day. Water
collects in the field. Past(hearsay): sarna
they gathered; Syn: ukutk. Etym:
*sa~ryate2 flows together T-12995.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
saripha5 ka5rik sD DQsD| V. To dress
someone with beautiful clothes; vMVX _ik@L
MWar vVX d. rat na5tuna ek moc
istikha5w e, ta5sa pruST saripha5 a5ran. In
the Night Dance festival, when a man did a
good praise song, they dressed him in a
beautiful clothes.
sarka5r sDsD| N. Government; ,qM
PSi. Syn: hukuma5t. From: Persian.
sarkar sDsD| Adj. Belonging to the
government; Zi ,qM.
sa5ro sD| Rel. Instead, than; eMhjWX. tay
dkas sa5ro, uk hstiko pruST. It would

be better to throw it in the water than to

give it to you.
sarue5k sD| V. To fill up or cover up a
hole; MVaWdm r nVaWX flLqy ,MVaWdm rWX. ga4K
sarua5i. Cover the hole! See also: sadra5ik.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
saru5ik1 sD| V. To fill up a hole or
fissure; MWaMij nVaWX M flLqy ,MWaMij rWX.
2) To join together; m rsVdik WdL(
MVa WZMy )M KVi. muT uduL }au,
pha5to ghe5ri saru5i hu. The tree has split
but then it will join together again. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
saru5ik2 sD| V. To seem to someone;
MWa vxh ,MVa. tay jaka5T may ha5tya
pruST saru5iu day. Your jacket looks good
to me (I like it). ka mon mmi ha5tya
}um pe saru5on haw mua5 ka5ra. If
perhaps this seems bad to you, forgive me.
sas
{D| N. Tune, musical sound; E ,qsMy.
sita5ras sas sah ne. The sitar is out of
tune. Syn: haK. From: Persian.
sasri t|D| Adj. Hatless; VaWa. se
sasri a5au. He is hatless. See also:
bra5Kku4i; ritswa5k.
sasmo5s {|D| N. Viscera, insides; PUVdWY
MV@L. [This includes organs like heart,
lungs, kidneys, and intestines.] Syn:
}aKgurba5Lu.
sastrik tU|D| V. To roof a house; PSik
MVaLo. Phase1: ba} hstik to lay
supporting beams; Phase2: dar hstik to
lay roof joists; Phase3: paTa5 biZge5k to
lay roof boards; Phase4: po43 hstik to put
a layer of leaves on a roof; Phase5: te5yciK
hstik to lay a layer of wood shavings on
a roof; Phase6: phaw hstik to put layer
of mud on a roof to finish; Object:
saste5rak
roofing
boards.
Etym:
sa~stara- layer of grass or leaves, bed,
couch T-13042, 13883.
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sat

sawz

yWX M m WdL PS VZ d wWYN

MVaVd. se may awla5t ne, may baza5an

CtU|D| N. Roofing boards;

MWdru LVdWaMij MhkWX rWY PSik.
sastiro5nu tU|D| N. The roofed-in
portion of a construction; L PSik M M
KVi.
sat
SD| Num. Seven; OSMy. Etym: sapta5
saste5rak

sawa5{ ha5waw. She was not my close

relative so she kissed my hands. [A woman
can do this to a male a relative only, and
he will return it.] Syn: wa5{ik hik;
i}paDe5k; khu5Ti dyek; has khaLe5k. 2) To
kiss someone in love; MVaVd yWX. Variant:
sawa5{ik hik.
sawda5 CoD| N. Provisions; Lmy. a sawda5
o5nis Li. I brought provisions, see! From:
Persian.
sawda5 pa5rik sDP CoD| V. To go to buy
goods; MWar Lmy.
sawe5w D| N. 1) Flat willow basket for
serving bread; LrW` ,WXMik vzVd. [Only
women make these.] Matl: bew willow
tree branches; Create: ka5rik to make;
Dim: sawe5lik. See also: soho5La; khawa5;
khapo5; cire5w; grio5ni; dray; pruSThe5ni.
2) Basket measure equal to eight baTi;

7 T-13139.
satha3%}i DTD| N. A kind of poisonous
insect; LruVd Wdrqs WdL. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insects.
sathie5k TD| V. To cause something to
stop moving; MVaWdm q ,MVaVd MxVaWY. }a5La
bat sathia5i mco DuDur may grie5l.
Stop that stone where it is; it may roll and
hit me. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
sathik TD| V. Get caught and remain
somewhere; MWaMij wVaWY ,MWaMij V`. kaSo5K
diha5k mo hsti. mu5Ta sathiu. Dont
throw up your hat or it will get caught up
in the tree. Syn: phasa5w hik. Etym:
*sa~sthyate2 it is stopped T-13053.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
sathu5ma DTD| Adj. Dumb, stupid, slow to
learn; WeMWa , .
sa5Tuk XD| N. Apple mash made by
grinding up dried apples, apple sauce; xVdWY
PQVdy xzil e.
saw1 D| Adj. 1) All; PQy. saw moc on.
se5o ne a5aw. All the people came. He did
not. Saw tre5in ha5tya. For all three. Syn:
c4hik; khul; pLik. 2) Just, completely;
MIWX. }a su5da saw may putremna.
This boy is just like my son. See also:
-emina. Variant: sa5hu; Saw.
saw ka...-emna DC...D D| See main
entry: -emina.
sawa5p OCD| N. Merit gained after death for
good deeds; OQLW^. garpan ka pron pe
haw, sawa5p hu. If they give to the poor
they will gain merit. From: Arabic.
sawa5{ hik wCD| V. 1) To kiss
someones hands or braids in greeting;

rWY q WaMVdWY ij rW` WdL

__ Mij MVZyHL. [One baTi is equal to

about 2.5 kg. Note that there are two

different sizes of measure for the same
word, this one and the next.] 3) Basket
measure equal to ten baTi; WdL

MVZyHL rWY q WaMVdWY ij rW`

__ Mij.
sawTkiT ZXD| N. Certificate; ,nVay
PUVdVdVdW`. Variant: sawTkeT. From:

English.
sawz uD| Adj. Good; Mik@L. se tay som
sawz a5au e? Is he in a good relationship
with you? Syn: pruST; be; Zo5ya. From:
Persian.
sawz hik uD| V. To become, be
made into; MWaMij WX. buzuru5k mizo5kas
ha5tya suwa5l ka5da. mizo5k baDu5La
phu5}ak sawz hu5La. The saint put a spell
on the mouse. The mouse became a fat cat.

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sawze5k

se

sawze5k uD| V. 1) To make, build, repair,

fix, untangle; MWaMVaWX. se }e5li du bo DaK
mes sawza5i a5au. He made those two very
hard tables. sutr no} thi }au. a5La
sawza5i. The thread has become tangled.
Untangle it. Past(hearsay): sawza5La
he/she made; Syn: ka5rik; Dzik. 2) To
draw or paint something; MWaMVaWX )yz(.
thu43%una bra sawze5n. They will draw
males goats on the posts. [This is done with
charcoal.] Prdm: Causative I.

ka5rik; dua5 ka5rik; nime5} ka5rik. From:

Arabic.
sayl D| N. Stroll, walk; dy. From:
Arabic.
sayu5ru} sD| N. Falcon, hunting hawk;
qsMWX ,dMyz MW`ik. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
Morph: sayu5ru{. See also: yu5ru}.
saza5 CuD| N. Punishment; Lrsy. From:
Persian.
sa5za dek o CuD| V. To sentence, to
condemn, cause to suffer; MVaWdm Lrsy.
khoda5y maskara5 gara5wan sa5za del.
God will judge scoffers. te pa5yan uk ne
pia5i, go5STay dya5i saza5 den day. When
they put the goats in the shed and do not
give them water, they cause them to suffer.
Syn: La45ik.
saza5 {uk w CuD| V. To be sentenced, to
be punished for a crime; MVaVd Lrsy. moc
jlay saza5 {un day. Men in jail are being
punished.
sa...a D| Adv. With, along with; WZMy . se
sa TamTe5y-a khas ha5da. He took the
grass with the stalks. te da4u5 sa u5k-asa
a5}an. They ate beans along with water. te
sa awi{a5-a ta a5an. They came with their
family. [Note that the thing being included
is bracketed by this discontinuous form.]
Variant: sa...asa.
se1
| Pron. He, she, it (nominative,
absent from speaker); mEijA r(
)dIWa. [Absent here means being out of
ones immediate locale, for example,
outside the house. See the Personal
Pronoun Chart on page 475 below for
other personal pronouns.] Acc: to; Oblq:
ta5sa.
Adj. That (nominative, absent from
speaker); . se istri{agu5a4k jaKga5lay
ka5si ka5si ek awa5ta ga5La. That young
girl after walking and walking in the forest,

Causative I Suffixes
Singular
sawz-e5m I make
( < sawza5-im)
sawz-e5s you make
sawz-e5l s/he makes
sawz-e5s I made
sawza5-i you made
sawza5-aw s/he made
sawza5-i make it!
Plural
sawz-e5k we make
sawza-a5 you make
sawz-e5n they make
sawz-e5mi we made
sawza5-li you made
sawza5-an they made
sawza5-a make it!

saya5

qo.

DD| N. Fear-producing presence; ,il

kakbo5yas som bo saya5 }au. A

leopard evokes a lot of terror (in people).
[This can also be used of certain men who
evoke fear in others.] Syn: rop; tas. From:
Persian.
sayada5r sCoDD| Adj. Terrible, fearinspiring; MVail ,MWaLqo. se bo sayada5r
moc. Hes a fear-inspiring man.
sayda5 ka5rik sD CpD| V. To bow and
touch the forehead to the ground in
worship; MWar nhjy. See also: suwa5l

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se

sjhik

came to one place. Variant: haika (Urtsun

(M)). Etym: sa5 he that T-12815.
se ek C | Adj. The other (absent);
)dIWa mEijA r( Lm. se ek istr{a
a5au. The other woman is there.
Pron. The other one (absent); Lm
)dIWa mEijA r(. te paro5n. se ek a5sta
paru tik. They went. Perhaps the other
one will also go.
se2
| Polite speech particle. ey khoday,
tay som }u5kar ka5rik day se. tu ho5ma
suwa5l kabu5l ka5ri. O God, we are
(politely) thanking you. Accept our prayer.
se3
| Cnj. Since, as long as; WX xWd.
a5bi a5ya a5ik se, a5bio pa5ra. Since we are
here, you go! te ta5ra a5an se, a5sanori.
Since they are there, let them be there.
se
| N. Ink; MVdy. From: Persian.
sektk U| V. To look after, take care
of; MVaMWY. a5bi tay a5yaw {e da5daw
baSa5ra ha5wimi. tay ho5ma sektkas
baS. We, your mother and father have
become old. You must look after us! Syn:
dha5rik;
Lu45ik;
gecda5ri
ka5rik;
Past(hearsay): sektu5na he/she took care
of. From: Khowar. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
send p| Adv. By the side, beside; ,vMWY
flq ,DWY ,r. See also: no4; thar; piST;
ru.
se5nda Cp| Adv. Side; ,DWY ,r ,vMWY
flq. undruha5k a5La e, ta o5gaLa se5nday
tya5i, phas phas thi ga5La. When he fell
down he hit on the side of the bottom and
completely broke up into tiny pieces.
Variant: se5na.
se5ndaw ban DL Cp| N. The third
knuckle from finger tip; quij M WZM.
ser
t| N. Kilogram of weight; rVdy ,.
From: Urdu.
ser ka5rik sD t| V. To cast a spell on
someone; MWar rhy. [This is done by
writing a curse against someone and

putting it secretly in the wall of his house.]

See also: gechawa5ri ka5rik; tayt ka5rik;
jhip SaTe5k. From: Arabic.
scin e| N. 1) Jujube (an edible, sour,
berry-like fruit); OQMVa. Zizyphus; Eleagnus
(M). [These ripen in September.] 2) The
jujube tree; PSilqm M OQMVa. Gen: muT
tree.
scin non e| N. Resin or sap from
jujube tree; nWa OQMVaE. [This is used by
women for treating the hair to make it lie
smoothly.]
scin u}k C e| N. Blossom of
the jujube tree; WY M OQMVa. [This is
called Shinjurishpru by Chitralis. It
blooms with a nice fragrance around the
time of {o5}i the spring festival.]
sda Cp| Adj. Straight; MnVdy. Syn: u5jak.
From: Urdu.
sigre5T Zt| N. Cigarette; PUWdry. Use:
pik to smoke; ZiKga5ik to smoke.
From: English.
siha5k D| N. 1) Condition, ability; PSMi.
tu tan siha5k jia5i, to5a may som Sa5Tas.
Think about your own ability, then fight
with me. Syn: hal; }kil. 2) Face; yz.
sik | V. 1) To sew; MVaVdy. Instr: su} a
needle. 2) To weave a basket; MVaVaEWX.
prusthe5yni sin. They weave juniper
baskets. Instr: ar awl; caku5 knife;
Past(hearsay): sLa he/she sewed, wove.
Etym: svyati sews T-13444. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
sijhe5k ]| V. 1) To reconcile people;
reconcile; MWaMhkij ,MWar vLq. 2) To make to
work; MWar VdW`. a a5c4u sijhe5m. I will
make this key work (in the lock). Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
sjhik ]| V. To be good for someone,
to work out well, to fit; MVahkij ,MWaN vLq.
a5ya du5ra ho5ma ha5tya ne sjau day.
go5STuna pa5yan ha5tya ne sjau day.
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sijhn

soc
also: but sra43. Etym: saraNyu5- quickly
moving T-13249.
sra43 dyek o It| V. To blow; L
MVaik. sra43 dyel day. The wind is blowing.
sira43 bha5y DL It| N. Wind; nWaN.
Do: dyek to blow; ubunk to blow.
sra43 dhoma5k Do It| N. Swallow;
VdWXMWX@L. sra43 dhoma5k sra43 dho5miu
ham}. The swallow always gulps air.
Gen: pac4h%yak bird. See also: dho5mik.
sirp Rt| Adv. Only, just, merely; .
bo wat ta ne ma5gam tcak wat. sirp
ek du mastru5k. Not for a long time, but
for a short time. Just a month or two. Syn:
khal1; he5Kka; phaka5t. From: Arabic.
sitha5r sDU| N. Sitar, a musical stringed
instrument; qMVZHy.
siw | N. Bridge; EWY. Variant: shu; syu
(Urtsun); ser. Etym: se2%tu- dam, bridge
T-13585.
slipe5r tQ| N. Dressed lumber, board,
plank; ru zLrWZ. See also: dar.
From: English.
-so
|- Sfx. Endearment kinship suffix.
[This suffix can be used on at least the
following kinship terms: mo5a, da5da, a5ya,
wa5wa, a5wa, na5na, ba5ya, and ba5ba. As
such they reverse the reference of the
kinship term to its converse--mo5a, means
mothers brother, but mo5aso, means
dear niece or nephew.] See also: -ko;
-lo.
soc c| N. Thought; fky. se ba5ta so5cas
mo5cay pa5i a5au. She also began to think.
From: Urdu.
soc ka5rik sD c| V. To think; MVaiky.
ga5Da chu5Las bo soc ka5i to ma5i a5au,
ki may da5da may pa5yda ka5i a5au. The
eldest daughter after thinking a long time
then said, My father made me. Syn:
ctik; du5nik; dunki park.

a5sa goST khara5p e, ka haw. It is not

good for us in this house. In the barn it is
not good for the goats. Maybe that barn has
become jinxed or something. birilo5n {e
bru43ho43%ian ja ka5rik ne sjau day.
}atala5ko ne5ta bru43%ay istr{a biru a5an,
neo brila istr{a bru43%a a5an. It does not
work out well for people from Birir and
Brun to intermarry. Therefore there are no
Brun women in Birir and no Birir women
in Brun. [The negative of this verb can be
said if people become afraid or sick and/or
die because of being in a certain place or
with a person.] Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
sijhn ]| Adj. Impossible (to succeed);
MWa. tay ha5tya ka du5nia sijhn thi
}iau? Has the world become so impossible
for you?
siko5T W| N. Police scout; OUMy. From:
English.
sim | N. Wire; Vdy. From: Persian.
simso5m }|
Adj.
Aimless,
undisciplined; )M( V.
simso5m hik }| V. To potter
around, to be aimlessly busy, fritter away
time; MWar WeMV PS V. Syn: rim}a5m
dyek; gu5spik; sakera5t hik.
sipha5t SDQ| N. Praise, honor; PSV. ta5sa
sipha5tuna gho43 kare5li hu. Songs should
be sung to praise him. From: Arabic.
sipha5t ka5rik sD SDQ| V. To praise
someone;
MWar WdrWZ. te ta5sa
istri{agu5a4kas nogo5ras sipha5t ka5da ki,
sa ba5cas nogo5r bo }i}o5yak. They
praised that girls palace saying, This
kings palace is very beautiful! Syn:
gaZe5k; i}tikhe5k.
sra43 It| N. Strong wind; L. sra43 del
day, mo upu5ni. Its too windy, dont try
to winnow now. Syn: bhay; awa5; Do:
ubunk to blow; dyek to blow. See
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soho5La

son

D| N. rake; y wij flMyz WdL

__ MWZMij MVd qL dqs nWX Waik.

soho5La | N. Heavy conical basket with

semi-pointed base, used by men; LruWX
LrW` VXV. [Only men make these and
use these.] Matl: ka5nda tal almond
branches; Create: ka5rik to make;
bhnik to weave. See also: pruSThe5ni;
khawa5; khapo5; cire5w; grio5ni; sawe5w;
dray. Variant: }oho5La.
soho5rum s| N. Precious metal, gold;
MWay ,OSMm ZVd. tay ha5tya sawze5m,
soho5rum kurs. For you Ill make a
golden chair. [This is often listed with
valuable metals like gold as though it
meant gold.] Syn: su4a%3 ; dro5kum; Gen:
cmbar metal.
N. Beautiful one like gold!; OSqVWXil
MWay xVdij MxWaHL. Variant: suho5rum.
som | Rel. 1) With; WZMy. se ta5sa som
para5w. He went with him. Syn: so5mata.
2) Possession; vMWY . ba5cas som bo
na5wkar a5sta. The king had many
servants. may som ka ne }an. I dont
have any. 3) To; WZ. tu a5ma ta5sa som
{aLa5i. See that he reaches him.
4) Although, though; mijMWX. }amo5n
dkas som, se huk ne a5raw Although
so much was said, he didnt say anything.
Etym: sama5- equal, alike, level T13173.
som ju5stuna DU|\ | Rel. 1) With;
WZMy. 2) Although, though; mijMWX . mo
pa5ri gho3%i ma5ikas som ju5stuna a5sta, se
jal ka5i para5w. Although he told him not
to go, yet he disregarded (the advice) and
went.
som mila5w hik | V. To
meet with someone; MVa. to may ha5tya
bo pruST ha5waw ko5ki a kra4ka45 pa5i ta5sa
som mila5w hik ne bha5iman a5is. Then
it turned out well for me because (before
this) when I went to Krakal, I had not been
able to meet with her.

so5ma

Use: dyek to drag.

so5ma dyek o D| V. To drag a rake
over freshly ploughed land; y Vdij
MVaikrE. juwar ne ubuju day. a so5ma
dyem day, phaw no4 pa5i ama5t ubuju
haw. The corn is not sprouting. I will rake
the land in order to cover the seed. When it
has gone under the earth, perhaps it will
sprout.
so5mata DTD| Rel. Along with, with;
WZMy. a5sa may so5mata a5sau. She is with
me. Syn: som.
some5n dek o | V. To hire a field
out to someone for half of the harvest; aWY@L

qMVZyzM hlyz m dqs

MVaWdm m rWY VdW` ,_Vd. se tan c4het ta5sa

some5n da5io para5w. He hired his field out

to a farmer and went.
son | N. Mountain pasture; MLrik. a5bi
so5nay park, ba5sono. We go to the
summer farms in the spring. [The following
are mountain pastures and villages or
valleys that they belong to: atiKgo5ri
(Krakal), be5gat (Krakal), kundi}a5y
(Krakal), pastire5t (Krakal), bawlore5t
(Krakal), matre3jalk (Batrik), c4hiraLa5k
(Batrik), sarakse5n (Batrik), dicutli
(Batrik), grome5in (Batrik), dond son
(Anish), SiKba4ha5y (Anish), masko5r son
(Brun), ustu5i (Brun), aKgaratbrici
(Brun), ga4Kgawa5t (Rumbur), cimik son
(Rumbur), wetligiri son (Bumburet),
ge5n{aw son, durk son.] Syn: waLe5yin.
Etym: sa2%nu- mountain top, ridge T13340.
so5nay nik mastru5k
D|
tU|D N. Month of taking the goats to
the high pastures; VaVd M WaMij MLrik.
Whole: neLa5 summer.
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sonac4h

sucawe5nik

suds, bubbles, froth; Mij. Syn: phe5nu.

Variant: sra45pa; sa45pa.
sriKk ka5rik sD t| V. To blow
ones nose; y qqs _Vd War MV MWa
MWaqMVaWY.
sua5ik C| V. To heal, get better, stop
hurting, get well; MWa VdW`. may dyli
dman a}s. gole5y {u5io dyli sua5i
}au. My head was aching. I took a pill and
it got better. may SiS co5pa {a sua5au. My
headache will be well by tomorrow. Prdm:
Class 3 (a5sik).
subu5t SL| N. Proof, convincing evidence;
OSVXW^. tay ka kro5mas subu5t ne. You
have done nothing to prove your worth.
From: Arabic.
subu5t ka5rik sD SL| V. To show
evidence to support a claim; MWar PSWXMW^.
suc c| Adj. Ritually pure; MWY. Syn:
onje5STa; saLtak.
suca5 Dd| Adj. Genuine, real, not imitation;
Wdm ,Mil. }a preco5na suca5, DalDa5
ne }au. This clarified butter is real; it is
not shortening. Syn: a5sil; sah; a{L.
sucawe5nik Dd|
N.
The
last
remaining loaf of SiS au5 purification
bread; WeMVaWX _Vd War MWY OSq
q rilN L WaMij. [This is given to the
children after the women are purified with
the rest.] Variant: paSawe5nik (Rumbur).
sucawe5nik au5 E Dd| N. The
loaf of SiS au5 which is used in the
purification of women; mr ij q WdL
Vd WZMWY _Vd War MWY OSq. [Once
the SiS au5 is ready, a loaf is selected and a
bit is broken off and thrown into the fire.
This loaf is then called sucawe5nik au5.
Then the man takes burning juniper and
circles it above the womans head three
times and gives her the remainder of the
bread.] Syn: SiS au5; Gen: au5 bread.

son de5wa Co | N. Place of sacrifice in

the high pastures; gWX M MLrik.
sonac4h hD| N. A kind of wild bird
bigger than a hen chicken; M WdL
nWarWY Vaij. [Morgenstierne calls this a
snow-pheasant. It inhabits the high
pastures and is regarded as sacred and
valuable. They are occasionally caught
and sold as pets.] Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
Variant: sonac.
sontre3% tU| N. A kind of bird; Wd@L
nWarWY M. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
sor ka5rik sD s| V. To prune a tree;
MVaW`M y ik dilMyz PSilqm. a muThk
jala5S thi }au, a5ma sor ka5rik baS. This
sapling has become overgrown, we must
prune it. Syn: pruc4ho43%ik; ispie5k. From:
Khowar.
so5ro s| N. Self; mil.
soru5Z hik ys| V. To be badly
frightened, terrified; MWaMij qo PSWX.
sos {| N. Insides (intestines); PUVdWY
MV@L qnWa@L. may sos ukutu day. My
insides are turning over and over (that is, I
feel nauseated). Do: ukutk to mill
around.
so5tki T| N. Small red tubular-shaped
beads for necklaces; X fl.
srap OCt|
Adv.
Suddenly,
quickly,
completely; rWY q . may khu5runa
coKk srap para5w. A thorn went quickly
into my foot. Restrict: This is typically
associated with the verb park to go. Syn:
pat.
srast V|Ct| N. 1) Glacier; mWZ MrWX. srast
bilaw day. The glacier is melting.
2) Avalanche of snow; rVdo M rWX.
Variant:
sarast.
Etym:
*srastraavalanche T-13884.
sra43%pa DQIt| N. 1) Milk solids left from
making clarified butter; Mij. 2) Soap
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suce5k

suku5n

suce5k

Gen: jhan, jhand body; Syn: mo43.

Variant: su5da thon.
su5da uSTawa5w CDYC Co| N. Midwife;
Lm.
sudhe5k o| V. To clean grain, to
winnow; MVaV`WY. istr{a pha5Lak sudhe5n.
The women clean the grain. Syn: niwa5rik;
Instr: sudha5uni. Variant: sudhe5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
suira5k Ct| See main entry: su5ri.
su5ja D\| Adj. All, entire; MWZ. su5ja a5dua
a krom ka5riman a5is. I was working all
day long. [Nouns modified by this are rat
night, a5dua day, phond path, and
bala5 big.] Syn: pu5ri; drus.
Adv. Very; PSWX. su5ja bala5 se don.
That bull is very big. Syn: bo; pak2.
su5jak D\| Adv. Fine; WdqMWX. {ontr
su5jak ka5riu day. The mill is grinding the
flour fine. Riddle: su5jak ra ja5Lik: a small
cedar woods. Answer = ec phe5Luk
eyelashes; Syn: taru5.
Adj. Small; MW`ik. su5jak mizo5k. A
small mouse.
su5jak ToK X D\| N. A species of
small pear; MVYyzMWa ik WdL.
Gen: ToK pear.
sukla5t S| N. Rest, relief from stress;
PSy. may ha5tya sukla5t ha5waw. Now
I can rest a bit. Syn: aphia5t; a5man; suku5n;
aram; khayr; sarajam; uzur. From:
Arabic.
suku5li | N. Schoolchild, student;
H PQM. a suku5li. Im a schoolchild.
Variant: sukul. From: English.
suku5n | N. Rest, relief; Dy. may
ha5tya suku5n ne, ek dara5kuna krom
ka5rim day. I dont have any rest. I am
constantly working. Syn: aphia5t; aram;
sukla5t; ama5n; khayr; sarajam; uzur.
From: Arabic.

d| V. To purify ritually, sanctify;

MWar MWY. anda5y is pe day haw, suce5k,

sa5ras }oK gri. If you are coming in here,

we will purify you with a juniper branch.
[Only women are purified in this way.
Another thing that can be purified (suce5k)
is the de5wa place of sacrifice. Women
are purified by taking sacred bread (SiS
au5) and waving it above their heads and by
having burning juniper waved over them.
When this is done, a woman becomes pak
ceremonially pure while a dewa becomes
o5njeSTa ceremonially pure (in a
masculine sense).] Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
su5ci d| N. Spirit or fairy which frightens
people; rWY. [These are often long-haired
and female. They are said to be the wives
of the par fairies.] Syn: par. Variant:
}u5ci (Urtsun). Etym: s5ucika2- name of an
Apsaras
T-12510; *suvatsika2a
goddess T-13514.
su5ci gabaro5Ti XsDLD d| N. Angels,
fairies; MWdrWY. [These beings used to talk to
the dehara5n shamans, but they could not
be seen.] Etym: *va2taputr- daughter of
the wind T-11495, 12510.
su5da Co| N. Child (boy or girl); MWd hkWX
hkWX. tay su5da pruST thi a5san? Are your
children well? [A child can also be
referred to as puruS ku5ak
4 boy, and
istr{a ku5a4k girl. The su5da form is
frequently used as a term of address, for
example, ey su5da5 Hey boy/girl!] Dim:
suda5yak; Syn: puruSgu5ak
4 ; istr{agu5a4k;
ku5ak
4 . Variant: a{ta (Urtsun). Pl: sudo5n.
su5da nisike5yn } Co| N. Womb of
human mother; Lm hkWX. [All non-human
wombs are named for the creature that is
being born. For example, a goats womb is
called, ba5tya nisike5yn kid being-place.]
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su5la

suriza5n

su5la | N. Peace, truce; gV. From:

Arabic.
su5la ka5rik sD | V. To become
reconciled; MWar gV. te janja5l ka5i a5ini
a5jo su5la a5ran. They had had an argument.
Now they are reconciled. See also: kameT
ka5rik; adala5t ka5rik.
sulagara5w CsD| N. Mediator, gobetween who consults and advises in a
dispute; L War gV. Syn: nanawa5ti.
See also: gechawa5w.
sulu5k | N. Friendship, favor; y. si
du5in bo sulu5k }au. These two people
are very good friends. From: Arabic.
sulu5k ka5rik sD | V. To treat or
behave toward someone; MWar Ey. a tan
sudo5n som pruST sulu5k ka5rim. I treat
my children well.
sumba5 DM| N. Skewer; glVdy.
suna5t SD| N. Circumcision; VaVZil. See
also: pucu5k chnik. From: Arabic.
sura5t SCs| N. Appearance; OSqV. a5sa
sura5t bo }i}o5yak. She is very attractive.
From: Arabic.
surat TCs| Adj. Attractive, good looking;
OSqVWXil.
surba5
surba5 hik DLs| V. To become crazy
(by thinking too much); MWY r fky fky
MWa. Syn: taK hik.
surba5 ka5rik sD DLs| V. To make
someone crazy with worry; ,MWar MWY
MWar MxzWdrWY. tu may bo surba5 a5ri. You
have worried me to death.
su5ri s| N. Sun, sunshine; fjqy. drama
uSTa5i, su5ira dyen. Carrying them up on
the roof they put them in the sunshine.
Dim: su5irak. Variant: suir. Etym: su2r% asun T-13574.
su5ri bihoTike5yn XL s| N. West
(where the sun sets); OQr. Syn: magrp;
CPart: su5ri nihike5yn east.

su5ri bihoTikwe5w XL s| N.
Sunset; PS M OQMVZN HOQr.
su5ri dikwe5w o s| N. Sunrise;
PS M OQMVZN . Syn: witrazikwe5w.
su5ri dyek o s| V. To shine, to
rise; MWa fjqy. su5ri praw. The sun
rose. mastru5k praw. The moon rose.
su5ri mo43 s| N. Solstice (both
summer and winter); OQWaHL Wa. su5ri
mo43%una {a5Li }au, tara5 ta5a tho5nuna
atu. The sun has reached its place, there it
enters. su5ri da} {e du5a bas pe mo43%una
at nisa5w haw, neLa5 pruST hu. niama5t
{a5Lin. no bas pe su5ri mo43%una nisa5w
haw, niama5t ne {a5Liu. If the sun remains
in its place for twelve days, the summer
will be good, the crops will mature. If it
remains in its place for nine days, the crops
will not mature. Spec: ne5La thon summer
solstice; he5man thon winter solstice.
See also: ama5l.
su5ri nihike5yn s| N. East
(where the sun rises); z. Syn: ma}rk;
CPart: su5ri bihoTike5yn west.
su5ri Sa5Tik XD s| V. To get
sunstroke; MVa D. tay su5ri Sa5Ti }au e?
Have you gotten sunstroke?
su5ri thon T s| N. Solstice (both
summer and winter); OQWaHL Wa. Spec:
ne5La thon summer solstice; he5man
thon winter solstice. See also: ama5l.
su5righas hik {Ds| V. To stay in
the sun a long time; rWdm mMWdqs d ORm
MVaq Lru WZ. tu su5righas thi anda5y ka
ka5ris day? }Lak awa5tay pa5ri. What are
you doing sitting so long in the sun here?
Go to a cool place.
suriza5n Cvs| N. The spirit being Surizan
who is related to livestock; Myz WdL
VZyzr. [This spirit being is referred to as
Shepherd and has an altar in the goat
shed. During cawmo5s the winter festival
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surma5

su43%a

su{k w| N. Small needle; y. Part:

e5cik eye (of needle); Spec: pharaKg
su{k safety pin.
sut, sutr tT| ,S| N. Thread, string,
strand, yarn; Mm. [This is made either
from goathair or wool, which is spun on a
spindle to make it into sutr yarn.] Spec:
caro4a%3
strong thread. Etym: su2t% rathread, cord T-13561.
sut La5uni S| N. Spindle for
spinning goathair or wool; WZ. [This is
larger than a paS ko5nduni. The spindle is
spun counter clockwise from the bottom.]
Syn: tra5ku. Morph: sut La5uni. See also:
paS ko5nDuni.
suwa5l C| N. Prayer; Mm. Variant: suha5l;
sua5l. From: Arabic.
suwa5l ka5rik sD C| V. 1) To pray to
God; MWar Mm. a5bi khoda5yas ha5tya
suwa5l ka5rik day. We are praying.
Restrict: The object is marked by ha5tya
to. See also: dua5 ka5rik; sayda5 ka5rik;
nime5} ka5rik. 2) To ask someone a
question; MWar Ly ,MVaikWY. ba5ca chu5Lasi
kay }a5ma suwa5l ka5da ki, may ga5Da
chu tay ku5ra pa5yda ka5i a5au? The king
asked his daughters this question, My
eldest daughter, who has made you? Syn:
phu5cik. From: Arabic.
suwa5r sC| N. Ease, contentment; ,y
LqN. se moc suwa5runa a5au. That man is
at ease. may aya5 suwa5r ne ha5waw. I
dont feel content to stay here. Etym:
supa2ra5- easy to cross, leading to success
T-13478.
su{k w| See main entry: su}.
su4a%3
C| N. Gold; MWay. Syn: dro5kum;
soho5rum; Gen: cmbar metal. Etym:
suva5rNa- of bright color, golden T13519.

walnuts and grapes are offered to Surizan

on a juniper fire. Some say this is the sun
goddess who watches over the flocks
during the winter.] Gen: baS {ua5w spirit
beings.
surma5 Ds| N. Eye-shadow; E. surma5
go5nDak gri, surma5 ka5rin. They paint
their eyes with the eye-shadow pencil.
From: Persian.
surma5 ka5rik sD Ds| V. To apply eyeshadow to the eyes; MWaM E. a may
e5cay surma5 ka5rim day. I am putting
eye-shadow on my eyes.
surmage5ci eDs| Adj. Black-eyed
and beautiful (of people and animals); M
L WaN. Gen: coT pattern.
surmade5k oDs| N. Band that is tied on
a childs forehead to make its forehead
strong; KhkWX ij KV`WY WdL
Vd VZnWaMWX rWY MxzVdWY. [This is made from
a piece of cloth folded and sewn into a
band with strings attached. It is said that in
Rumbur this is put under the headdress
when a woman is buried.]
suru5r ss| N. Intoxicating strength; qE.
}sa Da5as bo suru5r }au. This wine is
very intoxicating. From: Arabic.
susan D|| Adj. Purple or light blue;
Waq LEq@L. Gen: raK color.
sust V|| Adj. Disabled, weak; ,qrs
PSxEy. za5ya thi sust ha5waw. He got hurt
and cannot work. Syn: la5}a; }a5par. From:
Persian.
suste5k U|| V. To win a fight, defeat;
MWaLr ,MVaWdm OSM. a5bi tyektye5k pe ha5wimi
haw, mmi suste5k. If we have fight, we
will beat you. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
su} | N. Needle; y. Use: sik to
sew. Morph: }u{. Etym: su2c- needle
T-13551.
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}-

}ale5y

}
}-

- Pfx. Specifically, emphatically; -.

Variant: }- (occurs before vowels); }a(occurs before consonants); }i- (occurs
before }-).

}ak2 D N. Doubt; yz. tay mo5ndras

tha5ra may ka }ak ne }au. I do not
doubt anything you say. From: Arabic.
}ak hik D V. To doubt someone;
MWa yz. may a5sa pi }ak ha5waw. I
have come to doubt him. Restrict: The
person doubted is marked by pi from,
concerning.
}ak ka5rik sD D V. To suspect
someone of doing something; MWar yz.
pha5to may malgri biruey e43he43% ta, jip
a5sta gri, mumure5t pa5i a5au e, moc
ta5sa tha5ra a5sta }ak ka5i a5an, ki a a5sta
ta5sa som malgri a5is. Then when my
companion left Birir and went to Ayun and
took a jeep to Bumburet, people suspected
that he had been with me. Restrict: The
person suspected is marked by pi from or
tha5ra on.
}akhe5k D V. 1) To hit or strike with
intent to injure; MWaqM ,MVaV`VdWY. Syn: tyek;
khame5k. 2) To pound something into
shape; MVaW`D ,MVaV`VdWY. osta5t moch bado5k
}ekha5i sawze5l. A skilled smith makes an
axe by pounding it into shape. From:
Khowar. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
}akho5r sD N. White sugar; ryz. Syn:
tar. Etym: s5arkara2- candied sugar T12338.
}akor}o5Li sD N. Sugar cane; MVa.
}aktha5l DUD N. Clover; rWZ. From:
Persian.
}ale5y &D Cnj. Therefore, so; _Vd vHL. Lit:
from there. tay ha5tya khat niwe5}ik ne
abha5is. }ale5yo ba5ya tu kapha5 mo ha. I
couldnt write you a letter. So brother,
dont be upset. Syn: }atala5k.

