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Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
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Front Photo
Fire Fighters decontaminate their colleagues after they removed the faulty chlorine cylinders at Oregon National
Primate Research Centre, in Hillsboro USA.
Employees were using chlorine gas to clean a room used to study infectious diseases, when they noticed that
the chlorine tank was leaking around the nozzle.
Courtesy: www.oregonlive.com
Acknowledgements
The One UN DRM Joint Programme acknowledges the support and cooperation received from Mr. Muhammad
Javaid Iqbal Awan, Additional Secretary / Chairman Ministerial Working Group on DRR Mainstreaming, Khawaja
Muhammad Yousuf, Chief Executive Officer, National Productivity Organization, Mr. Muhammad Shahid, Deputy
Secretary (CS) MOIP and Mr. Haroon Rehman, Chief Inspector of Explosives, Department of Explosives-MOIP.
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this publication are those of author and do not necessarily represent those of UNDP
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Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
FOREWORD
Chemicals are found everywhere. They purify drinking water, increase crop production and
facilitate production of fabrics, steel, papers, plastic, food products and several other items of every
day consumption. However chemicals can be hazardous to human or the environment, if used or
released improperly. Hazards can occur during production, storage, transportation, use or disposal of
chemicals.
The human life and property is at risk if a chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful
amount into the environment where we live, work or play. Hazardous materials in various forms can
cause death, serious injury, long lasting health effects and damage to buildings, homes and industry.
Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives, flammable and combustible substances,
hazardous compressed gases, poisonous and radioactive materials.
Compressed gases can often be more dangerous than chemicals in liquid or gaseous form
because of the potential source of high energy. Unless cylinders are secured they may topple over,
cause injury to operators, become damaged themselves and may cause contents to leak.
If the regulator shears off, the cylinder may rock like a projectile or torpedo dangerously around
the workplace. Cylinders may fail if over-pressurized or weakened by the application of heat.
Precautions also have to be instituted to protect against the inherent properties of the cylinder contents
e.g. toxic, corrosive, and flammable.
There have been several incidents of explosions during handling and transportation of
compressed gases in the country. As such the Ministerial Working Group of Ministry of Industries and
Production decided to develop Guidelines for the storage, handling and transportation of the most
hazardous and widely used compressed gases like Chlorine and Ammonia.
Accordingly the Guidelines/SOPs on the storage, handling and transportation of chlorine and
ammonia have been developed. It is hoped that the initiative would facilitate the industrial workers,
operators, planners, academic, general public etc etc in overcoming the hazards associated with
chlorine and ammonia.
Simultaneously the Ministry of Industries and Production has notified Mineral and Industrial
Gas Safety Rules-2010 under which 3rd Party Periodic Testing Stations, for the Periodic Testing of
compressed gas cylinders/vessels and industrial installations; are being designated. These would be
facilitated through Department of Explosives and would further streamline disaster resilient sustainable
industrial and economic development in the country. The role of National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) in connection with capacity building, improvement in regulatory framework and facilitation in
development of Guidelines/SOPs in respect of hazardous substances (Compressed gases), would be
instrumental in reducing Disaster Risks and is note worthy.
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
iii
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
(Chlorine
and
Ammonia
Gases)
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Table of Contents
PART - I
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF CHLORINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction
Production Process of Chlorine
Characteristic for Chlorine
3.1.
Chemical and Physical Properties
3.2.
Uses
3.3.
Utilization of Chlorine
3.4.
General Product Information
Guidelines for Handling, Use and storage of Chlorine Cylinders
4.1
Storage of Chlorine Cylinders
4.2
Safety and Emergency Information System for Chlorine
Equipment and Emergency Procedures
5.1
Ventilation
5.2
Eye Wash Fountains
5.3
Emergency Respiratory Protection
5.4
First Aid
5.5
Chlorine Handling and Storage
Spills and Leaks of Chlorine
6.1
Conditions for Respirator Use
6.2
Exposure Limits for Chlorine
6.3
Workplace Monitoring and Measurement
6.4
Respiratory Protection Program
Chlorine Leak Detector
7.1
Leaks in Transit
7.2
Containers Leaks
Employee Training for Safe Operation
02
02
02
02
03
03
04
04
04
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
PART - II
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF AMMONIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Production Process of Ammonia
Chemical and Physical Properties of Ammonia
Use of Ammonia
Guidelines for Handling of Ammonia
5.1
Human Exposure
5.2
Eyes
5.3
Skin
5.4
First Aid
5.5
Inhalation
5.6
Eye Contact
5.7
Skin Contact
5.8
Swallowing
5.9
Exposure Limit for Ammonia
Personal Safety Equipment
Guidelines for Handling and Storage of Ammonia
Transportation Safety Practices
Leak Detection of Ammonia and Precautionary Measures
9.1
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Ammonia Sensors
9.2
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Mass Balance System
9.3
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Level Indication System
9.4
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Pressure Drop System
9.5
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Acoustic System
9.6
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Seismic System
9.7
Pressure testing of cylinders and bulk containers
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
vii
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Annexure
Comments Received from Federal Organizations Provincial Governments
Academia and Private Sector Organizations
1.
