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VMF
I. Li ni u.
Chuyn l kt qu thu c qua mt thi gian hc tp v nghin cu ca bn thn v
h phng trnh. Tuy nhin c th ni rng, l s kt tinh qua nhiu th h, l s gip ,
l s hc hi t nhng ngi bn ca mnh cng nh rt nhiu yu t khc.
t hiu qu cao khi tham kho chuyn ny, xin c trch dn my li ca nh gio
G.Polya: " [...] Mt s bi ton c nu li gii y (tuy vn tt), i vi mt s bi khc, ch
vch ra my bc gii u tin, v i khi ch a ra kt qu cui cng.
Mt s bi ton c km thm ch dn gip ngi c gii c d dng hn. Ch dn
cng c th nm trong nhng bi ton khc gn bi ton ang xt. Nn c bit lu n
nhng nhn xt m u trc tng bi tp hay c mt nhm bi tp gp thy trong chng.
Nu chu kh, gng sc gii mt bi ton no th d khng gii ni i chng na, bn
c cng thu hoch c nhiu iu b ch. Chng hn, bn c c th gi ra xem ( cun
sch) phn u mi li gii, em i chiu vi nhng suy ngh ca bn thn mnh, ri gp
sch li v th gng t lc tm ra phn cn li ca li gii.
C l thi gian tt nht suy ngh, nghin ngm v phng php gii bi ton l lc bn
va t lc gii xong bi ton hay va c xong li gii bi ton trong sch, hay c xong phn
trnh by phng php gii trong sch. Khi va hon thnh xong nhim v, v cc n tng
hy cn "nng hi", nhn li nhng n lc va qua ca mnh, bn c c th phn tch su
sc tnh cht ca nhng kh khn vt qua. Bn c c c th t t cho mnh nhiu
cu hi b ch: "Khu no trong qu trnh gii l quan trng nht? Kh khn ch yu l ch
no? Ta c th lm g cho tt hn? Chi tit y mnh cng lic qua m khng ch n mun "nhn thy" chi tit ny th u c phi c t cht ra sao? Liu y c mt cch g
ng lu sau ny gp mt tnh hung tng t, ta c th p dng c khng?" Tt c
nhng cu hi u hay c, v cng cn nhiu cu hi b ch khc na, nhng cu hi hay
nht chnh l cu hi t nhin ny ra trong c, khng cn ai gi c!"
(trch "My li khuyn v ch dn" -G.Polya trong "Sng to ton hc")
Do thi gian cng nh 1 s vn khc nh kin thc, trnh by,.. m chuyn ny cn
kh nhiu khim khuyt. Rt mong c cc bn quan tm v chia s hon thin chuyn
hn. Hi vng n s l ti liu b ch gip chng ta vt qua 1 chng nh trong chng ng
chinh phc ton hc.
a(x + y) + bx y = c
S =x+y
. V phng php gii l t n ph:
. Gii tm S, P
2
2
x +y =c
P = xy
sau s dng nh l Vi-et, d thy x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 S.X + P = 0
nhau. V d:
Din n Ton hc
VMF
V d 1
x 2 + y 2 2x 2y = 6
x + y xy = 5
S P = 5
S 2 4S + 4 = 0
P = S 2
S =2
P = 3
X 2X 3 = 0 (X 3)(X + 1) = 0
x = 3, y = 1
x = 1, y = 3
p
x + y xy = 3
p
Gii h phng trnh: p
x +1+ y +1 = 4
Li gii:
tng 1: Bnh phng hai v ca pt di h thnh
p
x + y xy = 3
p
x + y + 2 + x y + x + y + 1 = 16
Th t nh c: S = x + y, P = x y , h khi tr thnh:
p
(
p
p
S = P +3
p
S = P +3
S P =3
p
p
p
p 3P 26 P 105 = 0
S + 2 P + S + 1 = 14
2 P + P + 4 = 11 P
0 P 121
tng 2: t n a = x + 1, b =
a +b = 4
p
a 2 + b 2 2 (a 2 1)(b 2 1) = 3
S =4
p
S 2 2P 2 P 2 S 2 + 2P + 1 = 3
S =4
p
P 2 + 2P 15 = 11 2P
HPT
Din n Ton hc
VMF
V d 3
V d 4
1 1 1
+ + =2
x y z
Gii h phng trnh:
1
2
2 =4
xy z
(x + y)(1 + x y) = 4x y
(x 2 + y 2 )(1 + x 2 y 2 ) = 4x 2 y 2
Thc ra, dng h i xng kiu I c hng gii kh n gin, r rng vi vic t n v s
dng nh l Vi-t. Chnh v vy m h i xng kiu I thng gn vi vic gii v bin lun,
mt s trng ca phng php ny! Chng ta cng xt mt s v d sau.