Examples
se

he

> }a-se5

he himself

te

they

> }a-te5

they themselves

ta5sa

his

> }a-ta5sa

his own

sa

his

> }-sa

this ones

a5ma

this one > }-a5ma

this very one

a5La

that one > }-a5La

that very one

tara5

there

> }a-tara5

aLa5y

in there

> }-aLa5y

in there itself

e3he3%

like that > }-e3he3%

like that itself

o5nja

now

> }-o5nja

there itself

right now

}amo5n this much > }i-}amo5n so much

ande5na here

> }-ande5na right here

}age5t VD N. Student, apprentice; mrMyz.

Variant: }awge5t. From: Persian.
}aha5r sDD N. City; yz. From: Persian.
}ar tD N. Singer, composer, poet; rMyz.
Syn: gho43dro5w. From: Arabic.
}ajua5n C\D N. The Shajuan clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
}ak1 D N. Vegetable (generic word);
rsVXy. Spec: braKga5lu mushroom;
SiKga45uk }ak fresh beans; thu5ruk
carrots; c4a5Kgan wild carrots; kace5nDuk
onions; gob cabbage; paTiKge5l
tomatoes. See also: cakn. Etym: s5ak
2 apotherb, vegetable T-12370.
}ak ka5rik sD D V. To cook
vegetables; MWaMWY rsVXy.
}akga5r sDD N. Raw vegetable; hk
rsVXy. ka }akga5r haLa5 ne? Havent you
cooked any vegetables? (implying: Cook
some vegetables!).
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}al

}a5ra

}al

a5is. He only gave me a little bit of cheese.

aktia5t }amo5ndya5ka ka5ri, ki tu DaK thi
may tha5ra nisi. Take care to this extent,
that you sit very tightly on my back!
Adv. Merely, just, only; wWX ,. te5o
}iho5ndyaka bi}ahu5r pa5i bera5kum thi
a5an. They merely went to Peshawar and
have become hard-hearted. Variant:
}ibu5dyaka; }ubu5dyaka; }iho5ndyaka.
}amTe5y &YD N. Cob (after corn is
removed); VaWZ xzil Ve. Variant:
tamte5y; }anTe5y; }amtu5cik.
}anDe5rak CtrD N. Lizard smaller than a
}aLakago5k; VYik. Syn: }aLakago5k; Gen:
go5ik
phawa5Tik reptile. Variant:
sande5rak.
}aK ka5rik sD D V. To bark;
MVaWaWX. [This term is used to describe a
good characteristic of a dog.] Syn:
wakhok; ra5ik; Jac4h hik; Actor: }o43%a
dog.
}aKga45yak DJD N. Dance performed by
following each other in a line; M VaikMWa
qsLnWa@L Wd@L. [This is performed on the last
day of {o5}i the spring festival by holding
wreathes of willow branches and following
a leader. Others stand outside the line and
whip the participants with willow or
walnut branches.] Gen: naT dance.
}aKgurba5Lu DLsD N. Entrails, offal;
MV@L qnWa@L PUVdWY. Syn: sasmo5s.
}a5par sDPD Adj. Weak; qrs. a5sa
}a5par-goni su5da. Hes kind of a weakling
boy. Syn: la5}a; sust.
}ar
sD N. File; ZWdq. Gen: aspa5p tools;
Use: dyek to use.
}a5r dyek o sD V. To sharpen; y ZWdq
MWar rsVdWZ qMm. }ar gri gruna }ar dyen.
They use a file to sharpen a saw. Instr: }ar
file.
}a5ra CsD N. 1) Markhor (male mountain
goat with upward spiraling horns); Vaij

D N. 1) Rice (as growing in a field);

V Mm. Gen: pha5sil grain crop;
Syn: grinj; pakt. 2) Rice seed; Mm.

Etym: s5a2li- growing or unhusked rice T12415.

}a5Lak D N. Species of green moth or
caterpillar; MWZM VZWY ij LruVd M WdL
__. }a5Lak pe draZno5n ha5w, mu5Taw po43
{u5i khule5n. When the shalak moths come
they eat up all the leaves on the trees. Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
}aLakago5k DD N. A kind of lizard
larger than a }ande5rak; ruWX WdL
VYik. Syn: }anDe5rak; Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik reptile. Etym: s5alabha5grasshopper, locust, moth T-12347,
12345; go2dha2%- a big kind of lizard T4286.
}ama5 DD N. Steeped tea leaves; eMik
ZWY VZM. ca5yani khul hu5La }ama5. Tea
leaves which have been used.
}a5ma }e3he3m DD Id. Just like
this; fr HL.
}amo5n D Adj. So much, that much; ,MVaWZHL
MVaWZDL. a {e tu yardu5s }amo5n wat e5k thi
a5imi. You and I have been friends together
for a long time. Syn: ha5ni.
Cnj. Until; WZ. ek ta co5pa {u, ek ta
huLukuna, {e e5ko tro5mi}, khule5s
}amo5n. Take one in the morning, one at
noon, and one in the evening until you
have finished them. a5bi ik }amo5n e5mi
{u. Eat these until we come. {an }au
}amo5n. As long as there is life. Syn:
mo5nda; {a. Variant: }oo5n; }oho5n; }iho5n.
}amo5n ita m o C DUC D Id. Just
at that time; d VaWZHL. }amo5n ita m o
ta5sa pu5trasi ta a5an. Just at that time her
sons came.
}amo5ndyaka DDpD Adj. Tiny bit, small
amount; PSWX ,LquWZ PSWX ,LquWZ MVaWZHL.
}e3he3% }amo5ndyakam chaman may da5i

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}araka5T da5ri

}art

LrWX.

N. Stale bread used to feed cows; MWX

__ Mij m VdWeM ij q.
}arba5t SDLsD N. Sweet flavored drink;
PSWXz. From: Arabic.
}are5k1 sD N. Field of grain or corn
sprouts; V. Morph: }are5g.
}are5k2 sD V. To quiet down fighting;
MWaLr V. te SaTiman a5ini. a to }are5s.
They were fighting. I quieted the fighting
down. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
}are5Tuk YsD Adj. Unripe (apples or
pears); )MVYyzMWa MWd PQVdy( hk. See also:
ro{e5nik.
}arw sD Adj. Gentle, kind; Wdz. Syn:
ajs. From: Arabic.
}aryak DsD Adj. Chapped and cracked;
nHij `WY.
}arke4na DsD Adj. Black-faced (of white
sheep); ruVdWX L ik M. Gen: coT
pattern.
}armanda5
}armanda5 ka5rik sD CpDsD V. To
make someone ashamed; MWar nVaz. Lac
mon da5i ho5ma }armanda5 mo ka5ri.
Dont say shameful words and make us
ashamed. Syn: Lac dek. From: Persian.
}armandag CpDsD
N.
Shame;
nVaz. a5sa }armandag Sa5Ti }au. He
is bashful.
}art TsD N. The pot, prize for which one
is betting; z. Variant: }akt. From:
Arabic.
}art mu5{ik w TsD V. To bet; z
MVaVd rM. Syn: }art thek.
}art thek T TsD V. To place a bet
on, to wager; MWaM z. a5bi du }art tha5i
adya5ik. ku5ra jit hu haw }art ta5sa pi
griu. We two will place a bet and race.
Whoever wins will take the bet from the
other. [The }art is the article itself that
one is betting. They put it in a certain place
until one wins it.] Syn: }a5rti mu5{ik.

Capra Falconeri. }a5ra bra.

Markhor he-goat. }a5ras SiK Lahlak thi
paru. The markhors horns grow in a
spiral. [The Kalasha say that these are the
goats of the fairies.] Gen: bhero{anda5r
wild animals; Female: muS female
markhor; Child: batrue45 young markhor;
Species: pay goat. 2) Male offspring of a
male markhor and a female domestic goat.
}a5ra pe pay gera5i haw tasa pi
ubuju5na batya5kas kay }a5ra bra
gho3%an. istre3%yak pe a5is haw }a5ra muS
gho3%an. If a markhor mates with a female
domestic goat its offspring is called a male
markhor. If its a female its called a
female markhor. Etym: s5arabha5- a kind
of deer T-12331.
}a5ra bira5yak DCtL CsD N. Bread
statuette of a goat; Vaij L MWdMVaWX y W`N
LrWX. }a5ra bira5yak ka5an, kuTramu5una.
They make the bread statuettes the night of
Kutamru.
}a5ra kanDa5li ka5Lun D CrD CsD N.
Decorative moccasins made from markhor
skin; MVd MWdMVaWX y ruik rWX Vaij
MWZij. [These are made by Nuristani
craftsmen. (kanDa5li is a famous name for
quality.) One use they make of these is to
put them on a man when he dies.] Gen:
ka5Lun moccasins.
}araca5l DdCsD N. The long mane-like hair
of a markhor; MWX rWX Vaij. Morph:
}a5ra cal.
}araka5T da5ri sCo WDCsD N. The Sharakat
clan of Krakal; M mL PSWdqVXWX
VdVX M MLr. Syn: ra5cikoS da5ri; Gen:
kam1 clan.
}ara5w CsD Adj. Stale, dried up; MWX. tcak
mcak au5 may som }an, }a5raw au5. I
have a tiny bit of bread, but it is stale. Syn:
DaDe5; kirko5T; ka4kse5; ac4u5na. See also:
ac4u5ik.
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}a5ru

}awpatya5K

sD N. The fall season, autumn; Lrsil

M. Gen: zuba5n season; Whole:

o SD V. To accuse someone;
MVaWdm . a tay }at dem. I accuse you

}at dek

}a5ru

kaw2 season; Part: }a5ru mastru5k the

first month of fall; c4haKc4ho5ri mastru5k
the month before Chawmos. Etym:
s5ara5d- autumn T-12329.
}a5ru mastru5k tU|D sD N. The first
month of fall; VaVd M Lrsil. Whole: }a5ru
fall.
}aruga5 ka5rik sD DsD V. To give a
namu5s merit feast by this name; Mz
MWar PSMVdV MWa. }aruga5 dta moc
Sumbe5runo ka5tra }e5nay ne DuDiman
a5sta. In the past a man who had given one
of these feasts would not sleep on a cane
bed. [In the example, the reason the man
would not sleep on the bed seems to be that
a cane bed was formerly thought to be
ritually impure. Also, this particular feast
is no longer performed in the Kalasha
valleys.] Gen: namu5s merit feast. From:
Kati.
}aru5m sD N. 1) Shame; z. 2) Private
parts of male or female; EyMVaWZ MV@L. [This
is a euphemistic way of referring to private
parts.] See also: pucu5k; pinDo5r; gu}k.
From: Persian.
}a}a5K DD Adj. Greedy; hk.
}at
SD N. Oath, claim; . Use: cha5wik
to swear. Etym: s5apta5- cursed, adjured
T-12292.
}at cha5wik Dd SD V. To swear,
take an oath, to swear to the validity of
something; MWaM . }at pe acha5wan
haw, ga4ru45i hu. If people take an oath,
they will get a goiter (if their oath is false).
tu }at cha5was do3yo3, ba5tya ha5Li. a
cha5wam. If you want to take an oath then
bring the kid! I will swear. Restrict: The
indirect object is marked by som with.

(for example, of lying).

}at mara5T ka5rik sD WCsD SD V. To
make a sacrifice to end a curse of a broken
promise; MWar MWXr WaquWZ . [The
person who made the promises must
provide the sacrifice for this.]
}ata5k DTD Adj. Smashed, squashed; MxVdIWY
L. moTe5r tu tya5i }ata55k thi paro5n. The
jeeps crashed together and were
completely smashed. Syn: lep; capa5k.
}atala5k DTD Cnj. Therefore, for this
reason; _Vd vHL. Syn: }ale5y.
}atara5 CsDTD Morph: }a-tara. See main entry:
tara5.
}aT
WD Adj. Inflammatory, troublemaking; rsVdWZ. se }aT mon praw. His
words were inflammatory. Syn: tes.
}aw D Adv. Vivid, bright, crystal,
extremely, very; PSWX. }aw nLa. Vivid
blue. }u nlak. Vivid blue. Dim: }u; Syn:
pak2. Variant: }a3w.
}a5wak CD N. Pleasure; yz. }a5wak-as
tha5ra au5 {um. I eat with pleasure.
}a5wak-an au5 {un. They eat with
pleasure. From: Arabic.
}awakn CD
Adj.
Enthusiastic,
interested; dyz. a5sa saba5kuna bo
}awakn. He is very enthusiastic about his
studies. From: Arabic.
}a5waLa CD Adj. Spotted, striped, pepperand-salt color, speckled, dappled (of farm
animals); L VXm. Proverb: gok
cu5nDiLa moc, }a5waLa rajhu5k pa5}i
bihu. A man bitten by a snake will be
afraid if he sees a spotted rope (meaning:
once bitten, twice shy); Gen: coT design.
}awpatya5K DTDPD Adj. Empty, desolate;
WaLrWd ,Mil.
}awpatya5K ka5rik sD DTDPD V.
Completely destroy, wipe out; MWar mMWXrWX.
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}ay

}ekt

}a4 bha5Ti ka5rik sD XDL J Id. To

make an effigy of a mans head from the
roots of reeds; mr yDL rMVaWX y yrWa
MWar WZM q@L MVaq d mMWd . [These are
made in case a man has died and his body
needs to be buried before the funeral rites.
The effigy is just the head, the rest is made
of wood and is dressed like a man. Then
the funeral ceremonies can take place
without the body.]
}a4 bha5Ti XDL J N. Bundle of reeds;
MV` M yrWa.
}a4 bo43% L J N. Arrowhead; LH M dWZ.
Whole: }a4 arrow.
}a4 go5n J N. Arrow shaft. Whole: }a4
arrow.
}a4 tho5m T J N. Bow for shooting
arrows; M dWZ. Syn: thom; SiK tho5m.
See also: ji thom.
}a4ga5y DJ N. Chain ornament worn by
women on the waist; WdL WdqMWX
d ZVaWY dWZq vzVd ij dijqs.
Variant: }a4ga45Dak (Birir); }a4gha5Ri (Birir).
Etym: s5rKkhala- chain T-12580.
}a45Kgu4i J N. 1) The fodder remaining
in the animals stomach after it is killed;
rWX ,VE M qWaMij. 2) Mixture of
water and cow dung; M MWY q@L rWX
PQr.
}a3}
D N. Fishhook; M WaruWY hk
MV`WaM. Variant: }e}. From: Khowar.
}a3w D See main entry: }aw.
}ek N. Kalasha Muslim; vzVd
Mx. [This refers to a Kalasha person
who becomes Muslim. Technically, he is no
longer Kalasha.] From: Arabic.
}ek hik V. To become a
Muslim, to convert to Islam; MWa Mx.
se }ek thi a5au. He became a Muslim.
}ekt U Adj. Mild (not rich, of foods);
)Lqil( pVaW`. [Examples of mild foods

Da5ran muThk jaw ha5i, }awpatya5K

a5raw. The mud slide took the orchard and
completely destroyed it.
}ay1 D Adj. Capable; WXM. a ka }ay
ne, bo gaybana5 moc. He is not worth
anything, he is very lazy.
}ay2 D N. Hayfield, pasture; MLrik.
Proverb: }en jaga5i, khur pasta5ri, }ay
jaga5io gak Lasa5i. First look at the bed,
then stretch out your feet! First look at the
pasture, then release the cows. See also:
c4het, c4hetr; min, mindr; bronz;
machiLo5y.
}ay3 D N. Creature, being; hl. a5bi
saw khoda5yas }ay. We are all Gods
creatures. ku5ra }ay }e3he3% mon del. What
being would speak like this?
}ay4 D N. Part; KVi. sa mo5cas
bada5nani ek }ay krom ne ka5riu day.
Part of this mans body does not work
right.
}aytha5n DUD N. 1) Evil thing; MVdy.z
}aytha5n tay Satawa5i (}um krom)
karawa5au day. Some evil thing is using
you (to do evil). 2) Mischievous person;
qLz. a adhe5 }aytha5n La45i a5am. I have
punished some naughty children.
Adj. Mischievous; qLz. From:
Arabic.
}aythan hik DUD Id. To have a
nocturnal emission or wet dream; VZiHL
MWa. puruSgu5a4k }aythan pe ha5wan
haw, bale5k hin. When boys have a
nocturnal emission they have reached
puberty.
}a4 J N. 1) Reed; yrWa. [These are
sometimes used to make pens.] 2) Arrow;
dWZ. CPart: thom bow; Part: }a4 bo43%
arrowhead; }a4 go5n arrow shaft; Loc:
wa5sun quiver; Syn: SiK. Etym: s5ar5 yaarrow T-12339; s5ara5- reed from which
arrows are made T-12324.
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}e5Li

}gaw

are tomatoes and oranges.] Ant: ga5rum;

Zak. From: Khowar.
}e5Li Morph: }-eLi. See main entry:
e5Li.
}e5mi Morph: }-emi. See main entry:
e5mi.
}emk V. To worry; MWa MxzWdrWY.
parwa5 mo kari, tu park bha5as, mo
}em. Dont worry, you will be able to go.
Dont worry!
N. Worry, concern; . gham {e
}emk mo5cuna pa5Lis. I began to worry
and be concerned (lit: I fell in among
worrisome thoughts). Syn: gam; parwa5.
See also: bey-dawa5; peri}a5n. Prdm: Class
4 (nisk).
}en N. Bed; MWYqMik. Part: uSS place
of head on a bed; prago5 place of feet on a
bed; }en Lago45yak legs of a bed; }en ta4
framing poles of a bed; }en bo5n net or
hammock of bed. Etym: s5a5yana- lying
down, bed T-12323.
}en bo5n L N. The web, net or
hammock of a bed; q VaVaEWX MWYqMik.
Whole: }en. Morph: }en bhon(ik).
}en ka5rik sD V. 1) To make a
bed; MWaMVaWX MWYqMik. 2) To play cats cradle;
Vd M Mm. Gen: Labe45 game.
}en Lago45yak D N. The leg of a
bed; WaMW` MWYqMik. Whole: }en.
}en ta4 JT N. The pieces forming the
frame of a bed; Wa MVZyHL d MWYqMik
LpWao MVX L. Whole: }en.
}en ta5ri sDT
N. Big dipper
constellation; hj M qMVZy.
}e5nyat SD N. Female goat (one to one
and a half years old); My ruWdo y WdL
rWX r WZ. Dim: }inya5tyak;
Adult: pay female goat; Species: pay
goat; Male: dwaSa. Variant: }e5nyak.
}er
t N. Lion, tiger; dyz. o }er, o }er,
ek paSu5k a5tas ba5ti tay ba5yawta a5}i. O

lion, O lion, for one bit of flour you ate

your brother (so he became small). [The
women beat on a frying-pan and sing these
words if an eclipse occurs.] From: Persian.
}er hik t V. To make ones self
great; MVaVaWX qmMWX.
}er Sa5Tik XD t V. To have an eclipse
of sun or moon; r fjqy MWd r nWaMik.
mastru5kuna }er Sa5Ti }au. The moon is
having an eclipse. su5riuna }er Sa5Tik. To
have an eclipse of the sun.
}ew N. Spear; rsVdWa. Matl: ka5nda
almond wood. Variant: }el (Urtsun).
Etym: s5il- dart, arrow T-12466.
}e3he3% Morph: }-e3he3%. See main entry:
e3he3%.
}ia5
D V. Be (inanimate, hearsay past root
of }ik to be); . rejiSTer ka5rik gho3i%
Dakha5nauna paro5mi e, Dakha5na band
}ia5-La. When we went to the Post Office to
send a letter, it was closed. See also: }ik.
Variant: }iha.
}au }aLa5y D D Intj. Let it be (dont
change it); m Vaq. Restrict: This is a
formula for any verb expressing the
concept of Let some event occur. The
present tense of the verb is used in each
case with the word }aLa5y remaining
constant. So for the concept Let them
sleep one would say, Du5Din }aLa5y. Syn:
-o5ri.
}iga5n D N. 1) Spirit being of Darasguru
village in Bumburet; VZyzr M MWa Vdyz.
[This spirit being is representative of
Mahandeo, though not as powerful. He has
an altar symbolized with two carved horse
heads.] Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings.
2) Altar to the spirit being Shigan; Vdyz
M MWXr . Variant: sidga.
}gaw D N. Sand; PSWdq. Idiom: }gaw pe
pu} praw haw, parm. I will go when
the sand bears flowers (that is, never).
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}ik

}i}iku5
stone. Gen: Labe45 game; Syn: bat hstik.
Etym: s5ila2-% rock, crag T-12459.
}Lak Adj. Cool; pVaW` ,m. tu
su5righas thi anda5y ka ka5ris day?
}Lak awa5tay pa5ri. What are you doing
sitting so long in the sun here? Go to a cool
place.
}iLe5k hik V. To become very
cold; MVa m PSWX. a5bi pu5ri rat aKga5r
ne thi, }iLe5k ha5wimi. For the whole
night there was no fire and we were very
cold.
}inaka5T WDD N. Identification card;
oqM ZilMVay.z From: Persian.
}Kger t
Adj.
Spiral
horned,
beautifully horned; VaVdy qLm gkVdW.Y tay
bra ami}a5as ba5ti }Kger hin. tu }ase5
namuswa5La moc. Saba5S tay ha5tya.
Your male goats will always be spiral
horned. You are a praiseworthy man. Good
for you! See also: SiK.
}ira5 Ct N. Broth from cooking rice with
salt and clarified butter; rVdy.z [This is the
mix of water and melted butter that results
when cooking rice. They say this is good
for a sick person.] From: Persian.
}irk t N. Enemy; zm. }irk tay
DhuKk pe haw, tay na}e5l. If an enemy
meets you, he will kill you. Syn: duSma5n.
}irn t Adj. 1) Sweet; MKV`Vd. 2) Ones
own, blood-, real, full (of kinship
relations); My. a may }irn ba5ya. This is
my blood-brother. Syn: jhan. From:
Persian.
}irn mo5a C t KT. Maternal uncle
(blood-brother of ones mother); M My.
Syn: mo5a.
}i}a5 D N. Glass; xzVdyz. From: Persian.
}i}iku5 N. Shishiku Valley; VH
mL Wd@L LZIik. Resident: }i}akua5nu
resident of Shishiku.

Variant: }gur (Urtsun). Etym: skata2grain of sand, (usu. pl.) sand, gravel T13386.
}gaLa D Adj. Sandy; VZWdq. may c4etr
saw }gaLa. My field is very sandy-soiled.
N. The villages of Shigala in the
Rumbur and Bumburet Valleys; mL
M PSWdqVXWX q@L qVXq.
}ik
V. To be (of inanimate things);
MWa )M rsVdik (. may ko}an }au. I
am happy (lit: my happiness is). Anim:
a5sik to be (animate); Past(hearsay):
}ia5La it was; Ppl: thi being. Variant: }ir
(Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: s5et%2 e2 lies down T12605. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
Chart of }ik verbal forms
Singular
Plural
}au it is
}an they are
a}-s it was
a}-ni they were

N. 1) Identity, honor; ,OSrs

PSVdV^Vdi. 2) Facial or bodily appearance;
yz. 3) Condition; PSMi. Syn: hal; siha5k.

}kil

From: Arabic.
N. A kind of grain like millet;
rijMWX M WdL. Panicum italicum (M).
}li, a4n, ka5ras a5mbak. }il, millet, and
ka5ras are filling kinds of food. juwa5ri {e
}il, istr{a awe5l day le5tras Sa5Tan. (As
to) corn and }li, the women first begin the
harvest. [People used to grind this and
make bread but seldom do so now. It is
quite filling.] Gen: pha5sil grain crop.
Etym: *stiya- ploughed T-13431.
}iliThki Y N. Herbal seeds
resembling caraway seeds; M WdL
gjVdWX. [This is eaten and is classified as very
hot. Pregnant women may eat it to speed
labor. It has pink flowers.]
}iL hstik U} V. To play a shotput-like game; MVaVd Vd M VaVaVdWY rVZWY.
a }iL hstim day. I am throwing the }iL

}il

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}i}o5yak

}oksk

}i}ikua5nu C N. Resident of
Shishiku Valley; nVayzMWX M DVdxzVdy.z
Variant: }i}ikuho43%i; }i}ikuh.
}i}o5yak D Adj. Beautiful, pretty;
OSqVWXil. Syn: nazu5k; cust. Etym:
*sus5o2bha- splendid T-13534; s5o2%s5ucatshining brightly T-12642, 14822. Pl:
}i}i}o5yak.
}i}pe43% Q N. Whistle; `Vdy.
}i}pe43% ka5rik sD Q V. 1) To
whistle.; MWaqM `Vdy. Zho}i pe ha5waw
haw, }i}pe43% ka5a. When Joshi comes,
whistle! 2) To hiss (as a snake); MWaqMVaWY.
See also: gok.
}it V N. Log stairway to house into which
steps are cut; ruVdy ru. Dim: }idk.
Morph: }id. Etym: *s5rayant- ladder T12687; *s5riSTa- entered, resting on T12707.
}idu4i5 k p N. The bottom of a log
ladder; LnVaVdWY M ruVdy.
}it SS V N. The top of a log ladder
or stairway; LH M ruVdy. }a5sa su5da }it
SSa u5STi a5au. a5La ale5y uchunda5. That
boy has climbed to the top of that ladder.
Bring him down from there. CPart:
}idu4i5 k.
}iwiLa5 N. Centipede; LqhjVa.
[Some say the centipede sting is painful.
Others say it bites without pain like a
leech.] Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
Variant: }ibiLa5. Etym: s5ipavitnuka5- a
kind of worm T-12442; s5ata5pad- having
a hundred feet T-12281.
}ok N. Mourning period because a
persons relative has died; rWY War ,WZM
vx@L. ta5sa ja5as ana5}aw, ta5sa }ok
}au. His wife has died, he is in a period of
mourning. [If a persons spouse dies, he or
she is called a5SiSa. In the house he or she
must sit in the SuK corner. During this
time people must not touch them. This kind

of death-defilement for a man must be

purified by sacrificing a kid or lamb every
day for seven days; each one is performed
a bit higher in the village until the altar of
Mahandeo is reached. Then two more
sacrifices must be made. He and his male
relatives will not shave and he is impure
until the next festival. His hat is turned
inside out. He is not permitted to urinate
during the day for the first seven days. A
woman has the purification rite of SiS au5
performed for her seven or maybe nine
times. A woman must take off the two
pieces of her headdress and put them on a
blanket.] Loc: SuK corner of a house. See
also: a5SiSa; pu} mu5c4a dek closing
ceremony for }ok. Etym: s5o2%ka- heat,
pain, sorrow T-12619.
}ok ka5rik sD V. To observe a
ritual of mourning or grieving for the death
of a relative; vx@L rWY War ,MWar WZM
MWar. Syn: hardipha5ti ka5rik.
}okhe5k N. Woven colorful band;
MWa ,`WY vzVd. istr{a duSa5Kki
go5nduna kay }okhe5k sawze5n. Women
make bands on a forked stick. Gen: }uma5n
sash; Syn: citro45ya5k; pa5tyak.
}okse5k } V. To spend, pass (time);
MWaqLrs. wat pruST ka5i }okse5mi. We spent
our time well. Syn: tere5k; gezere5k;
parwaze5k; Past(hearsay): }oksa5la he/she
spent time. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
}oksk } V. 1) To be well-spent; qrs
MWaMij. }e3he3m thi a5sta, wat ne }o5ksiu.
When things turn out like that the time is
not well spent. 2) To die; MWaMWY OSM. moc
}oks a5au. A man died. Syn: na5}ik. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
}o5ksuna D} Adj. Spent, passed; Lqrs
L.

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}o5ndik

}u5ak

N. The past, spent time. ainda5 cti,

}o5ksuna pra5Smi. Think about the future,
forget the past.
}o5ndik p V. To leak, drip; MVaVYW`.
msani uk }o5ndaw day. Water is leaking
from the water container. Syn: za5zik;
curu4k; SiSirk; uchu5i dyek. Prdm: Class
2 (ma5trik).
}ondra5k Csp N. 1) Eye matter,
earwax; ruVYVdHik. 2) Resin or sap of pine;
nWa VZilqm. Syn: non.
}o5nja D] Morph: }-onja. See main entry:
o5nja.
}onjaro5 sD] Adv. Just now; WX@L WX@L.
}onjaro5-o ek Thuk ispra5puna pa5i a5au.
Just now he fell asleep quickly. Syn: the5su;
dic; kay dic; o5nja; Zot, Zotr. Morph:
}-onja-ro.
}oK N. Branch of a tree (uncut);
flMyz. cu45ani }oK. The branches of a main
trunk of a tree. Dim: }oKge5Lik; Syn:
ba5zuK; Whole: muT plant, tree. Variant:
}aK (Urtsun). Etym: s5aKku5- peg, spike
T-12260.
}ophk P V. 1) To swallow; MVaWa. gok
mayna5 }ophu day. The snake is
swallowing the myna bird. Syn: hara5ik.
2) To smoke; MVaVdW.Y Syn: ZiKga5ik; pik.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
}or
s Num. One hundred; y. Syn: ponj
b}i.
}oTha5yak DDX N. Pimple; VdH ,MyME.
Syn: ustu5r. See also: paha5rik; ta{ya5n.
}o43%a C N. Dog; MVZD. ta5sa }o43%as ka isa5p
thi }au. He is about like his dog (doesnt
listen and fights a lot). Gen: haywa5n
domesticated animals; Female: istri}u5ni
bitch, dog; Child: }o43a5yak puppy;
kruku43%yak puppy; Sound: ra5ik bark;
}aK ka5rik bark; Imp: tya5dye Get out of
there; do Come here. Variant: }e2#R

(Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: s5una- dog T12528.

}o43%a ko43 C N. Species of inedible
mushroom that looks like dogs ear; WdL
X . See also: kame3y% u; bhut
kame3%yu; braKga5lu; kuts.
}o43%a ta5ri sDT C N. Star or planet
giving a red light; wij qMVZy WdL
__ flE PSWX Vayzq. Lit: dog star.
[The Kalasha believe that the dogs go to
sleep and that thieves come when this star
appears. This may be Mars.]
}o43a5yak DC N. Puppy; hkWX M VZD.
Species: }o43%a dog; Syn: kruku4y
%3 ak.
}ru5ki t Adj. Naked; MVaWa. Syn: can;
bey-parda5; phLis. Variant: }uru5ki; }u5kri.
Etym: s5ukra5- bright T-12506.1.
}rukie5k t V. To make bare, to skin,
to make naked; MWaqMWZDL MIik ,MVaVdik.
phrsbi may a4K
5 gu }rukie5l. The frisbee
takes the skin off my finger.
}u1
N. Woolen cloth for making a hat or
coat; LruVY DL. }u gri koT sawze5n. They
take wool cloth and make a coat. See also:
}ukha5.
}u2
N. Porcupine; PSxzEWYqMil MWd Vdy.
Gen: bhero{anda5r wild animal. Etym:
s5va2vdh- porcupine T-12766.2.
}u3
N. Fear, anxiety; il. }o43%a pa5}i
bih ta5sa }u niha5w. When he saw the
dog, he was terrified. ey khoda5y ho5ma
ha5tya sa5raK ha. apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri.
}u {e trip phu5Si patia5li hsti. O God,
protect us. Send evil spirits far away. Blow
away fear and suffering and send them
away.
}u4
See main entry: }aw.
}u5ak1 C N. 1) Stinger of an insect; Wao.
Syn: kyu. 2) Stem of any fruit; flMyz WY
V L Waquij y. Syn: ke43e5}. 3) Stone or
jewel on a ring; Wa M W`Wa@L.
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}uala5k

}ure5k

}uala5k C N. Traditional woolen pants

worn by goatherds; DL WaLmr vzVd
qLyz. Etym: syu2ta5- sewn T-13876.
}ubna}u5pi PDL Adv. A time that is
neither night nor dawn; M rWdy gVXV
PS.
}ukha5 D N. Long warm woolen coat; DL
ik. moc tatsrini pe haw, pond ne
grin. huLu5k pe a5raw haw, }ukha5 ne
grin. If men are full, they will not take
trail food. If men are warm, they will not
take a coat. See also: }u1. From: Turkish.
}u5kur ka5rik sD s V. To thank God;
MWar Lm@L ryz. Variant: }u5khur ka5rik.
From: Arabic.
}ukuria5 ka5rik sD Ds V. To give
thanks; MWar Lm@L WdrEy.z may putr abdu5l
khale5k, a bo }ukria5 a5ris, may nawa5w
ubuju5na. My son, Abdul Khaleq, I gave
many thanks that my granddaughter was
born.
}ukuria5 Ds N. Thanks; WdrEy.z
Variant: }akuria5.
}uLa5 N. Wood, firewood; Waij ,ru
ru . Degrad: This rotten; Use:
badze5k to stack for fire. Etym: s5ala2k
% a2any small stake or stick T-12349.
}uLa5 go5ik N. Termite; Wdm.
Syn: thus go5ik.
}uLa5 ka5rik sD V. To gather wood;
MVaVaik MWdru. te }uLa5 ka5i, baza5runa ha5i,
may hatya au5 o5nin day. They gather
wood and take it to the market and bring
me food.
}um Adj. 1) Bad, unfortunate; ,OQLril
LrEWX. Syn: nama5i}; Ant: pruST; Max: bekh;
sak. 2) Weak. Ant: pin. Variant: Su2m
(Urtsun (M)). From: Arabic }u5m
unlucky.
}um hala5t SD N. Hard times; LrEWX
OSMi xz ,PS. he5man garbas tha5ra

}um hala5t. Winter means hard times for

the poor.
}um N. Evil, bad behavior; LrEWX.
Syn: apha5t; bhala5; c4ha5Kgar.
}uma5l D N. North; Mz. CPart: junu5p
south. See also: magrp; ma}rk. From:
Arabic.
}uma5n D N. Decorative woven band or
sash, cloth belt; MWa ,`WY vzVd. [These
are given for honor during festivals with
the words, You have become my
brother/sister. They can be plain or with
color designs. They are made by hand with
the strands anchored over the shoulder and
around the knee.] Restrict: These are
typically made by women. Spec: citro45yak
decorative band; }okhe5k woven colorful
band; pa5tyak sash, garland. Etym:
syu2%man- band, thong, bridle T-13878.
}uma5n ka5rik sD D V. To weave a
decorative sash; MVaVaWX MWa.
}umpo5Kgi Q Adj. Unlucky; vhVa.
Ant: pilinpo5Kgi. Morph: }um-po5Kgi.
From: Khowar.
}un, }unj ^ , N. 1) Syringe,
hypodermic needle; VdW`. may pay ku43
thi a5au. a5sa }u5n SaTae5li. My goat is
weak and sickly. We must get him
injected. Use: SaTe5k to inject; Use: dyek
to inject. 2) The hands of a watch; ru
MWdy . Whole: gaL watch or clock.
From: English.
}unu5ku N. Sand-fly; M WdL
rhk. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
}u5ra moc c Cs N. Hero, man killer,
leopard killer; LWY ,hjVaij. See also:
}ure5k. Etym: s5ur%2 a- strong, valiant T12569.
}ure5k s V. To turn someone against
someone; MVaWdm PQWdr ,MWaMxDL. a5sa a5La ta5sa
ha5tya }ura5aw. This man turned that man
against him. Syn: i}lage5k; phire5k;
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}ur}u5r ka5rik

Sa5baS

u}uphe5k. See also: }u5ra moc. Prdm:

Causative I (sawze5k).
}ur}u5r ka5rik sD ss V. To fill
something to the brim; MWarWX PQMVX. Syn:
pu5ri ka5rik.
}urue5k s V. To cause someone to fall
or stumble; MWaLr. Syn: hiu5 ka5rik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
}uru5ik s V. To fall (of animate
beings); MWar. a Tham dya5i, }uru5is. I
tripped and fell. Past(hearsay): }uru5na
he/she fell. Variant: Duru5ik (Birir).
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
}uru5k s N. Beginning; z. Morph:
}uru5g. From: Arabic.
}uru5k hik s V. To begin;
MWa z. bako, {o5}i da} {e du5a
tarkan }uru5k hu day. Lets see...Joshi
will begin on the 12th.
}uru5k ka5rik sD s V. To begin to
do something; MWar z. }atara5 pa5i
ko5cik }uru5k ka5da. He went there and
began to dig. Syn: -as dek.
}uruge5k s V. To begin to do
something; MWar z. gho43 dyek
}uruga5i. Begin the singing!
}urukruku4h%ak Dts N. Bird
of the high mountain pastures; M WdL
nWarWY. Gen: pac4h%yak bird.
}urukuTu5lak Xs N. Round bread
stuffed with crushed walnuts with
scalloped edge; q L qMWa wzWa WdL.