viii
Islamabad
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Acronyms
CBDRM
CNG
CIE
DC
DRM
DDMA
DPO
DG
DCO
DMA
DOE
DRR
EDO
EWS
FEMA
IUCN
KPK
LPG
MIC
MOIP
MWG
MFGB
NGO
NDMA
NPO
NIOSH
NWG
OSHA
PDMA
PEL
PPM
REL
SCBA
SMV
SOP
STEL
TWA
USAID
UN
UNDP
USA
ix
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
PART - I
Vacancy!
Immediate
Occupancy
needed!
17
Protons
As the illustration of the chlorine atom above demonstrates, the orbit closest to the chlorine
nucleus holds no more than two electrons, and the next two orbits can hold a total of eight
electrons each. Importantly, the most stable electron arrangement of any orbit is a full
orbit. With seven electrons in its outer orbit, chlorine can be thought of as desperately
seeking one more electron to achieve stability. As the drawing shows, the eighth space is
vacant and available for immediate occupancy. Because it is so anxious to pull another
electron into its orbit, chlorine is an extremely reactive element.
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Once the chlorine stream is cooled and dried, compressors and refrigeration machines are used to
liquefy the gas. Chlorine is most easily handled as a liquid in specially designed
pressure containers.
3.1
Fig. 2. Chlorine-Green
Yellowish Gas
Part - I
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Fig: 3. Pictoral
Representation
In the presence of moisture, both gaseous and liquid chlorine are extremely corrosive
to common metals of construction. At low pressures, wet chlorine can be handled in
equipment made of glass, chemical stoneware, titanium, and certain plastics.
Dry chlorine has an extremely high affinity for moisture. Regardless of the environmental
conditions of temperature and humidity, all open ends of chlorine pipelines should be
sealed with rubber stoppers or some type of moisture-tight closure when not in use.
3.2 Uses
Bleaching textiles with chlorine is one of its major uses. Its
disinfecting properties remain vital to public health as chlorine
is used extensively in water purification systems.
Today, much of the chlorine is used as a raw material in the
production of polyvinyl chloride, a plastic used in fabricating
flooring, pipe, wallpaper, clothing, furniture, and a wide
range of household products. Various complex drugs and
spray crops with insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides
contain chlorine as part of their basic structure. Chlorinated
chemicals are used to refrigerate and freeze food, cool
homes, offices and cars, and even insulate buildings from
the heat and cold.
Water purification.
Part - I
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Exposure to high concentration results in vomiting which may follow difficulty in breathing.
Because of its pungent smell chlorine in air can readily be detected even in traces. (3-5
PPM)
Chlorine leakage can be located by bringing soaked cloth / cotton rags in ammonia solution
near the suspected point, dense white fumes indicate the point of leakage.
Chlorine is 2.5 times heavier than air, therefore it is settled on ground level quickly and can
gather in cavities and low spots.
4.
4.1
Part - I
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
4.2
Safety Hazards
Chlorine is very toxic & corrosive.
It is skin irritant
It is extremely irritating & damaging to the respiratory system.
Chlorine causes suffocation.
Heavy inhalation could lead to death.
Chlorine in eyes causes severe damage and sometime loss of
sight.
5.
5.1
Ventilation
Provide adequate ventilation to reduce the accumulation of liquid or gaseous
chlorine in low areas. In some cases, natural ventilation may be adequate; in
Part - I
Fig 7. Chlorine
Testing Equipment
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
others, artificial ventilation, such as forced air through a system of ducts, must be provided.
