vrnHvauy JYTOCHABHJA Kycrenaun KpaoH0 pe ope A Braroverpan ° (2084) © Mposmutun Kowann 0 wa Coern Huxone q (1508) Cocke Frama m9 “ SS Pagoonu separ PENYBNUKA MAKEDOHNJA ” oCtpywnua rome Flounp Kanwja feos aod Bornalut « a # Bieronmure apa Bojpan Kyyt ini)MACEDONIAN MakegouHckn Jasnk A COURSE FOR BEGINNING AND INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS SECOND EDITION CHRISTINA E. KRAMER The University of Wisconsin PressContents Acknowledgments Introduction Selected Bibliography 1. Macedonian Pronunciation and the Macedonian Alphabet 1.1 The Macedonian alphabet . 1.2 Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation. 13 Stress. oo 1.4 Cognates..... 15 Alphabetical order 1.6 Writing Macedonian 2, Introductions... 2.1 Subject pronouns....... 2.2 The present tense of the verb to b 2.3 Gender of nouns. 2.4 Interrogatives 2.5 Conjunctions 3. Occupations 31 Plural of masculine and feminine nouns. 3.2 Adjectives... 3.3 Plural of adjectives . 3.4 Present tense of verbs. 3.5 Negation of verbs... 3.6 uma / HeMa..... 3.7 Numbers 0-20 4. Daily Routines 4.1 Adverbs, introduction. 4.2 Plural of neuter nouns . + 4.3 Demonstrative adjectives. 4.4 Definite articles.. 45 Definite direct objects.. 4.6 Possession 4.7 Conjunctions.... 5. Food.. 5.1 Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases 2 Direct object pronouns, continued. 5.3 Prepositions with personal pronouns. 4 Introduction to 4a constructions. 5 no vs. Ha% 5.6 Forms of ‘whose’ 5.7 Embedded questions... 5.8 Conjunctions m...1, #u01...s0IH, HL. 6. Musi ¥ 6.1 Indirect objects. 6.2 Indirect and direct object clitics 6.3 Uses of na. 64 Verbal aspect. 6.5 Future constructions 6.6 Future tense of cys. 67 Aspectual pairs and predicting aspect .. 6.8 Subordination with sexa.... 7. Cities, Giving directions, Skopje, Free time. 7.1 Comparatives and superlatives. % 7.2 Possessive pronominal adjectives 7.3 Imperatives..... 7.4 Verbal auxiliary Tpe6a.. 7.5 Numbers from 0-100 .. 76 Telling time, introduction 8, Education... 8.1 Aorist, introduction. ve 8.2 Review of subordinate clauses... 8.3 Subordinate clauses headed by 1a + 8.4 Relative clausez.......... 8.5 Intransitive verbs with ce .. 9. Vacations, Birthdays 9.1 Aorist, continued... 9.2 Quantitative plural 9.3 Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions... 9.4 Numbers designating male human beings and mixed gender groups. 95 Telling time, continued .. 9.6 Days of the week... 9.7 Months of the year; dates, ordinal numbers. 9.8 Verb of liking . a 9.9 Order of clitics, review. 9.10 Diminutives, introduction . 9.11 Vocative, introduction ..... 10. Weather. 10:1 Imperfect, introduction. 10.2 Proximate and distance forms of the definite article. 3% 10.3 Interrogatives, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs of quantity and quality10.4 Impersonal constructions, introduction 207 10.5 Imperatives, continued: nexa and aa constructions 208 11. Appearance, Character, Relatives.. 217 222 226 230 . 232 234 11.1 Expectative conditionals 11.2 Perfective imperfect and future-in-the-past 11.3 Indirect speech, introduction....... 11.4 Verbal nouns, introduction. 11.5 Verbal adverbs. 12. Health.... 12.1 Verbal I-forms and formation of the 1+ past 12.2 Approximate numbers. 12.3 Compound conjunctions: 6¢3 1a, 98 2a, Tipe a. 12.4 The emphatic verb nejke. see 12.5 The conjunction mrrom.. 126 The verbal prefix no- and verbs of Flying, sitting, standing, 12.7 Aorist, continued. = — 12.8 Reflexive verbs, continued . 242 . 248 256 . 257 258 260 . 260 13. Housing.......... 13.1 Hypothetical constructions with 61. 13.2 Other uses of the verbal I-forms: admirative and dubitative.. 13.3 Indirect speech, continued. 13.4 Suppositional or reported forms of perfective imperfect constructions... 13.5 The use of rpe6a with nominal subject 13.6 Optatives 270 277 14. Geography of Macedonia, Travel. 14.1 Verbal adjectives, introductior 14.2 Word order... 143 Passive and inactive constructions with the paride ce, introduction. 144 The conjunctions ypu (aa, He), noxeKa (na, He). 15. Airport arrival, Sports. 324 15.1 Ma perfects, introduction ... 326 15.2 Dependent form of masculine personal names .. 331 15.3 Review of aspect distinctions and imperfective derivation... sees 38M 15.4 Introduction to verbal prefixes. 1 336 15.5 Pronominal adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs prefixed with He-, Hi, ce-. sooee 338 15.6 Indefinite pronouns: Koj 6110, Koj 1 a €, Koj-roze... 340 15.7 The conjunction Kako a... 341 vii *16. Cultural sites in Macedonia 16.1 Pluperfects 16.2 Constructions with waz plus neuter verbal adjective 16.3 Diminutives, continued. . 16.4 Review of prepositions. .. 165 Collective plurals. Appendix 1 - Supplementary Readings 1. ,TIpwusua", Heuarx Sexepuija... 2. Mupej (wapagox), Terpe Anmpeescxu .. 3. ,.KoaKy € claloK Megor” (13Ba70K), Mero JopaHoBcKtt.... 4. ,.YaeOHMUM M KHHIH Ha MakeOHCKM HapogeH ja3nk" (43Ba20K) emopuja 3a Il xaace 2umnasuja, Anexcuanap TpajanoBcK. e375 5. Cnaa6n Bo Maxenonnija.. A. Tpaquuvonasna urrancKa coan6a (axanTupano of Poaxsopxomo Goeacmeo Ha HImun), Anexcangap Jloucku. B. Kaxo ce npasn cvax6a senec #0 Cxonije, ‘JIuajana MutKorcxa... 6. ,Lllupox Coxax, IIpasumusre, Samuivara 1 Tanta Pen” (138a10K), Koxcrantan Jlopakoncxit... Appendix 2 - Grammatical Summaries... Glossary of Basic Grammatical Terminology .. Macedonian-English Glossary ... English-Macedonian Glossary... Answer Key Index viiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the past three years, I have had the good fortune to consult with many people on this project. Without their help and good wishes, I am sure this book would never have been completed. First, I wish to thank Professor Victor Friedman for fostering my lasting interest in Balkan linguistics and Macedonian studies. He provided tremendous help and support in the completion of this, grammar. I am also deeply indebted to Professor Ronelle Alexander for inspiring this textbook. I know that many of my explanations and ideas for this book owe a great deal to her clarity of thought and creativity. I consulted with a number of people in Macedonia whose help has been crucial, In particular, I would like to thank Liljana Mitkovska for her kindness, generosity and creativity. She contributed a number of supplementary exercises to this textbook, probably the ones the students will most enjoy. I will never forget working with her in Ohrid in the shade of the kiwi vines. I am grateful also to Elena Petrovska and Blagoja Mitkovski for proofreading the manuscript and offering numerous useful suggestions. I thank my North American colleagues for reviewing and field testing early editions of this manuscript, in particular Professor Jane Hacking at the University of Kansas, Professor Grace Fielder at the University of Arizona, Professor Robert Greenberg at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Kim Gareiss at the University of Chicago. Each of them has contributed ideas, corrections, and encouragement. I am grateful as well to their students. My students and colleagues at the University of Toronto were most instrumental in the completion of this textbook. I wish to thank the students who survived years of Macedonian courses with various versions of these chapters. This textbook project grew out of the University of Toronto course, and I hope through this book to-be able to thank the Toronto Macedonian community for their generous support of my work. Friends and colleagues in Toronto and Skopje helped in numerous ways with this project, and I owe all of them thanks for sharing with me photographs, stories, and customs which have enriched this book. ‘A special debt of gratitude is owed to two graduate students at the University of Toronto: Elisabeth Elliott helped with proofreading, suggested ideas for vocabulary, exercises and readings, and in general contributed in numerous ways to the completion of this project. I thank Brian Cook for his patient help proofreading the glossaries—there will always be errors that creep into a manuscript, but there would have been many more without his assistance. George Stackpole, a graduate student at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, provided editorial assistance in the final stages of this project; many grammatical points are clearer thanks to his suggestions. Talso wish to thank my colleague Joseph Schallert for helping me with various thorny issues in grammar. Special thanks are due Steve Salemson at the University of Wisconsin Press, who guided this project through production from beginning to end, and whose unflagging support was crucial to its completion. Little did he suspect what he was getting himself into!Illustrations for chapters 11, 12, 13, and 16 were done by my friend John Fraser. T wish to thank Eran Fraenkel for permission to use the photographs on pages 106 and 400, Jane Sugarman for the photo on page 484, Gwen Rust for the photo on page 89, Chris Stefanovich for the photo on page 308, and Novica Aleksovski for the photos on pages 379 and 380. Also, thanks to the publisher Prosvetno Delo in Skopje for permission to reproduce a simplifed version of their map of Macedonia on the inside front cover. Finally, I wish to extend my thanks to Richard, Paul and Marisa Franz for helping with the textbook. Throughout the writing and developing of the book, they contributed ideas, drawings, photographs, criticism and encouragement. It helped me to see Macedonia through their eyes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Second Edition During the past three years I have received many comments from students and teachers using this textbook. I am grateful for their suggestions and corrections. In addition to corrections of errors, this edition also contains some updated cultural information and, most importantly, an answer key to the exercises. I had not realized that so many readers would embark on a self-study course, and for them an answer key is essential. T would like to thank first and foremost my students at the University of Toronto and students at the University of Chicago and the University of North Carolina. Many errors were corrected due to their careful study. For additional comments and corrections I wish to thank Elisabeth Elliott, Grace Fielder, Victor Friedman, Kim Gareiss, Robert Greenberg, Leonid Livak, Kate Minnis, Daniel Peluso, Elena Petroska, and Kat Tancock. Steve Salemson at the University of Wisconsin Press has provided continuous support at every stage of this project. Towe special thanks to Liljana Mitkovska for her help in answering my many questions, and for her invaluable help and guidance on producing the answer key. [ also thank her and her family for their kind hospitality in Macedonia. Wayles Browne read the first edition with great care and provided me with numerous corrections, helpful comments, and advice, all of which contribute to a clearer presentation in this second edition. Everyone should be fortunate enough to have such a careful reader. "To David Kramer I owe thanks for advice in formatting the glossaries and for dealing with corrupted files. I could never have produced the revised glossaries without him, Finally, I thank Richard, Paul, and Marisa Franz for, once again, living daily with my troubles in editing this book The custom TransCyrillic Font used to print this work is available from Linguist’s Software, Inc., P.O. Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580, USA. Telephone (206) 775-1130.INTRODUCTION This textbook is intended for students with no prior knowledge of standard Macedonian, and will provide them with an all-skills foundation in that language. In North America, Macedonian is taught to disparate audiences: graduate students with an in-depth knowledge of another Slavic language who wish to learn Macedonian for reading knowledge and research; people of Macedonian heritage who may have rudimentary spoken language skills but are unable to read and write; ethnographers interested in Macedonian culture. It is an impossible task to write a textbook that appeals directly to each of these target audiences, but it is my sincere hope that this work can be useful to different types of students. Every chapter contains reading selections, grammatical drill exercises, communicative exercises, and cultural commentary. Each also contains a list of words used in the texts and exercises which are required as active vocabulary. As students begin a new lesson, they should familiarize themselves with this lis Most chapters have additional readings that have their own supplementary vocabulary lists, These words are not required for active knowledge, but they too are lisied in the glossary at the end of the book. Appendix 1 contains supplementary readings, which can be used to help students who have completed the sixteen lessons expand their reading knowledge. Thave tried to cover the basic grammar without overburdening students with numerous exceptions. Appendix 2 contains grammatical summaries, including an overview of all verb forms and a review of clitic placement rules. Following the glossaries there is an answer key of selected exercises. There are several important reference works in English that cover Macedonian grammar in greater detail, and I direct those students interested in acquiring a more in-depth knowledge to consult these works, which are cited on. page xii There is a companion CD that can be purchased separately which provides interactive exercises for self-study, listening comprehension, and photos, music, and video clips. The CD runs on Windows 95/98 and ME. A tape recording of the dialogues can be purchased from the author: ce. kramer@utoronto.caSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘This short bibliography is intended as an introduction to the study of Macedonian, It is not intended to be exhaustive, merely representative. I have included only works on the standard language written in English, so dialect descriptions have not been included here. Check the bibliographies of the works listed for references to other works. de Bray, Reginald G.A. 1980. Macedonian. Guide to the South Slavonic Languages (Guide to the Slavic Languages, 3rd edition, Revised and expanded, Part 1), Columbus, OH: Slavica, 137-308. Elson, Mark J. 1989. Macedonian Verbal Morphology: A Structural Analysis, ‘Columbus, OH: Slavica. Englund, Birgitta. 1977. Yes/no-questions in Bulgarian and Macedorsian Stockholm: ‘Almqvist & Wiksell. Fraenkel, Eran and Christina Kramer, editors. 1993. Language Contact—-Language Conflict. New York: Peter Lang, Inc. Friedman, Victor A. 1977. The Grammatical Categories of the Macedonian Indicattce. ‘Columbus, OH: Slavica. 1985. “The Sociolinguistics of Literary Macedonian”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 52:31-57. __ 71993. Macedonian. The Slavonic Languages, ed. Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. London: Routledge. Hacking, Jane. 1997. Coding the Hypothetical: A Comparative Typology of Russian and "Macedonian Conditionals. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Hill, Peter, et al.. 1998, Macedonian-English Dictionary. London:Routledge. Koreski, Blaze. 1983. Macedonian Historical Phonology, with a survey ‘of Macedonian dialects and a map by Bovidar Vidoeski, translated by Victor A. Friedman (Historical Phonology of the Slavic Languages, 12, series editor George Shevelov). Heidelberg: Carl Winter. ~*Macedonia". 1980. The Slavic Literary Languages: Formation and Development, pp. 53-63, edited by Alexander M. Schenker and Edward Stankewiez. New Haven: Yale East European Publications (No. 1), 1980. Kramer, Christina. 1986. Analytic Modality in Macedonian, Miinchen: Sagner. Lunt, Horace. 