[It is made by a new bride when she

returns to her parental home for the first
time after marriage. She gives big ones to
best friends and small ones to children.]
Gen: au5 bread. Variant: }urubuTu5lak.
}uru5p Os N. Sip; PUWa. ek }uru5p cay
pim. I will drink a sip of tea. See also:
da5na; ka45wa1; kham2; phaLk; gLak; ca5ni.
}uru5p ka5rik sD Os V. To sip;
MWarWX PUWa. }uru5p ka5i pi. Sip it!
}uru}tyu5 ka5rik sD Us V. To
praise God (especially during Chawmos);
MWar WdrWZ Lnil. Syn: i}tikhe5k.
}uthu5k
}uthu5k kho5jik \ T V. To be
in heat (of dogs, cats and the like); vzij
MWaN d vzij ,MVaruik. Syn: aru5Zik; SuKgu5
kho5jik.
}uthu5k park sDP T V. To mate
with (of dogs); OR d Zx M VZ.
istri}u5ni }o43%a }uthu5k kho5jiu. bire43% }o43%o
ta5sa }uthu5k paru. The female dog is in
heat. The male will mate with her. Syn:
gere5k; SuKgu5 park. See also: {a4w
5 ik.
}uthu5r sT N. Umbrella; Zik.
}uTu5Tur sXX N. Thing; rsVdik. Syn: kiba5w;
Riddle: }uTu5Tur
phar
a5sta
gri,
naKgo5runa ha5tya paru: a thing which
takes a load and goes into the palace.
Answer = kipnyak a spoon. Variant:
}uTuTu5ri.

S
Sa

D N. 1) King; Myz mMWX. Syn: baca5; CPart:

khonza5 queen. 2) Queen bee; nyz
Vd. mac4he5rikan Sa. The

Sa ghu45 D N. Crown; fjMWZ. Morph: Sa

khu4. See also: khu4; kaSo5K; kupa5s;
kato4ho45iki.
Sa5baS DLD Intj. Congratulations!, Well
done!, Bravo!; vzMWXMyz. omnbay, tay

bees queen. Gen: ulua5rum flying things.

From: Persian.
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Sac

Sa5Tik

MWd ij Lqm MWXr ij flMyz

__ Mij Weij _Vd War MWY rsVdik.

Sa5baS. Your congratulations are true! Syn:

mco. From: Persian.
Sac
cD N. Temporary shelter made in the
wilds; M MVaWY qM ,Yik. Zar e5o. ek
Sac sawze5k. Zar mo5caw. Come quickly!
Lets make a shelter. It is about to rain.
Saka45k JD Adv. Suddenly, quickly; WdL
m. se Saka45k tya5i may japaja a5raw. He
suddenly hit me and I was unable to get up.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb tyek hit. Syn: pat.
Sala5 D Adj. Roofless; PSik dWX. Sala5
sanhe5}. Livestock enclosure without a
roof. Sala5 iste4a%3 w. Livestock enclosure
without a roofed-in portion. Syn: uke5li.
Sa5LaS D N. Outer covering of a walnut;
MIik. Whole: bribo5 walnut; Syn: waTa5k.
See also: ka5LaS.
SanJu5ik aD V. 1) To wrinkle, shrivel;
MWaMijr. Syn: ac4u5ik; Supu5kik. 2) To sleep;
MWaMij y. Syn: ac4u5ik; Du5Dik; prasu5ik.
SaKk D Adv. Suddenly; m WdL. may
pa5}i bih Lawa5kas SaKk ric4 draZna5w.
Seeing me the fox was frightened and
defecated suddenly. Restrict: This is
typically associated with the verb draSnk
emerge. Syn: pat.
-Sa5Kki J Adj. Having tines or prongs;
qLm flMyz. du-Sa5Kki. Two pronged.
tre-ha54Kki. A three-pronged (hay-fork).
ponj Sa5Kki {uk. To be hit (lit: to eat a
five-pronged thing). See also: duSa5Kki;
treha43%Kki. Variant: -ha54Kki. Etym: s5aKku5peg, spike T-12260.
SaSakhe5 DD N. The Shashakhe clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan.
SaSku5ni D N. Broom; quMij. RootVb:
So3S% kik to sweep. Variant: sumwa5ni
(Urtsun).
Sat }o5K SD N. Branch of juniper or
oak used in a sacrifice; WX Myz MWdrWXVaV

Sat }o5K c4ha3%c4i, batya5k ama5raw. He

poked the juniper branch into the wall and
sacrificed the kid. [This branch is stuck
into the wall and blood is splashed on it
during the sacrifice. Juniper is the best
choice for this.]
SaTawa5ik CDXD V. To cause to join
together, engage someone to do something;
MWaL. ta5sa SaTawa5i phar bihirawa5is. I
engaged him to carry the load. Restrict:
The person engaged must be in the dative
case. RootVb: SaTe5k. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
SaTawa5i CDXD Rel. By, by means of, by
agency of; Wdqqs ,y mn . Lit:
attaching, engaging. a sa SaTawa5i,
gonDk chinawa5is. I had him break the
stick. }aytha5n tay SaTawa5i karawa5w
day. Satan is causing you to do it. Restrict:
SaTawa5i is the present participle of
SaTawa5ik to cause to attach or join
together.
SaTe5k XD V. 1) To join together, attach,
turn on; MWaM. bu5tuna SaTe5L gho3%i, }uma5n
ka5i a5au. She made a band for putting in
the pants. ispa5}u5ras jamo5Las pa5ysa
SaTa5aw chu5Las ba5ti. The father-in-law
added a request for money to the
bridegroom for his daughter. 2) To plant,
cause to take root; MWaWX ,MWaM. se bo
}i}o5yak bronz SaTa5i a5sau. She has
planted a very beautiful lawn. 3) To start,
to kindle a fire, to set a fire; MWaM N. he45ru5
go5STuna aKga5r SaTa5i a5au. The thief has
started a fire in the barn. 4) To cause to
fight; MWaLru. a }o43%a SaTa5i a5am. I made the
dogs fight. Past(hearsay): SaTa5la he/she
attached. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
Sa5Tik XD V. 1) To adhere to, take hold;
MVa. tay o} Sa5Ti }au e? Do you have a
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Saw

SiKba4ha5y

SiLe5S N. Glue; nWa. Variant: }ri}.

Etym: s5le2Sma5n- mucus, phlegm T12744.
Snjik ] V. To win someone back, to
win over; MWar Lq ,MWaMVa. may ja may
pi pe akru5caw haw, a to Snjim. If my
wife is peeved with me, I win her back.
[This is done by apologizing and promising
not to do this again and generally
persuading the offended party to change
their mind.]
SiK
N. 1) Horn; VaVdy. 2) Arrow;
rVdWZ. Syn: }a4. See also: }Kger. Etym:
s5r05Kga- horn T-12583.
SiK SaTe5k XD V. To apply a horn
suction to a place to draw off the poison;
MVaMWa rqs y mn VaVdy. ta5sa gok
cu5ndi a5is e, ponj awa5ta SiK SaTa5an.
When the snake bit her, they put the
healing horn on in five places. Syn: khet
thek; Tako5r dyek; Lu5ian dyek; gon
dyek.
SiK su5ri s| N. The sunrise,
daybreak; fjqy L MVZWa. biho5Tas e, may
ka zia5no. SiK su5iras som ghe5ri
uchunds. If you go over the mountain, I
dont care. With the first light of day you
will come down again.
SiK tho5m T N. Bow for shooting
arrows; M. Syn: }a4 tho5m; thom. See
also: ji thom.
SiKgo45yak D N. 1) Small horn;
VaVdy MW`ik. 2) Horn-like nubs on front
of womans headdress; OSq vzVd
qMWXDL xVdij VaVdy r N rWY W`.
[These can be feathers or small pompoms
and are usually attached in pairs.]
SiKba4ha5y DJM N. 1) The mountain to
which the sun reaches to show the start of
Joshi; ik quMWY. Variant: SiKba4ha5y
coKk. 2) Mountain pasture belonging to

cold? ta5sa warkatha aSa5Taw. He became

very worried. Syn: khu45ik; Max: c4ap. 2) To
catch hold, to start, take root, begin; ,MVaDL
MVa. paLa5w muT ba5i a5am. Sa5Ti }au. I
have planted an apple tree. It has taken
root. aKga5r Sa5Ti }au. The fire has caught
hold and is burning now. 3) To fight; MWaru.
doS a5bi aSa5Timi. o5nja ghe5ri pruST
ha5wimi. Yesterday we fought. Today
again we are friends. 4) To begin
something; MWar z ,MVa )rWY M(.
puru5S ku}u5ruk ha5i, hsti, le5tras Sa5Tau.
A man takes the small bread, throws it into
the field and begins the harvest.
Past(hearsay): Sa5tiLa they fought. Etym:
sa5jati attached to, clinging to T13085.5. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
SaTa5ki DXD
Adj.
Fight-causing,
aggressive; M Lru. kha5ca SaTa5ki }o43%a. A
dangerous attacking dog.
Saw D See main entry: aw.
Sayda5r sCpD Intj. Congratulations on your
daughters birth!; rWY wzWeLnVdWY `VdWX
mMWX qMVX. Sayda5r la ba5ya. omn tay
Sa5baS. Congratulations, brother! Your
congratulations are true! [This is said to
someone on the birth of a daughter or
niece.] Syn: bumbara5k.
Se5a
D Adj. Blind; MnWa@L. Syn: Tho5keca.
See also: ec eye.
N. Blind man. Variant: Se4a5 . Etym:
*s5re2Da- slanting, squinting T-12717.
Se5a mastru5k tU|D D N. Month
between winter and spring; VaVd M fkqM.
[This month is characterized by rainy
weather, leaky roofs, and difficult times for
men and goats.] Whole: he5man winter.
Sia5L D N. Coyote, jackal; qunVd. Gen:
gadhya5k predator; bhero{anda5r wild
animal; Sound: hu5i dyek to howl.
Variant: Siha5l; Siha5L (Urtsun).
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SiKga45k coT

SiS

Anish; MLrik WdL M wzVdWa@L.

Gen: son summer pasture.
SiKga45k coT Wd J N. V-shaped
design; qMWa wzWa WdL. Gen:
coT design.
SiKga45uk }ak D J N. Green beans;
My M VdWY ,MVdWY _VdWX. Gen: }ak
vegetable.
SiKgS N. Spinach-like vegetable
which grows wild; rsVXy quMWY. Gen: }ak1
vegetable.
SiKmo3% N. Sacred place in Rumbur;
ij XVZ WdL d qVXq. [This is in the
form of a causeway bordered by two rows
of branch-fences, and is located in front of
the altar to Mahandeo above the village of
Grom in Rumbur. It is especially used in
the celebration of {o5}i the spring
festival.] Etym: *s5r0Kgama2ta- made of
horns T-12586; *s5r0Kgama2la- garland of
horns < ma2%la2- garland T-10092.
SiS N. 1) Head; . Whole: jhan, jhand
body. 2) Top; L ,ik. dur SS. The
top of the door. de5nta SiS. The top of the
mountain. Syn: Duk; mun; biw1; bro;
cu45ik; phur. Etym: s5r Sa5- head, skull T12497.
SSa D N. The bank of a water channel;
qMVa. Syn: Tek.
SSay tyta DUT D Adj. Forgetful;
ruWX. Lit: struck in the head.
SiS au5 suce5k d| E V. To
ritually purify women with sacred bread
and juniper; MWY WZq r MVaWX q
MWar. [Women are purified by waving
burning juniper over their heads while they
hold five SiS au5 loaves of head-bread
between their hands. These are considered
o5njeSTa holy. After this, the young man
who is doing this throws the juniper
branch towards the setting sun, and puts
more juniper on the fire. Then he breaks

four pieces of bread from the sucawe5nik

au5 loaf used in purification, and puts
them on the fire. He then gives the rest of
the bread to the woman being purified who
then eats some bread and goes home. This
is performed in connection with all three
festivals (winter, spring and fall) about a
month after a wedding, and sometimes in
connection with sickness.] Instr: SiS au5
purifying
bread;
sucawe5nik
au5
purifying bread; sa5ras juniper. See
also: isto5Kgas ka5rik.
SiS au5 E N. Special kind of bread
used in the purification of women; Mil

_Vd War MWY WZq ij q

__ Mij MVaWX. Lit: head-bread. Syn:

sucawe5nik au5.
SiS bade5k oDL V. To cut
someones hair; MVapVa . Actor: SiS
badawa5w barber; Syn: bud ka5rik;
budan tyek.
SiS cue5k d V. To nod ones
head in approval; MWa y qLrHL.
SiS DahaKge5k DCq V. To
shake head from side to side to disagree;
MWa y qMWaHL.
SiS ga4ha43%ba DMJJ N. Skull; ruWY.
Variant: SiS khama5l.
SiS isto5Kgas {DU}C N. Sacrifice
made for the wedding ceremony; mMyz
MWXr _Vd quij nyz. [If this is not
done, the marriage is not considered valid
and the children would be considered
illegitimate. A goat or sheep is sacrificed.]
SiS ja5c cD\ N. Head hair; MWX .
Syn: ca5war; Gen: jac1 hair.
SiS khu5r s N. Body parts, head,
hands, and feet; MWY . Whole: jhan,
jhand body.
SiS kuche5k d V. To scratch
ones head; MWaMhj .
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SiS khara45

V. To be perplexed; MWa Ldi. pha5to

a a5sta SiS kucha5iman, may ek malgri
a5sta gri kraka45 ha5tya para5. Then, being
perplexed, I got my friend and went to
Krakal.
SiS {uk w Id. To bore someone
with useless talk; MWaM . Lit: to eat
head. SiS mo {u. Dont bore me. Syn:
ganDa5w ka5rik.
SiS khara45 IsD Adj. Crazy, foolish;
_WX ,MWY ,LrWY.
SSani go5yrak Ct D Adj. Having a
white spot on the head (of sheep or goats);
L MxzWa nVdy rWY . Gen: coT design.
SiSa5rik sD V. To sprinkle, to shake
loose; MWaMyrWX ,MWaLr. TakTa5k pha5Lak
SiSa5riu day. The clapper is shaking loose
the grain (into the millstone). a mrac4
Tuka5i SiSa5rim day. I am shaking loose the
mulberries by kicking the tree. Restrict:
This word represents a less common
pattern of moving from non-cause to cause,
SiSirk spill becomes SiSa5rik cause to
spill. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
SiSirk t V. 1) To fall or drop (as
fruit, leaves, snow or rain); MVayrWX ,MWar.
Syn: pa5Lik; Caus: SiSa5rik. 2) To leak out of
a hole (of dry material); MWar. gu5um
batio5sani SiSiru day. Wheat is leaking
from the skin bag. Syn: }o5ndik; curu4k;
uchu5i dyek; za5zik. 3) To die; MWar. a5bi
ba5nda a5sik e, o5nja ubujik, co5pa
SiSirk. When we are only humans, now
we are born, tomorrow we die. Syn: na5}ik.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
SiSku5T dyek o W V. To bow the
head; MWaMij . se da5das som janja5l
ka5io kru5ci SiSku5T dya5i a5au. Having
argued with his father, he became peeved
and (is sitting with) bowed head. Syn: TuK
dyek.

Sit

Sora5b cay

Adj. Tight-fitting, well-engineered,

closed; nVaWX VXV ,quij VXV. Syn:
ban; Ant: btsa; ZeK.
Sit ka5rik sD V V. To shut tightly,
join tightly; nVaWX MWd MWaquij y VXV
MWar. may past bo Sit a}s. onjo adhe5k
btsa thi }au. a a5La ta5nci Sit ka5rim.
My storehouse used to be nice and tight,
now it has become all loose. I will chip it
and make it tight again. darwaza5 Sit ka5i
amc4ha5i. Repair the door so it will fit
correctly.
So Num. Six; ik. Etym: Sa5S- six T12803.
So5i
Adv. Near; WdmrsWa ,PQWdr. So5i mo
pa5ri. Dont go near (it)! Syn: ta5da.
Variant: aja5nda (Urtsun).
Som hik V. To appear to someone
(of something evil); M fqnWX ,MWaN rWa rWY
MWa rW^@L. bhala5 }a5sa mo5cas Som thi
a5au. (He will get sick because) an evil
spirit appeared to him. TiTayo5K Som thi
a5au. (You will get sick because) a TiTayo5K
bird appeared to you. [The kind of things
that can do this are evil spirits or a bird
called TiTayo5K oriole-like bird.] Actor:
TiTayo5K oriole; arwa5 spirit; bhala5 evil
spirit; bhut1 ghost.
So5nDik r V. To be brave or
courageous; MWar OSLrij. se a5u {uk ne
aSo5nDaw. He was afraid to eat (because it
was inappropriate). a bo bihanyo5k.
kawalyak thi pa5rik ne So5nDiu. Hes
very much afraid. He lacks the courage to
go alone. Restrict: This verb is only used
with a negative particle. Ant: bihk. See
also: bagde5r; purdl. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
Sora5b cay Dd KCs N. Walnut tea;
eMik VaWX y WdHr OUril@L. ja43 p}i
ca5yuna hstin. ta5sa }ora5b cay gho5an.
They grind walnut meats and put them in
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Sorba5

Supu5kik
taru5 ka5io {u. Mix the bread and milk
well, then eat it.
Sun ka5rik sD V. To crumble
bread and put into milk, buttermilk, or
curry; MWaM r WXo Vd HWeM H q.
Syn: tspik.
SuK N. Corner of a room; MWa.
SuK grik t V. To go to sleep (of
limbs); MWaMij E. may khur SuK
agraw. My foot has gone to sleep.
SuKgha5S hik D V. To become
dirty-faced; MWa nVa. tu ne ngi, ka
SuKgha5S thi a5as. You havent washed
your face; how dirty you have become.
SuKgu5
SuKgu5 kho5jik \ V. To be in
heat (cows); MVaruik vzij M eM. may gak
SuKgu5 kho5jiu day. My cow is in heat.
Syn: aru5Zik; }uthu5k kho5jik; CPart:
SuKgu5 park.
SuKgu5 park sDP V. To mate
with, impregnate a cow (of bulls); VdWX WeM
MVa d Zx M. ga5kas SuKgu5 parn
day. The bulls are trying to mate with the
cow. Syn: }uthu5k park; gere5k; CPart:
SuKgu5 kho5jik. See also: {a4w
5 ik.
Su5Kkik V. 1) To smell something;
MVaWay. a5bi doS gonD Su5Kki ajho5nimi
ki a5tra aKga5r Sa5Ti }ia5La. Yesterday when
we smelled a bad smell we knew that a fire
must have started. 2) To sniff something
addictive like tobacco; )rsVdik qN xzWa(
MVaWay. Etym: *s5r0Kkhati smells T12579.
Su5pik P V. To attack, to frighten away;
MWar i _Vd WaLqo. to gok Su5pi a5au.
It threatened the snake. Variant: Spik.
Supu5kik P V. To shrink, to become
shriveled or wrinkled; MWaMijr. may
kaSo5K bo mo5nDiLa him, Supu5ki ga5La. I
must have washed my hat too much, it has
shrunken. Syn: ac4u5ik; SanJu5ik.

tea. They call it shorab tea. Gen: cay

tea.
Sorba5 DLs N. Soup; MWXqyz. From: Persian.
SoS
N. Mixture of wheat and millet
flour and dried wheat sprouts with raw
sugar, walnuts and clarified butter; WdL

,W`N nVa ,OUril@L ij i M

MWZMij MWdMVaWX y ruD q@L ,W`N rijMWX
__. [This is thought to be maya5k2 very

filling.]
C N. Plug, stuffing; OULo. Use: dyek
to place.
So45a dyek o C V. To plug; MWaM OULo.
tu kaga5s ga5Kguna So45a pra e? Did you
plug the hole in the paper?
So45a hik C V. To get plugged; OULo
MVaxVaWY. ga4K So45a ha5wan. The holes
became plugged.
So4a5 ka5rik sD C V. To plug, stuff;
MWaM OULo. tu kaga5s ga45Kuna So45a a5ri e?
Did you stuff paper in the hole?
So4ek
5 V. To plug a hole; MWaMxVaWY.
bat pe So4e5mi haw, band hu. ne ba5ta
paru uk. If we plug the hole with a rock,
the leak will stop. The water wont flow
any more. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
So3S% kik V. Sweep; MVaWdm quMij.
Instr: SaSku5ni broom. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
Su ka5rik sD V. To snort (as a bull);
MVaMWa qsLN _Vd War i M VdWX. See
also: don, dond bull.
Sumbe5r tM Adv. Before, previous, prior;
WY. tu5o Sumbe5r pa5ri. a5bio pSTawo ik.
You go before us! Well come later. Syn:
kay Zot. Variant: Sombe5r.
Sumbe5r ju45yak D\ tM N. Firstborn
daughter; MW`WY. Sumbe5r ju45yak chu.
The firstborn daughter. Syn: gaDa5ra. See
also: pSTaw ju4y
5 ak.
Sun N. Mixture of broken bread and
milk; rsVdN M _WXqyz q@L q. Sun pruST
So4a5

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SuSe5k

-ta

SuSe5k V. To cause to dry in sun and

air or smoke; MWaMEy. [Typical things that
are dried are fruit and wood.] Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Su5Sik V. To dry in sun and air or
smoke; MVaEy ,MWa xzil. Syn: wilik.
Etym: s5uS5 yati becomes dry T-12559.
Su5STa DY Adj. Dry, dried; MEy ,xzil
LE. e5mi sak pruST Su5STa }uLa5 }an.
These pieces of wood are extremely well
seasoned. Syn: c4uc4hu5. See also: Su5Su hik.
Etym: *s5uSTa- dried T-12555.
Su5Su hik V. To become dry;
MVay. muThk Su5Su thi a}s. The
sapling has dried up. See also: c4uc4hu5.
Variant: Su5Si hik.
SuSua43%k I Adj. Empty, hollow, dried
up; L flLqy d wij ,Mil.
kha5li SuSua43k bribo5, gonaTa5k alba5t
a5}aw. This is only an empty walnut shell,
maybe a woodpecker has eaten it. Syn:
preSpha5Kk; phKki.
SuSu5t, SuSu5tr tT ,S N. Womens
ornately decorated headband with tail;
LMVaWY M WZq vzVd. [This is a
band worn under the kupa5s headdress,
decorated with cowrie shells, chains and
red and white beads. Attached to it is a
beaded strip which runs down the back to
about the waist. Women take scin non
jujube resin, process it with water and

rub it on their hair to make it sticky enough

to keep the headband from slipping off.]
CPart: kupa5s womens headdress; Part:
taga5lak decorative section. Etym:
*suSu2tra- having fine thread T-13536.
SuTk X N. Ashes; Lq. du5ra ta,
SuTk senda5k thi a5as. You come into the
house and just sit near the fireplace.
[Juniper ash is used for naswa5r tobacco.
Ashes are also used as a baby powder to
help prevent urine burn.] Variant: }uRk
(Urtsun). Etym: *kSuttika2- powder T3709.2.
SuTk aKgu45yak hik DE
X
Id. To disappear; MWa PQHWeM. se
kawa5y SuTk aKgu4y
5 ak ha5waw haw?
Where in the world did he disappear to?
Syn: tapacu5k hik; gayp hik; butwa5}
hik.
SuTk sawe5w D| X N. Basket for
holding ashes; LrW` M Lq. Gen: sawe5w
flat basket.
SuTk senda5k Cp| X Id. Lazy
person; mN PSxEy. bo krom pe ne
a5raw haw, moc iKgro5k se5nday pe
apa5w praw haw, ta5a kay SuTk senda5k
gho5an. If a man doesnt do much work and
sits around the fire, they call him SuTk
senda5k. Variant: SuTk sanda5k.

t
t-

-S Pfx. Remote and absent from speaker.

a5si

> t-a5si their, absent

-ta1 DT- Sfx. 1) Contrastive, on the one hand.

a5-ta mo3%a waLmo5c. mo3%-o ware5gin
waLmo5c. I, on one hand, am my uncles
goatherd. My uncle, on the other, is
someone elses goatherd. madra5k-ta aLa5y
nih ga5La. hupaLa5-o uk ha5da. The frog

Examples
a5La there
>
aLe5y from there >
aLe5La over there >
a5tra there
>
a5sa his
>

their

t-a5La there, absent

t-aLe5y from there, absent
t-aLe5La over there, absent
t-ara5 there, absent
t-a5sa his, absent

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ta5ba ka5rik

tajws ka5rik

ta5da dek o CoDT V. To send something

with someone; MVahjVdWX WZM . a tay
ka5Lun gaDe5rakas ta5da da5i a5is. I sent
your shoes with the director.
ta5da kay bo pa5}ik DP L D CoDT Id.
To be jealous; MWar nxi. ta5sa ta5da kay
bo pa5}ik. To be jealous of him. Syn:
prenja4i%3 k; LaLc ka5rik.
ta5daka DCoDT Adv. Nearby; WdmrsW.a baza5r
tadakam }au. The bazaar is just nearby.
tadk oDT Adv. Close by (having an
endearing sense); PQWdr ,WdmrsWa. may
tadkuna na5Ti. Dance close to me. Morph:
tada-ak.
tadba45 JLoDT N. Kin of ones fathers line; nL
qLm VZyzq y r . CPart: nanba45
matrilineal kin. From: Kati.
taga5lak DDT N. Horizontal section on a
womans headband consisting of buttons,
beads and bells; d W` WZq vzVd
KVi L q@L V`WX. [These sections
are on the tail piece of the headband and
vary in number depending on the length of
the piece.] Whole: SuSu5t,
SuSu5tr
headband.
taga5r sDDT Adj. Rest, remaining; . taga5r
te5o kawa5y paron? Where did the others
go?
Pron. The others, the rest of the group;
PQy MWX. taga5ro pruST e? Is everything
else OK? Syn: bak.
tajb N\DT Adj. Remarkable, wonderful;
PQhjWZ. Syn: aja5p. From: Arabic.
tajb pa5}ik DP N\DT Id. To be
surprised or amazed; MWa Ldi. a tajb
apa5}is ki se khe3 thi tara5 a{a5Law. I was
very surprised wondering how he arrived
there. Syn: hayra5n (hik).
tajws ka5rik sD ~\DT V. To suggest,
advise; MWar rsWdhjWZ ,MVaWdm rsWdhjWZ. so5nuna
at khul thi }au. di at ha5rikas ba5ti
moc a5sta ne. su a5sta ha5i }au. di ka

on the one hand went away. On the other

hand, the water took the scorpion away.
CPart: -o on the other hand. 2) Contrary
to expectation, problem. phu5}ak-ta
para5w, mizo5kas ha5tya de5}a duniha5.
The cat (contrary to expectation) went. The
whole world belongs to the mice. tro5iu-ta
ne day. Shes not crying (contrary to
expectation).
adhek
aLe5Law
pay,
hu5paLa-ta madra5kas cu5nDiLa. Going out
a little into the water, the scorpion
(contrary to expectation) stung the frog.
Etym: ta2t% thus T-5753.
ta5ba ka5rik sD DLDT V. To destroy; MVXWZ
MWar mMWXrWX ,MWar. Syn: nabu5t ka5rik;
noksa5n ka5rik. From: Persian.
tab LDT N. 1) Heat; r. aKga5r bo tab
dyel day. The fire is giving off a lot of
heat. Syn: garm; bhas; Do: dyek to
radiate. 2) Kindness; iq. }sa tab ne
}au. He is not kind.
ta5biat SDLDT N. 1) Wish, desire; PSVdVX. tay
tabia5t. As you wish! 2) Health; PShV.
tay ta5biat pruST e? Are you well?
3) Mood; fjLrs. may tabia5t bo khara5p. I
feel terrible! Syn: osta5r; ze5hen. From:
Arabic.
ta5ciK dDT N. Leather and wool footwear
for goatherds; VaVaWY Vd MWY __Lrik
Lruik _Vd . [This consists of a piece of
wool covered by a piece of goatskin. The
goatskin covers the wool and is bound to
the foot and to the kuTawa5Ti leg
wrappings, by a Zika5n bull hide thong.]
Part: mu} woolen foot covering worn
beneath ta5ciK; Zika5n laces for tying on
footwear; Use: dyik to put on. See also:
campe5L; capLe5y; kirmc; ka5Lun; buT.
ta5da CoDT Adv. Close to, near; vMWY . may
ta5da i. Come close to me! Syn: So5i.
Variant: ta5a.
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tak

tan

DUDT N. Slate for writing lessons;

ZhlWZ. From: Persian.
talama5n DDT Adj. Honorable; qLm OSrsH. se

tajws ka5rik at ta5ra {a5Liu? ha3%}as

draza5i, ka5as ta5da dek? The flour is
finished up in the high pasture. But for
taking it up there are no men. The bridge is
also broken down. Then what suggestion
can we make to get flour up there? We
could take it by horse, but by whom would
we send it? From: Arabic.
tak1 DT N. Gift brought when returning
from faraway place; hWZ. tak ha5rim day
la mo5a du5ra ha5tya. I will take a gift for
my uncles house.
tak2 DT N. Odd number; )mn( M. ek
tak. One is an odd number. CPart: juk2
even. From: Arabic.
tak3 DT N. Button; V`W.X
takaju5k \DDT N. Game played with apricot
kernels; Vd M PSij L M. Lit: oddeven. takaju5k aZa4i5 bak gri, ka5rin. We
play takaju5k with apricot kernels. Gen:
Labe45 game. See also: tak; juk. Variant:
takaju5st.
taka5t SDDT N. Strength, power; PSM. ta5sa
som bo taka5t }au. That man is very
strong. Syn: kuwa5t; kundra5t. From:
Arabic.
takatwa5r sCTDDT Adj. Strong, powerful;
qVZM. Syn: takLa5; TamTu5c. From: Arabic.
taklw DT N. Trouble, effort; VdWZ.
From: Arabic.
takliw DT N. Trouble; VdWZ. may
tha5ra takliw }au. I have a big problem.
takLa5 DT Adj. Strong, capable; qVZM. Syn:
takatwa5r; TamTu5c; Ant: kamzo5r. From:
Urdu.
takrr ka5rik sD ttDT V. Give a speech;
MWar rWdrWZ. kaLa5Sa {o}una war wa5runa
takrr a5ran. The Kalasha people taking
turns gave speeches in the Joshi festival.
Syn: was ka5rik. From: Arabic.
takt VDT N. Throne; PShlWZ. From: Persian.

takta5

bo talama5n moc. He is a very honorable

man. Syn: rha.
taLa5y DT Morph: t-aLa5y. See main entry:
aLa5y.
taLe5La DT Morph: t-aLe5La. See main entry:
aLe5La.
taL DT N. Supple vine-like branches for
weaving baskets or making coils; WdqMWX
VaW`. ka5nda taL gri soho5La ka5rin.
Taking almond branches they make soho5La
baskets. Matl: bew willow; ka5nda
almond; ka5wit fig; lo4i5 n a hardwood;
Syn: badr. See also: ka45ak.
taLu3%yaKk DDT Adj. Slender, thin; VZWY.
Syn: aZo5Kgyak; tara3c% ak; Ant: baDu5La.
tamaku5 DDT N. Tobacco plant; DMVXWZ. Gen:
muT plant. See also: sa5mani. From:
English.
tama}a5 ka5rik sD DDDT V. To arrange
entertainment, game or interesting event;
MWar MyzMWZ. mo5cas du5ra ko}an pe
ha5waw haw, yaw ja ka5riu day, yaw
put ubuju, ista5w thawa5aw. thawa5i
tama}a5 karawa5w. If there is a celebration
at a mans house, either he gets married or
a son is born, he will have a target set up.
Then they will stage some interesting
event. From: Arabic.
tamsl hik }DT V. To match or mix
of qualities or material; MVahkij ,MWaN vLq.
but go5ra, pira5n krSna pe haw, tamsl
ne hu. If the pants are white and the shirt
is black, it does not make a match.
tan
DT Pron. 1) Reflexive nominative
pronoun, same referent as subject; mil.
}o5on ha5waw po5yuno, moc tan jho5niu.
tan krom {e tan du5ray mamila5 {e tan
dada5a {e aya5a mon moc tan huS
ka5riu. When a man becomes mature, he
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tan mo5ndruna o5nik

ta5ncik

tan mo5ndruna o5nik C Dsp DT V.