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
First Aid
In case if Chlorine comes in contact with eyes then affected eye
must be given thorough washing with plenty of clean running
water at least for 15 20 minutes keeping the eyelids open
during the eye washing.
Fig 8. Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus
Fig 9. Drench
Shower
If the person has inhaled chlorine, remove the person to uncontaminated area.
If the patient has difficulty in breathing then oxygen must be administered through
face mask.
Keep the patient comfortable and give him of hot sweetened tea or cof fee.
In case of contact with liquid chlorine or chlorinated water, use safety shower or
flush the affected area with plenty of water.
Make sure that the wall caps and doma caps are properly placed on both the valves.
Small chlorine container (65 kg) must be loaded in the upright position and 900
kg must be loaded in the roll in position on flat bed carrier. Suit able restraints are
necessary to prevent cylinders from dropping and banging with each other.
Part - I
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Part - I
Never force the connections that do not fit. Do not use hammer for this purpose.
Always close the cylinder valve when it is empty to prevent liquid from being sucked
back into the cylinder. Always leave a small quantity (20 50 kg) of liquid chlorine
in the cylinder.
In case of a cylinder leakage try to turn it in a position so that gas instead of liquid
escapes. The quantity of chlorine that escapes from a gas leak is about 1/15 the
amount escapes from a liquid leak through the same size of leakage point.
Never spray water or any other liquid during the chlorine leak as it will enhance the
leakage.
Water may be used to cool non leaking cylinders in a fire area if the cylinders
cannot be moved to some other place.
Never immerse leaking chlorine cylinders in alkali, water or other liquids, Dump it in
hydrated lime.
Every vehicle driver must be aware of safety precautions and must be equipped
with gas mask and other safety equipment.
If chlorine leakage develops in transit, in the populated area, keep the vehicle
moving until an open area is reached in order to disperse the gas and to minimize
the hazard of chlorine es cape or transport to supplier destination (which ever is
closer). Warn the people of the danger.
Gauge should be installed at each cylinder in service to show the status of cylinder
i.e. empty, half or full.
1st Aider training should be imparted to a team for handling initial emergency
situations at plants so that affected person is safely shifted to hospital, if required.
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
site and at customers end. MSDS of Chlorine is readily available and could be free
downloaded through internet.
6.
Cylinders must not be exposed to direct radiation from any source of heat, sun,
steam or electric radiation.
Storage location for chlorine cylinder and tanks must be sheltered, dry, well ventilated
and away from heat.
Small cylinders must be placed in up-right position and 900 kg cylinders must be
stored in roll-in position in straight rows and there must be at least 4 ft. distance
between two rows.
6.1
6.2
NIOSH-REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a
recommended exposure limit (REL) for chlorine of 0.5 ppm 1.5 mg / m3) as a TWA for up
to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek and a short-term exposure limit (STEL)
[Source OSH Guidelines US Department of Labor].
of 1 ppm (3 mg / m3)
Part - I
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
6.3
6.4
7.
The Chlorine gas detection system consists of a control unit and a sensor. The Sensor
mounted remotely senses the gas present in the room, which is indicated on the panel.
Apart from the audio visual alarm present in the panel, there is a potential free contact
which can be used to trigger a remote alarm or actuate the exhaust fan.
7.1
Part - I
Leaks In Transit
If a Cl2 / Chemical leak develops in transit in a populated area, keep the vehicle moving until
open country is reached in order to disperse the gas to minimize the hazards of Cl2 /
Chemical escape. Alternatively transport to supplier / destination (which ever is closer).
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Notify the local emergency authorities, warn people of the dangers, and evacuate if
necessary. Take other appropriate measures as quickly as possible.
If a vehicle transporting Cl2 containers / Chemical is wrecked and there is any possibility of
fire the containers should be removed from the vehicle.
If any container is leaking, appropriate measures should be taken to stop or minimize the leak.
Containers Leaks
8.
If a Cl2 container is leaking roll it till the leak is upper most so that gas instead of liquid
escapes. The quantity of Cl2 that escapes from a gas leak is about one fifteenth the amount
that escapes from a liquid leak through the same size hole.
Try to move the container to an isolated spot where it will do the least harm.