1952. A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje: Driavno knigoizdatelstvo. __ 1986. “On Macedonian Language and Nationalism”. Slavic Review 45:4, 729-734. Migeska Tomié, Olga et al. 1994. English-Macedonian Dictionary. Skopje:Kultura Murgoski, Zoze. 1996. Maxesoucko-airaeny pewstk, ART aMcKo-MaKeiONCKI peux (Macedonian-English English-Macedonian Dictionary) Skopje:Kliment Oxridski. xi reTexunja 1 Macedonian Pronunciation and the Macedonian Alphabet The Macedonian alphabet Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation Stress Cognates Alphabetical order Writing Macedonian RURORE Fresco of Saints Cyril and Methodius, St. Jovan Bigorski Monastery (the lower scroll shows the old Cyril alphabet) 1.1 The Macedonian alphabet (MaxegoncKara a36yKa) The Macedonian alphabet is a form of the Cyrillic alphabet. Variations of the Cyrillic alphabet are used also in writing Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and Serbian. It is much easier to learn to read and write Macedonian than English because, in general, each letter corresponds to a single sound. Once you have mastered a few simple rules of pronunciation, words are pronounced as they are spelled. Macedonian is also written on occasion in Latin letters in a standard system of transliteration. This system is used when, for example, a person does not have access to Cyrillic type-fonts.Eee Texuyja 1 The Macedonian alphabet has thirty-one letters. Their sequence in the alphabet, standard transliteration in Roman letters, and approximate pronunciation are given in the table below: Cyrillic Pronunciation Standard transliteration A a a father A a B 6 b boy B b B B v van v v Tr r g girl G & a au ad dog D d r 6 gy argue Cc a E e e pet E e xK x zh azure,pleagure = Z 2 3 3 z zebra Zz z Ss s dz beds, adze Dz dz u a i pizza I i J j y yard, toy J j K K k skin K k I ft 1 look L 1 Ib 7 soft1 Jeaf, magnolia iy yj) M a m — moon M m H " n nut N n tb B ny — onion, canyon Nj nj ° ° o boat ° ° I fo spider P P P P r flappedrsimilar R r to sound in English butter Le: c 8 sun s s T T t stop T t K kK ky cute ae k’ y y u boot U u o fy f fig F i x a kh asin German Bach H h or English yech! Y 1 ts cats, tsetse G © q « ch cheese c é WL u ij judge, jump Dz dz I i sh shoe s §Texussja 1 12 Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation 1. Inaddition to the five vowels a, €, H, 0, and y, Macedonian p also functions as a vowel, e.g., UPCT, KpcT, UpKBa, MpB. This looks odd to an English speaker, but the use of p as a vowel is similar to the vowel+r sequences in English words such as bird and computer. When a syllabic p occurs in word- initial or root initial position, it is preceded in writing by an apostrophe: "px, 2a'pxu. Note: Some dialects, but not the standard language, also have the vowel schwa, as in English Columbus. In writing, this is shown with the apostrophe, e.g, x’ewer ‘fate’ (kacner in the standard language). Beow6a 1: Practice saying the following words: Bps, BpGa, CPi, CPT, cpueH, NacrpMka, OOpHe, Kpla, KaNIpMa 2. Special attention must be given to the following: Hb, f, K. At the same time as you pronounce each of these sounds, you simultaneously flatten your tongue against the hard palate, ie, the roof of your mouth, approximating a y sound. The sound of tb is similar to the pronunciation in the English words: onion, canyon. The velars and & are pronounced somewhat like the g and c/k in argue, regulate, and cute, cue, key. There is a great deal of dialect variation in the pronunciation. In some dialects the sounds approach those of English jas in jeep. and ch, as in cheap. Before the letter i, we normally write x and 2, but the sound is the same, as in the word KM1MM below. (If we add u to words that already have f or &, then f or K remains, e.g. HO ‘night’ + M = HOKu ‘nights’, Tyf ‘foreign’ + nHa = TyfMHa ‘foreign lands’) Beow6a 2: Practice the pronunciation of the following words: Kor, Garba, mpaniatee Kepxa, xyka, Komle, KumHM, Beke fepnan, feppex, fanoa, fyGpe, Mery 3. and sb. The pronunciation of Macedonian 41 and 1b is not uniform among Macedonian speakers. Pronunciation is reflected in the orthography, and the differences will be summarized here. Orthographic 1: According to the prescribed norm, 11 before back vowels -a, -o, and -u and before another consonant (except -j) is pronounced as a “dark” Las in the English words table or look. When .1 is followed by the front vowels ~ i -e, of the consonant -i, it is pronounced like a “clear” or European 1, as in the English words leaf and lip. This is summarized in the table on the next page:Jlexunja 1 ai, , aj: clear | aa, 20, aly, s1at the end of a word, and 1 before a consonant (except j ): dark ! Most younger speakers of the language, however, employ the “dark” ! pronunciation in all positions except before j Orthographic sb: In the prescribed norm, orthographic .b represents the clear | pronunciation before the back vowels a, 0, u, in word-final position, and before consonants, except j. Younger speakers have lost this distinction and pronounce the letter as a palatal consonant, as in the English words million and billiards. This pronunciation merges with that of the sequence Ij, and, as a consequence, many young speakers do not always know whether a word is written with 1 or 1. Beoc6a 3: Pronounce the following words: a before the front vowels Hand € aMle, 1eCHO, NeKap 4 before the back vowels a, 0, and y ara, om, 03a, Ayre Jb before the back vowels a, 0, y and sby60B, BIbYGEH, Tesb, Ge-ba in syllable final position 4. In English, when we pronounce k, p, and t we produce a puff of air at the moment of release of the sound. This aspiration is not present when k, p. a tare preceded by s. If you place your hand in front of your mouth and pronounce the pairs of words pit - spit, kit - skit, tick - stick, you will be able to detect the difference. In Macedonian, these sounds are never accompanied by aspiration. 5. In order to learn Macedonian pronunciation and to understand many spelling conventions, it is imperative that you understand the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants. Your voice is produced by the vibration of your vocal chords, which are located in your larynx. When we make vowel sounds, our vocal chords vibrate. If you put your hand over your larynx at the front of your neck while pronouncing a long vowel sound, you can feel this vibration. When we make consonant sounds, the vocal chords may or may not vibrate, producing two different sounds; compare, for example, [s] and [z]. If you make these sounds with your fingers on your larynx, you can feel the difference. In other words, when we make so-called voiced consonants we are allowing our vocal chords to vibrate, whereas there is no vibration in the pronunciation of voiceless consonants. In the following consonant pairs, the first member of each pair is voiced, while the second is voiceles Gen, Bb, PK, eT, FR, KAI, 3-C, SoM, YHHexunja 1 There are two very important rules of Macedonian pronunciation based on the voiced /voiceless opposition: 1. At the ends of words, voiced consonants become voiceless: 6-0 pod ne rs sap urpap rk 6per Mur A--T rpan, Maat 2K Mak Hox see mpa3 Mpa3 [rop] flep] {laf} ligrafl [brek] [mik] [grat] {mlat] [mas] [nog] Ipras] [mras] Note that the letter s never occurs in word-final position, and the letters y, f almost never occur in word-final position.I EEE Ee ——_—_——__—_——_—_— Texnnja 1 Beoc6a 4; Pronounce the following words, paying attention to final devoicing: ry2a6, 226, 606, 2pas, 11a, opes. KPyF, compyT, Fs ‘Tpya, ays, BU, Garark, e2, *pxK, BO3, OTKAS 2, When consonants occur next to one another in a word, in general they must all be either voiced of voiceless, depending on the last consonant. This is talled regressive assimilation of voicing, because it operate "backward" from the Gad of the group of consonants and makes all the consonants similar to the last ne, being either all voiced or all voiceless. In Macedon’ary this influences both pronunciation and spelling, Let us look at a few examples where the spelling of @ toot changes when a suffix is added: por ‘horn’ poxue ‘little horn’ pu, “pill purse ‘nillock’ rpax ‘town’ rparue ‘small town’ cpar ‘groom’ cpan6a ‘wedding’ CF —r—— of the consonant does not change even though the pronunciation does: rr=—r———"—“ —— lorefve]. ,—————— ofa preceding consonant: [svoj] not “[2vo}] or [zatvor] not *[zadvor] 2. Wis retained before the suffix -cKM: TPAACKH [gratski] 3 The feminine definite article -Ta does not alter the spelling of feminine nouns ending in a consonant, ¢.g., "PTA, 30678. 13 Stress (accent) In general, Macedonian has fixed antepenultimate (ie., third-from-the-las| syllable) stress on words of three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable of shorter words, eg., Pa6oTa, HEBO}KA, npenvimysa, Kura, six. Th placement of the stress on the antepenultimate syllable is so central to Piacedonian that when suffixes, such as the plural ending or definite article, are added to the word, the stress will move, e.g péjapa4 ‘salesman’ npondpaun ‘salesmen’ nposaséunre ‘the salesmen’Tlexuuja 1 There are, however, exceptions to the antepenultimate rule, primarily due to borrowings from other languages, e.g., Teaedouvipa, BASAa, HOrMaTH3aM, etc, The shift of stress to the antepenult in such foreign words, e.g.,.1Tepatypa, is considered substandard. In borrowed nouns in which the stress is on a syllable other than the antepenultimate, the stress will not shift when suffixes are added, eg: napaamént ‘parliament’ napaaméntu ‘parliaments’ napaaméuTute ‘the parliaments’ In the vocabularies for each chapter, stress will not be marked on nouns which have antepenultimate stress. On words which have stress on other syllables, the accented vowel will be typed in bold face. Beo«6a 5 : Look at the list of temperatures in European cities given in a Macedonian newspaper and answer the following questions: Eppoma: Benrpan 18 Aruna 20 Byxypemr 13 Bepann 18 Mcran6ya 17 Jlonzon 11 Mockea 3 Maapun 28 Tapws 14 Pum 20 Croxxoam 17 Copuja 15 1. Is the temperature higher in Stockholm or Paris? 2. What is the temperature in Belgrade? 3. What English city is listed? 4. Which city has the lowest temperature? Which the highest?Texusja 1 Who are these famous people? Joxan CeGacrujan Bax Bua Kannrou Kupo I'auropos (The first president of Independent Macedonia) Haacno Jomuuro Bu Bu Knar Mux [erep Cumectep Cranone Tlon MaxKaprunt Mao Henyxr @exepuKo Desnun 14 Cognates Macedonian shares many words with English. Some of these words are cognates, that is, they are descended from the same Indo-European source, while other words were borrowed into Macedonian from various western European languages. Beoc6a 6: Read the following words. If the stress does not fall on the antepenultimate syllable, the stressed vowel is in boldface yumpepsurer mapK xoKej aparcrop apxurex. KoMnjytep — 6par anepruja —_cecrpa jorypr fespex Konnepr —miKeHep —caKcocpoH-—cTyleHT rurapa ues Konera uHCTpyMeHT eKeMapt panto KOMMAKT ANCK npocbecop cena Kate xamGyprep pecropan © OKTOMBpH —Mporhecuija_—Tesecpou Sanka Teatap Motop curypeH arenmija wok renepnauja Gariana Biro eK Compare the same list in italics: yausep3ummem — fapK xoKej Opaeciiop apxuimexm komiljymep — 6paim aaepeuja cechipa joeypii deapex Konuepii unocenep ——caxcogson —cifiydenmm eummapa nes Koaeza unchipymenm dexemepu paduo Koxilaxfi duck iipodsecop cendauy Kage xamOypeep peciiopan —okitiomapu —iipogpecuja_—Meaedhou Ganka Meainap momop cueypex azenuuja wok Meaceusuja — anana euona eK 8Jexuja 1 1.5 Alphabetical order If you are not familiar with the order of the letters in the alphabet, it will be extremely difficult and time-consuming to use a dictionary. Therefore, you should take some time now to master the alphabet. BR SEX OCAHOUHOP RE RE ROS POY M TIO REGEX GE RIOCUROR EE RH AU RYE Y OTE IBA Note the position in the alphabet of f, 1, #, and K. These letters arose from the combination of Jl, 1, H, and T, with j respectively, so they occur in predictable sequences: -f, si-tb, H-H, T-KMexuyja | Beaw6a 7: Put the following words into alphabetical order: Gpar, yaGe, cecrpa, nemo, GaGa, yaMBep3HTer, cymuja, 1eKap, XoKej, APXHTEKT, Ma, He, ON, Kalle, TATKO, MajKa, UH4KO, UpH, Kepka, ry.1a6, wyGoB, FeBpeX, WYTKA, HYJOPIIKH, BAMTIMp, eK, 3eMja, H, MMNT-nOHT, paGora, banrom, sBe3ita Ohrid street scene 10Texunja 1 1.6 Writing Macedonian Beow6a 8: 1. Study the Macedonian handwriting in the table above and then write the names of the Macedonian cities given below: Cxonje, Burona, Kpuea Tasanka, Masposo, Ulran, Tesrestuja, Teroso. 2. Write the cities and names in Beac6a 5 in script. u21 23 24 25 Hexunja 2 Introductions Subject pronouns The present tense of the verb ‘to be’ Gender of nouns Interrogativ Conjunctions 3upaso! Jac ce suxam Bpanxo HayMoscxu. Yuensk cym. Majxa mut ce ua JInsjana. Taa e Maxesouxa. Tarko mut ce Bika Tatac. Toj e Maxentonen. Bpar mut ce Baka Crojan. Cecrpa mit ce BMKa Butjana. Ta e ctynentKa. Hite cme Bo Toponro. Hue cme Kanafanm. Ba6a mut ce suka Enena. Taa e on Bych, Erejcka Makegonnja. Jeno mu ce suxa Terpe. Toj e on Butoma. Tue ce Maxesoniut Beae6a 1: Oaronopere na caemHnBe mpauiarsa: Answer the following questions: Ong Kane e 6aGa Enena? On kame e neo Merpe? On Kaze cte/cn' Kaxo ce pika steno Bu/TH? On kage e Majxa pu/tH? Kako ce puka taTKo Bu/TH?Jlexuunja 2 2.1 Subject pronouns singular plural Ist person jac 1 nue we 2nd person rm you Bue you 3rd person oj he THe they aa she Toa it Macedonian, unlike English, but similar to other European languages, has two different words for ‘you’. Tu is used when addressing close friends, children, animals, God. Bue is used when addressing elders, teachers, people with whom you are not acquainted. The usage roughly corresponds to our first- name basis, ice, if you would address someone by first name, you probably will address them as TH, but if you address them by last name and title, eg,, Dr. Markovski, Prof. Ivanovska, you will address that person by Bue. The Bue form is also used to address more than one person, ef. ‘you guys’ or ‘you all’ in colloquial English. 2.2 The present tense of the verb 'to be! ‘singular plural Ist person jac cy nue ome 2nd person ™ cu Bue cre 3rd person oj e THe ce ra e Toa e You will notice that each person has its own special form of the verb. This is not so in English. You are here. We are here. You are here. They are here. Tu cut TyKa. Hue cme tyka. Bue ctetyxa. Tue ce TyKa. In each of the following sentences, it is clear from the Macedonian verb form who is the subject of the sentence. Comparable sentences in English do not make sense: are here? [who is?] Tyka cn. Tyka cme. Tyka cre. TyKa ce. 13Jlekunja 2 Because the Macedonian verb itself signals who the subject of the verb is, the personal pronouns generally are omitted. They are used only if the pronoun is being stressed in some way or in the third person when it is not clear from the context who is the subject of the verb. Note, however, that forms of the verb ‘to be’ do not usually occur as the first word in a sentence. Beoc6a 2: Tlonoanete crropes, 1pumepot Fill in according to the example: (tH) (Tm) cu 1. (to) 2. (ume) 3. Ana 4. (Bue) 5. Bpanko # Crojai 6. Heno Merpe 7. BaGa ut jac 8. (jac) 9. Tu 0 [paran 10. (tHe) 2.3 Gender of nouns The noun is a grammatical term which traditionally has been defined as the name of a person, place or thing. In fact, the term is broader and also covers words designating concepts and actions, e.g., beauty, running. In English, gender is based for the most part on reality, and is grammatically marked only in the third-person singular pronouns. This means that in English, male beings are masculine and referred to as he, female beings are feminine and referred to as she, and everything else is neuter and is referred tos it. In Macedonian, as in French, German, Spanish, Russian, and many other languages, nouns have grammatical gender; that is, each noun is considered masculine, feminine ot neuter. You must know the gender of each noun, since gender helps determine the form of the definite article, the form of the plural, the shape of adjectives, pronouns, and some verb forms. In Macedonian, nouns belong to one of three grammatical genders: masculine (MamIKH1), feminine (KeHCKH), or neuter (cpejten). For the most part, gender is determined by the final letter of the word. Most exceptions are masculine nouns ending in a vowel designating male relations, male proper names, or occupations. 14Jlexunja 2 2.3.1. Masculine nouns We can group masculine nouns into six categories. Keep in mind that most masculine nouns belong to the first three groups, while the others involve a very few words. You will not need to know all the words given here, but you should learn the different categories of nouns now, since all types will be covered in later vocabulary lists. 