To convince someone; mMN rWY OSMWX aWY@L
MWar.
tan so5ro s| DT N. Ones self; ORN VaWY@L.
tan so5ro hawala5 ka5rik CD s| DT
sD Id. To surrender oneself; qMVdVZ
MWar Li ORN VaWY@L ,MVaVaVdWY. Syn: tan
so5ro pe{emk; tan so5ro mu5c4a dek. See
also: hawala5 ka5rik.
tan so5ro mu5c4a dek o Dh s| DT
Id. To surrender oneself; ,MVaVaVdWY qMVdVZ
MWar Li ORN VaWY@L. Syn: tan so5ro
pe{emk; tan so5ro hawaLa5 ka5rik. See
also: mu5c4a dek.
tan so5ro pe{emk xP s| DT Id.
To surrender oneself; VaWY@L ,MVaVaVdWY qMVdVZ
MWar Li ORN. Syn: tan so5ro mu5c4a
dek; tan so5ro hawala5 ka5rik.
tana5 DDT Adj. Separate, different, other; ,MVaWZ
nhVd. a may {u gho3%i, se tana5
pho5nduna gaLa. Because he thought that
that thing would eat him, he went on a
different path. Syn: ju5da. Variant: tanha5.
From: Persian.
tana5 ka5rik sD DDT V. To separate;
MWar nhVd. zale5ykio tana5 ka5i, taram
thawa5n. Separating out the unripe
unshelled walnuts, they leave them right
there.
tana5 dek o DDT V. To blame or verbally
abuse someone or something; MVaWdm Va.
may ko tana5 des day. a khe3 ka5i a5am.
Why do you blame me. What have I done?
se ta5sa ta5na praw. He blamed him. Syn:
ayp dek. From: Arabic.
tanakta5r }okse5k } sDUDDT V. Be
impudent, insolent; MVaruWX N y ni aWY@L.
tanakta5r }oksa5i a5au }ia. ko43 ne ka5riu
day. He is being impudent, he doesnt
listen.
ta5ncik eDT V. To chisel, chip into shape,
plane; MVayzLrWZ. dur ka5rik. dar ta5ncik. We

knows himself. He understands his own

work and his household responsibilities
and his mother and fathers words. tan
ha5tya krom ka5riu. It works by itself.
2) Reflexive possessive pronoun, ones
own (same person as subject); MVaWY@L. ek
a5duo ba5ca }e3he3% ka5da ki tan tre
chu5Lasi dawa5tuna kho5jiLa. One day the
king did this, he invited his three daughters
to a party. Restrict: tan is always the same
person as the subject of the sentence. It
avoids ambiguity when both subject and
object are 3rd person. It can be nominative,
oblique,
genitive
or
accusative.
3) Reflexive oblique pronoun (same
referent as subject); VaWY@L. ka5ymina,
ka5ymina, ek madra5k, e5ko hu5paLa a5sta.
tan mo5cuna bo yardu5s thi, apa5w
dman a5sta. Once upon a time there was a
frog and a scorpion. They were living
together in great friendship. 4) Reflexive
accusative pronoun, same referent as
subject; mil. }o5on ha5waw po5yuno, moc
tan jho5niu. When a man has come this
far, he knows himself.
tan citabe5k LDUd DT Id. Stubborn,
strong-willed; aWY@L ,L mLqHL EVXV
L War r. se tan citabe5k moc.
Hes a stubborn man.
tan ha5tya DTD DT Id. By itself; _Vd VaWY@L.
tan ha5tya krom ka5riu. It works by itself.
Syn: tan te5.
tan jho5nik \ DT V. To know from
experience or prior learning; MVaWaMij mil.
tante5 UDT Adv. 1) Automatically, by itself;
mhlWX mil. tante5 ka5siu. It moves by itself.
Syn: tan ha5tya. 2) Alone, by oneself. a {e
tu pe niwiro5mi haw, tu tante5 apa5w
des, a tante5 apa5w dem. If we separate
you will live alone and I alone. tante5
aba5di sawze5l pu5traso. His son will build
a building by himself.
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tankha5

tarak
is another acceptable source.] Prdm: Class
2 (ma5trik).
tap dyek o ODT V. To warm someone;
MWaMVYWZ ,MWar r. su5ri may tap dyel day.
The sun is warming me. Syn: tape5k.
tap o5nik C ODT V. To endure, bear;
MWar PSyzLmrWX. a5bi }e3he3% kro5may ha5tya
tap o5nik ne bha5a. You cannot endure
that kind of work. Syn: jira5ik; barda5}
ka5rik; kheSk; guza5ran ka5rik; do5rik.
tapacu5k hik dDPDT V. To disappear,
sink beneath the surface of water; r
MWaMij PQHWeM ,MWaMij OQDo ,MWa. tu kawa5y
tapacu5k thi a5i? Where in the world did
you disappear to? Syn: SuTk aKgu45yak
hik; gayp hik; butwa5} hik.
taparzK usDPDT N. Ceremonial axe; WdL
quM . [This axe is used primarily
as a show piece in dancing.] Gen: bado5k
axe; Syn: prece5w.
tape5k PDT V. To warm someone by
radiation; MWaMVYWZ ,MWar r. su5ri may tape5l
day. The sun is warming me. Syn: tap
dyek; Past(hearsay): tapa5La it heated.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
tapsira5 ka5rik sD Ct}PDT V. To repeat to
someone details he already knows; VXWZ
MWar. a5La tapsira5 mo ka5ri, a jho5nim
day. Dont keep repeating that to me.
From: Arabic.
tar
sDT N. Thorny hardwood tree; Wd@L
PSilqm M. Gen: muT tree.
tara5 CsDT Adv. 1) There (remote, out of
sight); )qm y rWa( M. Syn: atra5.
2) Then; PS vDL ,PQW.Z
Adj. That; vDL. }a-tara5 a5dua a a5sta
tan te krom ka5riman a5is. On that very
day I also was doing some things by
myself.
tarak CsDT N. Improvement of ones status,
progress; rWZ. Variant: tharak. From:
Arabic.

will build a house. We will chisel the

beams into shape. [Both wood and stone
are shaped by this method.] Instr: bho5Kki
adze. Etym: ta5kSati forms by cutting,
chisels T-5620.
tankha5 DDT N. Salary, pay, money; LhlVaWZ.
may tankha5 den, mastru5k pe pu5ra
ha5waw haw. They will pay me if the
month is finished. From: Persian.
tanu5Su DT N. Ibex, mountain goat with
backward curving horns; LrWX quMWY. [It
may be that the female of this species is
muZu5k and not mru3.] Female: mru
female ibex; Species: pay goat; Gen:
bhero{anda5r wild animals.
taK
DT N. 1) Persecution, trouble,
concern, frustration, excitement; VaWZ.
2) Excitement, stimulation. Syn: neasa5lak.
See also: tha5Kgi. From: Persian.
taK hik DT V. 1) To be bothered,
frustrated, annoyed; MWa VaWZ. Syn: surba5
hik. 2) To become excited, stimulated,
heartsick; MVaMik m. ta5sa hard da5das
som mon dkas ba5ti bo taK hu5La. She
became very excited about speaking with
her father.
taK ka5rik sD DT V. To persecute,
treat badly, tease, bother; MWar VaWZ. o5nja
a te taK ka5rim. o5nja a zara5ri ka5rim.
Now I will really tease them. Now I will do
some mischief. Syn: zarar ka5rik; muzir
ka5rik; sakt o5nik.
tap1 ODT Adv. Very, extremely, pitch; PSWX.
tap gir ha5waw. It is pitch dark. Syn:
pak2.
tap2
ta5pik PDT V. To warm oneself by the
fire; MVaWYMWZ. may o} ka5i }au, aKga5r
ta5pam day. I am cold, I am warming
myself in the fire. [This word is usually
used with a word indicating the source of
the heat as in the example above. The sun
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tarazu5

tasal

tarak ka5rik sD CsDT V. To improve

ones status, progress; MWar rWZ. se moc
pruST taraki a5raw. That man improved
his status.
tarazu5 uCsDT N. Weighing scales; qsLrWZ. See
also: to5Lik. From: Persian.
tarazu5 ta5ri sDT uCsDT N. Constellation
displaying a pair of balances; M qMWZ
hj. [This constellation was used in the
past to note the passing of time, as was
ba5ul ta5ri a constellation.]
tara3c% ak DeCsDT Adj. Slender; WXEm. tu bo
tara3%cak, baDu5la ne his day. You are
very slender, you are not getting fat. Syn:
taLu3%yaKk; aZo5Kgyak; Ant: baDu5la.
tar sDT N. White sugar; VaVdik. Syn:
}akho5r. From: Persian.
ta5ri sDT N. 1) Star; LqMWZ. 2) Constellation;
PUrEij M qMVZy. Etym: *ta2rika2- fixed
star T-5798.3. Pl: ta5yran.
tark sDT N. 1) Date, appointed time;
glWdqMWZ. to tan ri}tada5ran {e tan dusta5n
ha5tya ba5ta dawa5t na5ma anza5La, ki
}e3he3% tarkano eo, a ja him day gho3%i.
After that she sent an invitation to her
relatives and friends to come on a certain
date when she would get married. 2) Legal
case; glWdqMWZ n. kia5 kro5muna ta
a5i? tark a}s. For what work did you
come? I have a case to attend to. From:
Arabic.
tarjiba5 DM\sDT N. Ability, capability,
experience; WXrhjWZ. tay bo tarjiba5 }au
may pi. tu i}tika5i. You are better able
than I. You eulogize (this dead man).
From: Arabic.
ta5rka dyek o DsDT V. To lean back
while sitting; MWaM VdW.` ta5rka dya5i nis
a5am. I am sitting and leaning back.
tarka5n DsDT N. Carpenter; MrWZ. Etym:
ta5kSan- carpenter T-5621.

tarmo5}ak DsDT N. Goat-like animal

which appears to people; M yz rWX
qWaMij MVdil Wd@L ,qWaMij. [It is said that if
men eat the meat of this animal they will
know everything.]
taru5 sDT Adj. Well-mixed, fine; fr ik@L
L MWdH. Sun pruST taru5 ka5io {u. Mix
the bread and milk well, then eat it. [This is
used of a mixture of dry food and liquid.]
Syn: su5jak.
tas
{DT N. The power of a persons
presence, personality, bearing; PQq. ta5sa
som tas ne }au. He has no bearing. Syn:
rop; sa5ya.
ta5sa D|DT Pron. 1) His, her, its (absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( M vDL. chopamna
u5STiLa. u5STi drama pay jaga5La, ki ta5sa
nogor bo }i}o5yak. He got up in the
morning and going up on his roof he saw
that his palace was very beautiful. 2) To
him, to her, to it (absent from speaker); vDL
)qm y rWa( . pha5to ga5Da istr{a au5
ta5sa dta. Then the older woman gave her
food. 3) Him, her, it (oblique, absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( vDL. sa ta5sa som
adhe5k krom }au alba5t. He perhaps has
some work with him.
Adj. That (genitive, dative, oblique,
absent from speaker); )qm y rWa( vDL.
ta5sa mo5cas apha5t khu45i, ana5}aw. Evil
attacked that man and he died. [See the
Personal Pronoun Chart on page 475
below for other personal pronouns.]
Morph: t-asa. Etym: ta5- base of nom. sg.
n., all obl. sg. and all forms of pron. and
pronom. adj. T-5612.
tasal D|DT N. 1) Faith, trust; xWZ. may
tay mo5ndras tha5ra tasal }au, ki
krom ka5ris. I believe you will do the
work. 2) Satisfaction; xWZ. a5sa pi may
tasal ha5waw. Im satisfied with it.
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ta5si

taya5r
ne gran. If men are full they will not eat.
If they become warm they will not put a
coat on. 2) To be satisfied by doing
something enough; MWa rVdy. labe45 thi,
tatsri a5as e? Have you had enough of
playing? Past(hearsay): tatsriLa he/she
was satisfied. Etym: *s5as2 a5 rti satisfies
T-12418. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
ta5us {DT N. Peacock; q. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird. From: Arabic.
tawka4 JDT N. A kind of food made from
flour slightly fried in butter; WeMVaWX rWY WZ
ru Ve. tawka4 gaST ja5riu. tawka4i
digests quickly. [This is mixed with
coriander and other spices.]
tawt} TDT N. Investigation; wzVdVZW.Z
From: Arabic.
tawt} ka5rik sD
TDT V. To
investigate an incident; MWar wzVdVZWZ. Syn:
baskha5s ka5rik; ku}ku}e5k.
tay
DT Pron. 1) Your (singular); LqMWZ.
tay du5ra khayr e? Is everything OK in
your home? 2) To you (singular); dWZ.
ga5Da istr{a ma5iLa ki, may som }e3he3%
pruST au5ta ne }an tay dem. The old
lady said, I do not have such good bread
to give to you. 3) You (accusative
singular); WZ. ba5ca chu5Lasi kay }a5ma
suwa5l ka5da ki, may ga5Da chu, tay
ku5ra pa5yda ka5i a5au? The king asked his
daughter, My oldest daughter, who made
you? 4) You (singular, oblique); qMWZ. a
tay som krom ka5rika ne abha5is.
ka5phata ne his alba5t. I was not able to
work with you. I hope you will not be
offended. [See the Personal Pronoun
Chart on page 475 below for other
personal pronouns.] Etym: tuva5m thou
T-5889.1.
taya5r sDDT Adj. Ready; qMVdWZ. pi}tya5k
pa5rikas
ha5tya
taya5r
hu5La.
se
istri{agu5a4k ma5iLa ki, tu aya5 nsi gho3%i.

3) Encouragement, comfort, assurance;

xWZ. From: Arabic.
tasal dek o D|DT V. To encourage,
comfort; MVaWdm xWZ. Syn: dilasa5 dek;
hawsala5 dek.
ta5si |DT Pron. 1) Their (absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( MWaDL. se ma5iLa ki,
ta5si ba5ba ne a5an. She said, They do not
have any sisters. 2) To them (absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( @L. se
istri{agu5a4k ta5si saba5k dman a5sta.
That young girl was giving lessons to
them. 3) Them (oblique, absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( DL. se ta5si
ha5tya au5 ka5riman a5sta. She was making
bread for them.
Adj. Those (genitive, dative, oblique,
absent from speaker); )qm y rWa( M DL.
[See the Personal Pronoun Chart on page
475 below for other personal pronouns.]
Morph: t-asi.
tasLi |DT N. Flat, round, unleavened kind
of bread; q zVd. [This is the most
commonly eaten form of bread made from
corn or wheat flour mixed with water to
form a batter and baked on a convex
griddle.] Gen: au5 bread, food; RootVb:
tha5sik.
tasLi para5Tha DXCsDP |DT N. Round,
moist, unleavened kind of bread fried with
clarified butter; MW`LrWY. [This is made from
corn or wheat flour mixed with water to
form a batter and cooked on griddle, with
clarified butter.] Gen: au5 bread.
taswr t|DT N. Picture; rWdVWZ. bibis
khaba5r taswran som ma5za ka5riu day.
The BBC makes the news interesting with
pictures. Syn: nak}a5. From: Arabic.
tatsrik tlDT V. 1) To be full (of food);
MWaMij rWX PUVdWY ,MWa rVdy. a tatsri a5am. I
am full. moc tatsirin pe haw, au5 ne
gran. huLu5k pe ha5waw haw, }ukha5
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ta5yrak muT

te5somo

T Pron. 1) They (nominative, absent from

speaker); )dIWa mEijA r( . te ta5sa
istri{agu5a4kas nogo5ras siphat ka5da, ki
sa ba5cas nogo5r bo }i}o5yak. They
praised that girls palace saying, This
kings palace is very beautiful. Acc: te;
Oblq: ta5si. 2) Them (accusative, absent
from speaker); )dIWa mEijA r( DL.
au5 may som }an. te pe {us haw, tay
dem. I have some bread. If you will eat
them, I will give them to you.
Adj. Those (nominative or accusative,
absent from speaker); mEijA r(
)dIWa. te tre chu5Lasi bo }i}o5yak a5sta.
Those three girls of his were very
beautiful. [See the Personal Pronoun
Chart on page 475 below for other
personal pronouns.] Etym: ta5- base of
nom. sg. n., all obl. sg. and all forms of
pron. and pronom. adj. T-5612.
tere5k tT V. To spend time; MWaqLrs
)PS(. wat khe3 tere5s day? a bo pruST
wat tere5m day. How are you spending
your time? I am having a good time. Syn:
}okse5k; gezere5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
tes
~T Adv. Quickly; rsVdWZ. tes ma5as. Say
it quickly! Ant: la}; Syn: gaST.
Adj. 1) Frantic, busy; . se
ama5aw ki krom bo tes }au. He said
that things were pretty frantic (concerning
our elopement). 2) Inflammatory; glWZ. Syn:
}aT. Morph: tez. From: Persian.
teze5k vT V. To speed something up, to
hurry; MWar rsVdWZ ,MWar nij. kia teza5i
a5as, nis la, ma}ku5l ha may som.
Whats your hurry? Sit and talk with me.
Syn: Zar hik; thune5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
te5somo }T Adv. Also, in addition; WZMy
. sLuna day mo pa5ra, nawa3%ts.
te5somo uk a5sta bo bo thi }au. Dont
te

She got ready to go. That young girl said,

You sit here! Syn: cak. From: Persian.
taya5ri ka5rik sD sDDT V. To prepare
something for something; MWar qMVdWZ.
{uke5kas ba5ti taya5ri ka5riu day. He is
getting ready to push it.
taya5ri sDDT N. Readiness.
tayarkho5r ssDDT N. Lazy person who
has everything done for him; mN PSxy
r qLrs rWY PSVah m ij.
ta5yrak muT W CtDT N. Poplar tree; nVdWX
)PSilqm( Vahj. Gen: muT tree.
tayt VDT N. 1) Amulet; rsWdWZ. [The
Muslims make these but the Kalasha
believe in them and get them made when
needed.]
2) Sorcery;
rsWdWZ. Syn:
gechawa5ri. Variant: taht. From: Khowar.
tayt ka5rik sD VDT V. To make an
amulet; MWaMVaWX rsWdWZ. See also: gechawa5ri
ka5rik; jhip SaTe5k; ser ka5rik.
ta5za CuDT Adj. Well, healthy, fresh; ,PSyqnVaWZ
VdW` ,qsMWZ. dura5 khayr e? pruST ta5za.
Everything okay at home? Its good, we
are all well. Max: pak2. From: Persian.
ta5za c4hir th CuDT N. Fresh milk; qsMWZ
mEm.
ta5za ka5rik sD CuDT V. To heal someone;
MWar OQMWd Myz ,MWar VdW`.
tazag CuDT N. Health, well-being;
ZyqnVaWZ ,PSWddil ,PShV. a5bi tazagan
mumuret a{a5Limi We arrived in
Bumburet in good health. tazagan
kha5yras tha5ra aya5 a5au. In good-health
and well-being she came here.
ta{ya5n DwDT N. Boil; KVaEWY ,LquWY. Syn:
paha5rik. See also: ustu5r; }oTha5yak.
ta4 JT N. Long thin pole used to harvest
walnuts and fruit and leaves; VZWY q@L WY
LpWao MVX M WaqMWZDL. ta4 gri bribo5 c4ho43%in.
Taking poles, they harvest walnuts. Matl:
bew willow wood.
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tew

thar

touchy; qsMWa. se Zot tro5iu, thadaru5k.

He cries easily, he is touchy.
thalo5k DT N. Tumbler (metal, plastic or
glass); v. Syn: kunDo5k; Da5ba.
thama5m DDT Adj. Whole, entire; MWZ.
thama5m dunia5una. In the whole world.
See also: sa5ra. From: Arabic.
thams ~DT N. Beauty, appearance,
quality, good behavior; rsVdWZ. tay kro5mas
pruST thams }au. Your work is very
good. pruST thamsuna krom ka5ris. You
do good work. From: Arabic.
than dek o DT V. To agree with
someone or something; Lq ,MWaMij M
MWa. ku5ra ne than den day. No one
agrees (with me). may ja may ba5ti than
praw. My wife agreed with me. Restrict:
The object or range is marked by ba5ti for
or som with.
tha5Kgi DT N. Tax, tribute; M ,Wdrsij.
[The government used to require this from
the Kalasha but do not now do so.] Syn:
jizya5. Etym: TaKka- weight of 4 ma2Sas
T-5426? or < Prs.?
thap ODT Adj. Closed (as ones ear or nose);
)M MWd MWa( nVaWX. may ko43 thap thi }an.
My ears have become closed. [This can
happen from too much biSa5k earwax, for
example.] Syn: karu5Tu. Variant: Thap
(Urtsun (M)).
thar sDT Adv. Upper side; rWYDL. See also:
no4; send; piST; ru.
tha5ra chnik d CsDT V. To trim (a
beard or a tree); MVaW`M y rWYDL rWYDL. coK
ba5di }au ko ne tha5ra chnis. Your
beard has grown, why dont you trim it up?
tha5ra dyek o CsDT V. To attack; i
MWar. grast tha5ra dya5i pay wi}arw}ar
ka5i a5raw. The wolf attacked and scattered
the goats.
tha5ra CsDT Adv. 1) Above, on; rWYDL.
Restrict: Although the basic word is thar,

go by way of the bridge, it is dangerous.

Also, the water is flowing too swiftly. a5bi
gaS aDu5Dumi koki ho5ma du5ra bo moc
a5ini. pu5ri rat giwga5w a5ran. te5somo
thum thi a}s. We went to sleep early
because there were many people in the
house. All night they argued. Also, there
was lots of smoke.
tew T N. Oil, petrol; VdWZ. Spec: phaw
tew kerosene. Etym: taila5- sesamum
oil, oil T-5958.
tewre}a5k DsT N. Kalasha bread
garnished with melted clarified butter and
salt; MW`LrWY LE WZ Vd Wdm. Gen: au5
bread.
te5yciK eT N. Wood shavings; zLrWZ
ruW` ru . Syn: i}lo5k. Etym:
takSaNa- cutting, paring T-5619.
te5yciK hstik U} eT V. To
put a layer of wood shavings down; ru
)rWY PSik( MVaLo ruW` WdqMWX .
Sequence: sastrik to roof a house.
te4 T N. Section of a hillside or woods; Vaij
KVi WdL M. a may pa5yan ha5tya may
te45ani bonj chnim day. I am cutting oak
branches from my section (of woods) for
my goats.
thT V. Being, becoming (participial root
of a5sik be, }ik be, and hik become).
may putr, afsalbe5k a5}i trupa5i, bo
laha5s th-i a5sta. wali khe3 th-i, }e3he3m
se a5sta. My son Afsalbeks mouth hurt
him and he became very sick. He was just
as sick as Wali was. ho5ma gro5muna
piliwe45 th-i, du bas krik dya5i, ek hast
atha5w. In our village it snowed for two
days and 18 inches of snow fell. Etym:
*stha2ti stands T-13752.
thadaru5k sCoDT Adj. 1) Fragile; qsMWa. }a5a
}}a thadaru5k, bi}u, aktia5t ka5ri. That
glass is fragile, it will break; be careful.
Syn: plok; kaTe3r% u; nazu5k. 2) Sensitive,
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thara5r

thaw

tharka DsDT N. The surface of water or

land; rWY gy. }uLa uk tharka thi apa5w
del. Wood floats on the surface of the
water.
Adj. Shallow; L . chat tharka,
gurgu5nT ne. The lake is shallow, not deep.
Ant: gurgu5nT; kudhu5m; paha5n; khuS;
kokonDa5. See also: bi{a5r.
tharpu5r sPsDT N. Upper story or floor in a
Kalasha house; WaMil MWX ,rsVa WeMWX.
CPart: no4pu5r lower story.
tha5sik |DT V. Spread bread batter on
frying-pan or griddle; W`N We _nWa
MWaVdWY rWY WZ. tasli tha5sam day. I am
putting the batter (on the griddle). [This is
done with back of the fingers moving in a
clockwise motion] See also: tasLi flat
bread. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
thau45Dyak ka5rik sD DqDT V. To make
something short; VZhl rsVdik
MWar. gho43 thau45Dyak ka5ri. Make the song
short. Restrict: Typical objects are songs or
stories.
thaw
thaw hik DT V. 1) To be left, to
remain; MWaMij q ,MWaMij gkWX. se moc
pe}awar thaw ha5waw. That man was left
in Peshawar. {o5}una ha5tya da} bas
thaw ha5waw. There are ten days left until
the Joshi Festival. 2) To survive; MVahkWX. se
ne thaw ha5waw. She died.
thaw hu5La DT Adj. Leftover; LE MhkWX.
thaw hu5La au5. Left over bread.
thawe5k DT V. To leave something
where it is, to keep, to put, store; ,MVaWdm Vaq
MVaWdm MhkWX. zale5ykio tana5 ka5i, taram
thawe5n. Separating out the unripe
unshelled walnuts, they leave them right
there. drac4 pruST ka5i uchunda5i thawa5i
mo. Da ka5rik. Harvest the grapes well,
dont leave any. Well make wine. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).

being a locative word, it most often occurs

as tha5r-a, meaning in the above
(position). Proverb: o5nza tha5rani thum
kumba45aw draZnu. From the top of the
frying-pan, smoke goes out of the
smokehole (meaning: what one says by his
fireside goes out quietly to the whole
village). 2) By, by means of, with,
because of, in; y. aktia5tas tha5ra ka5ri.
Do it with care! kha5yras tha5ra aya5 a5au.
She came in good health. 3) Against; rWY.
Adj. Next. tha5ra mastru5k. Next month.
Variant: tha5ratha (Urtsun). Etym: dha2r% a2edge of mountain T-6793?.
thar chaLa5i ma5trik tTD Dd sDT V.
To tell plainly and directly; MV MV
MVa. pha5to se thar chaLa5i ama5aw. Then
he told the truth.
thar nih park sDP sDT V. 1) To
overflow; MVaWX r rWX. 2) To float to the
surface; MWaMij r rVdWZ rWY gy.
thar nihk sDT V. To become
known; MWa MVd ,MVaik VZWY. bo tawti} thi
to5a he4 thar niha5w. After a long
investigation the robbery became known.
thar wa5t SC sDT N. Upper stone of the
grain grinding apparatus; M ik M rWYDL
OUMWY. CPart: no4 wa5t lower millstone;
Whole: {ont, {ontr water-mill; Syn:
pSuni bat. Morph: thar bat. Variant:
{ont wat.
thara5r sCsDT Adj. Clever, wise, sane; nVa.
Ant: bea5kul; kam a5kul; goT.
tharika5 DsDT N. 1) Method; Wdr. kaLa5Saas
dastu5runa ja ka5rikas du tharika5 }an,
kho5jili ja, aLaSK. In Kalasha customs
there are two methods of taking a wife,
arranged wife, and elopement. Syn: cal1.
2) Skill; Wdr. may ha5tya moTe5r
kasa5ikas tharika5 hu day. I know how
to drive a car. From: Arabic.
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thazmuza5

thom

thawemna DDT Adj. OK, good; Mik@L

WX. Lit: enough for some to be left over.
juwa5ri a5sta thawemna, gu5um a5sta.
Both the corn and the wheat were OK this
year.
thazmuza5 CuuDT N. Gloves; WaMVZym. baza5
utra5an pe haw, thazmuza5 samban. If
hands become cold, they put on gloves.
Use: dyik to put on. Variant: dasmuzda5
(Rumbur).
thed pT Adv. Now; OQ@L. a makta5c
ha5wis. may pha5Lak khul ha5waw, di
khe3 ka5rim ha5waw? the5di ku5ra may
pha5Lak del? may su5da ano5ra ha5wan. I
have become bereft. My grain is finished.
Now what shall I do? Now who will give
me grain? My children are hungry. Syn:
di2; o5nja; a5jo.
thek T V. 1) To place something on
something, set, put down physically; MVaq.
a kala5m me5zuna them. I place a pen on
the table. Syn: dyek. 2) To put, place, lay
abstractly; MVaWdm. te ta5sa tha5ra ka ayp
thek ne aba5an. They were not able to
place any blame against him. 3) To lay (an
egg); MVaWdm. kakawa5Kk o5nDrak thel.
Chickens lay eggs.
V. To fall (of snow); MWaruWY. krik dya5i
ek hast atha5w. It snowed one and a half
foot of snow. Past(hearsay): tha5La he/she
placed. Etym: stha2pa5yati causes to
stand, establishes
T-13756. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
the5su }T Adv. Just now, a short time ago;
WY rWdm quWZ WX@L WX@L. se
the5supara5w. He just left. the5su day ku5ak
4
pe ha5waw haw, to dhu5i kata5k c4aS5 a
ka5rin. caw ponj bas {a kata5k c4a5Sa
ka5rin. When a cow first gives birth, they
milk her and make kata5k c4aS5 a. For four or
five days they make this. Syn: }onjaro5;
dic; kay dic; Zot.

Adj. Beginning, early; qsMN ,z.

the5su ba5son. Early spring.
thi T V. Becoming (present participle of
a5sik, }ik, and hik); r .
thik T V. To stop fighting, spanking,
doing bad things; MWaN qsMWX ,MVaq. thie5o la.
mo }e3%he3 haL. pho5pho. Stop it! Dont act
like that! Shame! Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
tho5ba DLT Intj. Wow! Think of that! Really?;
L. From: Persian.
tho5ba ka5rik sD DLT V. To forswear,
repent of; MWar WXWZ. tan gunaha5n pi
tho5ba ka5ra. Seriously vow to stop your
bad behavior.
thok T N. Saliva, spit; EWZ. Morph:
thog. Variant: Thok (Urtsun (M)). Etym:
*thukk- spit T-6097.
tho5gan tyek T DT V. To spit on
someone with intent; MWaqM EWZ. a ta5sa
kay tho5gan pa4. I spit on him. Restrict:
The object is either in the dative case or is
marked with kay on.
thok hstik U} T V. To spit;
MVaEWZ. Syn: Tru5pik.
thok sarik sD| T V. To water (of
the mouth); MWaN MWY d Va. ToK jaga5i
may a5}una thok sars. Seeing the pear,
my mouth watered. Syn: uk sarik.
thom T N. Bow for shooting; Vd. thom
moc ga45ay dyan. Men wear a bow
around their neck. Syn: }a4 thom; SiK
thom; CPart: }a4 arrow. See also: ji
thom; ra5but thom. Variant: tham (Urtsun
(Tu)). Etym: dha5nvan- bow T-6728.
thom da5r sCo T N. Slingshot; Vd
ru. Syn: bat thom; Part: apa5k leather
pocket in slingshot.
thom kuche5k d T V. To divine
cures by observing the vibrating of a bow;

x q@L qMVdWX y PSri M

MWar. [In this ceremony the bow is held

steady by the string. The performer then

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thome5s

thun hik

1) Bent; r WdL
muT u5jak a}s ajo
thro5ski thi }au. This tree was straight,
now it is bent. 2) Disobedient; MrMWa. e5li
su5da bo thro5ski. mon ko43 ne ka5rin.
These children are very disobedient. They
do not listen. 3) Corrupt; PSWaMWdm nWX ,PUWYr.
thrusthrusa5nyak hik DD|tU|tT
V. To become happy; ,MWa vzil
MWaLrxE. se bo thrusthrusa5nyak thi
a5au. He is very happy. Syn: ko}a5n; c4hiu5.
thuk T N. 1) Steam, vapor; OSLqMhlWX.
2) Body heat of goats which warms the
barn; r ij. See also: uk; o}
ga43ha43%ba.
thu5La T N. Small upper intestines; ik
PSWaN. Syn: idro42%3 ; CPart: cra5ki lower
intestines. Etym: sthu2la5- large, thick,
stout T-13776.
thum T N. Smoke; LEm. Variant: dhum
(Urtsun (Tu)). Etym: dhu2ma5- smoke,
vapour, mist
T-6849; *dhu2marasmoky T-6852.
thum dyek o T V. To make a
smoke screen against some spell or pests;
MWar LEm. gecawa5ri ne hu gho3%i a5bi
thum dyek. We make a smoke screen so
that an evil spell will not occur.
thumanDa5 CrDT N. Smoke cloud, vapor,
dust storm; LEm ,qMVX mr. Syn: phaw
udho43%. Etym: dhu2ma5- smoke, vapor, mist
T-6849.1.
thume5k T V. To make smoke to quiet
a fussy child and/or drive away its cause;
MVaWdm LEm. suda5yakano aspa5ndur
thume5n. They make smoke for quieting
fussy children. [Juniper is also used in
conjunction with this.] Syn: ku}e5k;
ku}o5ku ka5rik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
thun hik T V. To be angry; KV
MVaV`VYij ,MWa. barnaha5ka ka thun his

|tT Adj.
L Lru MWd MEij. }a

thro5ski

thinks of possible cures and when the right

one is thought of, the bow is supposed to
swing. This is a mans work. Women
however, observe the swinging of a
bracelet called isto43%ik ka5rik. The bow must
be made of either sa5ras juniper or bonj
holly oak.] See also: iste43%iKk kuche5k;
dua5 pace5k.
thome5s ~T N. Measure or stage of the
suns passage across the sky; y fjqy
wzWeMVdWY PS. su5ri ek thome5so thaw
th }au, biho5Tikas ha5tya. A short time
remains before the sun sets. su5ri dya5i, ek
thome5s ta }au, ceSTakaL th }iau. The
sun has risen and climbed in the sky a few
degrees and it is ten oclock.
thon T N. Place, stead; ij. tay
tho5nuna ku5ra u. Who will come in your
place? Syn: wa3; jayga5.
Adj. 1) Sparse, having gaps; ,Lqnik
M MWd. [This can be used to describe
wheat, and corn.] Ant: ba5uLa; bos. 2) Thin
(as in thin cloth); VZWY. Etym: stha2%nafirm stance T-13753.1.
thon ka5rik sD T V. 1) To leave gaps
or blank spots; MWaquik ij Mil. ek
isa5pan peS biZga5i, tho5no mo ka5ri.
Spread the manure evenly, dont leave
gaps! Syn: da45a ka5rik. 2) To thin out a
crop; MWa mWY qrs y d V a
MVaVaVdWY. juwa5ri ba5uLa ha5waw, thon
ka5ri. The corn is too thick, thin it out.
thonda5r sCpT Adj. Slender (of people),
weak and thin; qrs q@L VZWY. Ant:
bosda5r.
thor sT N. Nape (back of the neck); mr
KVi hkWY M. bis thor ciSTa5i, kawa5y
pars day? Where are you going looking
so proud (lit: making your head and neck
stand up (straight), where are you going)?
Whole: jhan, jhand body.
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thu5ruk

to
tikitki
tikitki ka5rik sD UT V. To
tickle; MWar nDnD. may tikitki ka5au
day. It tickles me. Variant: kitikti ka5rik.
tikitki kare5k sD UT V. To
tickle someone; MWar nn.
tikra5r sCtT N. Argument, disagreement;
PThWX ,qLrWZ. From: Arabic.
tikra5r ka5rik sD sCtT V. To argue,
disagree; MWar qLrWZ. barnaha5k mamul
mo5ndruna tikra5r mo ka5ra. Dont argue
for nothing about a small matter! Syn: cat
ka5rik; TirTa5r ka5rik.
tilsum T Adj. 1) Rainy, snowy,
inclement; M vzqMWX PSWX. dunia5 bo
til}um ha5waw. The weather has become
very bad. Syn: piliwe4;5
Jac4aLo5a.
2) Disagreeable, volatile, ready to fight;
Lruij ,MLru. a5sa moc til}um thi a5au,
ba5so ne ka5i, Sa5Taw day. That man has
become disagreeable. He doesnt stop
fighting with people. Variant: til}um.
tip RT N. Tube (tire); OQVdW`. Whole: maTo5r
jeep, truck. From: English.
tipha5k DQT N. Harmony, agreement
between people; MWZHL. ho5mo tipha5k
}au. We are in harmony. abi tipha5kuna
a5ik. We are in agreement. From: Arabic.
tipha5k ka5rik sD DQT V. To agree
together; MWar MWZHL. a5bi tan mo5cuna
tipha5k ka5rik. We will agree among
ourselves.
tirgada5y CoDtT N. Vagabond; ,mr qLN
LquWX.
tiriwe5ri ttT N. Dragon; Wdruik. [This
being is said to eat people.] Gen: noho5K
monster.
to1 T Pron. Him, her, it (accusative, absent
from speaker); )qm y rWa( vDL. se to
nLa. He took him. se to ha5da. He took it.
pha5to na5wkar to nogo5rani niniha5La.

day? Why are you angry for no reason?

Syn: ka5har ka5rik; aKga5r hik; kaha5ri
hik; oS hik; rhoS ka5rik.
thune5k T V. To be in a hurry, to
hurry; MWa nij. ka thuna5i a5as, nis,
may som ma}ku5l ha. Whats your hurry,
sit down and talk with me! Syn: teze5k.
thu5ruk sT N. Carrot; rijM. Gen: }ak
vegetable. See also: c4a5Kgan.
thus {T Adj. Rotten (of lumber); OQLril
)ru(. Syn: trak. Morph: thuz.
thus go5ik {T N. Termite; Wdm.
Syn: }uLa5 go5ik; Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik
insect.
thu43 T N. Supporting post, column or
pole; VZy. [These rest on a footer called
a sanj.] Gen: dar timbers, beams; Syn:
ghu43%a. Etym: sthu2%Na2- post, pillar T13774.
thu43 btsa DmL T N. Enclosure or pen
made between posts; MVdqm WaVZy m
KVi L. ek thu43 btsa abhu5Timi ca45pa4
gri. We made a pen out of the posts with
wattles. [These are made to separate
animals into different pens.] See also: ba}
btsa.
thu43a5Kk CT N. The bone connector in a
gadula5y choker made of bone; y p
qWdqs MVd MWdMVaWX.
thyap ODT N. A drop; r. Group: uk
water. Variant: thyop.
tcak DeT Adj. Some, a little; LquWZ. a
tcak kaLa5Sa mon jho5nim. I know a little
of the Kalasha language. Syn: adhe5.
tijara5t ka5rik sD SCsD]T V. To exchange,
trade; MWar OSqMhjWZ. From: Arabic.
-tik T- Sfx. Maybe, perhaps; nWeMyz.
khoda5yas pi ome5t ka5rim day, a5bi
asta-tk pruST taza5 a5sa. We are hoping
in God that perhaps you also are very well.
u-tik. He/she might come. Syn: -mele.
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to

trac4 dyek

toL T Adj. Loud, hard; rsVdWZ ,nVaWX. toL awa5s.

A loud noise.
toL ka5rik sD T V. To increase the
volume; MWar ikDL qsLN. toL ka5i ma5as.
Say (it) loudly!
to5Lik T V. 1) To weigh something; qs
MWar. Instr: tarazu5 scales. 2) To measure
a distance; MVaWYMWa. Syn: nap grik. Etym:
to2la5yati lifts, weighs, considers T-5979.
tonj ik C ]T V. To come into bad
times; MWaN PSVXVdV. diacho5mas ha5tya
tonj ta }au, tilsum ha5waw. Bad
times have come on the world, it is raining
so badly.
torada DoCsT Adv. Hurriedly; nij nij
d. torad paro5n, ne niso. They left
without sitting.
to5ri sT Adj. Great, wonderful; Mik@L PSWX.
bo to5ri mata5l. Thats a very great
proverb!
torik sT V. To accrue, come to one;
MVahkVaWY. tay hak tay ha5tya toria5w. You
got something as your own. Syn: {a5Lik.
From: Khowar.
tor}a DsT Adv. Three days from the
present; yrWZ. See also: o5nja today.
Variant: tiro5}a. Etym: *turyava2sa- the
fourth day T-14572.
to4ek
5
T V. To accumulate to give to
someone; r ij _Vd VaWdm hk
MVaq . ma}u5styak {e brbo gri to4a5i o
ku5Lani je5STak, he5e}. Get mulberries and
walnuts taking, to give (to us), O Jestak of
our homes, so let it be! Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
trac4 gCtT Adv. Tiny bit; quWZ. tay
jhpani mon saKga5li, jayga5ani trac4
ku{uba5lak ne. If you repeat to me your
words, I will not want to move a tiny bit
from this place.
trac4 dyek o gCtT V. To resist being
made to move; MWaM PSM ,MVaWdm qqs.