V d 6
Tm a h phng trnh
ay + x + y = a +1
c nghim duy nht.
x2 y + x y 2 = a
S +P = a +1
SP = a
Theo Vi-t, S v P l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 (a + 1)X + a = 0
(1)
Hn na, cng theo Vi-t x, y li l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 S.X + P = 0
(2).
2
Do , h c 1 nghim duy nht th (2) c nghim duy nht, tc (2) = 0 S = 4P x = y
Hoc c th dng nhn xt: do vai tr x, y trong mi phng trnh ca h l nh nhau nn
nu h c nghim (m; n) th n cng c nghim (n; m). Nh vy h c nghim duy nht th
cn c x = y . Th vo c:
Li gii: t : S = x + y, P = x y , ta c h mi:
x 2 + 2x = a + 1
2x 3 = a
x 2 + 2x (a + 1) = 0 ()
q
x = 3 a2
2
h c nghim duy nht th () c duy nht 1 nghim x =
= 1
2.1
Th li thy tha mn. Kt lun gi tr cn tm l a = 2.
V d 7
a
= 1 a = 2.
2
V d 8
p
x+ y =m
p
x + y xy = m
(Thi th H-C
Lng Ngc Quyn, Thi Nguyn 2011)
p THPTp
x +1+ y +1 = a
x + y = 2a + 1
Din n Ton hc
VMF
Nhn xt: Quan st th thy ngay khng th l h i xng kiu I. Nhng! Hy xem
Li gii: t a = x 1, b = 2y th h tr thnh:
a 2 + 3ab + b 2 = 20
.
(a + 1)2 + (b + 1)2 = 2
x 2 + 6x y + 4y 2 = 19 + 2y + 6y (1)
x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 4y
(2)
x 4 4x 2 + (y 3)2 = 0
x 2 y + x 2 + 2y 22 = 0
(x y)2 = 1 x 2 y 2
x(x y + y + 1) = y(x y + 1) + 1
x 2 + y 2 = 5 + 4x 4y
3x + x y y = 15
Din n Ton hc
VMF
V d 14
x y 3x 2y = 16
x 2 + y 2 2x 4y = 33
Li gii:
x2 + y 2 = 2
2x 2 + 3x y 2y 2 + 3x + y = 7
1
1
y
+ y 2 = ( + y)2 2 .. Tip tc vi cc v d sau, bn s thy
2
x
x
x
y + y =6
x2 x
V d 16 Gii h phng trnh:
1 + y2 = 5
x2
x y + y 2 + x 7y = 0
x y + x 2 12y = 0
1 2
2
2
(x + y ) 1 +
=9
xy
V d 18 Gii h phng trnh:
1 3
(x 3 + y 3 )(1 +
) =4
xy
+y =0
x y(2x + y 6) + 2x
2
1
V d 19 Gii h phng trnh:
(x 2 + y 2 ) 1 +
=8
xy
Din n Ton hc
VMF
x 2 + y = 5x + 3
y 2 + x = 5y + 3
x =y =1
x =y =3
x = 3, y = 3
x = 9, y = 15
x=y
x 2 4x + 3 = 0
x+y =6
x 2 + x 5 (6 x) = 3
x =y =1
x =y =3
x = 9, y = 15
x 3 = 2y + 1
y 3 = 2x + 1
3
4
x =1
p
x =1
1 5
2
x +x 1 = 0
x=
2
(
)
p
1 5
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l x =
;1
2
x 3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1) x 2 + x 1 = 0
V d 22
p
p
x + 10 + y 1 = 11
p
Gii h phng trnh: p
y + 10 + x 1 = 11
p
y 1 x 1 = 0
1
1
1
xy p
p
+p
=0x =y
p
y 1
x + 10 + y + 10
x 1
p
p
p
p
(V do x + 10 + y + 10 > x 1 + y 1 nn biu thc cn li v nghim).
Th x = y vo ta d dng gii phng trnh ca h.
x + 10
y + 10 +
Din n Ton hc
VMF
x3 + y 2 = 1
y 3 + x2 = 1
x3 y 3 + y 2 x2 = 0 x y x2 + x y + y 2 x + y = 0
x=y
x2 + x y + y 2 = x + y
x3 + x2 1 = 0 x = y =
13
3
p
p
25 3 69 3 25 3 69
+
+
1
2
2
2
2
(x + y)2 x y = (x + y)
(x + y)3 3x y(x + y) + (x + y)2 2x y = 2
t S = x + y , P = x y , h tr thnh:
S2 P = S
S 3 3SP + S 2 2P = 2
(S 1)(S 2 + 1) = 0
P = S2 S
S 3 + S 2 2 (3S + 2)(S 2 S) = 0
P = S2 S
S =1
P =0
x = 1, y = 0
x = 0, y = 1
x3 + y = 2
y3 + x = 2
x+ p
3
2x y
x 2 2x + 9
= x2 + y
2x y
= y2 + x
y+p
3
2
y 2y + 9
Din n Ton hc
VMF
Nhn xt: Qu ng, khi cng hay tr ta khng th lm g vi ci cn khng khip kia. Tuy
nhin, mt s im ta li thy r v ng phi ngh l trong
ci cn bc 3 kia, c mt ng
p
thc: (x 1)2 + 8 = x 2 2x + 9. Nhm nghim x = y = 1 v 3 8 = 2 (cn p!). Phi lin kt v s
dng chng nh th no?