1. Masculine nouns most typically end in a consonant, e.g. yuupepsurer, Opar, uHKeHep, cTyzeHT, MaKezonent 2, Masculine nouns may end in the vowel -a. These nouns will be marked in the vocabulary (M) [for mamxst pos ‘masculine gender] . Nouns in this category include some professions (many ending in -4ja) and personal names, but in all instances they refer to human subjects. Vanja, Huxoaa, cyquja ‘judge’, pomnuua ‘relative’, Konera ‘colleague’ 3. A small number of masculine kinship terms, several personal names, and a few pejoratives (nicknames with negative qualities) ending in -Ko and ~10 are masculine: J1@10, TATKO, MapKo, yurKo ‘big-ears’, Mp3zo ‘lazy- bones’ 4, Masculine nouns may end in -e. This group includes a small number of masculine nouns, typically diminutives (i.e, special forms for expressing emotional coloring, usually smallness, youth, affection; cf. Pauly, Susie, Daddy); also personal names, and some foreign borrowings: tare ‘daddy’, male personal names: Mue, Tone, Jane; arame ‘attache 5, All the months of the year are masculine, including those ending in -u: janyapn, bespyapn, (mapr, anput, maj), jyHu, jysm, (arycr), cenTeMBpi, OKTOMBpH, HOeMBpH, eKeMBpH, 6. A very small group of borrowings into Macedonian belong to the masculine gender but end in vowels other than those listed above. These words often refer to humans, eg rypy ‘guru’ 15Jlexuuja 2 2.3.2 Neuter nouns 1. Almost all neuter nouns end in -0 or -€: pao, KMHO, neTe ‘child’ 2. Foreign words which end in a vowel and which do not refer to humans are typically neuter, e.g.: MHTepBjYy, TAKCH, KHBH ‘kiwi’ 2.3.3. Feminine nouns 1. The vast majority of feminine nouns end in -a: cecrpa, 6a6a, Majka, Makesonka, Teaesusuja 2. There is a small class of feminine nouns ending in a consonant. These must be memorized, and will be designated (x) [for xexcxu pon ‘feminine gender’ in the vocabulary lists. Abstract nouns ending in -OcT, e.g., HalMonamHOCT, constitute a sizable class of nouns in this category. Note also several words designating times of day or seasons: Hauyonannocr, Hox ‘night’, Beuep ‘evening’, mposer ‘spring’, ecen ‘autumn’ Beo«6a 3: Identify the gender of the following nouns and put the list in alphabetical order: mpocpecop nobesia poman caaTunja ‘watchmaker’ sagaya anrexa xy BHO penyOnuxa Bpeme yaap Mapxo (man’s name) MOXKHOCT Vanja (man’s name) cero pa6oraTexustja 2 24 Interrogatives There are several ways to form questions in Macedonian 2.4.1 Questions can begin with a question word such as who, what, when, where, etc. Koj e ona? Ova e Bpanko. Who is this? This is Branko. Kage e Toj? Toj e no Topoxro. Where is he? He is in Toronto. Illro e oba? Ona e yannep3urer. Whatis this? This is a university ‘As you can see in the above questions, the question word typically comes at the beginning of the sentence. While in English a preposition can come at the end of a question—-e.g., Where are you from?~-in Macedonian the preposition will precede the question word: Ox Kaye cre BMe? Notice also that the subject will come after the verb in neutral interrogative sentence word order: On Kage cre Bue? Bue cte ox Toporro. 2.4.2. Yes-No questions are questions which invite yes or no as a response. They are formed in three ways: 1. A declarative sentence can be turned into a question by simply using rising intonation, cf. Toj e Bo Toponro. He is in Toronto. Toj e no Toponto? Is he in Toronto? 2. The sentence can begin with the word as. Usually the verb will follow the question word: Hann e Toj Bo Topoto?Hexuja 2 3. The interrogative particle 1H can be inserted after the verb: Ce Bika am Bpauxo? Is he called /is his name Branko? The particle 1m can also be used to emphasize a particular element in the sentence. In this case, the part of the sentence emphasized will be put at the beginning of the sentence, then followed by ut Bpanxo am ce Buxa? Is Branko what he’s called? /Is Branko his name? It is extremely important that you pay attention to the use of the interrogative particles amu and 1M. These interrogative particles are actively used in Macedonian. English has no equivalent expressions for these and while the words are not translatable into English, you must be aware of the different ways they can be used to emphasize a particular sentence element and the way they change word order. 2.4.3 Negative answers When a yes-no question is answered negatively, the negative word He (no) is used, followed by a short pause, then the negative particle ne is placed before the verb, e.g.: Bpawxo sm ce puxa? Is his name Branko? He, we ce Baka Bpanko. No, his name isn’t Branko. Jaan e Toj no Toponto? Is he in Toronto? He, ne e Bo Toporto. No, he isn’t in Toronto. Toj e Maxegouen? Is he Macedonian? He, ne ¢ Maxenonet. No, he isn’t Macedonian. Beoc6a 4: Tpounrajre ru creaunpe sujao3! Read the following dialogues: A. Kako ce pukamt? B, Jac ce suka Karu. A. Ilo cit 110 HaumonaaHoct? B. Kanafanxa A. Ilo cmt 110 mpocpecuja? B, Jac cym crysenrKa.Hexunja 2 Kako ce pukate? Jac ce pukam Tome Mapxos. On kawe cre Bue? Ox Maxegonnja. Iflro cre no HauMoHaaHoct? Makestonen. . Bue cre crysent? . He, He cym ctyaenr. Ilo mpocbecuja cym apxurrexr. DP UD> MP M> . Kako ce pukaat THe? . Enusa6era 1 Tomac. . On Kate ce? Oa Ascrpasnja. Illro ce 0 HaumoHamHocT? . Tue ce ABcrpanigjuin. . Ulfro ce m0 mporpecija? . ABOKATH. pop mS m> Now, working according to the above models, read the following sentences and then create dialogues based on the four texts by asking questions and then answering them with the information provide 1. Tego mu ce suxa Manja. Toj e on Burona. Toj e Maxenonen. Toj e sieKap 2. Baa mu ce suka Mapnja, Ta e of Bycp. Ta e Makemouxa. Ta € mpocpecopka. 3. Ce pukam Tom. Jac cym on CAJI, Ho waumonanocr cym Amepuxaneu. Ho npocpecuja cym umxenep. 4. Taa ce suka Japa. Ta e of Apcpanja. Ta e crysentKa. 2.5 Conjunctions There are two conjunctions which express the idea of "and” in Macedonian. If the two things to be conjoined are considered to be equivalent, the conjunction # is used; if there is some sort of contrast, the conjunction a is used. A comma always precedes the conjunction a. Compare the following: Jac cy crygenrKa m oj e ctyzeHT. Tama student and he is a student. 19Jexnnja 2 Jac cyM crynentKa, a Toj e yuenuK. Tam a college student and/but he is a [primary or secondary school] student. Note that in the second example a can be translated as ‘and’ or ‘but’ in English. There are contexts in which the conjunction a is best translated as ‘and’ and others in which it is best translated as ‘but’. The conjunction a is also used to introduce questions, as in the following: Jac ce puxam Kpuctuna, a TH? To npodecnja roj e mpodpecop, a Ta Bea6a 5: Tlonoanere cnopex upumepor (Remember to add a comma before the conjunction a) Mogtem: Jac cyM crygext ‘oj e crysent Jac cyM crysleHT 4 Toj e cTymeHT. 1. Toj e apxurext aa e apxuTexr. 2. Buajana e cryzentKa____ Crojan e yuennx. 3. To HaumoHamHocr Mapuja e AMepuKanka __ Tom e AMepuKanteu. 4, Crojan e Kanafanen Bpaniko e Kanafaneu. 5, Buajana e Kanafanxa Vanja e Maxegonen. Hopn 36oponn 1 n3pasu (New words and expressions) VMimenku nouns Ascrpamen, Ascrpasnjxa! Australian Ascrpamujun Australians amBoKat lawyer Amepuxanen, AmepuKanKa! American Amepnkaniut Americans apxuTeKT architect 6a6a grandmother Gpar brother rpaa city meno grandfather 20Jlexunja 2 gemja ne nuxenep Kanafanen, Kanafanxa! Kanafanu KuHO alekap(xa) ! Majxa Makesonen, Maxegouxa! Maxenouun HauMonasHocT npesume nporpecuja mpogpecop(xa) ' paano cectpa cryment(Kka)' cyamja (m) raTKo Teaepuanja yuenuk, yuenwuKa! yunrea, yanTeaKa! Taaroan verbs cyM, cH, €, CMe, cTe, ce Iipeato3u prepositions BO, B on no Vispa3u expressions supaso! Ufro cn/ere no Haynonaanoct? Ulro cn/ere no npocpecuja? Kaxo ce suka?” Kako ce puxare? country name engineer Canadian Canadians movie theater doctor mother - Macedonian Macedonians nationality last name profession high school teacher, professor radio sister ~ student * judge - father - television student (primary and secondary) * teacher « Tam, you are, (s)he is, we are, you are, they are in from by, along (see 0 nporpecuja, To HanMonanHocr) Hello, hi! What is your nationality? What is your profession? What is your name? What is your name? (formal) 2Jexunja 2 TIw4HM_3aMeuKu personal pronouns jac, TH, TO}, Taa, Toa,’ I, you, he, she, it nine, BHe, THE we, you, they MM, TH, BH short form pronouns pyr s6oponn other words a and, but ma yes ann interrogative particle; whether Erejcxa Maxexounja® Aegean Macedonia u and kaye where Kako how Koj who aa interrogative particle MecTo Ha XMBeerbe place of residence He no; marker of negation opa this (neuter singular) CAL USA (note the Macedonian is pronounced as one word) iTS what Notes on the vocabulary: 1. You will notice that many, but not all, terms designating professions and nationalities have separate forms for male and female gender. Most often the suffix -Ka is added to the masculine form to yield the corresponding feminine form, e.g.: CTYAeHT - CTYseHTKa, sleKap - JeKapKa, mpocecop - npocpecopxa. If the noun ends in -K, the -K changes to a u before the suffix is added: yueumK - y4enuuKa. Although there are these male/female designations, in some contexts the masculine form will be used if there is no special emphasis on the gender of the referent, cf. the use of English: She is an actor. 2. The noun HanMoHasHocT can also mean ‘ethnic minority’ when talking about different ethnic groups in Macedonia. 3. There are many verbs in Macedonian like ce BHKa which are made up of two parts: the verb and the particle ce. This is not related to the verb ‘to be’, eg., THE Ce. These are called reflexive verbs and you will learn more about them later; for now just learn the verbs and expressions as listed in the vocabulary.Jlexunja 2 4. There is a great deal of regional variation in all forms of the pronouns. For example, in Skopje and other regions you will hear in place of the subject pronouns given here, the forms: on ‘he’ ona ‘she’ ono ‘it’ ous ‘they’. This introductory textbook cannot cover all variation, but you should be aware of the fact that pronoun usage will vary across Macedonian linguistic territory. 5. The short form pronouns mut, TH, BH will be treated in greater detail in a later chapter. Learn them now in their use as possessive pronouns with close relatives, eg. 6a6a Mu 'my grandmother, Majka TH ‘your mother,’ jle10 BM ‘your grandfather.’ 6. Grandmother is from Aegean Macedonia. Since the partition of Macedonia after the second Balkan War in 1913, the region of Macedonia located in Greece is termed Aegean Macedonia - Erejcka Maxesonmja. The region located in Bulgaria is termed Pirin Macedonia - [upucka Makesonuja. The region now the Republic of Macedonia is termed Vardar Macedonia - BapnapcKa Makestounja. Beoc6a 6: TMpenesere ru caequnpe pevenmun Ha MakeqOHCKM: Translate the following sentences into Macedonian: 1, My mother is an American, By profession she is a teacher. Is your sister's name Marija? Yes. 3. What nationality is your grandfather? He is Canadian. He is in Toronto. 4, What is your name? Tom McDonald. What is your nationality? Tam Canadian. What is your profession? 1 am a doctor. Who is this? This is my brother. He is a judge. Where are you from? We are from the USA. 6. Stojan is a student and Branko is a student, but Biljana is a (university) student.Mlexunja 2 Beow6a 7: Tonoanysajre ro cbopmynapor. Fill in the questionnaire Mme Tpesume Haunonaanoct Mecro na 2knBeeHbe (past, 3emja) Tpodecuja Me wa maja TIpeanme Hanuonaanoct Mecto wa xuBeewe (rpaz, 3emja) TIpodpecja Mie na Tarko Tipesume Hanmonamioc Mecro Ha xxHBeere (rpam, 3emja) Tipocpecuja [Cultural note: Names [In Macedonia, as in North America, some names are traditional and tend to cross generations, while other names move in and out of fashion within a generation The following list gives some of the more popular and traditional Macedonian names. Variations of the name and nicknames are noted in parentheses. The characters you will meet in the textbook have traditional Macedonian names some common, some less common. Female names: Auexcanstpa (Camtxa) Buitjana Banenratia Becua Buoaera Tannena Enena (JIense, Jlena, Jlenka) 3opa (opuua, 3opKa) Karepuua (Kare) 24 reJlexunja 2 Tauja Irjanta (Jute) Mapiija (Mapua, Mapa, Mape, Mapua, Mepit) Mupjana (Mupa) Haga Haraua Jby6uua (Jbynka) Ciexana (Kane) Coma Cysaua (Cy3e) Creraana (Ceerne) Male names: Axexcanaap (Auo, Camo, Camo) Aurea Baaroja (Buare, Baaxe) panko (pane) Bacita (Bace, Backo) Baagumup (Baano, BaatKo) Jparant Ayman (yuo) Topfu (Foprija) Tone Topan 3opan Mop Manja Kupua (Kupo) Muaan (Muze) Haym Huxoaa (Koxe) Jopax (Bax4o) Ibyniio Tapae Terap (Ierpe) Pucto Crojar Tommenas (Tome, Tout) Tpajxo (Tpajue) 25Jlexunja 3 3. Occupations 3.1 Plural of masculine nouns and feminine nouns 3.2 Adjectives 33. Plural of adjectives 3.4 Present tense of verbs 3.5 Negation of verbs 3.6 mMa/Hema 3.7 Numbers 0-20 Osa e Crojan. Toj uma gener roguun. Toj 2kuBee Bo ToporTo Ha yauua Papnen. Mima equa cectpa 1 ene Gpar. Cecrpa my ce Buxa Buutjava. Taa wma genetHaecer roquum. Bpar My ce Baka Bpanxo. Toj mma enunaecer ronment. Cera Crojan e ramen. Jae Bkycen cenapi4 1 nue KoKa-Kona. Stojan Onrosopere 1a caexHuBe npaniaisa: Koj e ona? Kane xunee Crojan? Via am Crojan ceerpa u Gpat? Kako ce Baka cecrpa My? . — Taaqen am e? Ito npasn? Ulro nme? Nava eNe 4d aydo pes Mea Opa e Mupa. Taa e of Maxestounja, Kusee 50 Ckonje Bo Hop cra Bo Bucoxa arpa. To npodpecuija Taa e aneoxar. Cectpa it ce BuKa Tbuajaua. Taa upee Bo Toponto. JenecKa Mupa ue paGori, wamopena e. Cera nue Kade Bo este y6aB pectopan 1 36opyba co ANipej.Sexunja 3 Onronopere Wa cneanmpe mpamiatsa 1. Koj e opa? 2, ann e Taa Kanafanka? 3. Janu 2xutpee Bo Topouto? 4, Kane xupee? 5. Lro e mo nporbecija? 6. Llro npapn cera? 7. Co Koro s6opyBa? 3.1 Plural of masculine and feminine nouns There are a number of possible endings for the plural of nouns. In this chapter, we will introduce the plural forms for masculine and feminine nouns. There is a small number of very common irregular nouns whose endings must be learned separately. Irregular plurals will be given in the vocabulary lists in parentheses marked wu. for mHozxuxa ‘plural’ You have learned that the majority of Macedonian words have stress on the antepenultimate syllable, that is, the third syllable from the end of the word. Keep this in mind as you learn the plural forms of nouns. When a new syllable is added at the end of the word, this will have an effect on the placement of stress, since the stress will move to the antepenultimate. This rule does not typically apply to recent borrowings, which tend to maintain a fixed stress. Words which have fixed stress, or which have irregular stress, will have the stress marked in bold face in the vocabularies. 