Then the servants took her out from the

palace.
Adj. That (accusative, absent from
speaker); )qm y rWa( vDL. se to moc
nLa. He took that man. [See the Personal
Pronoun Chart on page 475 below for
other personal pronouns.] Etym: ta5- base
of nom. sg. n., all obl. sg. and all forms of
pron. and pronom. adj. T-5612..
to2 T Adv. Then, later, after, since; rWY ,PQWZ.
to5a CT Adv. Then, later, afterwards; nWX
d. se na5}i to5a o5njo a ba5ta sawze5m
day. Now since he has died, I myself am
making (them). Syn: pSTaw; bircio.
Morph: to-a.
toho5n T N. Wooden chest for storage;
nVaV M ru. may toho5nay brbo
}an. I have walnuts in my storage chest.
Syn: ba5kas; Matl: rha cedar; mrac4
mulberry wood. See also: bahaga5. Etym:
stha2pana- causing to stand T-13755.
tok T Adj. Wet; Vd. Syn: grLa.
N. Wet places, puddles; Vdqs L Vdy.
tok mo5kay uTkiman }a5sa bac4ho45a may
khkal ka5i a5au. a5La ne grik bha5am
day. That calf jumping in the mud puddles
tires me out. I cannot catch him.
tokma5t ka5rik sD SDT V. To urge
repeatedly; MWar qLHL. a5bi ta5sa tha5ra
tokma5t a5rimi, du5ra park gho3i% . se
du5ra ha5tya than ne praw. We urged
him repeatedly to go home with us. But he
did not agree. Restrict: Object pronoun is
marked by tha5ra on. See also: iSkt
ka5rik. From: Khowar.
tola5y T N. Quilted spread; Ln. khaLa5K,
paTighu4i%3 , tola5y, dara, u5SiS dyuni, tu
tya5i, bistara5. Quilts, bed mats, quilted
spreads, covers, pillows, grouped together,
are bedding. Gen: bistara5 bedding.
From: Pashto.
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tradgaha45

tra3%c4a

tramaSu5K DCtT N. Darkness; LdnWa@L.

Syn: gir2; c4hin; Max: trap. Etym: ta5misra2dark night T-5692, 14556.
tramaSuKge5ki DCtT N. Scary
being who walks around in the dark; WdL

gordo5k trac4 praw. The donkey was

stubborn refusing to move.
tradgaha45 JDoCtT N. The summer hamlet of
Tradgahur in upper Rumbur Valley; mL
MWa M ij WdL qVXq. Variant:
tragdoho45.
trak CtT Adj. 1) Rotten (of food); OQLril.
Syn: thus. 2) Not long-lasting, wet; Zil Wa
L Wa. trak krik praw. Snow mixed
with rain fell. 3) Old and feeble
(disrespectful); L r ruWX. ey trak
istr{a, }a5La krom ka5ri. Hey old lady, do
that work! Syn: akhabr; baSa5ra; kru3%kus;
ba5LuS; DuDo5nyak. Etym: takra5- bitter
T-5617.2.
trak maga{k wDD CtT N. Mosquito;
rhk. Variant: maw{k (Urtsun).
tra5ku CtT N. Hand spindle for spinning
wool or goathair; WZ. Part: bato5nyak
wooden ring; Syn: paS ko5nDuni; sut
La5uni. See also: ko5nDik; Lek2. Etym:
tarku5- spindle T-5717.
trakuma5n DCtT Adj. Worried, perplexed;
MxzWdrWY. du5ra kay krom cti trakuma5n
mo ha. When thinking about work at
home, dont worry about it.
trakuman DCtT N. Worry, doubt,
questioning, perplexity; MxzWdrWY. may
go5STuna kay cti ek trakuman SaT
}au. When thinking about my livestock
shed I started worrying.
trama5kik DCtT V. To grope for
something, feel around for something;
MVaV`W`. tara5 trap tramaSu5K a}s. a
trama5ki, macs upua5i jage5s e, ku5ra ne
a5sta. mic awa5s }iha5La. It was pitch black
there. When I groped around, lit a match,
and looked, from this place there was no
one. It must have been only a noise. Syn:
khama5Sik.

d dnWa@L ij hl MVail
__ rWY Zik. [This being is referred to

frighten children into obeying.]

tramo5na DCtT Adj. Cold; m. tramo5na
pe ha5wimi haw, ba5za phu5Sik. If we are
cold, we blow our hands. Syn: ka5Tar; o};
tsrekh; Ant: pec4; iSpo5na; huLu5k.
tramo5na grie5k t DCtT V. To have
a chill because of sickness; MVa m.
may tramo5na grie5l day. I have a chill.
tramo5na ka5rik sD DCtT V. To feel
cold; MVa m. may tramo5na ka5riu
day. I feel chilled. Syn: o} ka5rik; bis
grik.
traK CtT Adj. 1) Narrow; VaWZ. a phon
traK. This is a narrow path. Syn: awe45yak;
Ant: bir. 2) Tight-fitting (of clothes); VaWZ.
trap OCtT Adv. Extremely, very (dark); PSWX
)LdnWa@L(. tara5 trap tramaSu5K a}s. It
was very dark there. Syn: pak2. See also:
c4hin.
trapu4i5 PCtT N. Disease which attacks the
eyes and causes them to stick shut and
pain; qMVdWX WaN.
tra4i5 k ItT V. To incise, slice, cut in two;
MWadik. tu baza5 tra45is, mo cuTi. You will
cut your hand, dont touch it! Syn: bi}e5k;
ku5Tik; chnik; ma5rik; o5ndran dyek;
Instr: caku5 knife. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
tra4hli ItT N. Holly-oak firewood;
ru Waij WX Myz.
Adj. Split, cloven; dHik. See also:
bonj.
tra3c% a4 DiCtT N. Fissure in a mountain side;
quLqm d quMWY. [A ke43 cave is much bigger
and more room-like than a tra3c% a4 .] See
also: ke4.3
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tre

tro5ik

tre

Are you afraid that the manure balls will

split (if you do)? Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
trip RtT N. 1) Sickness, trouble; qMVdWX.
ey khoda5y ho5ma ha5tya sa5raK ha.
apha5t bhala5 de5}a ka5ri. }u {e trip
phu5Si patia5li hsti. O God, protect us.
Send evil spirits far away. Blow away fear
and sickness and send them far away.
2) Pain; mqm. }a trip saw mo5can trupe5l
day. This pain is affecting everyone. Etym:
tr0pra5- distress (associated with eating)
T-5933.
trip pace5k dDP RtT V. To cause to
suffer; MVaV`VdWY ,MWar Zhly. te to trip paca5i
hal a5an. They kept on giving him trouble
triptra5p OCtUQtT Adv. Quickly; y nij.
Syn: gaST.
trise5k }tT V. 1) To split; MWaruWY quLqm. ba}
trisa5un pa5i }au. The beam was split.
2) To wound, bruise, hurt; MWar ilqs. po5i
trisa5un pa5i }au. The vein was bruised.
[This sense also can have the connotation
of pins and needles going through the bone
as when someone hits his elbow.] Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
trsik }tT V. 1) To pop and explode (of
burning wood); MWar Mm. }uLa5 trsin
day. The wood is popping. 2) To pop off,
to talk loudly and angrily; d qsLN ikDL
MVaWX. se moc trsiu day. That man is
popping off (about something). Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
tro5ci4 k htT V. To gnaw, scratch with
teeth or fingernails to remove something;
MWaZ ,MWaruq. mizo5k brbo tro5c4iu day.
The mouse is gnawing the walnuts. a5La
ka5nda ja5Lay, ka5nda pu45ik tro5c4iu. There
in the ka5nda woods, he is scratching at the
kanda tree roots. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
tro5ik tT V. To cry, weep, shed tears;
MWaq. Past(hearsay): tro5na he/she cried;
Onset: phaw suddenly. See also: he5Kkik.

tT Num. Three; dWZ. Etym: tra5yah4

three T-5994.
tre b}i {e da5} Co w L tT Num.
Seventy; Zy.
tre b}i {e da} {e e5ka w L tT
DC w Co Num. Seventy-one; ZHL.
tre b}i {e e5k C w L tT Num.
Sixty-one; V`xHL.
tre b}i L tT Num. Sixty; W`My.
treha43%Kki JtT N. Pitchfork with three
tines or prongs; ilMyz dWZ. moc treha43%Kki
gri, tuS upu5nin. Men take a pitchfork and
throw up straw to winnow it. See also:
Sa5Kki; duSa5Kki. Etym: *triyaKkikahaving three hooks or curves T-14585.
trejs ~]tT Adj. Triple; LWZ. See also:
ekjs; dujs.
treko43%yak DtT Adj. Triangular, threecornered; WZ.
tren Sa5Tik XD tT V. To dance in long
lines in the du5}ak, holding each others
shoulders; MVaikMWa d qM. See also: Dhu5si
Sa5Tik; dra{a5yLak; ca4; Dhu5}ak.
tre5yLa tT Adj. Coarse, rough, prickly; ij
qLm WaLm , Wa L MxVdWY WdqMWX. {ontr a5sta
tre5yLa ka5riu day. uk a5sta kam thi,
pruST piSiu mi ne day. The mill also is
grinding the grain coarsely. The flow of
water is also down so mill doesnt grind
well. pay jac, tre5yLa. Goat hair is rough
and hard. Ant: pra}; ma43u5cak.
tre43
tT N. Fresh cream; mm hk
. Syn: oSa5la.
trbaS DMtT Adv. The year before last (two
years ago); WY My m. See also: aj kaw.
trbaS Sumbe5ri ka5La D tM DMtT
Adv. The year before the year before last;
WY My dWZ. See also: aj kaw.
trik tT V. To split in two; MWaruWY quLqm.
go5STuna pa5ri na, tay ka peSga43ga45yak
triu day e? Get yourself out to the barn!
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trok cay

trup tro5mi}

tro5nik tT V. To weave something;

MVaVaEWX. Restrict: Only women weave. Instr:
uLk weavers shuttle. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
tron ajo5k \E tT N. All the parts of a
loom together; KVi ikLq.
tron gu4a%3 C tT N. The top and bottom
pieces of the loom frame on which wool is
stretched; Wam ikLq
__ Zq r gkVaVd ruVY ij ru.
Whole: tron, trond loom.
tron ka5rik sD tT V. To weave on a
loom; MVaVaEWX LruVY y Mm. a kaln tron
ka5rim. I will weave a rug. Restrict: Only
women do this kind of work.
troyo5 tT Adj. Third; LVdWZ. From:
Khowar.
tro4h
3 e5rik ttT N. Clover-like plant;
vM WdL. [People do not eat this
variety.] Gen: muT plant. Etym:
*tro2Tika2- a herb, mustard T-6080,
14587; *triparNaka- three-leaved T14584.
tru5ik tT V. 1) To congeal, jell, set,
coagulate; MVaij. 2) To grow (of moss);
MVaij )M WeM(. rua5k tru5i }au. Moss has
grown here. Past(hearsay): tru5na it
congealed. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
tru5na c4hir th DtT N. Yogurt; m. Lit:
coagulated milk.
trumu5{ak CwtT N. Small green wasp
with painful sting; qVXWaqs ,ruWX. [This wasp
has a bad sting, and the stings may cause
death if many wasps sting a man.] Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect. See also:
bhu5mbur; tshik.
trup cay Dd OtT N. Salt tea; eMik dWa.
Gen: cay tea. See also: trok cay. From:
Khowar.
trup tro5mi} tT OtT N. Late evening
(dark); Myz dnWa@L. See also: trap.

Variant: kre (Urtsun (M)). Etym: tra5pate2

is ashamed, is perplexed T-5991. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
troa5lak CtT Adj. Tearful, sad; WaEq
L. a5sa ac4ho43%ik bo troa5lak a}s. His
story made us cry. Syn: kapha5; gamgn.
Variant: troha5lak.
troan die5k o CtT V. To annoy,
disturb, cause to cry; MWar VaWZ. se har
c4hat kha5ca mon da5i tan ja5as troan
die5l day. He always annoys his wife by
the bad things he says to her.
trok cay Dd tT N. Tea without milk.;
eMik mm dWX. cay o5ni wec4hru.
Bring tea without milk. See also: trup
cay.
tro5mi} tT N. Evening, just at dark,
night; Myz. [This is used of night as well,
although rat is the most commonly used
word for night.] Syn: osakas; rat; Whole:
bas1 day. Morph: tro5mi{. Etym:
ta5misra2- dark night T-5692, 14556;
*andhatamisraika2- complete darkness of
the soul T-387.
tro5mi} waZ%yak DyC tT N. Bat;
qumMik. Gen: pac4h%yak bird. Morph:
tro5mi} pac4h%yak.
tromi}we5w tT N. Twilight; Myz.
Whole: bas1 day.
tron, trond ptT ,tT N. Loom; M __ij
Mr. [The loom is considered impure
and is kept outside the house.] Part: tron
gu43%a large upper and lower loom frame
pieces; bhnuni go5nDak grooved stick
on loom; uLk yarn ball which feeds the
shuttle; uLk go5nDak weavers shuttle;
bem weaving sword; da5ndur heddle
shaft for weaving; kuSpk gonDak
heddle shaft; ka5Kkaw weaving comb;
purgo5n, purgo5nd shed stick. See also:
tron ajo5k; bhnik. Etym: ta5ntra- web,
loom T-5663.
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trupahe5k

trupahe5k DPtT V. To cause someone

pain; MWaLr mqm. may SiS mo trupaha5i.
Dont make my head ache. RootVb:
trupe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
trupe5k PtT V. To suffer, hurt, be in pain;
MWar mqm. (tay) ka5wa trupe5l day? Where
is it hurting? Caus: trupahe5k; Syn: ugu4k
.
N. Pain; mqm. tay trupe5k zyat
trupahe5m. I will increase your pain.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
tu T Pron. You (singular, nominative); WZ.
[See the Personal Pronoun Chart on page
475 below for other personal pronouns.]
Oblq: tay. Etym: tuva5m thou T-5889.1.
tula5y T N. Sickle, reaping hook; ZWaLqm.
Use: Lek to cut.
tumba5 DMT N. 1) Central shaft apparatus of
a water-mill; MVaWY M ik. Matl: rha
cedar; Whole: {ont, {ontr water-mill.
2) Whirlpool in stream; )M MWY( qVaWX.
Etym: tumba- mill-wheel T-14571;
*tumba- obstruction, boss T-5869.
tu5nDaLa pillak P CrT N. A kind of
large ant; `WaVdik. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik
insect. Etym: tuNDa- beak, trunk, snout
T-5853, 14569.
tup OT N. Cannon; ORWZ. Gen: yara5k
weapons. From: Turkic.
tupanca5 DeDPT N. Revolver, handgun,
pistol; VZxWY. Gen: yara5k weapon.
From: Pashto.
tupe5k PT N. Gun, rifle; nVaWX. Spec:
polita gun fired with wick; muka
shotgun; gora repeating rifle; yawba5ni
single-shot rifle; rapa5l muzzle loading
gun; Gen: yara5k weapon; Use: tyek to
to shoot. From: Persian.
tupe5kan tyek T DPT V. To shoot a
gun, fire shots; MWaik nVaWX. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
turu5m sT N. Harmonica-like instrument;
MijMWX L Va.

tuS

T N. 1) Straw
MyWX. Proverb: tuS

tyakathya5k

left after threshing;

no45una uk. Water
under straw (that is, a secret matter). See
also: gana5sk. 2) Poverty; PSWXr. tuS
mo5cay ho5ma wa5way u5mbur para5w.
da5day u5mbur para5w. ho5ma u5mbur
para5w. Our grandfathers grew old in
poverty. Our fathers did as well. We
ourselves, as well. Etym: tu5Sa- chaff of
grain T-5892.
tuS ku5 T N. Hay storage room;
Lm M Vaq MyWX.
tuS no45una uk C D T Id. Secret
matter; OSMWX YEik. Lit: water under
straw. [The figure is of water under straw
which cannot be seen.]
tuSdk pT Adv. At no time; VdWa VX.
tuSdkuna parm. I will never go. Morph:
tuS dek.
tuSuLe5k T V. To purify a mother and
child or animal and offspring after a birth;
MWar MV M hkWX q@L M nWX ikqs.
may gak ku5a4k thi a5au. to tuSuLa5ika
parm day. My cow had a calf. I am going
to purify her. [This is for children and
animals and involves the giving and eating
of things like nuts, mulberries and jujube.
mul may be given to the cow. It is called
acha5mbi in Rumbur. In the case of a child,
the ceremony is performed by the women
who are in the menstrual house.] Syn:
acha5mbi. See also: o5ndru uchunde5k.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
tya5dye oDT Intj. Shoo! Be quiet! (shouted
at dogs); VZ _Vd War vzMil KVZ
Vd. tya5dye nis. Be quiet and sit down!
See also: }o43%a.
tyakathya5k DTDDT Adj. Lumpy (like
dough); )MW`N( VZWY. at tyakathya5k. The
dough is lumpy.

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tyap

tsa5kik

tyap ODT Adv. Completely; MIWX. ha5nduna

tyap pu5ri moc a5an. The temple is
completely full of people. Syn: pak2.
Adv. Exactly; d. tyap }anda5y krik
praw. Right up to here, that much snow
fell. tyap }aya5 tha5i. Put it right here. Syn:
pak2. Variant: tyup.
tyeho5yak DT Adj. Newborn (to about
one month); hkWX MW`ik M ruVdWX q@L rWX.
may ga5kas tyeho5yak bac4ho5yak a5is.
gak na5}io para5}aw day. My cow had a
newborn calf. But since the mother has
died, the calf is crying. Syn: nawu5S.
Variant: tio5yak.
tyek T V. 1) To hit; MWaqM. a ta5sa pa4. I
hit him. Restrict: The object must be
animate, and is expressed by the dative
case. Past(hearsay): tyta he/she hit;
Syn: }akhe5k; khame5k; Onset: Saka45k;
pLak. 2) To release water to flow into a
channel; )MWY( MWaquik. te u5gas {a5yuna
tyta. They released the water to flow into
the channel. 3) To shoot a gun at someone.
a tupe5k gri du}ma5nas pa4. I wounded
my enemy with a gun. 4) To throw an
object at or to someone; MWaqM. se bat gri
may pa45aw, ne gria5w. He threw a stone
at me, but it didnt hit me. 5) To defeat in
wrestling; MWaLr. a salo5m Sa5Ti to pa4. I
defeated him in a wrestling match.
Restrict: Note that in this sense the object
is in the accusative case whereas it is
otherwise in the dative case. 6) To jump
into water, to enter suddenly; Waik

MWaM. atra5 mo tye tay Luie5L. Dont dive

into the water there youll go in over you
head. se c4he5truna tya5i phu ka5i a5au. He
jumped down into the field and sounded
the alarm. 7) To do something well; ik@L
MWar fr. tya5i tya5i krom ka5an, tya5i
tya5io {un. They work hard and they eat
well. 8) To kill; MVaWdm qM y Mij. se pe ne
pa45aw dya5a, te to na}a5an dya5a. pha5to
se Sumbe5r pa45aw. If he hadnt killed
them, they would have killed him.
Therefore
he
killed
them
first.
Past(hearsay): tyta he/she hit; Past:
pa45aw he/she hit. Etym: tuda5ti strikes,
pierces, hurts
T-5856; pradadha2ti
places before T-8656.2. Prdm: Causative
II (dek).
tyektye5k hik UT V. To fight
(of people); MWaru. o5nja gro5muna moc
tyektye5k thi a5an. In the village now men
are fighting.
tyep RT Intj. Call for chickens to come;
i WaWX qsik. [This is
repeated slowly and becomes high pitched
for distant chickens.] See also: kakawa5Kk.
Variant: dye.
tyik T V. To be hit; MWaqM. Restrict: This
verb is the non-causative form of the verb
tyek to hit. Note the use of this form of
the verb in such words as ek tykuna in
one stroke, and tyta he/they hit.
tyup OT See main entry: tyap.

ts
tsada5r sCoDl N. Shawl, cloth, sheet; qmMik.
Syn: piTe5k. From: Persian.
tsak Dl Adj. Lukewarm, tepid; r VdWa.
tsak uk. Lukewarm water.

tsa5kik Dl V. To drink by lapping like a

dog or cat; MVaVdWY MWY fr VZ. [This verb
is only used to describe people if you are
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tsakro43ho43%

tshirtshare5k

y MVZyqWa ij
mMWXN d qVXq q@L PSWdqVXWX r OSrhj
Vd We. }ase5 moc tsatruma5. That man

not pleased with them.] Syn: pik; dru5pik.

See also: wiTilk.
tsakro43ho43% tDl N. Wild rhubarb; WdL
LmWY MKV` Vaij M . Gen: muT plant.
Etym: cukra5- name of various sharp
tasting plants T-4850.3.
tsan, tsand pD}T ,Dl Adj. Short or small
(of things); MW`ik. rajhuk tsha5tak ka5rik
phato tsand hu. Well make the rope
small; then it will be short. Syn: tsha5tak;
chu5tyak; usku5rdi; Ant: drga. Variant:
thawrk (Urtsun).
tsanDe5k rDl Adj. To roll up (as a hat,
ones sleeves or pant legs); MVaV`VdVY. a tay
kaSo5K tsanDe5m. I will roll up your hat for
you. Past(hearsay): tsanda5La he/she
rolled up.
tsapa5ik DPDl V. To chew; MWaMVXik. ka
tsapa5as day? a5}i ne ugu45iu day e? What
are you chewing? Doesnt your mouth get
tired? Past(hearsay): tsapa5iLa he/she
chewed. See also: {uk. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
tsa5pi PDl N. Tongs, tweezers; MV`Iik.
tsapo5t SPDl N. Foreign body, speck, dirt,
dust, dry mucus; nVa ,rsVdik nVa. may
e5cay tsapo5t pa5i }au. A piece of dirt
went into my eye. Syn: gozdu5m.
tsar sDl N. Food given to mourners at a
funeral; MWaM M OSLdil rWY MWa mr.
Syn: jire5. From: Khowar.
tsare5yni sDl N. Sill, threshold of a
door; PUik. Variant: tsa3%ra43y.
tsat SDl N. Size, fit; M ORMWa ,LqWY. pira5n
tay tsat e? Does the shirt fit you?
tsat hik SDl V. 1) To fit; MWaN LqWY.
pira5n may tsat ha5waw. The shirt fits
me. 2) To become full, satisfied; ,MWa M
MWarWX. may ku5cuna tsat ha5waw. My
stomach has become full.
tsatruma5 DtTDl N. People inhabiting
Chatruma village who originally migrated

from Nuristan;

is a Nuristani. Variant: catruma5; tatruma5;

ku}tya5 (Birir).
tsaTe5Kgik XDl V. To move, shake,
oscillate; MVa ,MWa wzWZr. uk tsaTe5Kgau
day. The water is slopping (in the pan).
Syn: paTa5kik; dzaLa5kik; khe5zik; ku{ubk.
Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
tse3%tsaw Dml N. Squirrel; H. Gen:
bhero{anda5r wild animal. See also:
maKga}u5rik; brazanLo5.
tsha Dl N. Pus; PRVdWY. may khur
moroho5ku thi, tsha th }au. My foot
swelled and became pussy.
tsha5tak DTDl Adj. Small, young; MW`ik.
Syn: usku5rdi; chu5tyak; tsan; Ant: gho5na.
Variant: tshate5rak.
tsha5tak ba5ya DDL DTDl KT. Younger
brother; WeMWX MW`ik.
tshata5ra CsDTDl Adj. Youngest; MW`ik. a
may tshata5ra put. This is my youngest
son. Dim: tshata5rak; Ant: gaDa5ra. See
also: macuma5ra.
tshata5ra CsDTDl See main entry: tsha5tak.
tshate5rak CtTDl See main entry: tsha5tak.
tshawgu5 l N. Orphan, with either one or
both parents having died; VdVZWd. a5sa su5da
tshawgu5 ha5waw. That child is an orphan.
[A person can only be an orphan if (s)he is
not of an age at which (s)he can support
him/herself.] Syn: da5La {e pa5La. Variant:
tshogu5. Etym: *s5o2- orphan T-12618?.
tshik l N. Wasp, hornet; qVXWaq.s Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect. See also:
bhu5mbur; tshik. Variant: tsik.
tshirtshare5k sDltl V. To rain lightly,
sprinkle, drizzle; MWa nWaMWX LnWaWX. hawu5l
tshirtshare5l day. It is very lightly raining.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
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tsi

TakTa5k

l N. A kind of lentils (small round dark

brown); Lm WdL. See also: grim;
baDara5k.
tsia5m Dl N. Country from which the
Kalasha claim they emigrated; WdL

tsirKki tl See main entry: cilKgi.

tso5gun l N. Chisel; MWa ,aik.
tso5gun }uLa5 ga4K ka5riu. The chisel makes
a slot in the wood. Gen: aspa5p tool. See
also: cu5muSTi; bho5Kki; nigho5n.
tsrap OCtl Adv. Suddenly, quickly; m WdL.
tsrap band ha5waw. (It) suddenly closed.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verbs Lase5k release and band hik
shut. Syn: pat.
tsrek tl N. Sparks; qMVaik. may tha5ra
tsrek pa5Li pira5n aju5Kkaw. Sparks fell on
my shirt and burned it. Syn: kulu}pk.
tsrekh tl Adj. 1) Very cold; m. di}
tsrekh ka5riu day. It is very cold outside.
Syn: o}; ka5Tar; tramo5na; Ant: pec4;
iSpo5na; huLu5k; Max: di}. 2) Fast; rsVdWZ.
tsrekh adya5as. Run fast! Syn: gaST.
tsu5mbik Ml V. 1) To make hole to
plant seeds or potatoes; gjVdWX r flLqy
MWaWX. Instr: u{u45i pick. 2) To pierce ones
ears or nose; MWar flLqy d M ,MWanVdik.
Instr: su{k needle.
tsurtsu5nik nihk lsl V. To
become weak from much work; xz PSWX
MWa qrs y War M. bo krom ka5i a5sa
tsurtsu5nik nih }au. Working and
working he has become very weak.

tsi

WZr m M WaN VaWY@L vzVd y Mij

Vd. [This could refer to Syria which is

known as Sham in Urdu and Arabic.]

tsikr tl N. A kind of cheese; M WdL
rVdVaWY. Gen: chaman cheese.
tsiLa5ka Dl Adj. Sharp (like a needle or
blade); VdWa ,qMm rsVdWZ. Syn: rha5zaw;
Ant: Damba5. Etym: s5ita5- whetted, sharp
T-12438.
tsipatsp RlDQl Adj. 1) Rough; qLMWa.
Ant: lho5yak. 2) In good repair (of a
millstone); )OUMWY M ik( qLMWa. See
also: {ont wa5t.
tspik Ql V. To cut or break into small
pieces; MWar ruW` W`ik W`ik.
kace5nDuk tspim day e, e5cay pa5i,
a5stru uc4ha5r dyel day. When I am cutting
onions up, they go into my eyes and make
me cry. Syn: Sun ka5rik; Past(hearsay):
tspiLa he/she broke. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
tsire43% tl N. Parrot; M. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.
tsirih%tyek Utl N. Small sparrowlike bird; nWarWY MVaVZij MWdruik. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.

T
DX Adj. Stingy, miserly; vEhjVa. e5li
moc di} Tak. These people are very
stingy.
Takabu5r sLDDX Adj. Proud, unthankful;
EXWZ. Syn: na}u5kur. From: Arabic.
Tako5r dyek o sDX V. To apply
something hot in order to heal; MWar qW`.
Tak

[A hot rock or horn is put on the place of

the pain to affect healing.] See also: khet
thek; Lu5ian dyek; gonD dyek.
TakTa5k DYDX N. Clapper on a millstone;
ru L VaI rWY OUMWY ik. [This is a
piece of wood that rides loosely on top of
the millstone and as it does, it shakes the
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TakTe5r

Tek

Tap

grain from the funnel so that it will drop

bit by bit into the millstone. The example is
a riddle in which the TakTa5k is the child,
while the phona5yak the grain channel, is
the mother.] Riddle: a5yas ku5a4kas ba5tay
tyel: the mothers child hits the rock.
Answer = TakTa5k a clapper; Matl: bonj
oak; mrac4 mulberry; bribo5 walnut;
Whole: {ont, {ontr water-mill. Etym:
*Thakk- clatter T-5487.
TakTe5r tYDX N. Tractor; rV`WdrW`. From:
English.
Tal DX N. Stack, pile; MW`. [Typically spoken of
planks, wood or stones.] Use: dyek to
stack. From: Urdu.
Tal dyek o DX V. To stack, pile;
MVaq y PQVdWZrWZ hkVdWa rWYDL rsVdi.k
Tam DX Adv. Extremely, perfectly, very;
,PSWX. Tam LaTo5ra. Perfectly round
(like a ball). Tim LaTo5irak Extremely
round (like a ball). Dim: Tim; Syn: pak2.
Tambe5k MDX V. To tamp, pound, make
hard, firm or sharp; MVaW`D. Prdm: Causative
I (sawze5k).
Tamba5uni DMDX N. Tamp for tamping
to make firm; ru L VaW`D.
TamTaka5 DDYDX Adj. 1) Surprised; Ldi. se
TamTaka5 thi jia5w may. He looked at me
with surprise. 2) Bereft, poor; PQWdr. se
TamTaka5 thi a5au. He became bereft. Syn:
makta5c.
TamTe5y &YDX N. Cornstalks after ears have
been harvested; qMik M Ve WY.
TamTu5c cYDX N. Corncob; Mil M Ve
MV`EWX.
Adj. Strong physically; nWX( EVXV
)M. Syn: takLa5; takatwa5r.
TanDa5rak CsCrDX Adj. Well, healthy, active,
strong; PSxEik. pruST TanDa5rak a5as e? Are
you really well? }a5sa pruST TanDa5rak
moc. He is an active man. Syn: ucu5tu;
To3%cuk; benu5s; Ant: kamzo5r.

ODX Adv. Suddenly, quickly; ,m WdL

y nij. tu he4 ko a5ri gho3%i, pho5nduna

pa5}i, Tap gri ta5sa aphu5cimi. When we

saw him on the road, we quickly grabbed
him and asked why he had stolen it. Tap
da5i ma5as. Come to the point and tell me!
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb grik grab. Syn: pat.
Ta5pa Sa5Tik XD DPDX V. To get a spot or
foreign object on something; ,MVaVYik
MVaVYIik. tay pira5nuna ka Ta5pa aSa5Taw.
What is stuck on your shirt.
Tapyak DPDX N. Decoration on womens
headdress; rWY VdWYW` WZq vzVd
xzWa WdL. [This is button-like and
goes in the center of the kha4a45yak shield
design.]
Tarok sDX V. To talk too much; vLWX
MVaWX mMWdqs PSWX ,MWar. baha5na Da po }a
bo Tarou day. Because he has drunk a lot
of wine he talks a lot. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
TaTaro4%3 Sa5Tik XD sDXDX V. To fight by
butting heads; MWaru M qWaMij L VaVdy.
[This can be said of bulls, yaks, sheep, and
goats.]
TaTawa5r hik sCDXDX V. To be burned
up, destroyed, finished; Lq r ij
MWaMij. Syn: LuSpk hik. See also: du5ik.
TaTo5ri sXDX N. Thick bread with walnut
meat filling roasted in the coals; rWY We

wVdWY OUril@L d wij q Ve MWY

d WZ r. [It is made from dough rather

than batter like tasli.] Gen: au5 bread;

Syn: ca4ha5ka.
Tayp RDX N. Tape recorder; qoqMWdq PRVdW`.
From: English.
Tek X N. 1) The bank of a water
channel, stream or lake; qMVa. {ay Tek.
The bank of a water channel. Syn: SSa.
2) Ridge, mountain range; ik. Syn:
aTa5lak.
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Tem

Tim

Tem X N. Time; PS. takrban ka aST

ba5jas ama5l }e3he3 Tem thi a}s. It was
about eight oclock. It was right about that
time. Syn: ama5l; wat; muda5. See also:
zama5na. From: English.
Thaho45yak DDX Adj. Short; ,VZhl
MW`ik. Proverb: Thaho45yak ka5ra mon,
drga mo ka5ra. Make your words short,
not long; Ant: druKga5r; drga.
ThakaTha5Kka hik DDXDDX V. To hop
on one foot; MVaik rWY MWY WdL. Syn:
apaco43%i dyek.
Tham DX Adv. Suddenly, all at once; WdL
m. its to pa5}i Tham acSTaw. When the
bear saw him, he suddenly stood up. Tham
Tham pa5ri. Go quickly! Restrict: This is
typically associated with the verbs cSTik
stop and park go. Syn: pat.
Tham dyek o DX V. To bump against
or trip over an obstacle; MVa rW`. a
ba5tas som Tham pra. I tripped over a
rock. Restrict: The obstacle is marked by
som with. Syn: jhaL dyek.
The5wak CX N. 1) Ankle bone; VahlW`.
khu5rani The5wak. Ankle. Whole: jhan,
jhand body; khur leg. 2) Wrist bone;
p . baza5ani The5wak Wrist bone.
This ~X Adj. Very bad, very spoiled, very
rotten; Lruy ,L . }uLa5 trak thi, This
thi }au. The wood became rotten and
became completely spoiled. [It may be that
this only applies to inanimate things.] See
also: puliThs.
Thok X N. A hardwood tree; PShly WdL
PSilqm L ru. Gen: muT tree.
Tho5kaca DdDX Adj. Blind (because of a
cataract); MVdWZ M WaN. Syn: Se5a.
Tho5pa DPX N. Nondescript piece of lumber;
pVaW` ,V`VaEW`. Riddle: krik tha5ra krZna
Tho5pa: on the snow there is a black log.
Answer = Tumbk a pompom on a
headdress; Idiom: Tho5pa thi nis khe3

his day, krom ka5ri. Dont sit around

like a stump, get out and work; Syn:
kaTho5s.
Thra}Thra5} ka5rik sD CtYCtX V. To
make a rustling or scratching sound; ruq
MWar LnVdWY qsLN. Gen: char ka5rik to make
a noise; Syn: ThriSThro3Se5k.
ThriSThro3Se5k tYtX V. To make a
suspicious sound; MVaMWa qsLN PQVdhj. Syn:
Thra}Thra5} ka5rik; Gen: char ka5rik to
make a noise. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
Thuk X N. 1) Second (short period of
time); _Vd rWX h. ek Thuk ispra5puna
pa5i a5au. He went to sleep for a short
period. Syn: darba5t; saha3%t. 2)
Adv. Suddenly, quickly (sleep); m WdL.
se Thuk aDu5Daw. He suddenly fell asleep.
Restrict: This is typically associated with
the verb Du5Dik sleep. Syn: pat.
Thu5Kkik X V. To hammer, pound, hit
with an instrument; MVaWaW` ,MVaxWaW`. coTa5
gri se mek Thu5Kkiu day. He is
hammering in the nail with the hammer.
Instr: coTa5 hammer; metn hammer;
beDr sledge hammer. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
Tikada5r sCoDX N. Contractor; qLnVdVdW`.
From: Urdu.
Tki X N. Bread made by cooking in oil;
__ Mij MWY Vd ij q .
Proverb: mo Tki chiaLo5ri, mo su5da
tro5iLori. Oh, that the dough not break up
(while making bread), and that the child
would not cry. From: Khowar.
Tim1 X N. 1) Wood stove made of tin or
corrugated metal; nVaWX M Waij MWdru
Mik. 2) Tin can; WXo M VdW`. 3) Sheet
metal (tin); qmMik VdW`. Gen: cmbar
metal. From: English.
Tim2 X See main entry: Tam.
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TimTa5k ka5rik

TimTa5k ka5rik sD DYX V. To talk

angrily; MVaWX d KV.
Tip
RX Adj. Full, abundant, well-formed
(of grain); LrWX. juanuna Lu5i Tip hu.
When people are young their blood is
abundant.
Tipe5k QX V. 1) To fill something; ,MWarWX
MVaWdm rWX. batyo5stay at Tipe5k. We fill the
skin with flour. Syn: pire5k. 2) To produce,
create, build; MVaWdm rWX ,MWar LnVdWY. gu{uka5n
Lu5i Tipe5l. Guzhukan mulberries create
more blood. From: Khowar. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Tpor sQX N. Small white and purple turnip;
yz. Gen: }ak vegetable. From: Pashto.
TipuTa5pu PDXQX N. Noise from someone
walking or running; L Wa LnVdWY y Vaik
ORMik n ,qyz. baney TipuTa5pu
awa5s u day. There is a knocking noise
coming from outside.
TirTa5r ka5rik sD sDXtX V. To argue;
MWam KV , MWar vLWX. TirTa5r mo ka5ri.
Dont argue! Syn: tikra5r ka5rik; cat ka5rik.
TiTayo5K DYX N. Bird with bright yellow
breast, oriole; M rWY mqqs q@L MVdy WdL

X- Sfx. Eater,
L WaM. drac4-To5k.