If practical reduce pressure in the container by removing the Cl2 gas (Not as liquid Cl2) to
process or a disposal system.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Instructions with periodic drills for specified employees on each work shift/period re
garding the locations, purpose, and use of emergency respiratory protection and first
aid equipment.
e)
Instructions on avoiding inhalation of chlorine gas and contact with the liquid.
Emphasis should be placed on chlorines effect on the human body at different
exposure levels.
f)
Instructions on procedures for reporting all equip ment failures to the proper authority.
g)
Instructions on the proper actions to take when leaks occur and on procedures for
evacuating affected areas.
10
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
PART - II
Each of the 3 hydrogen atoms will share its electron with nitrogen to form a
bonding pair of electrons (covalent bond) so that each hydrogen atom has a
share in 2 valence electrons (electronic configuration of helium) and the nitrogen
has a share in 8 valence electrons (electron configuration of neon)
H
OR
N
H
N
H
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Part - II
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Introduction
Anhydrous ammonia has the potential to be one of the most dangerous chemicals usedin the
industry now a day. Its formula is NH3, which means that it consists of one atom of nitrogen and
three atoms of hydrogen per molecule. Because the atomic weights of nitrogen and hydrogen
are not the same, the weight ratio is 82.5 percent nitrogen and 17.5 percent hydrogen.
Anhydrous means the ammonia is without water. The major producers of Ammonia are fertilizer
manufacturing factories in the country.
2.
Ammonia production facilities provide the base anhydrous liquid ammonia usedpredominantly
in fertilizers supplying usable nitrogen for agricultural productivity. Ammonia is one of the most
abundantly-produced inorganic chemicals in the country.
A typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas (i.e., methane) into
gaseous Hydrogen. The method for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon is referred to steam
reforming. The hydrogen is then combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia. Catalytic steam
reforming of the sulfur-free methane (CH4) feedstock is used to form carbon monoxide (CO)
plus hydrogen (H2)::
The next step then uses catalytic shift conversion to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide (CO2) and more hydrogen:
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
The carbon dioxide is then removed either by absorption in aqueous ethanolamine solutions or
by adsorption in pressure swing absorbers (PSA) using proprietary solid adsorption media. To
produce ammonia, the hydrogen is then catalytically reacted with nitrogen (N2) derived from
process air to form anhydrous liquid ammonia (NH3).
3H2 + N2 2NH3
3.
Part - II
13
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Liquid ammonia boils at any temperature greater than -28F and will expand to 850 times its
liquid volume. One gallon of liquid will expand to 850 gallons or 113 cubic feet of gas.
4.
Anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless gas at standard temperature and pressure conditions
and has a very strong odor, which is a leading safety feature of the product where personnel can
detect NH3 long before it becomes a health hazard. The odor threshold (lowest level detected
by smell) is approximately 7 parts per million (PPM). [Source: Primeland Cooperatives] OSHA
has determined that a concentration of more than 5000 parts per million will disable a person
so that escape is impossible and suffocation results.
Uses of Ammonia
The largest use of ammonia is in fertilizers, which are applied to the soil and help provide
increased yields of crops such as corn, wheat, and soybeans.
Liquid ammonia, ammonia/water solutions, and chemicals made from ammonia, such as
ammonium salts and urea, are all used as sources of soluble nitrogen.
Two types of polymers needed for artificial fibers require the use of ammonia, polyamides
(nylon) and acrylics (orlon). The original polyamide named nylon, brought out by DuPont
Chemical Co., was made from two components, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. The
nitrogen in the second named component is derived from ammonia.
Acrylics are made from a three-carbon nitrogen compound, acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile comes
from the reaction of propene, ammonia, and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
Because of its basic properties, ammonia is able to react with acidic gases such as nitrogen
oxides and sulfur oxides to form ammonium salts. Thus ammonia is useful in scrubbers that
remove acidic gases before they can be released into the environment.
5.
5.1
Human Exposure
Anhydrous ammonia is a strong alkali that can cause severe burns, and its gas can
cause severe irritation of the outer tissues of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Because
of its low boiling point, anhydrous ammonia can cause severe burns by freezing action
as well as by caustic action.
Ammonia is detectible by the nose at low concentrations. At large concentrations,
ammonia vapor can produce convulsions, coughing, and difficult and painful breathing.
Injury is almost certain if concentrations reach 2,000 to 3,000 ppm. Prolonged inhalation
of anhydrous ammonia can cause death by suffocation. For example, a single inhalation
may be fatal if it clamps down the vocal cords (a reflex action which sometimes occurs
as a result of breathing a violent irritant).