2x y
x 2 2x + 9
+p
3
2x y
y 2 2y + 9
= x 2 + y 2.
S dng nh gi:
p
3
x 2 2x + 9 =
p
3
(x 1)2 + 8 2 p
3
2x y
x 2 2x + 9
2x y
= xy
2
Tng t ta c:
2x y
p
3
y 2 2y + 9
xy p
3
2x y
x 2 2x + 9
+p
3
2x y
y 2 2y + 9
2x y = x 2 + y 2 (x y)2 x 2 + y 2
2x 2 + x 1 = 2
Gii h phng trnh:
y
y y 2 x 2y 2 = 2
V d 28
x 3 (2 + 3y) = 1
(y 3 2)x = 3
x 3 (2 + 3y) = 8
(y 3 2)x = 6
V d 29
y2 + 2
3y =
x2
Gii h phng trnh:
2
x
3x = + 2
y2
V d 30
( p
p
x 2 + 2x + 22 y = y 2 + 2y + 1
p
p
Gii h phng trnh:
y 2 + 2y + 22 x = x 2 + 2x + 1
(Olympic 30-4-2010)
Din n Ton hc
VMF
V d 31
(
p
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3 y1 + 1
p
y + y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1
p
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3 y1 + 1
p
y + y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1
x2 + y 2 =
5
Gii h phng trnh:
57
= y(3x + 1)
4x + 3x
25
9x + y + 6x y + 6x + 2y =
12
25
25
3x + y + 1 =
5
(x y)2 + y = 3
x 2 + 2x y 5y 2 5x + 13y = 6
(x 2y + 3)(2x 4y 1) = 0
x 2y = 3
2x 4y = 1
Din n Ton hc
VMF
a x+
b
2a
=0
x2 + y 2 =
5
Gii h phng trnh:
57
2
4x + 3x
= y(3x + 1)
25
5t + 57
=0
25
5t + 57
2
y = (3x + 1) 4t (t + 4)x + 3x
25
2
= (9 4t 2 16t )x 2 + 6x(1 2t ) + 1 +
4t (5t + 57)
25
4t (5t + 57)
0
2
2
x = 0 9(1 2t ) 4(9 16t 4t ) 1 +
=0
25
4t (5t + 57)
(1 2t ) 1 2t 4(9 + 2t ) 1 +
=0
25
(9 4t 2 16t )x 2 + 6x(1 2t ) + 1 +
D thy t =
1
l gi tr tha mn.
2
Din n Ton hc
VMF
(x y)2 + y = 3
x 2 + 2x y 5y 2 5x + 13y = 6
Li gii: Chng ta cng thc hin cng vic nhn t nh trn: Nhn t vo phng trnh u
ri cng theo v 2 phng trnh ta c:
(t 5)y 2 + y [2x(t 1) + t + 13] + (t + 1)x 2 5x 3(t + 2)
Khi xem xt phng trnh ny th nhn thy ngay t = 3 s cho ta f 2 (x) = 182
v t 2 + 7t + 12 = (t + 3)(t + 4). T ta c li gii.
Mt s v d thm:
x2 + y 2 = x y + x + y
x2 y 2 = 3
x 2 + 2y 2 = 3x 2
2(x + y 1) = 2x y
V d 39
y = (5x + 4)(4 x)
y 2 5x 2 4x y + 16x y 8y + 16 = 0
V d 40
(H C khi A, nm 2008)
x2 + y + x3 y + x y 2 + x y =
4
Gii h phng trnh:
5
x 4 + y 2 + x y(1 + 2x) =
4
x2 y 2 = 3
x2 + y 2 = x y + x + y
tch. . . . . . .
M rng phng php:
C s suy lun: bn c ngh, liu c bt buc bc ca x v y trong h phi l bc 2 c.
ng, lun gii c th nht thit phi yu cu l c 2 u bc 2. Tuy nhin, ci hay ca
Ton chnh l a dng, mun mu mun v, bt buc chng ta phi lun tinh t, sng to
hn na trong phng php v suy ngh. Bit 1 cha chc gii c 10. Trc ht, hy xem
ci h sau.
Din n Ton hc
VMF
V d 42
(Thi th H C nm 2011)
x 4 + 2x 3 y + x 2 y 2 = 2x + 9
x 2 + 2x y = 6x + 6
x 4 + 2x 2 (x y) + (x y)2 = 2x + 9
x 2 + 2x y = 6x + 6
1 + x 2 y 2 = 19x 2
x y 2 + y = 6x 2
Nhng c vn g cn bn y?
Nhp: Nhn t vo phng trnh sau ri cng li.