-Tok

To5T

enemy, destroyer;
A bird who eats
grapes. hupaLa-To5k. A creature that
eats/kills scorpions. gok-To5k. A creature
that kills snakes.
Tok dek o X V. To feed young birds
(by mother bird); hkWX VaWY@L M nWarWY
MVaWdm Lqil.
To5ka ka5rik sD DX V. To mock, make fun
of; MWar L. ta5sa tha5ra To5ka ka5rikas
pron. They began to make fun of him.
Restrict: The object is marked by tha5ra
on. See also: maskara5 ka5rik; maza5k
ka5rik; taK ka5rik; cukuSe5k; dru5{ik;
awac5ek
5 . From: Pashto.
To5kur sX N. Grasshopper; LpW` ,rVbVdHij.
Proverb: To5kuras raw mo uTkas.
nihu5nji nis. Dont jump around like a
grasshopper (looking for a fight). Quiet
down and sit down; Dim: Toku5irak; Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect. Etym: *ToKkalocust T-14534.
ToK X N. Pear; MVYyzMWa. Gen: muT
tree; me3w
% a fruit; Spec: goLasa5k ToK;
phu5{ak ToK; ka}s ToK; na5ik ToK; kaSe3%
ToK; }a5ru ToK; kha5ca ToK; ka4ga45 ToK;
su5jak toK. Etym: TaKka- fruit of Feronia
elephantum T-5429.
To5su
To5su dyai Sa5Tik XD Do |X V. To
fight by pecking; MWaru M nWarWY. narku43%ku
To5su dya5i Sa5Tan. The roosters are
fighting.
To5su dyai {uk w Do |X V. To eat
by pecking; MVaEik M nWarWY. kakawa5Kk
To5su dya5i {un. Chickens eat by pecking.
To5su dyek o |X V. To peck; fkik
MWaqM. pac4h%yak may baza5una kay,
To5su dyel lay. The bird is pecking my
arm. Syn: Tu5kik1.
To5T
WX N. Apron of a kamiz (the long
shirt worn with traditional Pakistani

MWZN Vd Vdr Vd m ij nWarWY

__. TiTayo5K Som thi a5au. (You will get

sick because) a TiTayo5K saw you. [This

bird has a beautiful song and when it sings
people know that the apricots and
mulberries are ripe. Morgenstierne has
this listed as golden oriole and
pronounced TiTayo5.] Gen: pac4h%yak
bird. Etym: TiTTibha- the bird Parra
jacana T-5461.
Te k
5
X V. To awaken someone; MWaMij.
Syn: aKga5 hek; buje5k; uSTe5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Toa3se5k }CT V. 1) To make a noise
while working; L Wa LnVdWY y War M
qsLN. 2) Knock on a door; MWaMV`V`. Syn:
Dhambe5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
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To3%cuk

TuK dyek

trousers); Lm ,ij. pira5n To5T dha5ri.

Hold out your apron (to carry something in
it). Syn: La4hn.
To3%cuk eX Adj. Active, strong; PSxEik.
Syn: TanDa5rak; ucu5tu; hu}ia5r; kabl;
caspa5n; DnTa.
TraTre5k tXCtX V. 1) To release animals to
graze alone without being guarded;
MVahjVdWX d Vaij _Vd Warik qWaMij.
2) To chase away animals or people; qm
MWaMWX. a tya5i ta5si pay TraTre5s. I hit their
goats and chased them away. Variant:
To4Tre5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
Trka DtX Adj. Impure ritually, taboo;
MWYMWa rWY q qM. [Refers to food and
has the meaning of very impure, but only in
cawmo5s the winter festival. Food in the
house after a person has been purified for
Chawmos becomes Trka and must be
thrown away, or put aside and eaten after
Chawmos.] Syn: pra5gata; ma45ka; Ant:
o5njeSTa.
TrikTrike5k tYtX V. 1) To mix
together a liquid and a powder or dry fruit,
knead; MWaquMVZ. Syn: Lo4e5k; krSnik; lat
dyek; kite5k; mi}are5k; ukdo5k ka5rik.
2) To squeeze something to get the juice
out of it; MWaquik. Syn: p4i5 k. 3) To tread on
grapes; MWaquMVZ. Syn: dzu5nik. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
Trits ntX N. Bird whose song sounds like its
name; nWarWY M WdL. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.
Tru5pik PtX V. To spit out; D ,MVaDL
MWar. se c4hir aTru5paw. He spit out the
milk. [Things that are spit out are liquids
like water and milk.] Syn: thok hstik;
Past(hearsay): Tru5piLa he/she spit out.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Tuc cX N. Target stone at which stones are
thrown in the game of hawzu5; rVZWY
rVZWY M WaMxzWa d Vd VaVaVdWY. Whole:

hawzu5 game like horseshoes. Variant:

TuT.
Tuke5k X V. 1) To harvest by kicking or
otherwise shaking branches; MWaqMWZDL r .
Object: mrac4 mulberries. See also: cue5k;
DhaKge5k; dzaLake5k; c4hLik; c4ho43%ik. 2) To
brush off; MWaquMij. pira5naw SuTk Tuke5n.
They brush ashes off a shirt. 3) To shake
out; MWaquMij. paTigho43%i pruST ka5i Tuka5i.
Shake the rug out well! 4) To shake down
so as to make room for more; MWa.
batyo5stuna pha5Lak Tuke5m day. I am
shaking the grain down into the goatskin
bag. Variant: Tukye5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
Tu5ki X N. Rolled up bundle of cloth
ready for sale; MWZ M ruVY. From: Pashto.
Tu5kik1 X V. To eat by pecking; nWarWY
MVaEik WaLm M. pach%yak phalk Tu5kin
day. The birds are pecking up the grain.
Syn: To5su dyek; Past(hearsay): Tu5kiLa it
ate. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Tu5kik2 X V. To push; MVaWdm Mm. may
mo Tu5ki. }uru5im day. Dont push me. I
am falling. Past(hearsay): Tu5kiLa he/she
pushed. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
Tumbk MX N. Pompom worn on the top
of a Kalasha headdress; OSq zVd
MWanVaWY M W`. Riddle: krik tha5ra krZna
Tho5pa: on the snow there is a black log.
Answer = Tumbk a pompom on a white
headdress. See also: pu}k.
Tun dyek o X V. To squat down; VaV`D
MVaV`VdWX r MW`DL. Syn: Dho5c dyek.
Tunj ^X N. Clay pot for water, milk or
butter; Lru. dhu5uni Tunj. A pot for
milking. [This pot has a small neck and a
larger body.] See also: kawa5w; aze5c.
TuK dyek o X V. To bend over or
down; MVaEij. aKga5r phuSka moc TuK
del. To blow a fire, a man bends down.
Syn: SiSku5T dyek.
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Tur
Tur

sX Adj. Spoiled (of eggs);

See also: o5nDrak.

uc4ha5r

)LpWa@L( nVa.

TuTu5imbak hik DMXX V. To form

a bud (of a flower); MWa qMVdWZ _Vd Va.

u
\LC V. 1) To be born; ,MVaVd aij
MWa LnVdWY. ta5sa putr ubuj a5au. His son
was born. 2) To sprout; MVaW`EWY VYWb. te

ubujk

pears, apricots are harvested like this]

Instr: baza5 hand. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
uchundk pdC V. Descend (of
animate beings or water); MWarWZDL. uchunda5
e. Greetings! (lit: Did you come down?).
Reversive: u5STik to ascend. Etym:
*avas5candati jumps down T-854.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
uchu5nyak DdC N. Bosom, cradled
arms; m.
uchu5nyak ka5rik sD DdC V. To
carry something or someone upright in
ones arms against the body; MVaVd d m.
a batya5yk uchu5nyak ka5i so5nay nim,
ne pe aba5aw haw. I will carry a small
kid in my arms to the mountain farm if he
cannot walk by himself. Gen: ha5rik take.
See also: ku5Ski dyek; kuLm ka5rik.
ucumanya5k DDdC N. Nettle; LhkIWX.
ucumanya5k gri tay La45im. Ill beat you
with nettles. Gen: muT plant.
ucu5nik dC V. To attach the yarn
strands onto the heddle shaft of a loom;
MVaV`VdVY _Vd VaVaWX Mm. kuSpk ucu5nik
baS. The heddle shaft must be fitted with
the yarn strands. Object: kuSpk heddle
shaft. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
ucu5tu TdC Adj. Mentally alert, quick,
intelligent, active; PSxEik. Syn: hu}ia5r;
caspa5n; DnTa; zehenwa5La; kabl; To3%cuk;
Ant: bey-a5kul.
uc4ha5r sDhC N. Waterfall; qMxzWXN. Etym:
*udakakSa2ra, *avakSa2ra- waterfall T1922, 735, 14248, 14315.

so5mo niama5t ubuj }an. Besides this,

the crops have sprouted. Etym: u5tpadyate2
arises, originates T-1814.1, 14322.
ubunk LC V. 1) To blow; )L( MVaik.
o5si sra43 bha5y ubuna5w. Last night the
storm blew. Actor: sra43 wind; bhay
breeze. 2) To blow about in the wind; L
MWaquDL d. Da5ranas ru5aw gond bat a5sta
ubunn. In front of the mud slide sticks
and stones also blow about. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
uca5w DdC N. Festival of harvest in August;
qLWZ LruWX M VaW`M V. [In this festival
cheese is brought from the pastures. A
ceremony is held at the altar of
mahande5o. Dancing and singing takes
place until dawn.] Gen: khawsa5Kgaw
festival.
uca5w mastru5k tU|D DdC N. August,
the month of the Uchaw festival; V
VaVd M PSx@L ,VaVd M qLWZ MV`.
Whole: neLa5 summer.
uchu5i dyek o dC V. To leak (of
roofs); MVaVYW` )M PSik(. may du5ra uchu5i
dyel day. phaw kam }au. My house is
leaking. The roof clay has become thin.
Syn: SiSirk; }o5ndik; za5zik; curu4k.
uchunde5k pdC V. 1) To take down,
cause to descend; MWaqMWZDL hkVdWa. 2) To
harvest fruit; MWaqMWZDL WY. baza5 gri chni
uchunde5n. They harvest by breaking off
by hand. [Apples, grapes, pomegranates,
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uc4ho45a hik

ughu45ik

uc4ha5r dyek o sDhC V. 1) To flow

over a waterfall; MWar qMxzWXN. uk uc4ha5r
dya5i, paru day. The water is flowing
over the waterfall. 2) To overflow, to
weep; MWar )xWaN(. kace5nDuk tspim
day e, e5cay pa5i, a5stru uc4ha5r dyel
day. When I am cutting onions up, they go
into my eyes and my eyes water.
uc4ha5rik sDhC V. 1) To spray solution
on crops, to throw out a liquid, to pour out
liquid or solid; MWaLr. 2) To scatter seed or
other things; MWarVdWX. Syn: uza5kik. Etym:
avakSa2rayati causes to flow down upon
T-736. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
uc4ho45a hik ChC V. To stand up on
the hind legs; r MW`@L dWaMW` aWY@L M rWX
MWa Lru MnVdHy rWY qMy. uc4ho4a5 thi pay
prost ka5rin. The goats are standing on
their hind legs (to get leaves). Variant:
ic4ho45a hik.
udha5Lik DoC V. To tear, rip something;
MWaquMWY. se pira5n udha5Li a5au. He has torn
his shirt. tu may ne jho5nis. a tay
udha5Lim. You dont know me; Ill tear you
apart. Syn: utra5kik. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
udho43% oC N. Dust; qMVX mr. may dur
udho43% thi }au. So3%Skik baS. My house has
become dusty, I must sweep it. dur ka5ri,
mco udho43% udrman atu. Close the
door, otherwise the dust will come in. Syn:
get; kha5tur. Etym: *uddhu2Di- excessive
dust T-2025.
udhuLk oC V. To tear apart, to rip,
to split; MVaV`WY. ta5sa pira5n udhuLu5na. I
heard his shirt ripped. muT udhuL }au.
The tree is split apart. Syn: utrukk; Caus:
udha5Lik. Etym: uddhu2ta- shaken, shaken
off, thrown up T-2026. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
udrman DsoC Adv. Inside; qnWa@L. se ta5ra
pa5i ma5iLa ki, may udrman kas ha5tya
jaza5t }au e, ne? She went there and said,

Do I have permission to come inside?

CPart: ban outside. Etym: a5ntarainterior, near T-357; *antra- inner T380.
udruse5k |soC V. To frighten and cause
to run away; MWaMWX rLqo. grast pay
udruse5l. A wolf will frighten and scatter
the goats. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
udrusk |soC V. To be frightened and
run away; MVaMWX rqo. pay udrusn.
waLmo5c te sarie5l day. The goats are
afraid and scatter apart. The shepherd is
gathering them together. Past(hearsay):
udrusu5na they ran away. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
ugaba5t hik SDLDC V. To be taken
away by the water (and drowned or lost);
MVaWXo d MWY. Restrict: Objects must be
animate. Syn: ugaro5i hik. Morph:
uk-abat hik.
ugaro5i hik sDC V. To be taken
away by the water (and be drowned or
lost); MVaWX d MWY. u5guna atyaw e, uk
to ahe5raw. pha5to ugaro5i ha5waw. When
he entered the water, the water took him
away and he was killed. Restrict: The
objects of this verb can be either animate
or inanimate. Syn: ugaba5t hik. Morph: uk
aro5i hik.
ugawa5t waZ43%ak DyC SCDC N. Bird
that frequents the waters edge; MWY
nWarWY L Vaik rWY qMVa. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird. Morph: uk awat pac4h%yak.
ugho5n C N. Animal living near and in
the water--otter or marten; Vaq d MWY
qWaMij L. [Morgenstierne suggests a
marten and adds that it is like a cat, black
with white breast and long tail.] Gen:
bhero{anda5r wild animal.
ughu4i5 k C V. To repair a millstone;
MVayzLrWZ rVZWY M ik. a {ont ughu45ika
parm day. Im going to repair the
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ugne5L

uk

millstone. Instr: nigho5n chisel. Prdm:

Class 1 (ka5rik).
ugne5L C N. Animal like a mink; d MWY
qWaMij L Vaq. Gen: bhero{anda5r wild
animal.
ugrie5k tC V. To cause to gallop or
run; MWaLqum. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ugrik tC V. To run, gallop; qu(
MWaqum )M. ha3} ugrau day. The horse is
galloping. Actor: ha3} horse; gak cow;
Past(hearsay): ugrLa he/she galloped.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
u5guri sC N. Wooden trough around
grindstone where flour collects; d ik
ij W`N. Whole: {ont, {ontr watermill. Etym: udga2ra- spitting out T1957.
uguZe5k yC V. To anger, disturb;
MWaruVdik. trumu5{ak mo43%ay gonD dya5i
uguZa5i a5au. He angered the wasps by
poking a stick into their nest. [The example
is a way to stir up wasps to sting and is
used as an idiom for stirring up a fight.]
See also: uKgu}e5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
ugu5Zik yC V. To become angry and
threatened; Wa rMWX y VZik _Vd VaW`M
MWaN. Restrict: Actors are typically insects
like ants and bees that can be stirred up.
See also: uKgu5}ik.
ugu4k C V. To ache or be tired (as from
over use); MWar mqm ,MWaLrik. may SiS
ugu4u day. My head aches (from so much
thinking) [This is more like discomfort or
mental fatigue. It results from heat, waking
up, working, noise, too much wine etc.]
Syn: trupe5k. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
uhu5k C N. Owl; DL. Gen: pac4h%yak
bird.
uje5k \C V. 1) To repair; MWar VdW`.
u5ko gere5s ne. {o5ntro uje5n. Why dont
you improve the flow of water! You should

have repaired this mill! [Things that can be

repaired are {ont water-mill, sutr yarn,
rajhu5k rope.] 2) To set a trap; )LnVaWY(
MWaM. [Things that are set are: ka4mka45m
animal traps, gru bird traps.] Syn:
dha5rik. Variant: ujhe5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
u5jak D\C Adj. 1) True, morally upright;
Mhky. 2) Straight; MnVdy. gonDk u5jak.
The stick is straight. Syn: sda; Ant:
kha5Kgar.
N. Front, facing position. ta5sa dur
dawta5ras u5jakuna }au His house is
opposite the office. Variant: u5jhak. Etym:
r0ju5- straight, honest T-2448.
ujki \C Adv. Surely, definitely ,
really; MVZVdi ,MVaVdWd ,gky. ujki e, tu aLa5y
pars day? Really, are you going there?
uja5k ka5rik sD D\C V. 1) To act truly;
MWar M gVdhV. Syn: sah ka5rik. 2) To
straighten; MWar MnVdy.
ujhu5ik \C V. To put ones grain into
the hopper; MVaLo d ik WaLm. a ujhu5i
a5am, tcak a5sta ka5io tu ba5ta ujhu5as. I
have put my grain in; after a little while put
yours in. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
uk C N. 1) Water; MWY. [Spring water is
thought by the Kalasha to be more o5njeSTa
ritually pure, than snow, and is therefore
used for washing before performing a
sacrifice. If spring water is not available,
snow can be used.] Unit: thyap drop. See
also: o} ga43ha5ba ice; thuk steam.
2) Wine; OQLz qWa@L. [This is a
euphemistic use of uk.] 3) Juice of fruit or
vegetable; vAq. Morph: ug. Etym: udaka5water T-1921.
u5kas tyek T {DC V. To release water
into an irrigation channel; MWY d Wa
MWaquik. piliwe45 ha5waw haw, atra day
u5kas tyta. When it was so rainy, they
released the water from there.
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uk ziKga5k

uk dyek o C V. To irrigate; MWY

MWaM. khe3 ka5i uk dyek ne aba5iLi? How
come you were unable to irrigate? Syn: uk
Lase5k; jupe5k; saKga5Lik.
uk dyik o C V. To be irrigated; MWY
MVaWdm. nokphe5Ti ka5i a5am. taLa5y uk dyik
baS. I have just made a new cultivated
field, it must be irrigated.
uk Lase5k | C V. To irrigate; MWY
MWaM. Syn: uk dyek; jupe5k; saKga5Lik.
uk sarik sD| C V. To water, to
salivate; MWaN rWX MWY d EVa. Drac4 pa5}i
may a5}una uk sariu day. My mouth is
watering from seeing those grapes. Syn:
thog sarik.
uk ziKga5k Du C N. Dragonfly; EWXM
. Gen: go5ik phawa5Tik insect.
uka5Sik DC V. To loosen, untie, take out
weaving; MVa. [Things that can be untied
or undone are things that are woven like
wool dresses and rugs.] Syn: bic4ha5rik.
Etym: utkarSati draws out, pulls off (a
dress) T-1715. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
ukdo5k ka5rik sD pC V. To mix by
pouring from vessel to vessel; WeM

MWaMij D ,MWaMij.

umbra5}ik

dre43%a c4he5tray uk dyek

bo gira5n. batra5lak ukuSn. Sloping
fields are hard to irrigate. The channels
overflow. Caus: uka5Sik. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
ukutk TC V. To gather together, mill
around; MWa ij mr mqL. }a5tra c4he5truna
ka45ga4 baw ukut a5an. A flock of crows
have gathered in that field. may sos
ukutu day. My insides are turning over
and over (that is, I feel nauseated) Idiom:
may hardi ukutu day. I am worried;
Syn: sarik; Actor: hard heart; sos
ones insides. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
ulua5rum sCC N. Class of flying things;
nWarWY. See also: -arum. From: Khowar.
ulu5T pulu5T ka5rik sD WP WC V. To
turn things upside down; MVaV`WY MVaV`DL. Syn:
ekwa3% ghere5k. From: Urdu.
uLk C N. The ball of yarn that feeds
the weavers shuttle; M Mm. Whole:
tron, trond loom.
uLk go5nDak Cr C N. Shuttle for
weaving; Mm M rWY. Whole: tron,
trond loom; Matl: bSa laburnum
wood.
umba5r sDMC N. High place from which
water can fall (as into a water-mill);
r hkVdWa MWY y Mij ij. moc umba5r
sawza5an. The men have made a high place
from which water can fall. Create: dyek
to make; Create: sawze5k to make.
umbra5}ik CtMC V. To expel, to banish
someone from somewhere; MVaMWa y r.
tu ka5lapat }e3he3% his? a tay du5rey
umra5}im. How long will you be like this?
I will throw you out of the house. Restrict:
The object must be animate. Syn:
gonDgonDa5y ka5rik; bizbiza5y ka5rik.
Variant: umra5}ik. Etym: *apamars5ati
wipes off T-432. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).

qMWX qMWX d WZrWX m y WZrWX WdL

MWa r WdpWaDL. Syn: upu5nik; Lo4e5k;

krSnik; lat dyek; kite5k; mi}are5k;

TrikTrike5k.
uke5li C Adj. Open (without any door or
roof); E. uke5li sanhe5}. Goatshed
without a darano43% roofed-in portion.
uke5li iste43%. Cattle yard without a darano43%
roofed-in portion. Syn: Sala5.
u5kpim QC N. Cuckoo bird; We. Gen:
pac4h%yak bird. See also: kokDu5m.
ukuSk C V. 1) To unravel, come
loose, come untied; MVaE. pa5Ti ukuS
}au. Her cummerbund has come
unraveled kirmcani ban ukuS }au.
The shoelace of her shoe has come untied.
2) To overflow from an aqueduct; OUW`
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umbuLk

u5ndru

umrik tC V. To open; MWaMij D. Caus:

umre5k. See also: zreThk. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
umrli tC Adj. Open; L E. dur
umrli. The door is open. Variant: umr.
umu5ru
umu5ru hik sC V. To quiet down,
to be comforted; MWa vzMil.
umu5ru ka5rik sD sC V. To quiet a
crying or sad person; MWar vzMil. a5yas
tan ku5a4ka cu5cu da5i, umu5ru ka5riu. The
childs mother nurses her child, and quiets
his crying. Syn: ba}a5r ka5rik; dilasa5
ka5rik; hard dek; hawsala5 dek.
-un park - Vsfx. Passive. ta5sa ghe5ri
brbo c4ho43%i hu }o5on, bo ke5sman bribo
gri, kha5rca kar-un paru. Until walnuts
harvest comes again, walnuts will be taken
and used for many purposes. o5nja moc
sapra5-un paru day. Now men can be
found (for work). Restrict: This occurs on
the verb root or after the causative suffix.
See also: -o5nu hik.
-una dek o DC- Vsfx. Permission; MVaWdm Wa.
a5ma nis-una dek. We will let him sit
down. [This phrase is suffixed to the root
of the verb or the causative suffix.] Syn:
-una Lase5k.
-una Lase5k | D- Vsfx. Permission; WaMVaWdm. a5ma nis-una Lase5k. We will let
him sit down. Restrict: This phrase is
suffixed to the root of the verb or the
causative suffix. Syn: -una dek.
u5ndru spC Adv. Downhill from speaker;
hkVdWa. Restrict: This forms the root of
words like undruha5k and undruhala.
Reversive: puchu5m uphill from speaker.
Variant: o5ndru.
undruha5k ik C DspC V. To come
down; MWaN hkVdWa. Reversive: puchu5m
park to go up.

umbuLk MC V. 1) To be possessed by
a spirit; MWa mil _WX. [This is used to
refer to a shamans action when possessed.
During this time he will prophesy about the
future.] 2) To be angry; MWa KV. a5bi
barnaha5ka khe3 gho3%i umbuL a? Why
have you become angry for no reason?
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
u5mbur sMC N. Age, life, span of life; r.
du b}i {e ponj ha5waw u5mbur, ta5sa
p}tyaka ta }au. At the age of 25 it was
time for him to be taken back. Proverb:
drga phond, drga u5mbur. Long path,
long life. See also: maja5r. From: Arabic.
u5mbar {e maja5r sD\D w sDMC N. Long
prosperous life; nWaqs. Syn: zindag.
u5mbur park sDP sMC V. To grow
old; MWaqrs r. tuS mo5cay ho5ma wa5way
u5mbur para5w. da5day u5mbur para5w.
ho5ma u5mbur para5w. Our grandfathers
grew old in poverty. Our fathers did as
well. We ourselves, as well.
ume5t VC N. Hope; nVdDL. may ume5t }au
ki ande5y biricio tu }e3he3 ne ba5ta his.
It is my hope that from now on you will
not be like this. Variant: ome5t. From:
Persian.
ume5t ka5rik sD VC V. To hope; nVdH@L
MWar. khoda5yas pi ume5t ka5rim day, a5bi
a5statik pruST taza5 a5sa. We hope before
God that you may be well too. Restrict:
The person in whom hope is placed is
marked by pi from.
umetwa5r sCUC Adj. Pregnant; Mi. Lit:
hopeful. se umetwa5r thi a5au. She is
pregnant. Syn: oSwa5Li; gra5nu; uzurda5r
hik; dur gehe5n. See also: hala5un park.
umre5k tC V. To open; MVa. na45i
umra5i. Open the lock! Reversive: ban,
band ka5rik to shut; Syn: zreThe5k;
Onset: ba4K suddenly. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
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undu5r

uphue5k

undruha5k DspC Adv. Downward

direction; hkVdWa. undruha5k mo
uchund. }uru5as. Dont go down! You
will fall. Reversive: puchuma5k upward
direction. Morph: undru-ha-k.
undruhakala DDDspC
Adj.
Descending, downhill; r hkVdWa. a
phond undruhakala. This path goes
downhill.
Reversive:
puchumala
ascending; Ant: c4o5ktu; uprali. Morph:
undru-ha-k-ali-a.
undu5r spC N. Section of aqueduct where
water enters from river; y Mij ij
VXVa M Wa ,__ MWZMij MVd VdxWZ MWY. Da5ran
ta {a5yani urdu5r ha5i }au. The entrances
to the aqueducts are washed away by the
flood. urdu5r chaLa5i {ay halm c4he5tray
ha5tya. After making the entrance section
Ill make the aqueduct go along to the
fields. Use: chaLe5k to make. Variant:
hundu5r.
-uni Vsfx.
1) Instrument
(the
instrument form of the verb). ja43
dru5Kk-uni. Walnut kernel mashing
instrument. bribo5 bi}a5-uni. Walnut
cracking stone. Restrict: This phrase is
suffixed to the root of the verb or the
causative suffix. 2) Adjectivizer. uk
rita5-uni kunDo5k. Container for pouring
water (lit: water pouring container).
Variant: -huni.
uKgu}e5k C V. To anger or excite
men; MWam KV. Restrict: Objects are
always human. See also: uguZe5k. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
uKgu5}ik C V. To get angry and
excited; MWa KV. Restrict: Humans are
the actors.
upa5c4ik hDPC V. 1) To pull out weeds,
gather grass; MWaquMDL. moc yaw mndray
uk lase5l, yaw khas upa5c4iu. A man
either irrigates his fields or pulls out the

weeds. Syn: uphue5k; chaLe5k. See also:

upuc4k. 2) To open (mouth, eyes, book,
container), take a cap off a bottle; MVa.
kita5p upa5c4i. Open the book! Syn:
biho3ce5k; biZge5k; Reversive: kha43%ik to
shut. 3) To turn over bread baking on the
fire; MWaqMWZDL. Etym: *utpaTyati is burst
open T-1809.3, 14305. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
upaLa5k DPC N. Spider; ru. Gen: go5ik
phawa5Tik insect. Variant: upaLa5;
phawla5k (Urtsun). Etym: utpa2taka- a
kind of animal T-1821.
upha5ik DPC V. To wrap oneself; MWaqu@L. a
{il gri upha5am. I will wrap myself in a
blanket. Instr: upha5uni a blanket or cloth
cover. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
upho5ni PC N. Cover for a utensil, lid;
o. Dim: upho5nyak place.
upho5ni dyek o PC V. To cover
something; MVaWdm o ,MWaM MVao. Syn:
biw dyek.
upho5ni upre5k tPC PC V. To
uncover something; MVaW`DL MVao.
upho5r dyek o sPC V. To celebrate
over killing an enemy; WaqM zm
MVaWdm OSm d zil. }ase5 na}awa5w
moc, kakbo5y na}a5io upho5r praw. The
man who killed the leopard afterward made
a celebration. taLa5yo ko para5? se tay
{u5io nisu. }a5ma gho43 kakbo5y na}a5io
upho5r dikwe5w dyen. Why did you go
there? He (the slayer) having eaten you sits
there. This song men will sing while the
leopard killer is giving the feast. [This
involves skinning the leopard, putting the
skin on a pole and dancing. It also involves
feasting the village.] Gen: namu5s merit
feast.
uphue5k PC V. To pull out, take off;
MWaqMWZDL. po5stani jac uphua5i. Take the fur
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uphuik

uskuse5k

off the skin. Syn: chaLe5k; upa5ci4 k. Prdm:

Causative I (sawze5k).
uphuik PC V. To fall out (of hair),
shed; MWaruij )MWX(. pac4h%ikas pac4h uphu
paro5n. The birds feathers have completely
fallen out. may pa5yan jac uphu khul
ha5wan bada5ik baS. My goats hair is
finished shedding, I must cut their hair.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
uprali CtPC Adj. Steep, precipitous
(ascending); Mruik. upra5ili a5sa phond.
That path is steep. Syn: puchumala;
c4o5ktu; Ant: undruhakala.
upra4hu43%yak DItPC N. Chakkor, quail or
grouse-like bird, partridge; dV`W.X Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
upre5k tPC V. To pick up something
inanimate, take up something inanimate;
MWaMW`DL. kita5p upra5i gri may de. Pick up
the book and give it to me! Anim: uSTe5k to
pick up something animate. Etym:
u5dbharati
raises
T-2038. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
upuc4k hPC V. 1) To open up, to split
apart, peel up; MWaruDL. ec upuc4o5n, aKga5
ha5waw. His eyes opened, and he became
alert. }uLa5 upuc4a5w. The wood split apart.
Caus: upa5c4ik; Syn: biho3%cik. 2) To come
out, emerge (of a large group or object);
MVaWa. biru ganDa5Luna hatya saw moc
upuc4 paro5n. All the men emerged from
the valley and went to celebrate the
ganDa5w custom in Birir. Syn: draSnk.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
upue5k PC V. 1) To kindle a fire; MWaij.
aKga5r upua5i. Light a fire! Syn: phuS
upue5k. 2) To turn on a light; )hjWX(
MWaij. Etym: utpa2dayati produces,
begets T-1814.3. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
upu5ik PC V. 1) To burn; MVaij. aKga5r
upu5aw day. The fire is burning. 2) To

flash, to shine brightly as though burning;

Lo4hSTas pac4h upu5aw day. The
pheasants
feather
shines
brightly.
kundue5yak upu5aw day. The lightning
bug is shining. Syn: cimkik; candre5k.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
upuLk PC V. To fly; MWaquDL. tsire3% upuLu
day. The parrot is flying. Variant: uprmis
(Urtsun). Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
upu5nik PC V. 1) To winnow; r V`WY

MVaik.

@L MyWX q@L wWaWY vM y d WaLm

MWar. moc treha43%Kki gri, tuS upu5nin.