3.1.1. Masculine nouns 1. The vast majority of masculine nouns belong to group one. These nouns end in a consonant and the noun itself is more than one syllable. These nouns add the ending -1 directly to the singular form: CTYseNT - CTYTeHTH, NpozaBa4 - npo_aBauM, JeKap - 1eKapHt One common exception to this rule must be memorized: uopex - tyre person - people Note here the three-syllable word mpogtapau. In the singular the first syllable is stressed. When the plural suffix -M is added, the stress will shift: npogaBaus.Texunja 3 There is an important consonant change which affects nouns in this category, one which reflects a historical change in Macedonian. If the singular form of the masculine noun ends in the velar consonants -K, -P, or -X, these consonants will change to -Il, -3, and € respectively before adding the plural ending. While you must learn all three mutations, bear in mind that the alternation -K to -Il is by far the most common. Below are examples of all three: YueHHK - yuensust Tipisior ‘adverb’ - npuno3t yertex ‘success’ - yenect Beac6a 1; Crasete ri caeqHMBe HMEHKM BO MHOXxNHA: Put the following nouns into the pharal: wipkenep ampoxaT apxurext aeKap paSoTHux 6u3HMcMeH uopek mposapay pecropai Tearap xoren cennsn4 xamOyprep npemior 2. The ending -f is also used for forming the plural of masculine nouns in group 2, those which end in -a. The -a suffix is dropped and replaced by -u. The velar consonants do not mutate. Kouera - Kosern (note that change of r to 3 does not occur here) cyanja - cy MM (note the letter j is dropped before the ending 1) 3, Masculine nouns of only one syllable add the ending -oB1t, (or -eBu, see below); rpag-rpayopit ne6 - 1eSonm = Tap - napKosiJexunja 3 There are two nouns of more than one syllable which also take this ending. Note the loss of the vowel in the final syllable of the noun when the plural suffix is added: oran ‘fire’ - orHoBH betap ‘wind’ - serposit There are several very common monosyllabic nouns which are exceptions to this rule. In this lesson you will learn two: 6par - 6paka brother - brothers Maxk - MaxKH husband; man - husbands; men There is an important subclass of this group, namely, nouns ending in -4, =, -il, -j. Nouns ending in -4, 2K, and- may take either the -oBM or -eBH ending: 10x ‘knife’ has plural Ho2kOBM or HO2XxeBM Nouns ending in -j take only the ending -epxt and drop the -j before the ending, eg vuaj (tea) - waebu 4. The final group of masculine nouns is the class ending in -o, made up primarily of male terms of relation. These nouns take the plural ending -oBuIM: TaTKO - TaTKOBIM YMUKO - YMYKOBL Beoe6a 2; Crapere ru cieqHMBe UMeHKH BO MHOXMHa H HapeseTe rH MO aaGy4en pen: Put the following noun: order: into the plural and then in alphabetical raaron, WsHKO, CTaH, pa6OTHMK, AeMo, aPXUTeKT, Opar, cenABMY, cysUHja, pectopany, BeTap, YOReK 3.1.2 Plural of feminine nouns Feminine nouns take the plural ending -1; those ending in -a drop the -a before adding the ending -1 xuura - KWCH sleBojxa - neBojKu HauuonamHocr ~ HanoHamHocT# HOROCT - HOBOCTH 29Jlexuuja 3 Note that the consonant mutations affecting masculine nouns do not apply to feminine nouns. There are two exceptional forms in the feminine which must be learned: paka‘hand,arm’ -> patie nora ‘foot,leg’ > «Hose Beoc6a 3: Cranere ru caequipe HMeHKH BO MHOXMHA HM Hapesere TH 10 ax6y4eH pen: Kuura, srpasta, nesojka, Kena, Gosect, paka, rasa, Hora, KepKa, caKa, MOxHOCT 3.2 Adjectives Adjectives must agree with the gender and number of the noun they modify. In English, we do not have grammatical gender so we are not concerned about agreement between adjective and noun, cf. a green house, green houses; a young man, a young woman, young p- ople. In each of these phrases, the adjective green or young does not change. In Macedonian, adjectives must be the same gender as the noun they modify, and they must be the same number, ice., either singular or plural. Let us take a few adje of each gender: ‘es and see how they change to agree with nouns BMCOK ‘tall’ y6ap ‘beautiful’ HOB ‘new’ BHCOK yueHHK yOap rpax nop Gpar BMcoKa yueHHYKa y6ana kyka Hoga cecrpa BICOKO MOMYe y6ano ceo HOBO pasHo ‘As you can see in the above examples, adjectives will generally end ina consonant if they refer to a masculine noun, an -a if they refer to a feminine noun, an -0 if they refer to a neuter noun. Adjectives also have a plural form, which will be discussed later in this chapter. 3.2.1 Fleeting vowels There are a number of adjectives, and some nouns, which have a so-called fleeting vowel. This is best explained after looking at several examples:Jlexunja 3 noGap Max, noGpa xKeHa, 1OGpo ceo rlaleH Max, riagua Kena, raquo AeTe In the masculine form, there is a vowel which comes between the final two consonants. This vowel disappears, or “flees”, before adding the feminine and neuter endings. In the vocabulary lists, fleeting vowels will be underlined, eg: aoOap. Fleeting vowels are fairly easy to predict. Most adjectives ending in -ap, -eH (but not those derived from verbs, which will be discussed later), and - OK will have a fleeting vowel. (There are several exceptions, e.g., BACOK, given above.) nobap Mak o6pa xena o6po were rnajen woseK —raiagua cecrpa raquo qeTe caag0K "aj caarka KoKa-Kona ——_caaTKo Kacbe [sweet teal In the last example you will notice the change of to T. This is due to the spelling rule cited in the first chapter, namely, when two consonants occur beside each other in a word, both must be voiced or voiceless. This is reflected in the spelling. Consult Jlexuusja 1 for more details. 3.2.2 Masculine adjectives ending in -# There is a class of adjectives that end in -H in the masculine singular form, but which are otherwise regular: MaKeJOHCKH ja3HK, MaKe/OHCKA KyKa, MaKe/OHCKO sleTe Beaw6a 4: Make the adjective agree in gender with the noun it modifies: HOE MaKegOHcKu um ceno poman 3.2.3 The number one The number one—etet—is an adjective with a fleeting vowel. It agrees in gender with the noun it modifies: ene Opa, ema cectpa, eso ete. The number one also functions in some contexts as the indefinite article ‘a, a certain’. You will encounter this usage in later chapters. 31Jlekunja 3 Beow6a 5: Tpenerete ru cnemHuBe peveHMu Ha MakesoHCKU: Translate the following sentences into Macedonian: 1. My grandmother is old. 2. Your grandfather is old. 3. My sister is young. 4, [am a Macedonian. 5. You are in Toronto. 6. They are in Skopje. 7. Chicago is a big city. 8. Skopje is an old city. 9. Brajéino is a small village. 10, Stojan is a good brother. 11. Toronto is a good city. 12. This is sweet coffee. 3.3 Plural of adjectives In the plural, there is no longer a distinction in gender. The same plural adjective form will be used with masculine, feminine, and neuter plural nouns, namely, the ending -H is added. If the adjective has a fleeting vowel, it will drop out before adding the -M suffix. Adjectives ending in -ckM, e.g., MaKeOHCKH, have the same form in the masculine singular and in the plural: jo6ap cryqenT - 20px cTyxeHTH go6pa CTyeHTKa - AOGpH cry NeHTKH HOB Mpodecop - HoBM Mporecopu Malayt TATKO - Mila TATKOBLL MaKesOHCKM rpall - MakeOHCKH rpanonit BHCOK YoBeK - BUCOKK Ayre BMCOKa 3rpata - BHCOKM 3rpaait Beow6a 6: Crapere rt caequnne ¢bpa3u Bo MHoxsHa: Put the following phrases into the plural: 1. Mag erysenr 7. crap TarKo 2. Hop yHuBepsuTeT 8. BICOK yueHMK 3. romea GauKa 9. yMopest woneK 4, n06ap 6pat 10. Hopa mporpecja 5. yOana Kyka 11. rosem rpat 6. capa srpaiia 12. KawagcKn zeKap 32Jlekunja 3 13. yap cunt 14. Bycen 1e6 15. MakenoucKu mpocpecop 16. cite BeTap 3.4. Present tense of verbs Macedonian has lost the infinitive form of the verb, that is, the form which corresponds to the English to read, to write, the Russian 4iTaTb, MCAT, or the Spanish leer, escribir. Macedonian verbs can be divided into three groups, or stem classes, according to the final vowel of the third-person singular, that is, the form which corresponds to ‘(s)he reads’. These three classes are: a-stem, M-stem, and e-stem Examples: ustra, 36opysa, mpabm, crou, jane, nue Macedonian does not have a special verb form which corresponds to the English present progressive, e.g., ‘He is working’. The same present tense Tartac paGorn could mean either ‘Tanas works’ or ‘Tanas is working’. Verbs are listed in dictionaries according to the form of the third-person singular. This is the citation form of the verb, and all verbs will be given in the vocabulary lists in this form. The only exception to this rule is the verb to be, which you learned in Jlexunja 2, which has the first person singular, cyM, as the citation form. The present tense endings of Macedonian verbs are highly regular and you will have little difficulty in conjugating verbs. The following endings are added to the basic stem, which is the third-person form mentioned above. Singular Plural Ist person cana -Me 2nd person en wre 3rd person g op Note: the symbol # is used to designate a zero ending, i.e., nothing is added to the stem. See the conjugations on the following pages for examples.a Slexuuja 3 To form the first-person singular, the jac form, the stem vowel is dropped before adding the ending -am: xia -- (jac) antam jane -- (jac) jamam mpapit -- (jac) npasam The stem vowels u and e, but not -a, also truncate, i.e., are dropped, before the ending -av in the third-plural te form: uta -- (THe) unraaT jane -- (THe) janat mpapn -- (rue) npanat The only irregularities in the present tense conjugation are the verb cyM, which you have already mastered, and the verb 3Hae, ‘to know’, which has the first Singular form 3HaM, rather than the expected form 3HaaM. Study the following examples before completing the exercise: uma ‘read’ aGopyna ‘talk, speak’ auTa uname s6opyeam ‘a6opyBame unram unrate s6opyeam Gopypare aura aura, a6opypa a6opysaar mpapnt ‘do, make’ on ‘g0" mipapam mipapume oma omume mpapnm mpapute onmut onmre npapu npapar om ouat cron ‘stand’ crojam cronme cromm cToure cron crojar RdJexuja 3 jane ‘eat’ une ‘drink’ jaan janeme Tijant Teme janemt jasere ment mere jae jaar ne nujar In these sample conjugations you will notice that there are some spelling conventions which must be observe: 1.j is always written in Macedonian between # and a, as in the jac and THe forms of the verb nue: mijaM, mj. But, jis not written before e and 1: nme, crow. 2. In verbal conjugation, j is also written between o and a, as in the jac and THe forms of cTou: cTOjaM, CTojar. Similarly, j is written between y and a, e.g., pye ‘to poison’: jac Tpyjam, TH Tpyeul, THe TpyjaT. In pronouncing the third-plural of a-stem verbs, keep in mind that both a's are separate syllables; thus, the third plural of 360pyBaar is pronounced with the stress on -py: 360-py-Ba-ar. Beoc6a 7; Cranete ru raarommTe Bo 3arpasiara Bo ceramiHo BpeMe: Put the verbs in parentheses into the present tense: 1. Bpauko (xtpee) Bo Topouro. 2. BaGa m jleao ne (s6opysa) auraucKu. 3. Majxa (paGoru) senecka. 4. Hite (paGorn) onze. 5. Bue (xutpee) Bo Cxonje. 6. THe (papi) nemo. 7. Taa (aura) cera. 8. Hite (aura) cera, 9. THe (cron) opie. 10. Jac (me) kare.Texunja 3 3.5 Negation of verbs To negate most verbs, place the negative particle we before the verb. In answering questions, the typical response is: He pause, He + verb: Janu 36opysam Maxegoucku? He, He 360pyBaM MakeJOHCKHL. Do you speak Macedonian? No, I don’t speak Macedonian. Jlann 3riaem Kaze e Majxa TH? He, ne 3HaM, Do you know where your mother is? No, I don’t know. Notice the placement of He with verbs like ce BHKa: Jlaau aa ce Bua JIenye? He, ne ce suka JIewye, ce BuKa Buoseta. Zann 10j ce suka Mapjan? He, Augpej. ce Bika Mapjan, ce BHKa The only exception to this rule of negation is the verb uma ‘have’. The negative form of this verb is Hema. Vmami pa6ora aenecka? He, Hemam. Do you have work today? No, I don’t. Vimare nono panno? He, Hemame. Do you have a new radio? No, we don’t. Beac6a 8: Upenenere rut caemunpe pevenuun Ha MaKesOHCKH: 1. I speak English and Macedonian. 2. Where is Branko going? I don’t know. 3. They live in a beautiful house on Garden Street. 4. Mira lives in a new apartment in Skopje. Her sister lives in Toronto in an old house. 5, What are you doing? Nothing. 36Jleximnja 3 6. What are Biljana and Branko doing? They are reading something. 7. What are you doing today? 1 am working. 8. Your grandmother and grandfather are standing here. 9. We are drinking coffee with your grandfather in a Macedonian restaurant. 10. Mira and Andrej are hungry. They are eating sandwiches. Beoc6a 9: Exen poaumna pasrosapa co Bpako, roj ro mpamysa 3a Heroporo cemejcrso. Oxrosoperte 3a Bpanko: A relative is conversing with Branko, and asks him about his family. Answer the questions below for Branko: Tu Crojan an cu? Bpauio: He, jac cym Bpanko. 2. -Mupa am ce BuKa Majka TH? Bpanxo: Jaan e TarKo TH on Amepuka ? Bpauko: 4, -Bue Bo Monrpean cre? Bpauxo: ecrpa TH mpocpecopKa an €? Bpauko: 6. -Ox Ckonje 1m ce GaGa TH H seo TH? Bpanko: Beac6a 10: 1. Oxronopere 3a Bac: . Tnete an Koxa-Koua? Janete an xam6yprep? 36opynare an HTaHjaHcKH? Jam paoture unu crynupate? Kame xupeete, Bo Kyka HIM BO BHCOKa 3rpaita”? Oawre sm wa vearap? wee QueTexunja 3 Now ask people in the class the same questions and fill in the blanks below: Hajaere exen crysent/ eaHa cTysleHTKa Bo rpynara wo: Find a student in the group who: -we me Koxa-Koua. -He jane xamGyprep. -360pyBa WTaijaHcKH. -paGorn. ~KuBee BO BACOKA 3rpana. 3.6 nma/Hema Macedonian uses the third person singular of the verb ‘to have' to express the existence of something. This Macedonian expression corresponds to German es gibt, French ily a, Spanish hay. The verb is singular regardless of the number of the noun phrase. The negative form is HeMa. Look at the following sentences: Bo Topoxro uma x06pu pecropasn. Uma roulemit 1lapKoBH 4 BCOKIE arpaius, a Hema cTapH srpami. In Toronto there are good restaurants. There are large parks and tall buildings, but there aren’t old buildings Bo Bpajuuo Hema o6pu pecropanu. Hema sucoxu arpagu. Mma yGapn Kyu craps yuu. In Brajéino there aren't good restaurants. There aren’t tall buildings. There are beautiful houses and old streets. Beoe6a 11: Oarowopere Ha caequibe mpamiatsa BO ompeuta dopa copex mpuMmepor Answer the following questions in the negative according to the model: npumep: TInete a Koxa-xona? He, we nujam Koxa-Kosa. 1, Mare ain Hop eran? 2. Bpatiko a ce Baka? 3. Tue xupeat Bo CKonje? 4, Jaan neu caarKo Kare? 5. Mma an Anapej paGora enecka? 38Jlexunja 3 6. Vita am 106pu pecropanut 80 Topouro? 7. Hann TH ce puxkam CHexana? 8. Jann 36opysare MakenoHcKH? 9, Tumypa au geno Merpe anrancku? 10. Jane au 6a6a Exeta pkycen cenaBuu? Bexc6a 12: Write ten sentences describing what you have or do not in your city using the following vocabulary in the singular (eammta) and plural (sox). rosema KyKa aaa Kyka jobap pecropan BicoKa 3rpaita Hiicka arpasta aykan aparctop yOap napK Tearap Ganka 3.7 Numbers (Gpoesn) 0-20 ‘The Macedonian word for ‘zero’ is Hysta. The number one is an adjective and takes the gender of the noun it modifies: een cH, eno ere, enna KepKa There is also a plural form, e141, which means ‘several’. The number 'two' has two forms: apa is used with masculine nouns; jupe is used with feminine and neuter nouns. ‘The numbers three and up are invariant; they do not have special forms for different genders. Notice that the numbers eleven through nineteen are derived historically from the following: ese Ha JeceT (one on ten), Ba Ha AeceT (two on ten), etc. Because masculine nouns take a special counting form after numbers (which will be introduced in Jlekunja 9), eg., Ba CHHa, Ba seta, nBa jenapa, you will only be expected to use numbers now for arithmetic problems like those given on the next page. 39Jlexuja 3 0-20: ayaa Zero eneH, eHa, EHO one enmnaeceT eleven Aba, ABC xo) qpaHaecer twelve Tpu three ‘Tpunaecet thirteen ueTupH four uerupunaecer fourteen ner ae nerHaeceT fifteen Ee six mecHaeceT sixteen ceayM aeeee ceayMuaeceT seventeen ocyM eight ocyMHaeceT eighteen neBeT ae MepeTHaeceT nineteen Jecer, ks apaeceT twenty Beoc6a 13: Hanumere rn sanauntre co 360poBn: Write the exercises in words: Tipumep: 3+1= py M een ce ueTHpH 5-3= Mer MuHyc TpH € upa 7+4= 40Hexunja 3 Beaw6a 14: The folk dance club is on tour and the performers are staying in a hotel. The following is the list with the names and the numbers of the rooms they are occupying. Pasropapajre 110 pajlia, Kako BO MpHMepor: Discuss in groups of two, according to the mode! A: Koj e no co6a necer? umn A: Bo Koja co6a e Topan? B. Haga u Buoneta A: Who is in room ten B: Nada and Violeta. 1. Buajana 1 Nanwena 2. Coma u Exena 3. Ceeraana 4, Twunnja 5. Fopan 1 Wauja 6. Becnia w Mupa 7. Aurea 8. JbyOnua u Karepuna 9. ZIparan 1 Bacua 10. Sopa u Anexcanapa 11. Snajana 12. Mapuja 13. Boxxo 14. Haranta 15. Cysana Mmenku nouns antexa Gana Ousunemen 6par (mu. 6paka) 6poj (mu. 6poesit) perap (MH. BeTpoBHt) peep (x) rociogun (r.) rocniofa (r-Fa) B: Bo (co6a 6poj) aBanaecer. A: In which room is Goran? B: In (room number) twelve. 15 es 19 10 pes 7 13 14 6 20 u ae 5 4 2 drugstore bank businessman brother (brothers) number - wind (winds) « evening Mr. Mrs. 4rocnofuna (r-ua) mete (MH. geua) aparcTop aykan -eHa srpaya Katbe Koxa-Koaa! xyka eG Maxx (MH. Maki) nap mpogapnnna' mpojapa(Ka) paGora paSoTHK, paGoTHuaKa pectopan pomuuna (M, x)? ceno ceHABUY fF co6a cra Teatap* Terka yanua yTpo xam6yprep! uMuKO uopex (mH. yee) MeHKM pronouns uy* HemTo HMUITO Taaroan verbs ce BUKa, OKUBEE, Iexunja 3 Miss child (children) + convenience store shop, store wife, woman « building + coffee + Coca-Cola house + bread + husband, man (husbands, men) + park store + salesclerk work + worker restaurant relative « village sandwich room + apartment theater aunt + street = morning « hamburger uncle person (people) her (short pronoun) his (short pronoun)) something nothing be called live 42Jlexunja 3 36opysa talk 3uae (jac 3Ham) know uMa/Hema have/don’t have; there is/there isn’t jane eat MCA think om go mine drink nMulypa write npasit make, do paGornt work cTou stand ara read Tipapxu adjectives anravcKn English BHCOK tall Bkycen tasty so6ap good raageH hungry rosleM large exent one amopeH tired KawagicKit Canadian Koj, Koja, Koe, Kou which MaKeOHCKM? Macedonian Maul small Maa young HM30K low, short HOB new cmeH strong camaoK sweet crap old y6ap pretty yMopen tired Tpusi03m adverbs slentec/nenecka® today ope here cera now 43Hexusja 3 Ilpeaosu prepositions Ha co Vispa3u expressions ZoGpo ytpo! o6ap xen! To6pa nevep! Jo6poseuep! Mbtto mt e. Musto Ma € miro ce 3an03HaBMe. Tipujatuo!” Co Koro 3Gopysa? Toj uma gecer roginn® Bpoesn ays, eneH, emuo, ena Apa, Be pu ueTupit ner mect cenyM: ocym genet aeceT equnaecet mpanaecer Tpunaecet uerMputaeceT meTHaecer miecHaecer cemymnaeceT ocyMuaecer seperHaecer apaecet on with Good morning! Good day! Good evening! I'm pleased. Pleased to meet you. Good-bye; Enjoy! - With whom is she speaking? He is ten years old. zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twentyJlexuja 3 Notes on the vocabulary: 1. Macedonian vocabulary has been enriched from a number of different languages during its history. There are many words of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian origin, which entered the language through Turkish during the Ottoman period. In many instances, there exist doublets, words with similar meanings, such as AyKant and npogasunua, where one is of Turkish origin, the other, Slavic. In general, the Turkish word will have more colloquial coloring. In this, lesson, AyKaH is of Turkish origin, nponaBHMua Slavic. English is the source of many new borrowings. In this vocabulary, note cenapu4, Koxa-Kona, and xamOyprep. 