5.2
Eyes
Anhydrous ammonia reacts most actively with moist, exposed areas of the human body.
Injury to the eyes is the most serious hazard of ammonia. If washed immediately with
water, the damage may only be temporary or none at all. Those victims unable to wash
their eyes may suffer permanent injury and blindness.
Never wear contact lenses if the possibility of exposure exists. Anhydrous ammonia
may get behind the contact lens and cause permanent damage to the eyes before the
contact lens are removed and eyes washed out.
14
5.3
Skin
Ammonia is caustic to the skin. Skin burns and blisters may develop from exposure to a
2 percent ammonia solution for 15 minutes or longer. Liquid anhydrous ammonia auses
Part - II
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
not only chemical burns but, because of the low temperature, causes the water in the
skin to freeze and rupture the cells as it expands. These wounds can be deep and slow
healing.
5.4
First Aid
First aid for exposure to anhydrous ammonia consists of immediate flushing with large
quantities of water followed by flushing with more water. At least 20 litre of clean water
should be stored in the vicinity of anhydrous ammonia containers.
In cases of severe exposure, follow with first aid treatment, and call a doctor immediately.
Give the doctor as much information as possible about the extent of exposure.
Part - II
5.5
5.6
Inhalation
Get medical assistance if the worker has chest or breathing passage pains, or
a persisting cough.
If the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration should start immediately. Keep the
victim warm and at rest.
Eye Contact
Flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Even a small amount of ammonia in
the eyes can cause damage.
Flush the entire eye surface and inner lining of the eyelids thoroughly. Because the
eyelids close voluntarily, hold the eyelids open while flushing.
If available, use a squeeze-type water bottle that will squirt water into the eyes.
If medical help is not available after 15 minutes, continue flushing until you get
medical attention.
Another emergency eye flushing method is to duck your head in a bucket of clean
water, and blink and move eyes around.
15
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
5.7
5.8
5.9
Skin Contact
Any portion of your body which is splashed with or exposed to anhydrous ammonia
should be flushed thoroughly with water.
If your clothes become saturated by liquid ammonia, they will probably freeze to your
skin. Get under a deluge shower or other source of water immediately. Remove the
clothes only after they have thawed and can be pulled freely from your skin.
Do not apply salves or ointments to ammonia burns. Get medical attention as soon
as possible.
Swallowing
Though it is rare that anyone swallows anhydrous ammonia, the first aid treatment
involves water.
If vomiting begins, place the victim face down with the head lower than the hips to
prevent it from entering the lungs.
If the victim is in shock or extreme pain, or is unconscious, do not try to give him or
her water or induce vomiting.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: -- 50 ppm, 35 mg/m3
TWA
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended
Exposure (ppm)
50 ppm
134 ppm
700 ppm
1,700 ppm
2,000 ppm
5,000 ppm
Permissible Exposure
No injury from prolonged, or repeated
exposure
Eight hours maximum
exposure
One hour maximum
exposure
No exposure permissible
No exposure permissible
No exposure permissible
Source NDSU
16
Part - II
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
6.
Part - II
17
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
7.
18
While working with anhydrous ammonia in containers, use the following guidelines:
Use proper handling equipment suitable for platforms, boats, or cradles for unloading
by cranes.
Avoid dragging, sliding, or rolling them on the bottom edges as much as possible.
Rack, block, or otherwise secure containers so that they are stored and used in a
stable manner.
Do not store containers near a source or potential source of heat, such as flammable
substances in direct sunlight.
Do not remove valve protection until you are ready to withdraw ammonia from the
container.
For empty containers, securely cap the opening, and mark or fasten an EMPTY tag
on it. Store empty containers away from full containers.
Always keep at least 20 litter of clean water near anhydrous storage and handling
facilities in case of emergency.
8.
A slow moving vehicle (SMV) emblem must be displayed on the rear. A lighted rotating
or flashing amber light may be displayed in lieu of the SMV emblem.
Safety chains must be used on all applicator tanks towed on public roads.
Tanks must be identified front and rear and both sides with the words ANHYDROUS
AMMONIA in letters not less than 2 inches high.
It may be ensured that ammonia vehicle driver should have required PPEs with him.