Men take a pitchfork and throw up straw to

winnow it. Instr: treha4K
%3 ki pitchfork.
2) To mix tea or milk by pouring; mm(
MVaikDL ). ku4nj gri c4hir upu5nin. They
take a ladle and mix the milk. Syn: ukdo5k
ka5rik; Instr: ku4n
j ladle. Etym: u5tpuna2ti
cleanses T-1827. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
urte5k TsC V. To finish (to work and
finish something left undone); MWar LqWY.
a}ek har ku5ra ka5i urte5k ne bha5an.
Not everyone can court someone and finish
it off. a da5das krom ka5i urta5aw. He
was able to finish up the work his father
was doing. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
urtk TsC V. To return, come back; wWYL
MWaN OU ,MWaN. Idiom: may ja5a juan a5ci
urt }au. My wifes youth has come
back again.
uruD qsC N. Ururi village in Birir Valley;
M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
urume5k sC V. To smother someone;
MWar nVaWX wWaMy. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
urumk sC V. To smother; nVaWX wWaMy
MWa. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
usku5rdi os|C Adj. Short, small; ,MW`ik
VZhl. Syn: tsha5tak; chu5tyak; tsan; Ant:
drga; druKga5r. From: Khowar.
uskuse5k ||C V. To excite a dog to
attack or fight, to sic on; MWaMxDL. he45ru pe
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uskusk

MLrik mL.

on haw, }o43%a uskusa5i. If a thief comes,

sic the dogs on him. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
uskusk ||C V. To attack someone;
MWar i. }o43%a ta5sa ha5tya uskusu day.
The dog is attacking him. Restrict: The
object is marked by ha5tya to. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
uspu5k Q|C Adj. Dishonorable, having a
bad reputation; MWa nWX ,OSrs _WX. See also:
bey-iza5t.
uspu5k ka5rik sD Q|C V. To degrade
someone, embarrass, shame, dishonor; _WX
MWar OSrs. tu may mo5can ru5aw uspu5k
a5ri. You embarrassed me in front of
people. Syn: dire5k; bey-iza5ti ka5rik.
ustra5w bat SDL CtU|C N. The lower
grinding stone in a mill; L hkVdWa M ik
OUMWY. Syn: no4 wat; Whole: {ont, {ontr
water-mill.
ustre5k tU|C V. To spread out or lay
down; MWaMhkWX ,MWaVdWY. [Things like
bedding or cloth can be spread out.] Syn:
biZge5k. Etym: *upastarati covered T2269. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
ustra5uni CtU|C N. Bedding; ,MWahkIWX
d ZxWX. Syn: bistara5.
ustra5w ka5rik sD CtU|C V. To make a
place for sleeping; MWaMhkWX ZxWX.
ustra5w CtU|C N. Bed; ZxWX. Etym:
*upastr0ta spread over T-2269.3.
ustru4%3 tU|C N. Hips; MD. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. Etym: s5ro2N
% i- hip and loins,
buttocks T-12729.
ustu5ak CU|C N. A kind of wild animal
with long tail, marmot; Vaij MVaVZij WX
qWaMij. [Morgenstierne suggests these are
marmots--a black and red animal about
the size of a cat.] Gen: bhero{anda5r
wild animal.
ustu5i U|C N. Ustui, a mountain farm of
Rumbur or Bumburet; PSWdqVXWX q@L qVXWdq

uSS

[There are actually two

Ustui farms, one belongs to Brun in
Bumburet and the other to Kalasha Grom
in Rumbur.] Gen: son summer pasture.
ustu5r sU|C N. Acne, pimples; ik
WaLm. Syn: }oTha5yak. See also: paha5rik;
ta{ya5n.
usuagn, usuagnD rC|C ,C|C N.
Afternoon, about 1:30-4 p.m.; HOQr
PS M WY y OQMVZN. Whole: bas1 day.
Variant: usugn; usuagnDa. Etym:
ghaNTa2- bell T-4421.
u}uphe5k PC V. To persuade someone
to do something against their will, entice,
tempt; MVaWdm m ,MWaxEWY. a5sa moc }a5La
istr{a ja ka5rikas ba5ti u}upha5aw.
awe5lo ne than dman a5is. That man
persuaded the girl to marry him. At first
she did not agree with him. [This comes
from Khowar and has the underlying
meaning of causing to do wrong.] Syn:
}ure5k; i}lage5k; phire5k. From: Khowar.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
u}uphk PC V. To be persuaded (to
do wrong); MWaN d m. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
uS hik C V. To become very sick
and frightened; MWa ru V`Waq. [This
sickness makes a goat stand motionless
and the hairs around its muzzle stand out.]
uSe5ti hik UC V. To become
paralyzed or useless; MWa qrs. }a5se pay
ek khu5rani uSe5ti thi a5au. That goat has
become paralyzed in one leg.
uSk C V. To hang something up;
MWaMV`. Syn: Lape5k. Etym: *avas5rayati
leans from T-856; u5pas5rayati leans
against T-2254. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
uSS C N. 1) Top or upper portion of
an entity; rWY@L ,ij ijqm nVaWX ,ik
ij . CPart: prago5 lower portion;
Whole: }en bed. 2) Pillow, cushion;
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uSpu5K

uTkik

WaM. Syn: brasn. Etym: *ut-s5r Sa-

stha2ti stands up T-1900.1, 1907. Prdm:

Class 1 (ka5rik).
uSTu5 YC N. Rock salt; rVZWY M Wa.
utra5kik CtTC V. To tear; MWaquMWY. Syn:
udha5Lik. Etym: *Tukk- cut, break T5466.
utre5k tTC V. To feel cold (in hands or
feet); MVa m ,MWar vxh m.
baza5 utra5an. My hands felt cold. Prdm:
Causative I (sawze5k).
utrukk tTC V. To split, tear apart;
MVaV`WY. a }u5La utruku. rha }u5La ne
utruku. This wood splits. Cedar wood
does not. Syn: udhuLk; Caus: utra5kik.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
uts
kC N. Spring; zik. u5tsani uk.
Spring water. Etym: u5tsa- spring of
water T-1869.
utso5k lC N. Spring water; MWY M zi.k
u5tsani u5gas kay, utso5k gho5an. They
call water from a spring, utso5k.
utsu5n lC N. Urtsun valley south of Birir;
mL WdL LZik. [This is near Drosh
where the southern dialect of Kalasha is
still spoken.] Resident: utsu5ndia resident
of Urtsun.
utsunda DplC N. Resident of Urtsun;
L Vaq M EikqDL. Variant: utsund.
uT WC N. Camel; PUWaDL. Gen: Lotpo5Kgi class
of large-legged animals. Etym: u5STrabuffalo, camel T-2387.
uTike5k XC V. 1) To lift an animal over
a barrier; MWaLr qMWY. 2) Cause or enable to
jump; MWaL Waik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
uTkik XC V. 1) To jump or leap, to
jump over something; MWaM Waik. 2) To
pop (of popcorn), to jump out (of sparks);
MWaquDL ,MWaM Waik. dhan uTkau day.
The corn is popping. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
uTkikan bat SDL DXC N. Stepping
stones; rVZWY M WaM Waik.

one
who has raised his head T-1853.
uSS dyuni o C N. Pillow;
WaM ,VdWZ. Syn: brasn.
uSS ka5rik sD C V. To pillow
ones head; MWaMVaWX WaM. brasn gri uSS
ka5rim. I will pillow my head on a pillow.
uSpu5K QC N. Mustache; ik. Syn:
samla5t. Variant: guch (Urtsun). Etym:
*phuKga- mustache T-9083.
uST
ZC N. 1) Lip; PUWa. Whole: jhan,
jhand body; Syn: uSTpo5st. 2) Muzzle of
an animal; aWZWZ. Variant: uS. Etym:
o2%STha- lip T-2563.
u5STan ka5rik sD DYC V. To signal
with ones lips; MWar qMyzHL y Va. See
also: i}a5ra ka5rik; niSa5n ka5rik; e5can
ka5rik; ha5stan ka5rik.
uSTpo5st V|QYC N. Lip; PUWa ,PQ. Lit:
lip skin. Syn: uST.
u5STak DYC N. End, corner, point; ,LH
LqMVa. rajhu5k u5STak The end of a rope.
c4het u5STak. The corner of a field. {ay
u5STak. The end of a water channel. Syn:
awa5tik.
uSTe5k YC V. 1) To pick up something
animate, cause to stand, awaken; ,MWaMW`DL
MWaMruik. su5da atro5aw pe haw, mo
uSTa5i. If the child cries, dont pick him up!
Inan: upre5k to pick up something
inanimate; Syn: Te k
5 ; aKga5 hek; buje5k.
2) To deliver a baby; MWar mn d VaVaij.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
u5STik YC V. 1) To climb, to ascend,
stand up; MVaW`DL ,MVaruik. dhenta5una u5STim.
I will climb up into the mountain. Syn:
puchu5m pa5rik; Reversive: uchundk to
descend; Onset: pat quickly; Daz
quickly. 2) To get up out of bed or from a
lying down position; MWaN rMWX y ZxWX.
Reversive: dhrak dek to lie down.
3) Wake up; MVaMij. Syn: bu5jik. Etym: *ut327

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uza5kik

u4gu5ik

uza5kik CuC V. 1) To throw away, throw

out, spill; MVaWdpWaDL ,MWaLr. go5zdum uza5ki.
Throw out the trash! Idiom: uk uza5kio im
I will relieve myself and come back (lit:
having scattered water I will come). 2) To
scatter, to sow; MWaWX ,MWarVdWX. Syn:
uc4ha5rik.
uza5kiLa CuC Adj. Spilled; L MWdLrH. ta5sa
uza5kiLa c4hir. The milk which he spilled.
uzukk uC V. To spill (of liquid or dry
goods); MWaMij rH )M d WaLm q@L MWY(.
c4hir uzuka5w. The milk spilled. Proverb:
c4hir pe uzuka5w haw, ne c4hirki, ne
c4hirgu5li. If the milk is spilled, we cannot
get it back (lit: If the milk is spilled it is
neither chicken nor chicks); Caus:
uza5kik. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
uzuku5na DuC Adj. Spilled; e rH.
phu5}ak uzuku5na c4hir {u day. The cat is
drinking the spilled milk. Variant:
uzukna.
uzu5r
uzu5r ka5rik sD suC V. To take it easy,
quiet down, relax; MWar LqN. uzu5r ka5i
nis, ko pa5ris day. Take it easy, sit
down, why are you going?
uzur suC Adj. Peace, well-being; ,@L
PSWddil ,y. ka no45a mon la baya?
hi} kia ne, uzur. Any new news
brother? Not a bit, everythings fine. Syn:

aphia5t; aram; suku5n; sukla5t; ama5n;

sarajam; khayr.
uzurda5r hik sCosuC V. To become
pregnant; MWa y i. se uzurda5r thi
a5au. She has become pregnant. Syn:
gra5nu; umetwa5r; dur gehe5n; oSwa5Li hik.
See also: hala5un park; jahitrum.
u{a5t ka5rik sD SCwC V. To pressure
someone to do something, stress
something; MWar nVdMWZ. a to u{a5t ka5i
kala5m o5nika hu5ti a5is. I pressured him to
get a pen.
u{luhe5k wC V. To injure, hurt; OUik
MWaN OUik ,MWaM. baza5 pe u{luha5i a5ini
haw, mum kha5San. If they have injured
their arms, they rub them with beeswax.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
u{luhk wC V. To get injured, hurt;
MVa OUik. may baza5 u{luh }au. I
injured my arm. [This kind of injury is
quite serious such as dislocation or
bruising.] Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
u{u4i5 wC N. Pick with a short handle;
LnD. a5sa u{u45i gri ko5ciu day. Hes
digging with a pick. [This is typically used
by women for cultivating.] Use: no4ho5n
ka5rik to hoe, cultivate; Use: ko5cik to
dig; Gen: aspa5p tools.
u{u4k wC N. Cricket; rVaVdij. Gen:
go5ik phawa5Tik insect; Sound: ba5}ik to
chirp, sing.

u4
u4gu5ik C V. To chip a millstone to
repair it; MVayzLrWZ rVZWY M ik. a {ontr

u4gu5ika parm day. Im going to repair

the millstone. Instr: nigho5n chisel.

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wa5di

waktama5ya

w
oC Adv. Nevertheless, even then; rWY
WX. se tay ha5tya bo kahar a5is. wa5di

\C V. To watch, look after, guard;

MVaWdm WY. may suda5as wa5jas. Watch my

wa5di

wa5jik

tay ne pa45aw. He was very angry at you.

Nevertheless he didnt hit you.
wa5di a5sta DU|C oC Adv. Nevertheless;
WX rWY. a ponj c4hat uk pi a5am, wa5di
a5sta Da5han ka5riu day. kimo5n c4hat
a5sta ware5k pim haw? I drank water five
times; nevertheless, I am still thirsty.
However many more times must I drink?
wa5di be5 L oC Id. Better; ZWX LquWZ.
ta5sa pay La5ndra a5ini, a5jo wa5di be. His
goats were sick, now they are better. See
also: be.
wagda5 CpC N. Promise; n. Syn: ka5ul.
Variant: wakda5. From: Arabic.
wagda5 ka5rik sD CpC V. To promise;
MWar n. a tay som wagda5 ka5i a5as,
o5nja wagda5 pu5ra a5ris. I promised you,
now I have kept my promise. Restrict: The
indirect object is marked by som with.
Syn: ka5ul ka5rik.
wagda5 pu5ra ka5rik sD CsP CpC V. To
keep a promise; MWaMVXWa n.
wage5ra CtC N. And so on, et cetera; d.
From: Arabic.
wa5ja D\C N. Reason; ijA. a ka wa5ja?
What is the reason for this? Syn: bana5. See
also: wajahe5n. From: Arabic.
wajahe5n \C N. Means, source, reason;
y ij. ta5sa wajahe5n may krom
ha5waw. Because of him I got work. See
also: wa5ja.
wajhe5k \C V. To aim at something;
MVaVd WaMxzWa. a tupe5k wajhe5s e, kakbo5y
paLa5is. When I aimed the gun the leopard
ran away. Syn: bhcik. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).

child! Syn: waL hik; waL park; pa5yra

ka5rik. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
wak C N. Price; PSVd. tay gak may
ha5tya wak ka5ri. How much do you want
for your cow? Syn: kre; kima5t. From:
Khowar.
wakhajam D\DC
Adv.
Suddenly,
unexpectedly; Vd ,WaMik@L. pa5Lak
dramani
uchunda5i,
wakhajam
mu5cau. Bring the grain off the roof, it may
suddenly rain. Syn: nagaha5ni.
wakhok C V. To bark and make a
racket; MVaWaWX. }a5sa }o43%a ek dara5kuna
wakhou day. a5}io ne li}a5u day. That
dog barks continually. He never closes his
mouth. [This term is used negatively to
describe a needlessly noisy dog.] Syn:
ra5ik; }aK ka5rik; Jac4h hik; Actor: }o43%a
dog. From: Khowar. Prdm: Class 4
(nisk).
-wa5ki C- Sfx. Harvest season; M VaWY
. drac4-wa5ki Grape harvest season.
paLaw-wa5ki. Apple harvest season.
[-wa5ki refers to anything that is picked to
harvest it. Letr, in contrast, refers to
anything that is cut to harvest it.] Syn: Let.
See also: ho4. Variant: -eki.
wa5kia DC N. Matter, event, happening;
L. ka wa5kia ha5waw? What
happened? Variant: wa5kya. From: Arabic.
wakoke5 C N. The Wakoke clan of
Rumbur; VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen:
kam1 clan. Variant: wakokya5.
waktama5ya DDDUC Adv. Once upon a time;
__ r M m WdL. Syn: ka5ymina
ka5ymina; wakt.
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wa5kti

wapha5

wa5kti UC Adv. 1) Once, one time, once

upon a time; __ r M m WdL. wa5kti
tara5 biyaba5nuna uk c4hu5c4hu hu5La e,
madra5k ma5iLa ki, yardu5s a5ta payrana5k
nihm day. One time there in the forest,
when the water dried up, the frog said,
Friend, I am going across to the other
side. Syn: waktama5ya; ka5ymina
ka5ymina. 2) On time; rWY PS gVdhV.
ho5ma wakt ta5ra {aLe5li, phato
tramaSu5K hu. We need to get there on
time because it will become dark.
wa5kum hik C V. To become
worried about something; MWa mrsil.
paysa may ne den gho3%i, se moc
peri}a5n thi wa5kum ha5waw. Thinking
that they would not give him the money he
began to worry. tu wa5kum mo ha. tay
dec khut tay dem. Dont worry. I will
pay your debt in any case.
wal C N. Pity; vrWZ. goT moc mo
awaca5i, wal. Dont tease crazy people,
(you should) pity (them).
wal dek o C V. To feel sorry, to pity;
MWaN vrWZ. }o43%a na}aikwe5w pa}i, may
sak wal praw. When I saw them killing
the dog, I felt very sorry. Syn: aSka5 dek;
gam {uk.
wal C N. Curse; Mm nWX. wal tay griu,
ware5gin sudo5n mo tye. Dont hit other
peoples children, a curse will fall on you.
tay wal griu. pillak mo na}a5i.
khoda5y kapha5 hu. Dont kill the ants. A
curse will fall on you. God will be upset.
Do: grik to fall on.
waL C N. Protection; PSMi. ShuraLa5
ta5sa mo5as hatya waL pa5i a5sau. Shurala
went to herd his maternal uncles herd.
Etym: pa2la5- protector T-8125.1.
waL hik C V. To be a guard or
protector; MWar PSMi. tu may du5ras

waL ha. Guard my house! Syn: waL park;

pa5yra ka5rik; wa5jik.
waL park sDP C V. To go to shepherd
or guard a flock; q@L MWaMij _hkVdWY
MWar PSMi. waL paru. He will go to
shepherd his flock. Syn: waL hik; wa5jik;
pa5yra ka5rik; Actor: waLmo5c shepherd.
Etym: pa2la5yati guards, protects T-8129.
waL C N. Goatherds work; MWX .
waLmo5c cC N. Goatherd, protector;
Mh ,MLrik. Etym: avipa2la5shepherd T-893; ajapa2la5- goatherd T151.
-wa5La C- Sfx. One who has a great deal of
something; L ,qLm. pay-wa5La. A person
who has lots of goats. au5-wa5La. A person
who has lots of bread (wealth). c4hr-waLa
pay. A milking goat. From: Urdu.
waLe5yin C N. 1) The place where the
livestock graze, pasture; MWX ,MLrik
ij. wale5yinay aktia5t ka5ra kakbo5y
draZni a5au. naga pay {u. In the high
pastures be careful because the leopard has
come out. He may eat the goats. [This
word has reference specifically to
livestock.] Syn: son. 2) The time of
watching the livestock; Lqm MWX .
waLghu43%i C N. Shepherds wool or
goathair cloak; ik DL M _Lrik. Syn:
ghu43%i. See also: paTighu4i%3 .
wa5Lik C V. To wait, stay; MWar qMVZWaHL.
adhe5k wa5Li la. Wait a little please. a tay
wa5Lim day. I am waiting for you. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).
wam C N. Genital area (of male or female);
VVhl MV@L. See also: wa4.
wapha5 DPC N. Loyalty, faithfulness; M.
istri{a5as pi wapha5 ne. A woman is not
to be trusted (lit: no faithfulness from a
woman). From: Arabic.
waphada5r sCoDPC Adj. Loyal, faithful,
trustworthy; qLmM. margha5so waphada5r.
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war

wa}lm

cila5ay bic4hiru. The jonquil is the faithful

one. It blossoms in the cold season. Ant:
bey-wapha5.
war1 sC N. Turn in an activity or game;
qMWX. war wa5runa. Turn by turn. b}i
bas chaman ka5rik. may war, a nism
go5STay. I will take my turn to go to the
barn and make cheese for twenty days.
Syn: ghont; pho. See also: payra5. Variant:
war. From: Pashto.
war2 sC N. Language; MWXq.s kaLaSwa5r. The
Kalasha language. khowa5r. The Kho
language (Chitrali). Syn: mon. From:
Khowar.
wara5k CsC N. Page of a book; q. From:
Arabic.
wa5ra} CsC N. Hawk, falcon; qsMWX. [The
Khowar word for this bird is yu5ru{.] Gen:
pac4h%yak bird.
ware5k sC Adj. Another, other; ,q@L
Lm. Morph: ware5g. Etym: a5paraposterior T-434.
ware5go ka D sC Intj. What else?
(Yes, of course!); MVd q@L. ware5go ka.
Yes, of course! [This is said in response to
statements like, Is that right?]
ware5}a DsC Adv. The day after tomorrow;
yrWY. See also: o5nja today. Variant:
war; ware5} (Urtsun (Tu)). Etym:
aparas5vas the day after tomorrow T438.
warido5m psC N. Waridom village in Birir
Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
warn sC N. The chief spirit being of Birir
Valley; VZyzr LruWX y PQy M rWdrWX mL.
[He is most feared, having great power to
destroy.] Gen: baS {ua5w spirit beings.
Variant: wern. Etym: *apare2ndraunrivalled Indra T-444.
warkatha5 DTDsC Adj. Worried, afraid,
frightened; MxzWdrWY. may pa5}i warkatha5

ha5waw. When he saw me he appeared

frightened.
warkatha DTDsC N. Worry; MxzWdrWY.
ta5sa warkatha aSa5Taw. He became very
worried.
warke5Ti YsC N. Receptacle made from
bark for maturing or aging cheese; PSilqm

Mq rVdVaWY Vd wij WXo L MVaWX y Mik

__ MWZ Mij. [Nowadays these are also made

of tin.] Matl: pho4 birch wood; bew

willow.
was ka5rik sD {C V. To give a speech;
MWar rWdrWZ ,MWar . se ru5aw cSTi
mo5can kay was ka5riman a5is. Standing
up front he was giving a speech to the
people. Syn: takrr ka5rik; Gen: ma5trik to
say; gho3%ik to say. Morph: waz ka5rik.
From: Arabic.
wa5sa D|C N. Means, wealth; ,wWX ,Wdqqs
PSm. ta5sa mo5cas ka wa5sa hu haw,
ta5sa istri{agu5a4kas awla5tan ha5tya iza5t
ka5riu. If that man has the means, he will
respect the girls relatives. Syn: cara5.
Variant: wa5tsa.
wasia5t SD|C N. 1) Historical traditions or
legends; PSVdV. 2) Counsel, advice given
to children by parents when they are about
to die; PShVdVWa. copamna parikwe5w
no45a ja5as wasia5t ka5rin. Tomorrow, when
its time to go, they will counsel the new
bride. Syn: nasia5t. From: Arabic.
wasila5 |C N. Weapons; qMVdVZ. Syn:
yara5k. From: Arabic.
waska5T WD|C N. Waistcoat, vest; PUyL.
From: English.
wa5sun |C N. Quiver; wzD rVdWZ. [These
were typically made of wood.] See also: }a4.
Etym: upa2sana- exercise in archery T2317.
wa}lm C N. Vaseline; VdxWd. From:
English.
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waS park

wa4klo5ti

waS park sDP C V. To split open; quLqm

MWaruWY. bho5njaw dya5i, zemn waS pa5i
}au. The ground split open from the
earthquake. Syn: kandra5k chik; zreThk.
waSwa5S C C Adj. Ragged; MWaLrWY MV`WY. se
waSwa5S pira5n samb a5is. He has put on
a ragged shalwar kamiz. Syn: lok; puru5t;
curcu5r; baze43% baze43%.
wat SC N. Time; PS. ka wat ha5waw?
What time is it? bo wat ha5waw. A long
time has gone by. wa5ktas tha5ra. On time.
Syn: muda5; Tem; ama5l. See also: zama5na.
Variant: wakt. From: Arabic.
wat Dhumbe5k Mq SC V. To waste
time; MWar WeMV PS.
wat tere5k tT SC V. To spend time;
MWaqLrs PS.
wat {a5Lik Cw SC V. To become ready
to give birth; MWaN PS M ikqs. ta5sa wat
{a5Li }au. Her time (to give birth) has
come.
waTa5k DXC N. The outer covering of a
walnut; MIik M OUril@L. Syn: Sa5LaS. See
also: ka5LaS. From: Khowar.
-waw C- Sfx. Watcher, agent; ,MLrik
Lq ,qLnVdik. a gak-wa5w. I am cow
watcher. }a kimo5n pu} e, pay-wa5w
ku5ak
4 ? This is how many generations, goatwatching boy? Restrict: This suffix can be
used with other nouns but is usually heard
those referring to livestock. For example:
ame4w
3 a5w sheep watcher.
wawa5 CC Intj. Come here! (a call to goats);
i _Vd WaWX vMWY VaWY@L WdrWX. Syn:
ku5lu ku5lu. See also: pay. Variant: wowa5.
wa5wa CC KT. 1) Grandfather (father of father
or mother); MWaMWa MWd LmLm. CPart: nawa5w
grandchild;
wa5waso
grandchild.
2) Granduncle (grandfathers brother); LmLm
MWaMWa MWd. CPart: nawa5w grandnephew or
grandniece. 3) Male ancestor; MWd LmLmrWY
MWaMWarWY.

N. Honored old man; qrsWX.

wa5waso |CC KT. Dear grandson or
granddaughter; WY ,MWZWY. Syn: nawa5w;
CPart: wa5wa.
waze5k uC V. 1) To wash someone or
help someone to wash; MWaWa. 2) To cause
to cross a body of water or a chasm; qMWY EWY
MWaLr. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
waze5k ka5rik sD uC V. To recount
truly, give faithful account, explain clearly;
MWar gVL. pruST waze5k ka5i mon pra.
You have spoken truly. Syn: were5k ka5rik;
Gen: ma5trik to speak; gho3%ik to speak.
wa5zik uC V. 1) Bathe, take a bath; MWaMWa.
Syn: ngik. 2) To swim; MWarVdWZ. tu aya5
apaw de, ko5ki tu5o u5guna wa5zikta ne
bha5as. You stay here because you cannot
swim. Syn: laws tyek. 3) To cross over a
body of water or a chasm by a bridge; EWY
MWar qMWY. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
wa5{ik hik wC V. To kiss the back
of hands in greeting (as spoken to
children); MVaVd yWX M hkWX. [The adult
form of this is sawa5{ik hik.] Syn: sawa5{
hik; khu5Ti dyek; i}paDe5k; has khaLe5k.
wa5Zik yC V. To destroy, tear down;
MWaLr ,MWaMo.
wa4
I N. Scrotum; ,_VdVEil. See also:
wam; bru5c4akani ka{o45i.
wa4k I N. Dirt, soil; nVa. % a wa4k, a5ma
mo cu5Ti. This is something dirty, dont
touch it.
wa4kl I N. Lawyer, representative,
agent; Vd. From: Arabic.
wa4klo5c
wa4klo5c hik cI V. To smell bad;
MWa qLm WXnWX. }ande5y kamra5ani wa4klo5c
hu day. A bad smell is coming from this
room. Syn: ghond dek. From: Khowar.
wa4klo5ti TI Adj. Dirty, unwashed, bad
smelling; nVa. Syn: naz; phalt;
ghusgha5p; Ant: pagiza5.
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wa45u

welo43%u

wa4u
5
I N. Measure of grain or walnuts
equal to four sawe5w; qs H Ky@L. [Four
sawe5w is about 80 kg.] See also: sawe5w.
wa3
C N. Place; ij. Syn: jayga5; thon.
wa3 ka5rik sD C V. To make room for
someone; MVaWdm ij. u5STi gaDe5rakas
ha5tya wa3 ka5ri. Get up and make room for
the elder!
wa3%una DC Adv. Instead of, in place of;
ij . we3ha5k pa5rikas wa3%una pre3ha5k
ga5La. Instead of going upstream, he went
downstream.
wa3c fC N. Small hour-glass shaped drum;
o. [This is made from ch{in pine,
kuhe5rik pine nut wood, or aZa45i
apricot. It is played with a larger drum
called a da3u5 for the Kalasha dances.]
CPart: da3u5 large drum. Variant: plonk;
plok (Rumbur); wac (Birir).
wa3i% k C V. 1) To fit; MWaN LqWY. ka5Lon
(may khu5ray) ne awa5an. The moccasins
did not fit (my feet). 2) To filter through;
MWa ilLm ,MVahkVaWY. ba5}ik (mu5Tay) wa3%iu
day. The rain is filtering through (the
trees). Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
wa3ts nC Adv. Level, even, smooth, safe,
easy; y ,MyN. se muT uSTkas ha5tya
wa3ts. That tree is easy to climb. Ant:
nawa3%ts. Variant: wats.
wa3ts hik nC V. To remain well, be
careful; y MVdm ,MWa MyN. wa3ts thi
pa5ri. May you have a good journey! [It
seems that wa3c hik is used with
intransitive verbs while wa3c ka5rik is used
with transitive ones.] Syn: pruST hik.
wa3ts ka5rik sD nC V. To do with care,
to do well; MWar VdW` ,MWar MyN. wa3ts
ka5i bribo5 c4o43%io, wa3ts thi uchund, tu
mco }uru5as. Carefully harvest the
walnuts, carefully come down, otherwise
you will fall for no reason. sicn wa3ts ka5i
c4hli thawa5yo mo. Harvest the jujube

well, dont leave any. Syn: pruST ka5rik;

gawr ka5rik.
we- - See main entry: we-...-u.
weaje5lu \D Adv. Out of season,
unseasonably; WY y PS. se tan so5ro
tupe5kan tya5i we-aje5l-u ana5}aw. He
shot himself with a gun and died before his
time. Morph: we-ajel-u. See also: ajel
death. Variant: wea{e5lu.
weberu5u tL N. Spinster, unmarried
woman; rsVdyzm. Syn: weso5ru; a5SiSa.
Morph: we-beru-u.
webho5su |L
Adj.
Naughty,
mischievous, uncontrollable; qLz. se
webho5su ha5waw. He is very naughty.
Morph: we-bhos-u.
wec4hru th Adj. Without milk; mEm
dWX . cay o5ni wec4hru. Bring tea
without milk. Morph: we-c4hir-u.
weha5si hik |D See main entry:
ha5si.
weja5u D\ Adj. Widowed or unmarried
and young (as referring to men); VdWX dWX
. a5sa weja5u moc. He is a widowed
man. [This can only be said of a young
man. When he is old he is called abado5i.]
Ant: jawa5La; CPart: weso5ru widowed;
weberu5u spinster; a5SiSa widowed.
Morph: we-ja-u.
wela5t S N. People of a valley or area, a
nation; L. pu5ra wela5t mumue5tay moc
bo saris a5tra. All people from the whole
valley of Bumburet gathered there. From:
Arabic.
wela5wu Adj. Unfruitful; VaWdm Wa WY
L. Ant: lawga5da; lawri. Morph:
we-law-u.
welo4u
%3 Adj. Without salt; Wa
dWX. pay welo4u%3 ha5wan. The goats need
salt. Syn: biaLe5w. Morph: we-lo43-u. See
also: we4kha5l.
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weLa5ju

we5way

weLa5ju \ Adj. Shameless; z _WX. te

bo weLa5ju moc. They are very shameless
men. Syn: bey-}a5rum; bahaya5. See also:
Lac.
wenarie5k sD N. Residents of the upper
part of a village; rWYEDL M ij
d VZq r . CPart: prenarie5k
residents of lower part of a village.
wena5stu U|D Adj. Noseless, having
damaged nose; MV` MWa , MWa dWX. bo
mon mo de. wena5stu }a. Dont talk a
lot. You are like a person without a nose.
we5naw D Morph: we3-aw. See main
entry: we3.
wer t N. Reign; PSVay. Proverb: su5da
we5rani, Lu5i wer. The reign of a child is a
bloody reign.
wera5n ka5rik sD Ct V. To bother,
disturb, annoy; MWar VaWZ. har chaT ka
ne ka gha5Timan may wera5n ka5ris
day. All the time you are asking for
something or other and bothering me.
were5k t Adj. 1) In view, visible; rWa
VaMy . dhe5nta ho5ma ha5tya were5k
}an. The mountains are in plain view.
Ant: pacha5n; Syn: pa}u5nyak; dre3S;
jhona5wak. 2) Known; MWaMhkWY MWaMij. ra5so
were5k ha5waw. The secret became known.
Syn: jhona5wak.
were5k hik t V. To become
easy to see, appear; MWa MVd. ToK no45a ek
moc wire5k tho, pi}tya5k khe3 ha5waw
haw? The man appeared under the pear
tree, how did he disappear again? Syn:
payda5 hik; e5ca hik.
were5k ka5rik sD t V. 1) To bring
into plain view; MWa VaMy ,MWar MVd.
}a5ma kita5p may ha5tya were5k ka5ri,
may ha5tya pacha5n thi }au. Show me
this book, it is hidden from my sight. Ant:
pacha5n ka5rik. 2) To explain, make clear;
MWaMhj. Syn: waze5k ka5rik; ko5nDik.

wes ~ N. 1) Medicine; Lm. e5caw wes.

Eye medicine. 2) Gunpowder; mqMWX. may
kasakdaru5 bo }i}o5yak. aya5 wes grLa
ne hu. My gunpowder is very good. Here
it will not get wet. Morph: wez.
wez ka5rik sD v V. 1) To cure
someone of sickness; MWar rW^@L Lm. }a
dawa may ha5tya wez a5raw. This
medicine made me well. 2) To stop
someone from doing something, harass;
MWaruVdik ,MWar il. wez mo kari, {u5ori.
Dont try to stop him, let him eat. Restrict:
The object is marked by kay to.
weso5ru s| Adj. Widowed; VdWX. a5sa
weso5ru istr{a. She is a widowed lady.
Syn: weberu5u; a5SiSa; CPart: weja5u
wifeless. Morph: we-sor-u. From:
Khowar.
we5ti U N. Behind; _hkVdWY. galu5tsun dur
we5ti }au. The hockey stick is behind the
door.
we5tyaw hik DU V. To hide
behind something; _hkVdWY rsVdik
MWaMij PREik. dur we5tyaw him day. I am
hiding behind the door. Morph: weti-aw
hik.
wetilgiri tU N. The Wetiligiri
high pasture belonging to Bumburet; mL
MLrik WdL d PSWdqVXWX. Gen: son
mountain pasture.
-wew - Vsfx. While, when, time; PS .
witrazik-wew. Dawn (lit: at the time of
scattering (sun rays)). parik-we5w. At the
time of going. Restrict: This suffix is
appended to the infinitive form of the verb.
Etym: ve2%la2- limit, boundary, time T12115.1.
we5way C KT. Brother-in-law (wifes
brother); My. CPart: jamo5w brother-inlaw (sisters husband). Variant: we5wi
(Urtsun (M)).
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weZnu5

wica5ik

weZnu5 z N. Garlic; . Variant:

vresnu5 (Urtsun).
we-...-u -...- Pfx. Without; _WX. we-a5t-u.
Without flour. we-lo43%-u Without salt.
we-za5-u.
Without
gravy,
sauce.
we-ta5ciK-u. Without footwear. [This
seems to be the more colloquial Kalasha
prefix for the Persian be.] Syn: bey-. See
also: we-ha5si (hik) without breakfast;
we4-kha5l without flavor/salt. Variant:
we-; we4-.
we4 hik V. To become completely
snowed in.
we4i5
N. Pouch on the front of a
womans dress above the belt; vzVd
ij WZq. [This pouch is made by
the abundant dress material blousing out
above the tight cummerbund. It is accessed
through the neck opening and is used to
store small things and food items.] Syn:
La4hn.
we4kha5l D Adj. Plain, without sugar or
salt, tasteless; MVdWY. Ant: ka4w
5 a2. Morph:
we khal. See also: welo4u
%3 ; biaLe5w.
we3
Adv. Upstream. Restrict: This word
has not so far been heard in isolation, but it
is posited as the form which underlies such
words as we5naw, we3a% , and we3ha5k. See
also pre3 downstream, for a similar
pattern. Reversive: pre3 downstream.
we3a% D Adv. Upstream; rWYDL mL
qm r. Reversive: pre3a% downstream.
Morph: we3-a.
we3%naw D Adv. From upstream, from up
the valley; y rWYDL mL. we3%naw thi
a5a? Did you come up from downstream?
batrkay we3%naw kraka45. Batrik is
upstream from Krakal. Restrict: This is the
same word as we3. In this case the
nasalization is realized as an n. Reversive:
pre3%naw from downstream. Morph:
we3-aw.

D Adv. Upstream a little ways;

r rWYDL mL. Reversive: pre3ha5k

we3ha5k

downstream a little ways.

we3S kare5k sD V. 1) To make a boy
a part of the world of men by dressing him
in a traditional woolen outfit and doing a
ceremony; q WdL M vzVd

qMz d VdmN ru d wij qLWZ

Vd qLyz Mil _Vd War
__ Mij WeMVaWY. te ta5sa suda5as weS

kara5an. They performed for the boy the

ceremony of becoming a man. [There are
two stages of this procedure observed
about three years apart. The first is called
ceLk sambie5k to dress in a shirt, the
second is called bhut sambie5k to dress in
pants. A boy is dressed in a shirt and
pants woven from wool, a sacrifice is made
for him, and he becomes o5njeSTa ritually
pure. From this time on he becomes a
member of the male community, he does
not eat from his mothers dishes, and he is
able to go to the cattle shed.] Part: ceLk
sambie5k to ceremonially dress a boy in
his first shirt; bhut sambie5k to
ceremonially dress a boy in his first pants.
2) To dress a girl in her first traditional
Kalasha womans dress and headdress;

d wij qLWZ q WdL M vzVd

Mil _Vd War qMz d WZq ru
__ Mij WeMVaWY Vd q@L W` . [A

girl only has one such ceremony.]

wicahe5k De V. To spell someone off
to let him rest; LqN Lqm M
MVaWdm. a may da5da wicahe5m. I will spell
my father off so he can rest. ho5ma to
wicahe5li. We must work in his place so he
can rest! Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
wica5ik e V. To rest from working; M
MWar LqN y. adhe5k wica5io krom ka5ri.
Take a little rest and then work. Syn: da5ma
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wiJwa5c4

wiTilk

wrwakta DUCt Adv. Anytime; WX

PS. wirwa5kta kay a5sta si. o5nja
park. Sew it anytime. We are going now.
wiswa5s hik {C} V. To feel afraid,
worried; MWaLX ij. may hard wiswa5s
hu day. I am really worried.
wi}arw}ar ka5rik sD sDsD V. To
scatter, cause to disperse; MWar ZIWX ZHWZ.
grast tha5ra dya5i pay wi}arw}ar kai
a5raw. The wolf attacked and scattered the
goats.
wiSe5k V. To boil; MVaMWXDL. may ja
ca5yas ha5tya uk wiSe5l day. My wife is
boiling the water for tea. Syn: haLe5k;
pace5k. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
wSik V. 1) To boil; MVaWXDL. uk wSau
day. The water is boiling. Syn: lochk.
2) To pulse, to throb; MVarum. ista5lak
wSau day. The fontanel is pulsing. 3) To
think highly of oneself; LruWX VeVdWZ VaWY@L
MVahj. to ka wSas day. Who do you
think you are? Restrict: This last example
is sometimes said by women who ignore a
man and walk off. Etym: *vis5ra2yati
boils
T-11960,
1940;
*vis5rapaboiling T-11946. Prdm: Class 2
(ma5trik).
witra5zik uCtU V. To dawn; Vayzq
MWa gVXV ,MVaVdWY. [See bitra5zik where the
basic meaning is to scatter. Dawn may be
conceived of as the sun scattering its light
or its rays.] Variant: bitra5zik.
witrazikwe5w uCtU N. Dawn, early
morning, daybreak; rWdy gVXV. Syn: su5ri
dikwe5w; Whole: bas1 day. Variant:
bitrazikwe5w; utrazigwe5w.
witrazikwe5w uCtU See main entry:
bitra5zik.
wiTilk Y V. To eat; MWaM MWaM. [This
verb is only used of people if you are not
pleased with the person to whom or about
whom it is spoken, or if you are joking.]

ka5rik; Caus: wicahe5k. Variant: bica5ik.

Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
bica5n DeL N. 1) The distance one
normally walks with a load before resting;
v. ta5sa grom, may gro5mani ek
bica5n de5}a }au. His village is one rest
stop distant from mine. [At each extremity
of a bica5n is a rock or other high
construction to rest ones load on.]
2) Section of a field; MWa WdL M Vdqs.
Variant: wica5n.
wiJwa5c4 gCa Adj. Untidy, disarranged; _WX
PQVdWZrWZ.
wik V. 1) To thread objects into a
necklace; MWarAWY. [Typical objects are
walnuts, apricot kernels, and beads.] 2) To
thread a needle; MVaLo )Mm d Wey(.
3) To pierce with a sharp instrument so as
to make a hole; MVaVdy. moc gonDa5k gri
monia5ni pu45ik win. Men take a stick and
pierce the leg of a skin bag. Prdm: Class 1
(ka5rik).
wile5k V. To cause to dry; MWaMEy.
Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
wilik V. To dry out; MVaEy. c4hetr
wilis pe haw, kiS ka5rim. If the fields
dry out I will plough. Restrict: This is used
only for objects like hands, body, clothes,
etc., not for things like food, leaves or
leather. Syn: Su5Sik. Prdm: Class 3 (a5sik).
wilu5na D Adj. Dry; L MEy. bronz
wilu5nyak. The lawn is dry. Variant:
wilu5nyak.
win N. Lightning bolt; hjWX MN.
indo5cik dya5i, DiDayu5K dya5i, win a5taw.
The lightning flashed, the thunder
thundered and the lightning bolt struck.
[The difference between win and indo5cik
is that indo5cik flashes across the sky, but
win strikes causing damage and fires.]
Syn: indo5cik; Do: pa5Lik to fall, strike.
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w|45yak
Syn: {uk; dho5mik. See also: tsa5kik.
Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).

w|45yak

D Adj. Full. Ant: khal2.

yawa5n

y
yad oD N. Remembrance, memory; mMWd. a5bi
saw may bo yad haLi day. I remember
you all very much (lit: you all become
much remembrance to me). From: Persian.
ya5di hik oD V. To remember; mMWd
MWaN. tay te mon may ya5di hin day. I
remember what you said. Syn: aKga5 hik;
pha5kum ka5rik.
-yak D- Sfx. Diminutive or endearment
suffix. [Whether this suffix denotes
smallness or endearment depends on the
users intent. The diminutive form occurs
typically on nouns and its form is not
perfectly predictable. Note the examples
below.]
Examples of -yak

su5da child
>
adhe5 some
>
cew dress
>
khur foot
>
chu daughter >
ec eye
>
pay goat
>
put son
>
ja
wife
>
ku5a4k child
>

suda5-yak small child

adhe5-k a little
ceL-k
small dress
khur-gik small foot
ju-ru5k
small daughter
ec-o5yak small eye
pay-a5kik small goat
putr-u5k darling son
ja-ya5kik darling wife
kua4t5 yak small child

yakn D N. Trust, belief; dWd. ta5sa tha5ra

may yakn. I trust him. Syn: bawa5r;
barosa5. From: Arabic.
yakn ka5rik sD D V. To trust
someone, believe in someone; MWar dWd.
se ta5sa tha5ra yakn a5raw. He trusted
him. Syn: barosa5 ka5rik; bawa5r ka5rik;
patik.
ya5ni D Adv. That is; aWd. ya5ni ta5sa ka
wa5sa hu haw, tan wa5sas mutabe5kuna

mal del. That is, whatever his wealth, one

gives according to his own wealth (for a
bride). Syn: la5ka. From: Arabic.
yar sD N. Friend; PSym ,qMWd. khoda5y yar.
Good-bye! (lit: God (is your) friend). See
also: dus; da5ri; malgri. From: Persian.
ya5ri sD N. Friendship; Zym. Syn:
yardu5sti.
yardu5s, yardu5st V|osD
,{osD N.
Friend; PSym qMWd. From: Persian.
yardu5sti U|osD N. Friendship; Zym.
tan mo5cuna bo yardu5sti, apaw dman
a5sta. There was great friendship between
them. Syn: ya5ri.
yarmo5c csD N. Friends, those who work
without pay; L War mn xVdWY dWX
qM mn , M.
yara5k CsD N. Weapons; qMVdVZ. ja5Kguna
ha5tya yara5k so5mata gri park baS. For
the fighting one must take weapons when
he goes. Syn: wasila5; Spec: bado5k axe;
pola5t battle axe; tupanca5 revolver;
rapa5l gun; tupe5k gun; tup cannon;
polita rifle; muka shotgun; gora
repeating rifle; yawba5ni single-shot
rifle. From: Turkish yaraq.
yaw D Cnj. Or; MWd. ka5as mo5cay mi}e5s
ne, yaw ka5as som paLaw his ne? Why
dont you mix with some other men or join
a milk-sharing cooperative with someone
else? Syn: kho5yo. From: Persian.
yawa5n CD N. Help; mn. Syn: mada5t.
yawa5n hik CD V. To be of help;
MWar mn. Restrict: Person helped is marked
with som with or ha5tya for. Syn:
mada5t hik.

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yawba5ni

zama5na

DLD N. Single-shot rifle; WdL

nVaWX . [This is not as powerful as a

yu5ru s N. Vein; q. Etym: hira2%- vein,

artery T-14113.
yuruba5n DLs N. Pulse; VXWa. yuruba5n
paTa5kaw day. (He) has a pulse. yuruba5n
ruph }au. (His/her) pulse has stopped.
yuruba5n jia5i. Check (his/her) pulse! Do:
paTa5kik to beat.
yu5ru} s N. Hawk, falcon; M WdL
qsMWX. [sayu5ru} is the blacker of the hawks.
The Kalasha word for this bird is wa5ra}.]
Gen: pac4h%yak bird; Syn: yunj. Morph:
yu5ru{. See also: sayu5ru}. From: Khowar.
yus ka5rik sD { V. To get sick in the
mouth from lack of salt; y Wa
MWa qMVdWX M qWaMij. may pa5yan yus
ka5riu day, Zar Zar lo43 o5ni gordo5kas
pu5tras. My goats are getting mouth
sickness, bring salt quickly, you son of a
donkey (you should have known better).
[This is said of goats and sheep and cows.
With the goats and cows it causes growths
to grow in their mouths and they cannot
eat. With sheep it happens in their liver. If
they are given salt it goes away.] Syn:
{a4Kgugo5k ka5rik.

yawba5ni

gora rifle.] Gen: tupe5k gun; yara5k

weapon; Use: tyek to shoot.
-yok - Sfx. Agent; L-. lawan-yo5k. A
liar. phand-yo5k. A deceiver. bihan-yo5k.
A fearful person.
yo5ru hik s V. To fool around, joke;
MWar L. kaha5ri mo ha, a mic yo5ru
him day. Dont be angry, I am only
joking.
yorwa5n Cs Adj. Hot (in the sense of
weather); r. a se kha5ca yorwa5n
mastru5k. This is a very hot month.
Restrict: This adjective only modifies the
words mastru5k month and a5dua day.
From: Khowar.
yowa5k C N. Residue, remainder, root
ends, source; ruij. Syn: isno5s; pu45ik. From:
Khowar.
yumo5 N. A type of white bean; nVdy
MVdWX. Gen: da4u5 beans.
yunj ^ N. A kind of hawk; M WdL
qsMWX. Gen: pac4h%yak bird; Syn: yu5ru}.

z
gravy, stew; ,My
any
kind
of
accompaniment to eat with bread like
curry, gravy, milk, stewed dry fruit, or
honey.] Degrad: cru5ka spoiled.
zahalu5m DCu Adj. Fierce; M. bo kha5ca
zahalu5m kakbo5y a5sta. He was a very
terribly fierce leopard. [This word can be
used to describe leopards and bears.] Syn:
zarawa5r. From: Arabic.
zak Cu N. Lard (liquid or solid); rik.
[This is made by rendering fat.]
za

zakm Cu Adj. Hurt, wounded; ilqs.

moc bo zakmi. kuro na}a5i a5sta a5aw,
khaca zakm. Men were badly wounded.
Some he also killed, with terrible wounds.
Syn: zaya5. Variant: za5kum. From:
Persian.
zama5na DDCu N. Time, period; Mqs.
zama5na }um thi }au. Times have
become bad. Syn: dawr; dawra5n. See also:
Tem; wat; muda5; ama5l. From: Arabic.
zamana5una DDDCu Adv. At a time; WaMqs
d. ek zamana5una aSpe43 nawa5Las ek

Cu N. Sauce, curry,
qMrWZ. [This is

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za5muc

zarcawa5

sCu Adj. Shiny; Vdik. se zar wa5La

capa5n samb a5is. He put on a coat filled
with golden thread. From: Persian.
zara5r sCsCu
Adj.
Trouble-causing,
mischievous, clever, tricky, naughty, sly;
q. }ase5 zara5r su5da may batya5kas
tyta. That mischievous boy hit my kid
goat. From: Arabic.
zara5ri ka5rik sD sCsCu V. To do
mischief; MWar OSqLz. su5da zara5ri ka5rim
gho3%i ctiLa, o5nja a te taK ka5rim. The
boy thought about doing some mischief, I
will tease them. Syn: taK ka5rik; muzir
ka5rik.
zarar {aLe5k Cw sCsCu V. To cause
damage; MWaMhkVaWY MVWa. zara5ri mo
{aLa5i. Dont cause damage!
zarar sCsCu N. Mischief; nWX ,OSqLz.
za5ra} {u5ni hik w CsCu V. To
become frightened; MWa mqs il. bhala5
pe apa5}aw haw, moc zara} {u5ni thi
laha5s hu day. If a person sees a spirit, he
will become frightened and will get sick.
See also: burtu5ni {u5ni; pa5ri {u5ni.
zarawa5r sCCsCu Adj. 1) Fierce, vicious;
MWaril. [Things that are zarawa5r
include leopards, bears, dogs, and men.]
Syn: zahalu5m. 2) Strong; VXV ,qVZM.
}ase5 gambu5ri bo zarawa5r gandu5irak
del. That flower has a very strong
fragrance. From: Persian.
zarcala5Kgi DdsCu Adj. Pale, off color,
weak; Waq _WX.
N. Rascal, one who insists on doing his
own thing; vzMnWX. a5ma zarcala5Kgi jia5i
na, may chu5a tye5k e. Look at this
uncontrolled person, how does he dare to
hit my daughter! [This word is only used
when angry and you wish to use bad
language.]
zarcawa5 CDdsCu N. Turmeric; n.
zar

pay {e bra kakbo5y {u5La. At one time, a

leopard ate a nanny goat and a billy-goat of
a descendant of Ashpai.
za5muc cCu N. Yellow substance used as a
medicine for livestock; rVZWY M Waq mqqs

MWZN M rWY q Lm _Vd VdxzWd ij

__. [This is found in the mountains.]
zant VCu N. 1) Pregnancy, birth, childbearing experience; i. a5sa tre zant

istr{a. She has given birth three times.

2) Year; r. sa pa5yas da} zant th
}au. This goat is ten years old (she could
have borne ten young as well).
za5nti au5 E UCu N. Bread to honor a
birth; MVaWX rWY wzWeLnVdWY hkWX ij q
__ Mij. [This is taken to the ba}a5li the
second day after the birth of a child. It is a
big bread, as big as the griddle will hold.]
Gen: au5 bread.
za5nti ku UCu N. 1) Childbirth house;
ij wzWeLnVdWY. Syn: ba}a5li. 2) Pen where
goats give birth; wzWeLnVdWY WdrWX
ij.
za5nti UCu Adj. Child-bearing; ikqs. za5nti
istr{a kawa5 a5au. Where is the woman
who has given birth?
za5ntyak hik DUCu V. To give
birth; MWa ikqs ,MWa LnVdWY hkWX. tu kay
za5ntyak ha5wi? When did you deliver?
za5ntyak hka pa5i a5au. She went (to the
ba}a5li) to give birth. Variant: za5nti hik.
Etym: ja2yant- begets, bears T-14518.
zaKga5r sDCu N. Rust; Waqs. Syn: ka}; Do:
grik to appear. From: Persian.
zaKga5r grik t sDCu V. To rust; Waqs
MVa. cmbar zaKga5r gri }au. The metal
has rusted. Syn: ka} grik.
zaKgarmu5ki sDCu
Adj.
Sourdispositioned; L War KV PS r. a5sa
zaKgarmu5ki. He has a sour disposition.
Ant: ko}anmu5ki.
zaKkia5 DCu N. Poison; rqs. Syn: biS; Zhar.
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zaria5

zia5n

zaya5 hik DCu V. To get hurt; ilqs

MWa. Syn: grie5k.
zaya5 ka5rik sD DCu V. To wound
someone; MWar ilqs. e43he43% moc to tya5i,
zaya5 ka5i a5an. The men from Ayun beat
and wounded him.
za5zik uCu V. To leak out through a hole;
MWa VdH. }a Tim ga4K ane5na uk za5zau.
Water leaks from this hole in the tin. Syn:
}o5ndik; curu4k; SiSirk; uchu5i dyek.
Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).
ze5ci dyek o eu V. To become
hungry; MVa EWX. ze5ci dya5i a5as e? Are
you hungry? ze5ci dyta. Gluttonous. Syn:
ano5ra ka5rik.
zecpaya5n hik DDQeu V. To get
hepatitis or jaundice; MWa mqs MrWd.
zecpaya5n thi a5au. He got hepatitis. Gen:
laha5s sick.
ze5hen u N. 1) Intelligence; . tay
zehe5nuna nisa5w e? Did you understand
(lit: did it sit in your mind)? See also:
a5kul; dima5k. 2) Mood; PSVdVX. may
zehe5n khara5p ha5waw. I feel bad. Syn:
ta5biat; osta5r. From: Arabic.
zehenwa5La Cu Adj. Wise, intelligent;
WXM ,Vd. se bo zehenwa5La su5da. He is
a very intelligent boy. Syn: caspa5n; ucu5tu;
hu}ia5r; akulwa5La; DnTa.
zemn u N. Land; Vdqs. a zemn may
dada5a a}s. This land was my fathers.
From: Persian.
zeminda5r sCpu N. Farmer; ,qLnVaVdqs
Mx.
zeminda5ri sCpu
N.
Farming;
quMWX ZVd ,qLnVaVdqs.
zen u N. Breastplate.
zia5n Du N. Loss; MVWa. biho5Tas e, may
ka zia5no? SiK su5iras som ghe5ri
uchunds o. If you go over the mountain,
I dont care. With the first light of day you
will come down again. ta5laman kha5na

zaria5 DsCu N. Sponsorship, cause, instigation,

means, agency; Wdqqs. ta5sa zaria5as tha5ra
may ha5tya bo taklw ha5waw. I had a
lot of trouble because of him. khoda5yas
pe mukara5r }a haw, ek moc zaria5
hu, }a5sa gho3%i ma5ik. If Gods decision is
this, we say that one man is his means.
From: Arabic.
zaria5 hik DsCu V. To be the means of
someones rescue; MWa Wdqqs. khoda5y
may ha5tya zaria5 ha5waw. God rescued
me. Syn: saba5p hik; sa5raK hik.
zaru5rat SCssCu N. Need; OSq. Syn: aja5t.
Adj. Necessary. From: Arabic.
zaru5ri ssCu Adj. Necessary, useful;
q. a a5sta bi}ahu5r ta, krom tay
som ka5rim ghe5ri gho3%i ta actis.
ma5gam aprlay, ghe5ri ek bas pha5to
ka zaru5ri gho3%i actis. I also thought
again of coming to Peshawar to work with
you, but then I would only be able to work
one day and then return so what was the
use of that? gaDo5n mon ko43 ka5rik
zarur. It is necessary to listen to ones
elders. Syn: aja5ti. From: Arabic.
za5rzar sCusCu Adv. Almost; MVXWdrWZ. za5rzar
na}Ta. He almost died. Syn: dekde5k.
zat, zatr tTCu ,SCu N. Lineage, family,
species; xWa ,OSL. pruST za5tri mocas
krom pruST hin. The works of a man
from a good lineage will be good. se bo
janja5li moc, }o4a%3 s zatr e, ka haw? He
is a very offensive man, could it be that
hes a dog? se bo ade5m zatr moc. He is
a very good man. Syn: kam1. Variant:
za5tri. From: Arabic.
zaya5 DCu Adj. 1) Hurt, wounded; ilqs.
}uru5i, may baza5 za5ya th }au. I fell
and hurt my hand. Syn: zakm. 2) Wasted;
MWa WeMV. wat za5ya ha5waw. Our time
was wasted. From: Arabic.
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zgir ka5rik

zreThe5k
day. may som ka zit }au ta5sa haw,
a ne jho5nim day. He always argues with
me. He may have something against me, I
dont know. Syn: khila5w. From: Arabic.
zit ka5rik sD Vu V. To oppose, be
against; MWar nV. zemnnas janja5l pe
ha5waw haw, zit ka5rik. If a land dispute
comes up (between us), we become
enemies. moc ogoe5gin som zit ka5rin.
Men oppose each other. Restrict: The
person opposed is marked by som with.
Syn: mukalipha5t ka5rik.
zok u See main entry: dzok.
zole5y &u See main entry: dzoLe5y.
zor su N. Force, strength; qqs. From:
Persian.
zo5ran gri {a4w
5 ik Iw t Csu Id.
To rape a woman; OSq ,MWar MWaqs ZymrWXqs
MVaW` OSrs . Syn: Dha5kaw chaLe5k.
zor grik t su V. To take by force;
MWaruWY qqs.
zoran Dsu Adv. Forcefully; ZymrWXqs.
zoran to ahu5taw. He sent him away
forcefully. Morph: zor-an.
zo5ruk su N. Decorative metal bead used
as jewelry; rVa W`ik. zo5ruk kilpay
SaTe5n. They attach metal balls to the hair
clips.
zran, zrand pCsu ,Csu Adj. Afraid; il.
zran hik Csu V. To become afraid or
startled; MWaMij qo ,MWa mqs il. se zran
thi a5au. Something startled her. Syn:
bihk; biha5lak ka5rik.
zran ka5rik sD Csu V. To frighten;
MWaLqo ,MWar mqs il. a su5da zrand a5ris. I
frightened the child. Syn: bihe5k.
zreThe5k Ysu V. To open something up to
repair or remove contents; MVa. khat
zreTha5i jie5k. Open the letter, lets have a
look. zreTha5un pa5i }au. It was opened.
[Things you can open like this are: khat
letters, warke5Ti cheese containers, Tim

goST pre5ki, ta5sa bo zian ha5waw.

When Talaman Khans barn broke, he
suffered great loss. Syn: Dan; noksa5n;
kasa5ra. Variant: zian. From: Persian.
zgir ka5rik sD tu V. To discuss about
someone; MWar rH. ka5as zgir ka5ris day?
About whom are you discussing? ta5sa ka
zgir ne ha5waw. Nothing whatever about
him was discussed. Syn: -as mon dek.
From: Arabic.
zimawa5r sCDu Adj. Responsible; qLm KH. a
zimawa5r ne. I am not responsible. From:
Arabic.
zimawa5ri sCDu N. Responsibility; KH
qLm.
zina5 Du N. Adultery; MWaqs. From: Arabic.
zina5 ka5rik sD Du V. To commit
adultery; MWar MWaqs. Syn: niwa5s dyek.
From: Arabic.
zinaga5r sDDu N. Adulterer; qMMWaqs. [This is
said of a man or a woman.]
zinaro5ga DsDu N. Area between Krakal
and Chatruma Village; q@L M MLr
M MVdqm nVaWaMhlVdyz.
zinda5 Cpu Adj. Alive; nWaqs. Syn: ju5nu.
From: Persian.
zindag Cpu N. Life; nWaqs. Syn: umbur
{e maja5r.
zinor ku5i su N. Zinor high pasture;
MLrik WdL PSWdqVXWX mL. [This is one
of the two valleys at the head of Bumburet
Valley beyond Chatruma village.]
zinoru5k su N. The stream which
flows down Zinor Valley in Bumburet;
__ N y qVaWdqs mL ij nWa.
zKto hik Uu V. To hold hands with
someone and spin around while leaning
back; MVaEij Eij. Gen: Labe45 game.
Variant: jKto hik.
zira5 cay Dd Ctu See main entry: a{a5} cay.
zit Vu N. Complaint, difference, problem,
opposition; nV. hami}a5 may c4aw dyel
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zreThk

{a5Lik

zulumga5r sDu Adj. Cruel; M.

zulumga5r moc pruST ne, koki zu5lum
ne kareli. khoday to ne kho}a5aw. It is
not good to be a cruel man because one
should not be cruel. God is not pleased
with cruelty.
N. Cruel person; M.
zuL hstik U} u V. To interrupt;
MVaW`M OSMWX. a5bi mon mo5cay zuL mo
hsta. Dont interrupt the talking.
zup Ou Adv. Suddenly, briefly; ,m WdL
WaMik@L. a zup ne nisu. u5STi anda5y
aLa5y ka5siu. He wont sit a little time. He
gets up and walks here and there. Syn: pat.
zyat SDu Adv. Much; mMWdqs. ki mon? bo
zyat. How much? Thats too much! From:
Persian.
zya5di ka5rik sD oDu V. To insist on
something, force someone; MWar mMWdqs. se
bo phu5Ski ta5a som zyad mo ka5ri,
tro5iu. He is easily hurt. Dont make him
do it or he will cry.
zyate5k TDu V. To increase, augment;
MWaMruWX. Ant: kame5k. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).

tins.] Syn: umre5k. Prdm: Causative I

(sawze5k).
zreThk Ysu V. To become broken open;
MWaruWY quLqm ,MWaMij E. bho5njaw dya5i, may
dur zreTh }au. The earthquake hit and
my house broke down. Syn: waS park;
kandra5k chik. See also: umrik. From:
Khowar. Prdm: Class 4 (nisk).
zuba5n DLu N. Season; . Spec: he5man
winter; ba5son spring; neLa5 summer;
}a5ru fall. Variant: zaba5n.
zuke5k u V. To push; MVaWdm Mm.
zuke5kas ba5ti taya5ri ka5riu day. He is
getting ready to push it. Variant: zuk
dyek; dzuk dyek. Prdm: Causative I
(sawze5k).
zu5lum u N. Cruelty; . From: Arabic.
zu5lum ka5rik sD u V. To be cruel;
MWar . se Sa sak zu5lum ka5riman
a5sta, mo5can tha5ra. te taK thi, tara5
hsti park gho3%i ctiman a5ini. That king
was really cruel to people. Suffering like
this, they were thinking of leaving that
place and going elsewhere. Restrict: The
object is marked by tha5ra on. Syn: cika5s
ka5rik. From: Arabic.

{
Cw Cnj. Until, up to; WZ. tu

ta5suna {aLe5s. I told him what you said.

Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
{a5Lik Cw V. 1) To reach, arrive
somewhere; MVahkVaWY. kay a{a5Li? When did
you reach here? may a45Kguna {a5Liu day.
I can reach it with my finger. 2) To be
obtained; MVa. dawa may ha5tya ne
a{a5Law. I could not get the medicine. Syn:
torik. Etym: ya2ta5- gone T-10451.
Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).

kimo5n jama5t
ta {a ma5i a5as? How many years have
you studied?
Rel. Until; WZ. kay {a ka5rik bha5as
ha5waw? How long will it take to do it (lit:
until when can you do it)? Syn: }amo5n;
mo5nda. Etym: ya2%vat as long as, until T10474.
{aLe5k Cw V. To take someone or
something somewhere; MWaMhkVaWY. a tay
DanDo5 ka5i, du5ra {aLe5m. I will put you on
my back and take you home. a tay mon

{a

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{aK

{il

{aK Cw N. Fighting, war; Vaij. ho5ma

ta5si som {aK ha5waw. We are at war with
them. From: Persian.
{aK ka5rik sD Cw V. To fight in
battle; MWar Vaij. a5bi ta5si som {aK
ka5rik day. We are fighting with them.
{aKgia5 DCw N. Undergarment for men and
women; MVdWaMij. Syn: koca5ri.
{ara5p OCsCw N. Socks, stockings; qs. Use:
dyik to put on. Variant: jara5p. From:
Persian.
{ay Cw N. Aqueduct, irrigation canal; ,MWa
Wa. may nokphe5Ti ha5tya de5}a
babayu5kani {ay chaLe5m day. For my
new field I am building an irrigation
channel from a distant stream. Proverb:
drga {ay, drga u5mbur. Long path,
long life; Syn: ba5tra; Create: chaLe5k to
make. Etym: yavya2%- stream T-10442.
{ay ka5rik sD Cw V. To build a water
channel, to repair a water channel; Wa
MVaVaWX MWa ,MVaMWa. a5ma {ay sadra5i }au,
a5ma ka5rik baS. This water channel has
filled in, we must repair it. Degrad:
sadra5ik to fill in with earth.
{a5zir tuCw Adj. Broken down, in bad repair;
OQLril. aya5 {a5zir {o5ntruno ku5ra guda5s
hu? Here in this broken down mill who
will waste his time? Variant: zazr.
{a45Kgu Iw N. Liver; rij. Whole: jhan,
jhand body. Etym: ya5kr0t- liver T10394.
{a4Kgugo5k ka5rik sD Iw V. To get
sick from lack of salt; ij Wa
MWaMij qMVdWX y. [This is said of sheep. If
they are given salt it goes away.] Syn: yus
ka5rik.
{a4w
5 ik Iw V. To copulate with, have
sexual intercourse with; WZMy OSq
MWa ZxVX. Restrict: The actor is the
man. Syn: istri{a5as ta5da park; istri{a5as
som Du5Dik; CPart: Lase5k to allow sexual

intercourse. See also: gere5k; }uthu5k

park; SuKgu5 park. Variant: {a5ik. Etym:
ya5bhati copulates T-10418.
{awaKgu45i CCw Adj. Lusty, having a
strong sex drive; OSq ,PSyrWY v
dyz M Wa ZxVX WZMy.
{e1
w Cnj. And; q@L. a {e se paro5mi. I
and he went. Restrict: This conjunction
joins words and perhaps phrases. Etym: ca
and T-4533; caiva and indeed T-4916.
{e2
w Cnj. Just after, after; nWX . a5bi au5
{uk {e, te a5sta on. After we had eaten,
they came. a5bi du5ra {a5Lik {e ba5Sik a5sta
amu5caw. After we arrived home it began
to rain.
{er dek o tw V. To give a share of
something for payment; MVaWdm V M mn.
ra} gro, ta5ai brbo ko4awa5wan brbok
{er den. After measuring the walnuts,
they give a share of them to their walnut
gatherers.
{e5ri ka5rik sD tw V. To celebrate by
giving a feast; MWaMVa zEil ,MWar PSMVdV.
se ja halo {e5ri ka5i a5au. He got married
and he celebrated. [The Kalasha do not use
this term much among themselves--it is
mainly used when talking with Khowar
speakers.] Syn: ko}an ka5rik. From:
Khowar.
{ew w N. Line of people or animals; qM.
{ew dyek o w V. To form a line.
pay {ew dya5i parn day. The goats are
walking in a line.
{il w N. Blanket, shawl; VX. {Luna
phunDu5iro ga4K }an. There are holes
around the borders of the blanket. khaLa5K,
paTighu4i%3 , tola5y, dara5y, brasn, {il, to
tya5i, bistara5. Quilts, bed mats, mattresses,
covers, pillows, blankets, grouped together,
are bedding. Gen: bistara5 bedding.

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{indrk

{uk

{indrk spw V. To neigh; MWaMVaVa. ha3}

{indru day. The horse is neighing. Prdm:
Class 4 (nisk).
{Kkik w V. To pant, breathe hard,
gasp; MVaVd wWaMy _VX _VX. pay ka5si ta,
{Kkin day. The goats are breathing hard
from much walking. Syn: phuS grik.
Variant: {e5Kkik. Prdm: Class 1 (ka5rik).
{o w N. Barley; Aij. Gen: pha5sil grain
crop. See also: duna45ya. Etym: ya5vabarley T-10431.
{oLa5 w N. Pair, set; Lquij. ek {oLa5 don
may som a5san. te gri kiS ka5am day. I
have a pair of oxen. I will plough with
them. cewbe5w a5sta ek {oLa5 may som
a}ni. I had one shalwar kamiz with me.
[This word applies if the pair is oxen,
shoes, shalwar kamiz, or countable items
like watches or guns.] From: Urdu.
{ont, {ontr tUw ,Vw N. Water-mill; WY
Jik. Riddle: {u5u {u5u tatsraw ne:
eating eating it is not filled. Answer =
{ont a mill; Part: thar wat upper
millstone; pSuni bat upper stone which
revolves; no4 wat lower grinding stone;
khu45ayak bat stone on which the mill
wheel pivots; chaw apparatus for
adjusting millstones; tumba5 central shaft
apparatus; prec4he5w gon waterwheel
blades; ra}a5k apparatus connecting
waterwheel and millstone; {o5ntrani ga4
hole in millstone center; TakTa5k clapper
on a millstone; phona5yak grain funnel
feeding grain into the millstone; u5guri
bin into which flour collects; ma5Li
measure of flour filling the bin; Dhor
hopper for grain; khar go5n control knob
on grain bin; {o5ntrani cmbar axle
between waterwheel and stone; Degrad:
zazr in need of repair; no} in need of
repair. Variant: {antr (Urtsun (Tu)).

Etym: yantra5- controlling device T10412.

{o5ntrani cmbar sDMd CtUw N. Iron
axle
connecting
waterwheel
and
grindstone; OUMWX ij M M Jik
__ MWZME. Whole: {ont, {ontr watermill.
{o5ntrani ga4 J CtUw N. The hole in a
millstone into which the grain drops; Jik
__ MWZr nVa Mij ij . Whole:
{ont, {ontr water-mill.
{o5ntray CtUw N. Grain ready for
grinding; J M VaxVdWY. may {o5ntray
phona5yaka dya5i }au. My grain has
fallen into the grain funnel (it is now
finished).
{ont nok Vw N. Millrace, hollowed
out log for channeling water into mill; AWY
MWarWY M Jik.
{ont wa5t SC Vw N. Grindstone; M Jik
OUMWX. Degrad: lo5yak in disrepair, smooth;
Pos: tsipatsp in good repair, rough.
{o5}i w N. Spring festival called Joshi;
qMWX Hzij. [When the sun reaches
SiKba4ha5y the Singbahay mountain peak,
this festival begins.] Gen: khawsa5Kgaw
festival. Etym: yajuSya8- relating to
ceremonial T-14768.
{o5}i mastru5k tU|D w N. The
month in spring in which Joshi falls--May;
Ve ,VaVd M qMWX Hzij. Whole: ba5son,
ba5sond spring.
{o5}i gok w N. Snail; MWaD.
Gen: gok phawa5Tik insects and
reptiles.
{ue5k w V. To feed someone; MWaI. a
may ku5a4ka {ue5m day. I am feeding my
son. Restrict: The object is in the dative
case. Prdm: Causative I (sawze5k).
{uk w V. 1) To eat; MWaM. may bo au5
{ua5lak hu day. I really would like to eat.
Syn: niga43%Kgik; jpas ka5rik; wiTilk;
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{uka5Luk

Zek hik

dho5mik; naklk; au5an tyek; dik2; Object:

au5 food, bread; Onset: Lap quickly;
kLuc quickly; ka4K quickly. See also:
tsapa5ik. 2) To embezzle, to waste
anothers money; MWaM xVdWY. paysa5 {u.
He embezzles money. 3) To receive an
action, suffer an action, undergo; ruVYWZ
MWaM. cape45 a5}aw. He was hit (lit: he ate a
slap). aza5p a}aw. He lost in the business
(he ate trouble). karoba5runa Dan a5}is. He
suffered (lit: he ate a loss). Idiom: SiS mo
{u. Dont waste my time (lit: dont eat
head); ric4 a5}aw. He made a big mistake
(lit: he ate dung); Past(hearsay): {u5La
he/she ate; Past: a5}aw he/she ate.
Etym: yuva5te2 eats T-10507.2. Prdm:
Class 1 (ka5rik).

ha5waw. It looks like since she had to eat

more in this world (in her allotted time),
she has become well.
{uba5rum sDLw Adj. Foods, edibles (of all
kinds); Lqil ,mqil eMVdyz@L. See also:
geha5rum; -a5rum. From: Khowar.
{uk{u5k hik xw V. To fight
together (of cats, dogs, bears, wolves, etc.);
MWaru ,MWaM OUM d KV.
{unago5S Dw Adj. Gluttonous; V`VdWY.
Syn:
kuckho5r;
{unu
dakma5;
kucDumba5y.
{unu dakma5 DCo w Adj. Gluttonous;
qil qMVdxWX ,qilrEWY ,EV`VdWY ,EM. Syn:
kuckho5r; kucDumba5y; {unago5S. See
also: dakma5.
{uka5Luk Dw N. A kind of edible
pumpkin or squash; n i. Gen: a5Luk
squash; Gen: muT plant.
{unutsa5r dek o sDlw V. To give a
feast for an old man; m@L _quWX nWaqs
MVaWdm MWaM M OSLdil rWY MWa. tay ba5ti
{unutsa5r den. They will give a feast for
you. See also: jire5 dek.

Verbal suffixes of {uk

Singular
Plural
{u-m I eat
{u-k we eat
{u-s you eat
{u-a you eat
{u-u s/he eats
{u-n they eat
{ubk Lw N. The need to eat more in
ones allotted time (on earth); qsq. alba5t
dunia5una {ubk a}s e, a ta5za

Z
sCy Adv. Quickly; nij. Zar Zar {u.
Eat quickly! Zar i, pha5to rawle5y band
hu. Come quickly, because Lowari will be
impassable. Syn: gaST.
Zar hik sCy V. To hurry; MWa nij.
Zar ha, teza5i pa5ri, gak c4hetruna at
a5an. Hurry up and go--the cows are in the
field! Syn: teze5k.
Zek hik y V. To become tired out;
MVaWZ. pruST krom ka5i, pruSTro5 Zek
ha5wi e? After working so hard have you
become a bit tired out? Syn: agra5ik;
khesma5t hik; guda5s hik; japaja5 hik.

Zaga5r sDCy N. The village of Jaggar in the

Birir Valley; M WdL M rWdrWX mL.
Zak Cy Adj. 1) Rich, strong; MquM. ba5kim
ga5kas c4hir adhek Zak hu. A cow
whose calf is weaned has rich milk.
[Things that are Zak are also classified as
being ga5rum hot, like honey and milk
from newly freshened cows.] Ant: }ekt;
Syn: ga5rum. 2) Thick, syrupy; qLm OQM.
c4hir Zak hu to5a nu ka5rin. When the
milk becomes thick, then they make
buttermilk. Syn: c4hu5c4a; Ant: aco45yak.
From: Khowar.

Zar

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ZeK

Zo4he5

ZeK y Adj. Ajar, slightly open; quLqm.

darwaza5 bo ZeK thi }au, tu pa5i to
ta5nci Sit ka5ri. The door is loose, go and
shave it and make it shut tight. Syn: btsa;
Ant: Sit.
Zham Dy Adv. 1) Suddenly, quickly; WdL
m. Restrict: This is typically associated
with the verb rite5k pour. Syn: pat.
2) Extremely; PSWX. Zham pec4. Extremely
hot. Syn: pak2.
Zhar sDy N. Poison (toxin of snake,
scorpion or centipede); rqs. Syn: biS;
zaKkia5. Variant: Zar. From: Persian.
Zika5n Dy N. Cowhide thongs for fastening
shepherds footwear; WZ M ruik.
Whole: ta5ciK footwear of shepherds.
Zile5w y N. Bridle; M.
Zile5w dyek o y V. To bridle a
horse; MWaM M. ha3%}as a5}ay ZiLew dya5i,
tha5ra nis nim. I will bridle the horse,
mount and ride him.
ZiKga5ik Dy V. To smoke a cigarette,
pipe or hashish; MVaVdWY ,MWar zWa MVXWZ.
cilm ZiKga5an day. They are smoking a
hookah. Syn: pik; }ophk; Object: cilm
hookah;
bhoK
hashish;
sigre5T
cigarette. Prdm: Class 2 (ma5trik).

ZoK hik y V. To peek, peek out,

peek in; MVaWaMij. dur umra5i, ZoK thi
jie5m e, perana5y phu hu day. Opening
the door and peeking out, (I perceived that)
across the way, there was loud shouting
going on. See also: jage5k; jie5k; pa5}ik.
Zot, Zotr tTy ,Sy Adv. 1) Just, already, just
before; WY. baya5ya Zot ga5La. Auntie
just left it seems. [Both Zot and dic seem
to imply that some time has elapsed, while
the5su and }onjaro5 imply immediately
before.] Syn: dic; the5su; }onjaro5; kay
dic. 2) Quickly, easily; y nij. Zot
tro5iu. He cries easily.
Zo5wiSo y Intj. Thank you!; Wdryz.
Sa5baS ta tay. Zo5wiSo. pa5rik day. Well
done to you! Thanks! We are going now.
Zo5ya Dy Adj. Good, fine, in good condition,
well. waL a? a3%a3. pruST a5as e? khoda5yas
meherba5ni, pruST Zo5ya. Have you come
to watch the goats? Yes. Are you well? By
Gods kindness I am well. Syn: pruST; be;
sawz.
Zo4he5 y N. The Zhohe clan of Rumbur;
VdVX WdL M qVXq mL. Gen: kam1
clan.

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