2. There are a handful of nouns in Macedonian which have dual gender, i.e,, they can be modified by either masculine or feminine adjectives, depending on the gender of the person to which they refer: ese POHMHA or eHa POAMMHa. 3. In this chapter, you learned that some adjectives have a fleeting vowel. There are some nouns that have a fleeting vowel as well. In this lesson, you learned the word TeaTap, which loses the final -a when the plural ending is added. In the last chapter, you learned other nouns which have fleeting vowels: Makejjonelt, Maxegounm. Nouns with a fleeting vowel lose this vowel only when the plural suffix is added. As with adjectives, the fleeting vowel will be underlined. 4, The short pronouns my and it will be discussed in greater detail in a later chapter. For now, learn them with their possessive meaning with close relatives, for example: cectpa ii ‘her sister’. Remember to mark the accent on i. This spelling convention is used to make a distinction between the short pronoun it and the conjunction mt ‘and’. 5. In Macedonian, names for nationalities are capitalized, but adjectives derived from nationalities, countries, city names, etc., are not. Compare the English and Macedonian: He is Macedonian. He speaks Macedonian. Toj e Maxegonen. Toj 360pypa MakesoHCKM. 6. The two forms of 'today'—neHtec and ,jeecKa-—-have the same meaning. The form eHecka may be slightly more colloquial. 7. The word npiijaTHo is derived from the adjective npujaren ‘pleasant’. It is used in a variety of ways. Some of its most common uses are: before starting to eat, to wish everyone ai the table a pleasant meal, cf., French bon appétit! It is, used also when departing, and when finishing a telephone conversation. 8. In English, we say we are a certain number of years old; in Macedonian, one has a certain number of years, ef: How old is Stojan? Stojan is nine years old. Koaky roauun uma Crojan? Crojaw usa jeper rommunt. 45Jlexunja 3 Beac6a 15: Banosnajre ce co apyrure erygentu! Get acquainted with the other students! Read the following introductions and then introduce yourself to others in your class: Mupa: SIuajana, ona e Auspej. JI: Mungo mn e. A Muio Mit e. Aumpej: Jac ce uKam Aniapej. Jac cy og Makenonnja. Kako ce BMKAlll TH/KaKo Ce BUKaTe BMC? Crus: Ce suxam Crum. Jac cym o Kanaya. Muto sit ¢ urro ce aano3HapMe. As you meet the others in your class, you may wish to ask them their names, where they are from, where they live, and what their profession is. You may need the following titles: Tocnoae Mr. Tocnofa Mrs. Tocnofuya Miss 46Hlexunja 4 4. Daily Routines 4.1 Adverbs, introduction 4.2 Plural of neuter nouns 43 Demonstrative adjectives 44 Definite articles 45. Definite direct objects 4.6 Possession 47 Conjunctions — -Tajana, mo wram? -Mmam nucmo on cectpa Mu, Mupa, o4 Cxonje. -Illro ninuypa? -TIpara JTusjana, Kako cn? Kako ce geuata m Max TH? [[ITo uma HOBO BO Toponro? Cryaupa am Buajana opaa roquna wa Yunpepsnteror »Topouro”? Bo Bpajunuo, na ceo, cé e Bo pes, Mama Taro ce 3npapit, paGorar, Mucnat Ha Bac. Opaa rosMHa BpeMeTO Ha ceo € yOaBO H ReKe npapar Typunija 3a 3HMa. Bo Cxonje umam Hop cran Bo y6ana srpaga Bo uenTap. OnaM Ha paGora nem. Ha yamuaa wMa HeKoJKY MpowaBHHUM 4 HOBO MpHBATHO xacanue, Kacbe JIu. Bancky 10 3rpagata uma uo6pa KHWKapHMLa. Unram no6ap poman om Herpe Anmpeescxu. Kynysam anravckn KHurH, vo He ru unram. Hemam speme! Bo wewrapot cera wMa MHOTY HOBH Ipuearnn Kacbeanu, pecropanu, KHWKapHMM. Vf aa TH Kaxam, cera uMaM Kyye! Ce suka Mypyo. Mma 1 Hop npujaten, Antpej ce nuKa. PaGorn co Komniyrepu. Muory no3apas, Mupa View of downtown Skopje and Mt, Vodno a7Mlexunja 4 Fa Ou panko 360pyba co Majka My: -A 3outro ine HeMame Kyye? Jf jac cakam Kyse. -Bpanxo, uMau! paGora, He e apeme cera 3a kyumina! -A Mauka? 3ourro Hemame Mauka? -Baroa nro Crojan na ateprun. “A 30urro Crojan He xiBee Bo Bpajusno, WM Bo craHor Ha TeTKa Mupa? -Bpauxo! Msmaui paGora, Kare ce knurure? Kage © yueGuuKor? 3ourro we ja unram Kuurara? -Ja uwram, ama cakam Ky4e. Beoc6a 1: Opropopere Ha caeqHMBe npautarba: Ulro airra Tcajana’ Kako ce puxa cecrpa it? Kage xusee Muspa? Tans uma kyka? Koj xupee no Bpajunio? Mima a Mupa Hop npujaren? Ce puxa am Toj Bon? Ilro wma HoBo Bo CKonje? Ulro caka BpanKo? 3ourro THe HeMaaT MauKa? Janu panko ja wrra kuutrata? PEN AVaLNE 5 4.1 Adverbs ‘Adverbs are words which tell how, when, or where an action takes place. In Macedonian, many adverbs are identical to the neuter singular adjectival form. Compare the following sentences Crojan e n06po zee. Toj 20Gpo 3Gopypa MakenoucKH Stojan is a good child. He speaks Macedonian well. Tlunjana wirra mutepecto nico on Mupa. Taa wHTepecto numysa. Liljana is reading an interesting letter from Mira. _ She writes interestingly.Texuysja 4 4.2 Plural of neuter nouns 1. The plural of neuter nouns ending in -0 is -a. The singular -o suffix is dropped before adding -a: ceno - cena Tiuemo - mtcma 2. Neuter nouns ending in -e generally drop the -e and add the suffix -miba: Mave (diminutive of Ma4Ka) - Maustiba Ky4e - Ky4ittba You have already learned an important exception to this rule Aete - Heua 3. Neuter nouns ending in e preceded by il, H, IIT, or Hs drop the -e suffix and add -a jajue - jajua ‘egg - eggs’ yananurte - yunnmrra ‘school - schools’ Hpauatbe - mpamiata ‘question - questions’ Remember: If the noun ends in -e, when the -€ changes to- a you must insert j between the vowels according to Macedonian spelling rules: cncanMe - cnMcaHija ‘magazine - magazines’ Beoe6a 2: Cranere rv caesuitbe UMeHKH BO MHOXKMHA H Hapejere rit 10 ax6yueH pen: Maku pox: GAIKOH, OHAIET, 4HYKO, rpasl, BOI, TPOG, uoBeK, YUeHHK, Max, KPeBer, ja3HK, Kycbep, TarKo >xericku pox: KyKa, peka, Kania, cecTpa, GaGa, TeTKa, KHIDKAPHMUA, yaulla, 37paia, MOKHOCT, HaLMOHATHOCT cpeaext pos: Ge6e, ere, jajute, ja6onKo, MeHKasto, cmcanite 49Jlexunja4 4.3 Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out which object is the focus of our attention. In English, we use only this or that: I am reading this book. Please give me that cup. In Macedonian, there are three different forms: 080), 040}, and Toj. These correspond roughly to: Koj - which? ‘0B0j - this (close to the speaker) OHOj - that (far from the speaker and listener) To} - that (far from the speaker but close to the listener, but see note below) The demonstrative adjective Toj is the most neutral of the three and often will be used in a narrative to mean that which we are talking about, rather than to designate a spatial relationship. The forms of these adjectives are slightly different from regular adjectives. Note the forms below carefully: M. Koj? OBO} OHO] —‘TOj c. os?s | (ona). « OHaN. | Toa] x. Koja? opaa owaa_—sTaa MH. KOM? _opme__oHMe _THe Onute ayfe ce Maxenouun. Oune ayfe ce AMepuKanun. Tue ayfe ce Kanafanu. Opaa kuura e uHTepecua, a ona KHMTa He € MHTepecta. Osa cnicaue e Hono, a Toa € Crapo. Ona ceo e y6aBo. Ona cesto He e y6aBo. Beoc6a 3: TIpewesere wa MakeqoHcKH: Because English does not differentiate onoj and T0j, use the demonstrative given in parentheses for translating the English that, those. 1. These brothers are in Toronto 2. Those people are Macedonians. (oH0j) 3, This book is interesting, but that one is not interesting. (OH0j) 4. This university is new. 5, These fathers are young.Jlekunja 4 6. This city is beautiful. 7. Those cities are beautiful. (oH0j) 8, That professor is an interesting person. (Toj) 9. Who are those people? (roj) 10. This village is small, but that one is big. (OH0j) 4.3.1 The neuter singular forms are used in sentences in which the speaker is defining something, e.g., This is my grandmother: Opa e 6a6a mm. In this usage, the neuter form does not agree with gender and number since it stands alone as the subject of the sentence. Look at the following examples: Osa e Bpanko. Toa e KHura. Opa ce Enesia u TMerpe. Ulto e ona? Toa e MseKo. Ito e ona? Toa ce cnucannja. Koje ona? Toa e GaGa mu, Mapuja. 4.4 Definite articles Announ, or noun phrase, is definite when it has been already specified or defined in a conversation. In English, nouns that are viewed as definite are preceded by the definite article the. It occurs as a separate word before the noun or the noun phrase: The book is on the table. The students are waiting. The flowering trees are in blossom. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Macedonian nouns, and noun phrases, can also be made definite. However, unlike the English definite article, the definite article is attached to the end of a word. In Macedonian, selection of the appropriate form of the definite article is based on a combination of form and gender, ie., the final vowel of the word, its gender and number. In addition, Macedonian makes a three-way opposition in the definite article, corresponding to the demonstrative adjectives 089}, OH}, and TO}. Because the forms in -T are most neutral and most frequently used, we will describe them first in some detail; the others will be treated later. In this chapter, you will learn how to make nouns definite. In later chapters we will discuss how to make noun phrases definite. Forms of the definite article: -oT oa -Te -TO 51Nexuutja 4 The addition of the article does not cause the loss of a fleeting vowel: Makeyjouen - MakeaoneuoT 1. Masculine nouns ending in a consonant take the singular ending -oT: masc. CTYHeHTOT, CTOsOT 2. All nouns ending in -a, regardless of gender or number, add the suffix ~ra: fem. KHMrara, ppatara masc. cysutjara plural ceaata, npamiamara 3, Feminine nouns ending in a consonant add -ra: xpsra ‘the blood’, neuepra ‘the evening’ . If the noun ends in -r, and there is a vowel, including, vocalic -p, before the 1, then -r is doubled. Otherwise, a single -r is written, compare: emprra ‘the death’ and Haumowasuocra ‘the nationality’ 4, All remaining singulars , i.e., neuter nouns in -0/-e, foreign words ending in-u or -y, masculine nouns in -o, and collectives, including 1yfe, ‘people’, add -ro: neuter cenoTo, HATepBjyTO, TAKCMTO masculine TaTKOTO, HHAKOTO collective plura _anyfeto 5. In the plural, all nouns except those given above, take the article -re. cTyqeHTHTe, yueHMUNTe, 3rpaquTe, KHMrHTe, palleTe ‘hands’ In general, these forms will correspond to English nouns preceded by the definite article the. Compare the following sentences and their translations into English: The student lives in the house. Crymenror xupee Bo Kykara, A student lives in the house. Eyen crygent une 80 Kykara. The student lives in a house. Crygentor upee 0 KyKa. 52Jlexunja 4 Beac6a 4: Ipenenete ia Makegonckst: 1. The student is a Canadian. 2. The people are watching television. 3. Those textbooks are on the table. 4, These children are eating hamburgers. 5. That apartment is new. 6. These cities are large. 7. The fathers are drinking coffee. 8. The brothers are reading books. 9. The apartments are old. 10. That house is beautiful. 4.5 Definite direct objects Verbs which describe an action often have a direct object. The direct object of a verb is the noun which is acted on by the subject of the sentence. The action of the verb is directed towards it. Look at the following sentences: 1. We bake cookies. 2. Milan opened the door. 3. Stojan is reading a book. 4. We see Steve. 1. What are we baking? - Cookies. 2. What did Milan open? - The door. 3, What is Stojan reading? - A book. 4. Whom do we see? - Steve. The answer to the four questions above is the direct object. Not every verb takes a direct object, and some take an indirect object as well, which will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter. Read the following sentences and determine whether there is a direct object. If so, what is it? 1. We are eating bread. 2. Jovan is reading a book. 3, Jovan is reading. 4. Andrej likes Mira. 5. Biljana gave the novel to Petre. 6. Mother is watching television. 7. Grandmother is sleeping. 53Mexunja 4 In Macedonian, an important distinction is made between definite and indefinite direct objects. If the direct object is indefinite, then you may simply add the noun phrase: Unram Kuurn, I read books. Toj numysa nucMo. He is writing a letter. Hue meme mitexo. We are drinking milk. If, however, the direct object is definite, then a special grammatical marker called a direct object clitic must be used. A clitic is a word which ca no stress of its own and has a set syntactic position, that is, it has a fixed position in the sentence structure. In Macedonian, the direct object clitic must be placed directly before the verb. There are two exceptions to this rule which will be discussed later. The full set of clitics will be given in the next chapter; here we will give just the forms for the third person. Note that there is only one form for both masculine and neuter nouns, and only one form for the third person plural: equnHa MHOZHTA MamkH/cpeeH ro rt 2keucKM ja Remember, nouns in Macedonian have gender, so the selection of the appropriate form of the clitic depends upon the gender of the noun. If we wish to say in Macedonian ‘Branko is reading the book’, we must remember that Kura isa feminine noun and insert the appropriate clitic before the verb. This signals that a definite feminine noun is the direct object. Bpanko ja ra Kuurara. ‘This means something like: Branko it is reading the book. Obviously, the dlitic will not be translated into English, but it must be there in Macedonian. These clitics are also used if a pronoun is the direct object, e.g.: Thisisaletter. Lam reading it. Opa e mucmo. To uutam. Love Marko. Hove him. To caxam Mapxo. To caxam. Here are some more examples: To 3uam uonexor. To caxam, Tknow the man Tike him.Mexusja 4 Majxara ja caka kepkara. _ Majkara ja caka. The mother loves the daughter. The mother loves her. Kage e kuurata? Ja auram. Where is the book? Tam reading it. To umraut am pomanor on Aumpeescxu? Ja, ro 4uTam. Are you reading the novel by Andreevski? Yes, I am reading it. If the verb is negated, the negative marker precedes the direct object clitic. He ro cakam mpocpecopor. Tdon’t like the professor. Bpanxo Crojan we ru cakaar yueGuumure. Branko and Stojan don’t like the textbooks. Beoc6a 5: Tpenesere Ha aHrucKu: Juajana ro uwra memoro ox Mupa. . Mupa ro ura pomator on Herpe AnapeescKn. . Tariac ja uirra KHMTara. . Koro ro 6apamt? To Gapam mpocpecopor. . Jann ru xynypare Kaurute? He ru cakam yaeOunumre. Crojan ro jaze cenzsmuor. . He ja snaeme paSorHmuKara. . BaGa Enena ro ne xacero. 10.Twe He ru cakaaT oBMe jena. PREIANALNS Beac6a 6: Monoanete ru cneqHupe peueHnut Co Po, ja, maim ru: 1.Toae nucmo. Tue _ro_ uirraar. 2. Tue ce Maxeaonun. He aHaeme. 3. Opa e Kuura. uuram. 4, Opa e poman. Koj aura? 5. Opa e 6par Mu. cakame. 6. Opa e cecrpa Tm. Haan caKam? 7. Tue ayfe ce Kanafaun. aHaere an? 55Jexunja 4 8. Ona e cenapiy. Bpanko jane. 9. Bunjana ura nema. Tantra. 10. Koj e Toi? He 3naeme. Beoc6a 7: Tpenesere Ha MakesOuCKH: I know these students. ‘Aunt Mira has English books. She doesn’t read them. She doesn’t have time. The brothers are standing in the restaurant. The parents are drinking the coffee. Biljana is eating a sandwich. Biljana is eating the sandwich. Branko and Stojan are eating the pizzas. Grandmother Elena is writing the letter. Grandfather Petre is writing letters. (0. Tlike sweet coffee but my brothers don’t like sweet coffee. pe OPN OTe Beoc6a 8: Tpounrajre ro pasrosopor m rloTuprajTe rH MoKasHMTe TpuzaBKK. Read the dialogue and underline the demonstrative adjectives. Kage e kuurata? BaGa Exena: ‘ro Gapam, Bpanxo? panko: Ja Gapam Kunrara to reorpaduja. Baa Enena: Exe ema xuura one. Opaa am ja Gapams? Bpanko: He, Taa e mo MaTeMaTHKa. BaGa Enena: A ovfaa Kustra Tamy, Ha Macara? Bpauko: He! Ouaa xunra e Ha Crojan. BaGa Enea: Osye na Kommjyrepor mwa ena KHura, Opa an ja Gapam? Bpankob E, Taa e. Oana Muory! 