Should a mishap occur while transporting anhydrous ammonia, the spill or leak
should be approached from up wind, whenever possible. To minimize the gas cloud,
water should be sprayed on the point of discharge not just on the tank. If emergency
help is needed, call local office of the Department of Explosives or local Rescue
Centre on Phone No. 1122 for emergency assistance.
Part - II
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
9.
Ammonia is an irritating and caustic substance. One can recognize its leakage for its typical
acrid odour. It irritates eyes, mucosa, air ways, lungs and skin very strong. Its high concentration
may cause swelling of lungs and asphyxia.
A leak in a liquid ammonia pipeline can have considerable impact on humans, animals and
nature in general. Leak detection can be based on sensors, mass balance, level indication,
pressure drop, acoustic signals, seismic signals and soil temperature measurement. An
overview is given below.
9.1
Leak Detection of Ammonia based on Ammonia Sensors
Escaping ammonia can be detected by ammonia sensors. Ammonia sensors are used
in various locations in ammonia plants (e.g. on the compressor platform,in the synthesis
area and in the refrigeration section). However, they can also be placed in loading and
tank areas, and around an ammonia pipeline where they can prove a useful tool for the
detection of a leak from a pipeline. There are basically three commonly used types of
ammonia sensors.
i.
Electrochemical type
ii.
iii.
Infrared type
9.2
This system detects spontaneous changes in the mass balance of the liquid ammonia
pipeline system. Upon a leak, the mass balance system usually first gives an alarm.
Specific instructions are provided for response to the alarm. When no operator action
follows in a pre-determined period (e.g. 10 minutes), some systems automatically close
the isolation valves in the affected part of the pipeline system or in the entire pipeline
system.
9.3
9.4
9.5
Part - II
19
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
9.6
9.7
20
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
ANNEXURE
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
22
Annexure
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Annexure
23
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
24
Annexure
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Annexure
25
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
26
Annexure
Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
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Muhammad Shahid
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Mubushar Hussain
Mainstreaming Expert One UN Joint Programme
Mr. Mubushar Hussain: Currently working as Disaster Risk Reduction
Mainstreaming Expert in One UN Disaster Risk Management Joint Programme
of UNDP - Pakistan, Mr. Mubushar graduated in City and Regional Planning
in 1992 (Pakistan). He started his professional career at PEPAC Limited
-Pakistan through a World Banks Master Planning of 10 Cities assignment.
He joined Local Government and Rural Development (LG&RD) Department,
Government of the Punjab as Town Planner Officer in 1994. He earned his M.Sc.
in Environmental Remote Sensing and Geo-information for Development in
1995 from AIT, Bangkok. He acquired his second Master Degree in Urban
Planning and Land Administration in 2001 from ITC-The Netherlands.
After serving eight years in LG&RD Department in different cities, he started his career as academician
in 2002 in University of the Punjab as Assistant Professor and played main role in establishment of GIS
Centre there. In 2004, he joined National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) - Islamabad
again as pioneer faculty member (Assistant Professor) in the Institute of GIS. Finally he started his
current assignment on Disaster Risk Management in UNDP in 2008. During his 17 years career, he
acquired substantial diversified experience in urban planning, GIS / remote sensing and disaster risk
management.
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Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Address: No.C-52, Block II, KDA Scheme No.5, Clifton, Karachi, 75600
Phone (Off): 0092-21-99251458-9, 35830193-4.
Fax: 0092-21-35830087
E-mail: sindhpdma@gmail.com & mshayyanshah@hotmail.com
URL: http://www.pdma.gos.pk/pdma/
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Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
(ii)
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Inspector of Explosives
Department of Explosives, New Kattarian, Rawalpindi Phone No. 051-9290614, Mob No. 0345-5897092
Inspector of Explosives
Phone No. 021-34982101; Mob No. 0345-4067957, Fax No. 021-34982101
(i)
Inspector of Explosives
Phone No. 061-9210423; Mob No. 0300-4168724,
Fax No. 061-9210423
Inspector of Explosives
Phone No. 091-9212492, Mob No. 0300-9002898
Fax No. 091-9212492
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Guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Substances (Chlorine and Ammonia Gases)
Ph:
Fax:
URL:
Ph:
Fax:
URL:
+92-51-9206544
+92-51-9213082
www.ndma.gov.pk
+92-51-2652840
+92-51-2652536
www.undp.org.pk