4.6 Possession In English, we can say ‘the book of the student’ or ‘the student's book’. In Macedonian, possessive constructions are formed according to the model: the book of the student. In other words, the object possessed comes first, followed by the preposition Ha or 0y{ and then the possessor. Both Ha and ojt, which is typical of western dialect areas, are accepted in the literary standard. 56Texwuja 4 Look at the following sentences: Kuurara na cryjeurkara e wa macara. The book of the student is on the table. The student's book is on the table. Maxor Ha Mapuja paGoru Bo KHW>KapHMuaTa. The husband of Marija works in the bookstore. Marija’s husband works in the bookstore. Haan ru 3naem genara Ha cecrpa Mu? Do you know the children of my sister? Do you know my) “s children? Neutral word order is as above: the item possessed comes first, followed by the preposition, then the possessor. However, in colloquial speech, it is very common to begin with the preposition and the possessor, followed by the item. possessed: Ha cectpa Mut jeuara ‘my sister's children’ Ou cecrpa Mu MaxoT ‘my sister’s husband’ Beo6a 9: Oxropopete Ha cAeqHMBe Npawmara: Kaxo ce puka cecrpara Ha Mupa? . Kako ce BMKa CHHOT Ha jleqo Terpe? Kako ce suka xenara wa Tattac? Kako ce suxaar 6pakara Ha Busjana? Kako ce suka Maxkor wa JIsrjana? Kane xupear pomstremmre na Mupa n JInajana? Kaxo ce suka Majxara wa Crojan? Kako ce suka Terkara Ha Butjana? Sra eeNe 4.7 Conjunctions In this chapter, we have introduced the conjunction ama ‘but’. Macedonian has two words that correspond to the conjunction 'but': ama and Ho. The two are stylistically differentiated. The former, ama, a borrowing from Turkish, is used in spoken, colloquial language; the latter, Ho, is more formal and is used in both formal speech and the written language. There is no difference in meaning. These conjunctions express a stronger contrast than the conjunction a. 57Jlexunja 4 Note that you have already learned the conjunctions if and a. The former links two similar ideas and is translated as ‘and’. When if occurs at the beginning of a sentence or clause, it means ‘also, too'. Compare the following sentences: Crojan 1 Bpanxo ce ysenmnm. M Crip e yuennx. Stojan and Branko are students. Steve is also a student Mupa uma cran. Mf Bepa uma cran. Mira has an apartment. Vera has an apartment, too. The conjunction a designates a contrast, but not as sharp a contrast as, ama/uo,e.g., Toj e cTyHeHT, a Taa e yYeHsUKa. This conjunction can be translated by either ‘and’ or ‘but’. Venxu anepruja BUKeHa ppeme! reorpacpuja rowuHa sua wcTopuja wcTopuuap Kacbanue® Kacpeana” KHura KHwxapunua Kouera (M.), Konemka Komnijytep Kye sero Mama Maca MaremaTuKa MauKa My3ej uora (MH. Ho3e)* THcMo mua mpujaren(Ka) paka (mu. pate)? allergy weekend time; weather + geography year. winter * history - historian café café, pub, bar book ' bookstore colleague, co-worker computer dog summer + mom: table mathematics cat . museum foot, leg letter pizza friend hand, arm 58pouTest pomatt cun crpanen Taro rypner typuinja* Kepka yueounk @axyarrer 3a Typu3am uenrap Taaroau Sapa raena moara kynyna pasropapa caxa caymia erynmpa Samenku pac* ro, ja, 14 Tpugzaeku apar 3upap Koj, Koe, Koja, Ko HeKOj, HeKOe, HeKOja, HeKoIL 080), on0j, TO} npuparent TIpuzo3i mucky seke 30urro Mexunja 4 parent novel son + foreigner « dad tourist pickled foods daughter * textbook Faculty of tourism center; downtown + look for; seek watch, look at come, arrive buy converse want; love, like hear, listen to study object form of ‘you’ (Plural and formal); see below direct object clitics: him, her, them dear healthy which? some sort, a certain. this, that, that (see 4.3 on page 50) private nearby already why 59Jlexuysja 4 Manky little, few MHory many, much; very Hanpop outside HeKOIKY several o6m4H0 usually nem, nemxu® on foot ceKoramt always cpaeuHo sincerely Tamy there Tpeatos no by, up to, beside 3a for Ha of, about; in, to, on on from, by 110 about; along Vspasu Bo WeHTap downtown exe (ro, ja, ru)! * here is Vina Te Kaxkam and I should tell you; let me tell you Hema mpo6siem no problem Onam Ha paGora nem(xu). I go to work on foot. Cé e Bo pen. everything is okay (lit., everything is in order). cu omit to leave, depart asa Muory! Thanks a lot! Ulro usa Hoo? What's new? Copanmu conjunctions ama but u and; also 3aToa mITO because Ho but Notes on the vocabulary and text: 1. Note that Bpeme means both ‘time’ and ‘weather’ Bpemero e yOano. The weather is beautiful. 60Jlexunja + Miami a ppeme? Osume Bo eno HoRO Kacbanue. Do you have time? We are going to a new cafe 2. Little cafes are currently very popular in Macedonia. There are various terms used to describe these places: Kacbanue, Kacpyste, KacbH4. The first term is colloquial, the second is higher style, and the third is Skopje slang. There also is a word Kadeana, which refers to a small restaurant where you can get things to drink as well as eat a meal. 3. The words paxa and Hora do not correspond exactly to ‘hand’ and ‘foot’, since they can also refer to ‘arm’ and ‘leg’, respectively. It is generally clear from the context what is meant. 4. Mira and Liljana’s parents live in the village of Brajéino in southwestern Macedonia. They are preparing Typiiija for the winter. People put up many foods for the winter, including pickled vegetables and relishes. This activity is not, of course, restricted to village people. In Skopje, just as in Toronto, there are people who can foods and relishes in the late summer and fall. 5. Mira writes: Mama m Taro Mucaat Wa Bac, The forms of the pronouns used after prepositions will all be learned in chapter five. In this lesson, just learn the form Bac. 6. The form MemKxH is colloquial and means the same thing as neu. 7. Prepositions have many different meanings. Context is the key to determining the correct meaning. For example, in the past chapters you learned of, meaning ‘from’. In this text, O71 is also used as ‘by’ in the sense of ‘written by’: PoMaH on Tletpe Augpeescu ‘a novel by Petre Andreevski’. [Petre Andreevski is a twentieth-century Macedonian author.] Also in this chapter you learn the preposition mo with the meaning, ‘about’, e.g., Jac ja Gapam KuMrata no reorpadpuja. ‘Tam looking for the book about geography [the geography book].’” The preposition Ha has many meanings. In this lesson it is used with three separate meanings: A. Possession: Ceerpara na Tatiac. Kumrara na crygenror. B. Location: Pogwreante ce Ha ceso. C. Motion Ogam a paGora neu, 61Jlexunja 4 8. The particle exe is used to point out something close by. If used with a pronoun, it is followed by the direct object clitic: Kaye e Crojan’? Ene ro! Where is Stojan?__ Here he is! Kage e kuurata? Ene j Where is the book? Here it is! You will encounter more examples of this particle later in the textbook. Beoe6a 10: Cranere rv rmarounte Bo 3arpastata Bo ceralllHO BpeMe: 1. Hue (xynypa) KHnrH. 2. Bpanxo (a6opypa) co Majxa TH. 3. Mupa u Anapej (me) Kacbe. 4, Busrjana u Crojan (jane) cenapnun. 5. Dann TH (sntae) Kage e Bpanxo? 6. Jac (mucam) Ha Bac. 7. Bue ja (cynysa) KHurara. 8. Tue (npasu) rypunnja. 9. Co Koro (pasropapa) neqo TH? (paGorTn) qeHecKa. 10.Tanac m JInajana He Beow6a 11: Crasere ru raaronure Kasle mTo TpeGa BO ToUHa cpopMa BO ceraillHo BpeMe. Place the verbs where they belong in the correct form in the present tense. mma, npasu, KuUBee, cTYAMPA, CH Of, jae 1. Jac cym on Crpymmua, a 80 Oxput na ®axyaretor 3a TypusaM. BO coBa Co estHa xosemxa on HIran. Hue Muory paGora Ha cbaxyaTetor u Marky Bpeme cme no cobaTa. OGM4HO naspop - Gypex, xaMGyprepn, ceHIBUNN. 3a BHKENIOT oMa, a MajKa MM cekoram HeKoj JoGap cneunjamurer. 62Jlexuuja 4 paGorn, xoa¢a, pasropapa, uMa, 3Hae, 360pyBa 2. Bopo u Bepa yOaba kyka GaneKy 0 uewrapor Ha Oxpua. Bo aero Bo Oxput Muory typuctu. Cera Bopo 1 Bepa co een crpanien. Toj € ucropuuiap it BO My3ejor. Toj Muory 3a ucTopujara Ha Oxpua. A M MaKeJOHCKH 106p0 BeoeGa 12: Write a short letter to someone. Include the following things: Ask how they are and what is new. Itis already winter but the weather is fine. You are studying at the university this year You live downtown in a tall building. Near the university there is a new Macedonian restaurant. Your sister has a new friend. He is Canadian and is a teacher. You are reading an interesting Macedonian novel by Petre Andreevski. Mosaic, Oh 63Jlekunja 5 . Food .1 Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases 2 Direct object pronouns, continued 5.3. Prepositions with personal pronouns 5.4 Introduction to Aa constructions 5.5 Bo vs. Ha 5.6 Forms of ‘whose’ 5.7 Embedded questions 5.8 Conjunctions ..., WiIM..J10, HH...Hi wow 5 43 DWS9 a a3 Bpanko: Mozxe Crip sta jase co vac? Thurjana: Ja, nema npoG.tem. Bpanxo: Ilro umame 3a nevepa? Jbijana: TIpapam noaners minepKu. Bpanko: Toners numepxu? Mopaut 2a npasnut neuro apyro. Crus ne e Maxesoneu. He caka Makemouckn cneunjaareri. Tuajana: BpanKo, on Kage 3uaeut TH? Kako He Moxe sla jane mnepKit? Taam jane canara? Tpapam 1 camara oft OMATH, KpacTaBss ut munepKH. Bpanxo: Tunepxure ce ayrt wan Garn? Inajana: Baru ce. Mame 1 1e6, a 3a jecepT - cajtoutes. panko: 3ouito ne jaxeme HemTo HopManHo? XamGyprep mam muua? A3a mere, mma an KoKa-Koua? Tiwijana: 3a seuepa, Bpaiixo, cekorai nuent MxeKo. Bpanxo: E, q06po. A moxke jac 11a nevepam Kaj nero? Pizzeria Kia, Ohrid 64Pucro: Buajana: Pucto: Buajana: Pucto: Buuyjana: Pucto: Bujana: Bo6u: Kare: Buajana: Texuuja5 Me 93? PD Buajana, Pucro e ua reaedpou. OMMe Bo HOB MaKesloHcKM pectopan. 3Haeut Kase GuGanoreKara, Heat? Honor pecropan ce Haofa Ha Kourero kaput. Tamy 3a jatethe uMa 20Opu cenyBnun, xamGyprepu 1 num. Mma 1 MaxexoucKn cneunjanurern. Hemam nu nap HM Bpeme. He mo2kam sla onaM. Yuam 3avoa wiTo yrpe HMaM Menu. Hema npo6iem, jac uMam mapu, a ‘Tm Beke cé 3Haeul. Baxu. Co Koro oaume? Co Bo6u Kare. Jo6po. Fpujaro. dao. ‘SRA He AE ae OE a aE IS > eee 2 oD Tosexere! Ulro uma 3a peuepa? 3a npegjateme nMma Gero cuperbe, neuen nmepKu, uloncKa canara 4 casata om Kucema 3enka. MiMame MaxeqOHCKM CHeuMjaluTeTM: CKapa, TaBue rpaBue, HMA 1 Tn H ceHABHAH. He cakam sta jatam Meco. Moxe esa mua MW camara 3a citTe 3aemHo? To6pa waeja. Honcka canara 3a cre u enua romema mina CO cHpetbe, IMMepKH, It Me4ypKH. Ogamuno. A 3a nnere, Koka-Koua 3a cute, m1 1180? Koxka-koua 3a mene. Yrpe umam nenur. 65Texusja 5 Beac6a 1: Onropopere wa caeaHnBe mpamratsa: 1. IIo janere 3a nojatox? eG, cuperse, jorypr, KUCeHO M1eKO, oBOMTe, jabomKo, Ganana, nyrep, jajua, xwrapaun 2. Ito nner onomten coK, Kathe, aj, MuleKo, Boa 3, [ro jaere 3a py4ex? cupere, cenapuu, xamGyprep, canara, cyna, 4op6a, mua, 3enewuyk, 6ypeK 4. Ito nnete? MuIeKO, COK, Kucela BOA, Kacbe, aj 5, Ilo jagere 3a peuepa? ‘TaBue-rpapue, HoMHeTH NunepKu, puGa, Meco, mnarerH, seneHuyK, caara, MaHya 6. Ito nuete? MIEKO, BOA, KHCeTA BOA, HBO, BHHO (PHO, UpBeHO, Ge.10) 5.1 Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases You have learned how to attach the forms of the definite article to nouns. Here you will learn how to attach them to adjectives. Look at the following two English sentences. You will notice that the definite article occurs only once in a noun phrase—ie., the noun plus any adjectives modifying it—and that it occurs at the beginning of the phrase: The big, green monster is in the kitchen. The new Macedonian book is on the table. 66Jlekunja 5 In Macedonian, the definite article is also used only once in a noun phrase, but it is attached to the end of the first modifier: Tosemoro, seneno, 4yxonmurre € Bo Kyjiara. Hopata MakefOHCKa KHHIa e Ha MacaTa. The definite article is attached directly to the adjective, which agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies. There is one slight modification to masculine singular adjectives, namely: masculine singular adjectives add an -ut and then the definite article. The addition of this suffix will cause a fleeting vowel to drop: HoGap uopex. Do6puor uosex. HOB yueGHUK HoBMOT yue6uMK oGpa xexa. JoGpara xexa. Lo6po zere. Looporo sere. Ho6pu ayte Hopure syfe. You will recall that when the definite article is attached to a noun, it is important to keep in mind both form and gender. For example, all nouns ending in-o, regardless of gender, take the definite article ~To, and all nouns ending in - a, regardless of gender and number, take the definite article -Ta: cen0To (neuter singular) TaTKOTO (masculine singular) xenata (feminine singular) Koaerata — (masc. sing.) ceaara (neuter plural) When adjectives precede a noun, they must agree with the noun in gender and number. The article attached to the adjective will more clearly show gender and number than the article attached to the noun. This becomes clear when we add adjectives to the nouns given above: 67Jlexunja 5 neuter cenor0 - 106poTo ces10 masculine TaTKOTO - Lo6puoT TaTKO Kouerara - JoGpHoT Konera feminine >Kenata - 1oGpara wena plural ——_cetata - s06pirre cesta The stress will move after the addition of the definite article to stay on the antepenultimate syllable, e.g.: roxema kyka - roneMara xyka Beoc6a 2: Cravete ru caeauuse pas Bo omtpertemena chopma: Put the following noun phrases into the definite form: Monet: ronema kya -- rowemara Kyka 1. Geno cuperse 2. upHo BHHO 3, noOpu cryseHTH 4. neuena nunepKa 5. Mano ceo 6. rosema srpata 7. HM30K 4oBeK 8. nopa roqmita 9. MaKenOHCKH CTyeHTH 10. raayen yaeHuK 11. n06ap TaTKO 12. yMopun cryzentH 13. BucoKa srpaza 14, yOap napK 15. maago ere 68Jlexuuja 5 5.2 Direct object pronouns, continued In the last chapter, you were introduced to the third person direct object clitic forms used when there is a definite direct object in the sentence. The table below provides all the direct object forms for pronouns. In this table, the subject pronouns are followed by the direct object long forms and direct object clitic forms. In addition to the forms for first, second, and third person, included here are also the reflexive direct object pronouns, which are used when the subject is speaking about him or herself. The forms ceGe/ceGecn are interchangeable. Examples will be given below. In general, the long forms are only used for emphasis or contrast. When they are used, the short form clitic must also be used. Remember, the direct object clitic must come directly before the verb. The long form may be placed at the beginning of the sentence or after the verb. Subject Tongdirect dlitic subject long direct dlitic jac mene Me nme Hac we TH tebe Te Bue Bac Be Toj nero ro THe HB rm Toa nero ro Taa Hea ja a ce6e/ ce | ceGecn Koj Koro ro Note the direct object form for us, Hé, is written with a mark * to distinguish it from the negative, He. Toj me caxa, He loves me. Meue me caxa, a He TeGe. Me caka mene, a He Te6e. He loves me, but not you. Tpocbecopor #8 raeza. The professor is looking at us. Hac we raena. He raea nac. He's looking at us./Il’s us he’s looking at 69Jlexunja 5 Jann ro auaeut Crojan? He ro 3Ham nero, ama ro 3am Bpaniko. ‘Do you know Stojan? I don’t know him, but I know Branko. Be Gapaar. They are looking for you Bac pe Gapaar, a He Hac. It’s you they're looking for, not us. Toj muory ce caxa ceGe/ceGecu. He really likes himself. Bpanxo J06po ce 3Hae ceGecn Branko knows himself well. Koro ro caxate? Whom do you love? ‘When we speak of definite direct objects, there are several types of phrases which are considered definite and which demand the use of the clitic before the verb. These include: 1. Definite noun phrases: To raenam Honor nporbecop. To 3nam qupextopor. Ja uirrame KHuTaTa. Tut antame Hopute BecHunn. 2. Noun phrases containing a demonstrative adjective: Jaan ro suaete onoj yoBex? He ri cakame THe ayfe. Ja cayuiame opaa mporpama. 3, Proper nouns: Ja 3am Mapuja. ans ro sxaem TMasne? Tu uexame Terpe # JTuajana. 70Jlexunja 5 4, Close terms of relation with the possessive clitics: To 3iaeme 6pat TH. Ja cakam 6a6a Mn. Jas ro cakam un4Ko TH? 5. Long forms of pronouns: Hac #é uexare. Hea ja caxam. The direct object clitics are also used in the following contexts: 6. The particles ene ‘Here is!’, ene, ere “There is!’ Kage e Bpauko? Ene ro! Kage e Mupa? Ene ja! Kage ce aeuara? Ere ri! 7. The negated verb Hema when talking about the absence of something specific, eg. Kase e Caapnua? Ja nema, Kase e Pucto? To nema Kane ce xuurure? Tut nema. To nema kysero. Ja Hema Kuurara, Beac6a 3: Tonoanere ru cnenumne pevennmi co coompeTHHTe 3aMeHKH 3a aupexTen o6jexT, Kyca cpopma: Fill in the correct form of the short direct object pronoun: = e (roj) caxae. (ame) raegaar. ura KHMraTa, KynlyBaM KHUrHTe. unrare mcMoTO. (Bue) 3Haeme. siaeme Mupa 1 Jnsajana. jarem onoj cenapir4. (rit) cakam. jageme nunepKurre. SLPNAWEBWNE 71Jlexunja 5 Beoc6a 4: Tlononvere ro npatlaiHHKoT 3a Bac, a HOTOA pasroBapajre co HeKOj Apyr Om rpynata H NlonoaHeTe 3a Hero/uca. Fill in the questionnaire about yourself, and then talk with someone else from the group and fill it out about him/her. Bue omuaena nejauKa ommied nejas ommaena rpyra omutent bam omuaena Kura omiuieno cnmcanne omuuie# pectopant oMseHO 111B0/B1H0 Pasropapajre Mo s{Bajula Kako BO NpHMepor. BHuMaBajre za ynorpeGure ‘TouHa 3aMeHKa crlopey posoT Ha HMeHKaTa, Converse in groups of two, as in the example. Be careful to use the correct pronoun according to the gender of the noun. A. Koja nejauxa ja caxam? Koj nejau ro caxau? Koe nupo ro caxam? B. Beow6a 5: Monoauere co ro, ja, ru nan #: Fill in the blanks with ro, ja, ru or # (i.e., nothing if there is no definite direct object): Jenec cemejersoro HayMoscxu (the Naumovski family) ce oma. panko raega dmamor ,Asaain”. Tanac 4 SIvtjana nusjar Kacbe u pasropapaar. Buutjana ura mcmoto om Mupa, a 6a6a Enena 4 reo Herpe aeqaat CHMKWKTe Oj MaKenounja. A Kaule e Crojan? He raesam Crojan, pean GaGa Esteva, Ho cayman.” Crojan e raagen. Tay Bo ¢ppwxknaepor Ma ea ronema Topra. Crojan com npex puxkitepor it rae. Toj caka cera, Ho Toprara e 3a Beuepa. 72Jexunja 5 Beow6a 6: Cocranere jlecet pevensun co caesgunpe riaroau: Compose ten sentences with the following verbs: jase, ra, numypa, raexa, KynyBa, uMa, Hema, caKa Be sure to use adjective noun combinations and include definite direct objects, e.g: HoOprre cryzeuTH ru witraat MakegouckuTe yueGnunH. 5.3 Prepositions with personal pronouns You have already learned several prepositions: B, BO, 3a, Kaj, Ha, 07, co, 6e3. When prepositions are followed by pronouns, the long form direct object pronouns are used, and the stress typically moves to the preposition (exceptions to this rule include the preposition ocBeH ‘except’ and prepositions longer than two syllables, which you will learn later in the course). 3Gopynam cé Hea, Tam speaking with her. One co Hn. We are going with them. He pyuame 6é3 Bac. We are not eating lunch without you. Mueaar ua pac. They are thinking of you. 36opysaar 34 nero. They are talking about him. 36opyna 34 cebe. She is talking about herself. / He is talking about himself. Young speakers, notably in Skopje, typically do not move the stress back to the preposition and you will hear, for example: 36opyBam co Héa. OxuMe co HiiB. Beac6a 7: Monoanere rit cuteaumpe perennunt co coogperuitre 3aMeHKMt 3a JMpexten oGjeKT, noarH copa: Fill in the correct form of the long direct object pronoun: 1. 36opysame co (raa).exuuja 5 2. Onume co (nue). 3. H raegaat (ame), a He Bac. 4, He omsme na ceo 6e3 (He). 5, TpocpecopKara 3G6opyBa co (ane). 6. Mupa 3Gopysa co (r0j). 7. He Te caxam (mm). 8. Tue oar Ges (one). 9. He me caxaar (ac). 10. Anmpej ja caxa (ra). 5.4 Introduction to ,4a constructions Macedonian does not have an infinitive. In contexts where English uses an infinitive after another verb, e.g., I want to go, We want to write, etc., Macedonian frequently uses the following sequence: conjugated verb + jla_+ conjugated verb Cakam fa onaM. Ina word-for-word translation, this means roughly: ‘I want that I go’ Of course, that is not English, so we must translate it as T want to go’. Here are some more examples: Moxeme ga umraMe MaKefOHCKH. We can read Macedonian. Cakame 1a 3Gopypame co TeGe. We want to speak with you. BaGa u eo He cakaar aa 360pyBaaT aHTACKH. Grandmother and Grandfather do not like to speak English. Beoe6a 8: Coctasere aecet pevenmust 3a menemmutte aHOBH Ha Bpanxo, Crojan, JInajara, Tanac, neqo Tepe 1 6a6a Eneva, cnopex mpumepor: Compose ten sentences describing what Branko, Stojan, Liljana, Tanas, Grandpa Petre, and Grandma Elena want to do today, e.g-: Jeao Mere u 6a6a Exenta cakaar na nisjar Kacbe. Crojait caka sa ara nemo. Bpaiixo caka sla ja usta uopara KHMTa. 74Jlekunja 5 In the preceding examples, both verbs have the same subject, but this is not always the case. Consider the following sentences in English, in which we use an infinitive: Lwant you to go. She wants you to speak with him. They want us to go with them. In Macedonian, we can translate these sentences with a ta construction as well. In these examples, you will notice that again, the verbs on either side of jta must be conjugated and agree with their intended subjects: Cakam (rt) 1a oui. Twant you to go. Caxa (site) a 360pyBare co Hero, She wants you to speak with him. Cakaar (nme) 4a ofmMe co HuB. They want us to go with them. In normal conversation the pronoun in parentheses is deleted. If the speaker wishes to emphasize who is to perform the action, then the personal pronoun is used. For example: Caxaar nie 2a ome co Hu. They want us to go with them. In this example, there is special emphasis on the fact that it is we, not someone else, that are wanted. Pay close attention to the word order. The pronoun (or noun) can either precede a, as in the above examples, or it can follow the verb in the second clause. This latter method is used when the pronoun is even more emphatically stressed: Caxam sa onsm TH, Twant that you go. You're the one I want to go. Caka 1a 360pysare Bue co Hero. He wants that you speak with him. You're the one he wants to speak with him. Caxaar na onuMe Hue co HHB. They want that we go with them. We're the ones that they want to go with them.Jlexunja 5 Ifa noun or proper noun is used, it will most often be placed directly before 1a: Cakame Becna ga ro umta nMcMoTO. We want Vesna to read the letter. Hla is also used after the verbs Moxe ‘can, be able’ and Mopa ‘must’. In English, the word ‘to’ is omitted after these verbs: I can read. I must read this book. Moka ga witraM, a TH He Moxelll. Tan read but you can’t. Mopaut zenec a ja aura Kurata. ‘You must read the book today. The verb Moxe has two meanings. When it expresses ‘can, be able’, the verb conjugates for all persons: jac MoxXaM Ja YHTAM, TH MOXeul 1a 4NTaM, THe MoxaT Ja unTaaT. When, however, the verb is used to ask permission, ‘is it possible /it is possible’, the verb is invariant and Moxe is used for all persons: Moxe st sla Beuepam Kaj Crus? May I eat at Steve's? Moxe an Crue ja Bevepa Kaj Hac? May Steve eat dinner at our house? Both Moxe and Mopa are followed by a ja clause: 1.MoxamM a YNTaM MaKeQOHCKH KHMIH. Ican read Macedonian books. 2. Moxeut 7a ru uuTaun opne mMcMa? Can you read these letters? 3. Moxere fla onMTe CO Hac Ha KMHO? Are you able to come with us to the movies? 4. Bpanxo Crojai Moxkar 1a 360pyBaar MakeOHCKH co 6aGa Enena u geno Herpe. Branko and Stojan can speak Macedonian with Grandmother Elena and Grandfather Petre. 76Jlexunja 5 5.Mopam sia ja wirram opaa KHUtra, I must read this book. 6. Mopame aaa onume. We must go. Beoc6a 9: Coctanete pevenmun co caeauupe 360poBHt: Combine the following words to make sentences: Remember to add the direct object clitics where necessary and to delete pronouns if there is no special emphasis on them. Bpauko/caxa/aue/s6opysa/co/raa Bpanxo caka 1a 36opypare co Hea. Jnajana/caxa/anra/nucmoro Crojan/se/moxe/urra/xmurara Tanac/moxe/npapi/noser/nunepxu Bpanxo/sopa/anra/xuurara Tue/ne/moxe/onu/co/ane Teno Merpe/caxa/6a6a Enena/rnena/renesusuja/co/roj Buajana n Pucro/caxa/jaye/woncKa canata/co/rue Crup/caxa/Bpanxo/onn/co/roj/s0/KHHo Caxam/ru/s6opysa/co/raa Pucto u Kare/ie/caxa/Busjana/na/onu/co/rue LEI AWRY s Beo6a 10: You can now use the verbs caka, Moxe, Mopa + Jla for inviting, accepting, and refusing, 1. Tlospsere rt pevenumre on 1-5 co omme on a Connect the sentences from 1-5 with those from a- 1. Pucro n Buajana onat Bo a. Moxxem sim sta 360pypau co Hero’ HoBMOT pecTopan. 2. Jenec Busjaua uma poyenner. 6. Moxeui st aa Beuepaui Kaj Men 3, THpapam een MakegoncKit cueunjamrer. . Cakamit am 2a oMMe co HMB? 4, Uma y6ap dum Bo Kuno »Bapzap" r. Caxautt au 2a oie Kaj Hea? 5, Pucto e na Tenedbon. a, Cakam aH 1a ro raeqame? 7Jexnuja 5 2. Honoanere ru pasronopure: npucparere wn onGHjTe H KaxKeTe ja npwunnara. Complete the dialogues above: Accept or refuse and tell the reason. npumep: A. Pucro 1 Bauijaia oar 8 HoBmor pectopan. CaKau am aa omiMe co HMB? B, Cakam, Ho Mopam aa yuam. Yrpe umam ucmurr. aA HE Ho6po, noaram. Voapnun, He MoxaM..... Caxam, ce pa6upa. Cakam, Ho MopaM Ja... Onmeana useja. Bextam xoafam. He cera. Mopam 1... Jaa, cekako. Baarogapam. He caxam, .... Beo«6a 11: In the exercise below, use invariant Moxe to ask for permission: Bpauko: Moxe Crus sta jase co wac? Iajana: Ja, vema npo6ues. Tipaere camuin pasronopu mefy Bpanko u majxa my. panko caxa: Write similar dialogues between Branko and his mother. Branko wants: - Wa Tenecpoumpa no Makegonuja. - Crojan aa xupee co rerka Mupa. - Butjania ga ogu co wero Ha KMHO. - a py4a Kaj Crup. - 4a om BO pecropan co Crp. ~~ a Me Kade. ~ 7a jane cnagozen. - GaGa Exenia 2a npawy nura pyuex. VsGepere nekon of opue 13pa3H M MpoAosDKeTe rH pasronopHTe. Choose some of these expressions and continue the dialogues. An example is given below. TA HE -To6po. -He Moxe. -la, Moxe. -Vispuun, uo... -Ce pas6upa/CurypHo. -He cera. -Ho6po, 10 npso.... -He. -Hema npoGzem. 78Tlexuuja 5 upumep: Bpauxo: Moxe ja tenedbounpam 80 Maxesonnja? Jitajana: He cera. Cera terka TH e Ha paSora, a 30urTo cakam ja Texecponmpam? Bpanko: Cakam ja 3HaM Kako e Mypyjo. 5.5 BO vs. Ha The preposition o has the basic meaning of ‘in’. The preposition Ha has the basic meaning of ‘on’ or ‘at’. When used with a verb of motion, however, both the prepositions Bo and Ha can mean ‘to’. You must learn which nouns take which preposition. There are some generalizations which can be made, but they do not apply in all cases. Geographical locations take Bo, while events and institutions tend to take a. There is a variant of 80, namely B, but in most instances the forms are in free variation, ie., there is no difference in meaning, and choice may be dependent on individual speakers. There are differences in certain specific contexts, which will be noted. Examples of nouns with Bo: Ganka, rpail, Kya, 3rpaga, crau, uNCTTyT, pectopaH, KHWKapauna, uenTap With na: nomrra, buIM, uemMT, TeaTap, KOMUepT, pa6ora, yuusep3uTer, yunanurre 5.6 Forms of ‘whose’ The interrogative ‘whose’ agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies: Masculine: Unj e oBoj yue6unK? Feminine: Uyja e opaa kuura? Neuter: Une e opa zere? Plural: Unit ce THe cncannja (magazines)? Beac6a 12: Tlononnere ru caeaunpe pevenmumt co coogseruara dopa Of AH: Fill in the correct form of ‘whose’: e ona sete? e OBaa TeTKa? © ono} xamOyprep? € oB0j cran? era kyka? ce Tue ena? ce opme KHMrH? e ona Kae? eRe PN aM 79Texuyja 5 9. ce one nucma? 10 e Toj yueOumK? 5.7 Embedded questions You have already learned a number of question words: Koj, Kale, ITO, sj. These question words can be used to embed a question into another sentence. Look at the following English examples: 1. Where is Branko? Do you know where Branko is? I don’t know where Branko is. 2. Who is talking to the architect? Do you know who is talking to the architect? No, I don’t know who is talking to the architect. 3. Why is Stojan eating ice cream? Do you know why Stojan is eating ice cream? I don’t know wity Stojan is eating ice cream. 4. Whose books are these? Do you know whose books these are? No, I don’t know whose books these are. Now compare the Macedonian translations: 1. Kade e Bpanxo? Jann auaere xade e Bpauxo? He sam kade e Bpanko. 2. Koj 36opypa co apxurektor? Jann siraem Koj 36opyBa co apxuTektor? He, He 3HaM koj 300pypa co apxuTeKTOT. 3. Bowitio Crojan jane cragoner? Jann suaem sowiio Crojan jane cnagonen? He, He 3Ham somo Crojan jae caagonen. 4. Yuu ce opne kuru? Jann siaem «uu ce opne KUNTH? He, He 3HaM 4uu Ce OBMe KAMTH. Beoc6a 13: Tpenesere ru caequuse pevenui Ha MaKeqOHCKH: 1. Liljana doesn’t know where Branko is. 2. Biljana doesn’t know why she is watching television. 3. Excuse me, do you know where the library is? Of course. There it is! 4. We don’t know whose money is on the table. 5. don’t know why Risto is talking with Biljana. 6. She doesn’t know who is working in the library today. 80Jlexunja 5 7. Do you know where Grandfather Petre is from? 8. We do not know what this is. 9. Steve doesn't know where Kate lives. 10. They don't know whose books these are. 5.8 The conjunctions H...1, WJIM...HJ1M, HM...Hi The conjunctions above correspond to English ‘both....and’, ‘either...or’, and ‘neither....nor’, respectively. Look at the following sentences: Cakam ga jatam u canara 1 nimepKi T want to eat both salad and peppers. CaKam ga jagam wy casara wan munepKst. Twant to eat either salad or peppers. He cakam a jayaM HM canara um mumepKut. I want to eat neither salad nor peppers. Taa caka 4 ga unTa U Ja rena TeneBwsMja She likes / wants both to read and to watch television. Taa caka WAM ja 4MTa HM ja rIeqa TeneBMHja. She likes/wants either to read or to watch television. Taa ne caka HM ja una HM Ja Tema TeneBHaHja. She likes/wants neither to read nor to watch television. Pay special attention to the negative sentences. In Macedonian, unlike English, the main verb must also be negated. English does not permit double negatives, but the negation of the verb is required in Macedonian. Compare also the following: He cakam numTo. Idon’t want anything. Muenxn aroa! corner Ganana banana 6uGaKoreKa library Gypex burek, a meat or cheese filled pastry Beuepa™ dinner, supper, evening meal Bona water. rpyna group . 81gecepr OM nomat® 2xKuTapman 3enenuyK* ueja wenut jaGonKo Janene Jajne jorypr® keanep Kucema Boa Kucea0 MJleKO™ kucesa 3enka Kpacrapniua KPOM ayk Manya Meco MareKo (opomtest) cox opomje* napi (on.) naranyan? niejau(ka) meaypKa 150 mnere munepKa mura nlojaoK mpegjanewe npoGiem nyrep puGa ponenzen pywex canara Mekunja 5 dessert home + tomato cereal vegetables idea - test apple - food ees liquid, drinkable yogurt waiter mineral water yogurt pickled cabbage cucumber onion garlic type of stew meat milk (fruit) juice fruit + money + tomato singer mushroom beer + drink + Pepper + a meat or cheese filled pastry similar to burek breakfast . appetizers problem ~ butter + fish * birthday lunch + salad 82Jesunja 5 cupere® cheese + Kapa grilled meat caastonen ice cream cheusjamurer specialty cnucanne magazine cyna’ soup - ‘rasue rpapue baked bean casserole Topra cake + koure! corner nam movie bpmaxnaep refrigerator aj tea yopoa’ thick soup; chowder oncka canata® chopped vegetable salad mnareru spaghetti Paarom Beant say Beuepa eat dinner Moxe can; be able; may Mopa must; have to ce naofa to be located pysa eat lunch Texecboumpa phone yuu? study Tpuazaecn Gen white Gaar"? sweet kucen sour ayr'? spicy; angry HopManen normal onmmuent excellent omuien favorite neuen"! roasted noauer'! stuffed, filled npxen!! fried uppen!? red upu!? Black 83Jlexunja 5 anj, anja, ane; ann whose TIpeasosn kaj)? by; at someone's place Kapumt opposite npen before, in front of cnporn opposite Tpustosn BeqHaut immediately oma at home; homeward 3aeqHO together MoxeOH perhaps OAIM4HO excellent TIpBo firstly, first of all ceKako indeed, by all means curypHo surely ype tomorrow Samenku oe everything cure! all, everyone, everything Vspasu Gaarogapam thank you BaKH fine, ok, agreed M3BMHM, H3BKHeTE excuse me nena tag question asking for confirmation nema mpo61em no problem On Kase snaem/snaere? How do you know? nopenete please; you're welcome; help yourself ce pas6upa of course; it’s understood yao!’ ciao Capsumn He both....and MIM... either....or HM....AM neither....nor 84Mexunja 5 Notes on the vocabulary 1. The doublets arom - Koure and cnporn - Kaui are again comprised of a more formal Slavic word and a more colloquial Turkism. 2. In Macedonia, the midday meal is the biggest one of the day. In this chapter, Liljana is preparing the big meal for the evening, according to Canadian custom. 3. Many Macedonians call tomatoes natanyaxu in colloquial speech, but the standard written form of the word is Mar. It is that form which will appear in printed recipes. For those wishing to expand their culinary vocabulary and who love eggplant (aubergine) as much as the author of this book, the word for eggplant is Mogap ‘purple ‘ or upHit ‘black’ naTstuaH. 4, The nouns opomtje and 3eneH4y« are singular in form but collective plural in meaning, ie., fruits and vegetables. The noun 3enen4yK also forms a plural, senemuymit. 5. In Macedonia, there are two different kinds of yogurt: KUce10 MaeKo is thick and eaten with a spoon, and is most similar to North American yogurt. Jorypr is also a cultured dairy product, but isa thick liquid. 6. The word for cheese is cupetse. The most common type of cheese is feta or white cheese, Geo cuperse. 7. There are two words for soup: cynia refers to a soup with a water- based broth; wop6a refers to a thick soup, typically with a cream- or milk- based broth with more pieces of meat and vegetables in it. 8, [oncxa canara isa typical Balkan salad made with chopped tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, onion (kpomu,)), and crumbled feta cheese. 9. The verb yum refers to the act of studying: Busijana e cryenTKa 1 cryaupa Ha Yawpep3uteror, a cera yun 3aToa ITO yrpe uMa HeTUMT, 10. Peppers are either hot or sweet: nyT H.1 Gar. The word for spicy also means angry: Toj e ayT ‘He is angry’ 11. The adjectives neuen, npxeH, and nonHer are derived from the verbs nieve “to roast’, pK’ to fry’, and noaHH ‘to fill’. Because they are derived from verbs, the -e does not drop out in the non-masculine forms: neuewa luinepka, neseHM nimepKH, NpeHH nHMepKU, NpxKeHO jajue, nommera numepka, noauern nunepKst. 12, Dark red wine is referred to as ‘black wine’: upHo BMHO. Lighter red wines are called 'red wine’: upBeHo BHHO. 13. The word Kaj is used colloquially for the adverb ‘where’ but as a preposition it means “by; at someone's home’ 14, Note that the pronoun cute takes a plural verb, cf. English: 85Jlexuuja 5 Everyone is here. Cure ce TyKa. 15. The use of 4a0 ‘ciao’ is very common among young speakers. Beow6a 14: You have gone with some friends to the Macedonian restaurant Maxesoucka kyka. Look over the menu given below and the notes on the following page, then decide what each of you will order. Ulro ke nopauate? Lo cakare 3a nuewe? 3a janere? What will you order? What do you want to drink? —_‘To eat? 1¥O Makenoncxa Kyka OVI TIpenjagewe Cynn 1» Uop6u Geno cupere jarnemxa yop6a nevenu nunepKu muieurKa cyma mitra co Meco ropejicKa cyita miTa CO Meco H Ne4ypKHt mutta co cuperbe eG Puou Meco Gena pa Kocpre TacTpMKa Ha OXpHACKM Hau. MeYeHO CBHHCKO Meco neyen Kpan neueno jarHeuiko Meco MeyeHo musteuKO Meco Janewa wa cKapa Canary cBMHCKH Kpemen mioneKa canara MeulaHo Meco Ha cKapa camara of Kucesa 3enKa Maeckapstna cagara om noMaTHt KeGanunisa Typumnja cauaTa om KpacTaBmunt CaatKn Tujanoun Gax.taBa Kiceaa Boa oBouje cox of jaGouKa Kanan Koxa-Koua caagones TYPCKo Kacbe aj Geno H upHo BHHO neo 86Jlexunja 5 Notes about the menu: 1. The names for types of meat are typically used in adjectival form in the neuter, modifying the noun Meco: CBHHCKO ‘pork’, jarHemIKO ‘lamb’, MMewKo ‘chicken’, roBescKo ‘bee!’ 2. mutta isa dish made with a dough similar to phyllo which is then stuffed with various fillings. Bypex is similar and is sold in many take-out stands. HactpMka is a type of trout indigenous to Lake Ohrid. Kpan is carp. . Janerea Ha CKapa is ‘food on the grill’. Grilled meat, cKapa, is very popular. MentaHo Meco is ‘mixed grill’. Kpemenastan are pork chops. " TueCKABHIIA is a patty of spiced ground beef, not too different from a hamburger. 8. GaKaapa isa type of pastry made with nuts and honey. 9. Kawtand) is a pastry made of shredded wheat with a sweet syrup. xo Fresh burek 87Jexunja 6 6. Music 61 Indirect objects 6.2. Indirect and direct object clitics 6.3 Uses of Ha 64 Verbal aspect 65 Future constructions 6.6 Future tense of cyM 6.7 Aspectual pairs and predicting aspect 68 Subordination with eka Ve Bpanko: exo: Bpanko: Aleno: BaGa: Spanxo: Ba6a Bpauxo: 23 2 axsa Teno, moxem 2a Mu Kaxkeut HeMITO 3a MakenoHcKaTa My3uKa? Cakam 7a cBMpaM Ha HemITO MakeOHCKO. Bo Maxkesonuja uma cekakna My3uKa. Moa cbuaxapmonnja, uma onepa, conpemena my3utKa, rior, Pox st yes. Cakam pasHi critoBH, ama oBeKe caKam a caymlam MakeqoHcKa HapoaHa My3HtKa. Conpum 1a neuro? He, jac urpam opa, apyrute cpupar. Baba Tu Enena oammano nee. Ha ceao Bo Makegounja ceupar wa rajqa, na KaBaul, Ha TamGypa, Ke TH ri lokaxkam CaMKHTe Bo exHa KHMra 3a MaposWM HHCTpyMeHTH Ha Baakanor. Tipso, ajae na cnymame Kacetu 3aeano, Terka TH Mupa uit uenpaka Kaceru of Makeslounja 1 Ha HuB cBupat He camo Ha OBMe MHICTPyMeHTH, TYKY M Ha 3ypaM M -TanaHM. Ke bn ja qonecam kuurata. Muory cakam ya 360pysam 3a My3HKa. Mmam npujatean 4 THe cpupar Man Ha Kaapup, Ham Ha rirapa. Crue cpupu Ha Tpy6a. A jac cakam sta cBMpamt Ha HemITO pyro. Moxemt za cpupuut Ha Kaper, Ha Toj uucTpyment Moxemt c8 a CBIPMIN, H MakexOHCKa Haposua My3uKa, KaacnuHa MY3HKa, u ye3. Moxe6u, Ho cakam Heurro raacuo. Jan Moxere na Mu KakeTe HeIITO 3a 3ypmata H 3a rajyata? 88Jlexunja 6 Zeno: Moxo6po na ri cayurau KacerwTe, a noToa MoxkeMe ta 360pyBame max u Ke Mt ro KaxkeMll H360poT. Tapan and zurlas Beac6a 1: Onrosopere wa caeauuse mpamatba: 1, Cempst at eno Herpe na nekoj mucrpyment? 2. Jann GaGa Exewa caxa na aGopyna 3a My3uxa? 3. Kaxpa My3ika uma Bo Makesouutja? 4. Tamu sue cpupure Ha HeKoj mHcrpyMent? Ha Koj? KuaBup (nijano), ruvapa, xapMonmKa, KaapmHer, Tpy6a, BHOmMHA, BUOA, BHOOHYENO, OG0a, caKCOpon, TPOMGOH, Tanan, Fajita, dbaejra 5. Kaka My3uxa cayuiate HajMHory? Kaacuuna, Hapogua, We3, KaHTpH My3uKa 6. aim cakare noseke a neere, a urpare, mam ja cBMpuTe Ha HeKOj uuctpyment? 7, Wo Mucaute, Ha Koj uHeTpyMent Ke cpupu Bpanxo? 6.1 Indirect objects The indirect object expresses to whom or for whom an action is performed. Look at the following sentences in English: 1am baking a cake for my mother. We will buy you the paper. He will bring you the books. They will bring the papers to yo 89Tlexunja 6 In each of the preceding sentences, the indirect object is underlined. In English, we can designate the indirect object in two different ways: one is with the use of the prepositions to and for; the other is to place the indirect object after the verb and before the direct object. Compare the following: We are telling you the story = We are telling the story to yor Igive him the money = I give the money to him They bought us a cake = They bought a cake for us. In Macedonian, the indirect object is most often expressed by the preposition Ha followed by the indirect object and an indirect object clitic placed before the verb. In most instances, if a sentence expresses an indirect object, you must use an indirect object clitic. For now, all sentences with an indirect object will contain a short form pronominal clitic. Below are the forms of the indirect object pronouns; the subject pronouns and direct object pronouns are also given for comparison. You will recognize some of the short form indirect objects because you were using them for expressing possession, e.g, MajKa MY: Subject Direct Clitic “Indirect Clitic jac MeHe Me = MeHe = Mit ™ tebe Te ree TH oj Hero ro Hemy = My Toa Hero ro Hemy My Taa wea ja nejse nme Hac no Ham bute pac Be BaM Bit THe WB MMM ceGe(cn) ce ceGe(cn) cit Koro__ro KoMy _M Look at the following examples: My aanam napu Ha Mean. I give money to Ivan. Vm untam nicoa Ha GaGa 4 nen. Tread letters to my grandmother and grandfather. Hf nocam Kacbe Ha Bustjana I bring coffee to Biljana. Gajda player 90Ilekunja 6 Yawreaor uM wrra kuurn Ha genara, ‘The teacher reads books to the children. As you can see in these examples, if the indirect object is named, you must place the indirect object clitic before the verb. If the indirect object is a pronoun, then typically the indirect object clitic is used alone: panko e tyxa. My zanam napu. Branko is here. | am giving him money. Mut Hocum Kacpe. You bring me coffee. Buajana cm kynysa pecunun. Biljana is buying herself newpapers. If, however, you wish to emphasize the pronoun or to express contrast with another pronoun, then there are two possible constructions: 1. Use the long form of the indirect object pronoun and the clitic. The clitic must be placed before the verb, while the long form may occur in a variety of positions: Mene Mu Hocumt Kade, a He Hemy. Mu wocum mene Kade, a He HeMy. Mn nocum Kacbe mene, a He HeMy. You are bringing coffee to me, not to him. 2. It is more common to use the preposition Ha followed by the long form direct object pronoun, which is used with all prepositions: Mu tocuut Kacbe Ha Menie, a He Ha Hero. Ha Mene mu Hocum Kae, a He Ha Hero. 3. In colloquial speech some younger speakers use the feminine form xejse in place of nea after a preposition, e.g. co Hejze in place of co nea. This is not standard usage, however. Beac6a 2: TMonoanere ru caeniune peuennust co samenkure 3a MHAMpeKTeH OGjeKT, Kyca copma. Fill in these sentences with the short form indirect object pronouns. 1 jlaame nap wa Bpanko u Crue. 2. Eutena (jac) napa xacpe. a1Hexunja 6 3. Tanac uur memo Ha JLurjana. 4. Pucto __ gapa KHMTH Ha HB. 5. Baba Hoc Kade Ha Hac. 6. Herpe (ene) noKaxkypa canKu. Beoc6a 3: Tlonoanere ru caeannpe pevenuunt co 3aMenkuTe 3a uuaMpeKTeH OGjeKT, AourH dpopsu: In the following sentences, fill in the long form indirect object pronoun: ‘TH HocaM KHHIra. ii loca Kuna. Mx Japa rlapy. . My napa Kaibe : . BH Japame Kacbe . VIM noKaxkyBame CaMKH HM NOK@KYBaaT CAUKU. MAWAYNE Now rewrite the above sentences substituting Ha plus the long form direct object pronoun for the long form indirect object. Compare: Hemy my Hocam Kuura.- My Hocam Kura Ha Hero. 62 Indirect and direct object clitics In all of the above examples, the direct object is indefinite and therefore there is only one clitic, the indirect object clitic. If the direct object is definite, then the sentence will contain two clitics, one each for the direct and indirect objects. The indirect object will precede the direct, and both clitics precede the verb. Indirect + Direct + Verb Look at the following examples: Mapuja it ja Hocu KHMrata Ha yunTeaKara. Marija is bringing the book to the teacher. 92Jlexunja 6 My _Japam napnte Ha TaTKO Mut give the money to my father. If the sentences are negated, the negative particle He precedes both clities: Mapuja ue it ja Hoch Kumrata Wa yunTeaKara. He My rit apaM nape Ha TaTKO Mi. When you are writing or speaking Macedonian, or when you are translating from English into Macedonian, you must remember the following: If the direct object is definite, you must use a direct object clitic. 2. If there is an indirect object in the sentence, definite or indefinite, ‘you most often use an indirect object clitic. 3. If both object clitics occur in the sentence, indirect precedes direct. 4. If the sentence is negated, He comes before both clitics. Bear in mind that the use of clitics allows for much freer word order. While the clitics have a fixed sentence position, other elements in the sentence may move to shift emphasis. For example, the subject will often come after the verb if it carries special emphasis. Look at the following variants of the above sentences: Di ja ocw Mapuja kuurara wa yanresKkara. Ha yanreaxata Mapuja it ja wocm Kuurara. Mapuja kimrara it ja Hocn Ha yanTemKara, If the sentences are negated, the negative particle He precedes both clitics: He it ja nocw Mapuja kHurara Ha yuurrenKara. Ha yanreaxata Mapuja we a ja Hoch KHMTara. Mapuja kuurara He fi ja Hocm Ha yunrenkara. 93Texustja 6 Beoc6a 4: Fill in the correct forms of both direct and indirect objects. Remember: indirect before direct. 1. Tuajana ura nucmoro Ha Tanac. 2. Baba HOCK KHMTaTa Ha jleH0. 3. Bpanko ee Haposuata mecha Ha Majka My. 4. Buajana napa Kacbero Ha Pucto 5. JJereto jlapa Kacerara Ha Majka My. 6. Cunor ucnpaga mcMoTo Ha TaTKO My. 7. Anapej ucnpaka TamanoT Ha ceGecH. Sutaaeeee ToKaxkyBa CAMKUTe Ha cTyMeHTHTE. 9. Jac jlapam napure Ha TeGe 10. Mupa ucnpaka KaceriTe Ha cecrpa it. Now rewrite the above sentences making them negative. Beoc6a 5: 3aspuiere ru pevenwunre: Complete the sentences: 1. Hemam noseke kacbe. (kyr) Moxkemt su fa mu Kyu? 2. eno TH ne resa 106po. (npounrra/mcmoro ox Mupa) Moxkeut 1 a 3, Becunkor e Ha macara, (ae/ita 6a6a TH) Moxem am za, 4, Hue ne 3Haeme a npaBume noaueTH KMTepKH. (HOKAxe) Moxem 0s za. 5. Heuara ce raagun. (nane/seepa) Moxeut i a, 6. Onuu Ha noma? Wmam nucmo 3a Makesonnija. (acnparn) Moxkeut sit 1a 6.3 Uses of ni You have already seen many examples of Ha. It has many possible translations in English, including ‘on’, 'at, ‘of, 'to’. You must pay attention to context in order to determine the function of the preposition Ha in the sentence.Iexuuja 6 Beo«6a 6: Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the changing translation of the preposition Ha. Ogume Ha Konuepr. Haym e Ha Konuepr. . Maxxor a JImajana My ro slapa memoro wa cocestor Ha Jopan. Majxara Ha Mapuja caka ja xupee Bo KyKata Ha cectpara Ha Enena. YueGumusre wa Gparor na Crojan ce Ha Macara. BeNe 6.4 Verbal Aspect Nearly every verbal action in Macedonian is expressed by two verbs. The verbs, though expressing the same action, are differentiated in the way they describe it. One of these verbs conveys the idea of an action as general, basic, and unbounded, and the other implies an action which is in some way bounded or limited. A speaker can often choose to describe an action using one verb or the other, depending on the focus of the narrative. The grammatical term for this verbal distinction is “aspect”. Aspect refers to the point of view a speaker takes of a particular action. The two aspects are called “imperfective” (general, unbounded) and “perfective” (bounded). So far, all of the verbs you have used are imperfective because all present tense verbs are imperfective. Imperfective verbs are used most often if: 1) the action is an on-going process; 2) the action is habitual or repeated; or 3) itis simply the name of an action, eg.: 1.Cera unram, a 6par mut munya. Tam reading now, and my brother is writing, Cexoj sen Kynysame secnsmn. Every day we buy newspapers. Muory cakare sta 3G6opypare. You like to talk a lot Perfective verbs are used most often to express a single, one-time action which is viewed as complete. In Macedonian, the perfective verbs in non-past tenses must be preceded by one of a small group of modal words, or particle: You have already had one of them—la. In this chapter, you will get a second particle which can precede a perfective verb, namely Ke. Here, the particle Ke will be used to express a future meaning,Hexunja 6 A perfective verb may focus on: 1) the start of an action; 2) the conclusion or result of an action; or 3) the action in its totality. For example: 1. euata cakaaT fa 3anear. The children want to begin to sing 2. Taanupame na ru nanwueme nucmata jeHec. We are planning to write (and finish writing) the letters today. 3. Jam Moxemt na ro npounraut nucMoto? Can you read through the letter? 4, Jann caxam za ru waeqent ayTHTe mnepKH? Would you like to eat up the hot peppers? When learning verbs, it is best to learn both members of an aspect pair at the same time. At the end of this chapter are listed some of the aspect partners for the verbs you have already learned. There are a number of patterns in the relations between aspect pairs. Some of the main types of paired verbs and rules for predicting aspect are given at the end of this chapter. 6.5 Future constructions Macedonian does not have a future tense per se. Instead, it has an invariant particle, Ke, which forms many types of modal constructions. One of its most frequent uses is to express actions which will occur after the moment of speech, which in traditional grammars is called a future tense meaning. The particle Ke is invariant, it does not change to show a different person, number or tense. This particle is placed before the verb, The verb endings in future constructions are the same as the present tense endings which you have already learned. Usram. Ke unram. Tam reading. I will be reading, Tmmwysame. Ke nuurysame. Weare writing. We will be writing. Taenam cua. Ke raenam cpus. You are watching a movie. You will be watching a movie. If there are direct or indirect pronominal ditics, they will come between Ke and the verb. Remember, indirect will precede directTexunja 6 Ke + Indirect + Direct + Verb JIuajana ke TH rH noKaxe cauKHTe Liljana will show you the pictures. Ke ja usrrat xurara I will read/be reading the book. Mm ja unram xuurara na seuata. Tam reading the book to the children. Ke um ja una Kuurata Ha geuara. Iwill read the book to the children. ‘The verb following the particle Ke can be either perfective or imperfective, depending on the focus of the action. If the speaker wishes to view the action as. bounded in some way, e.g., completed, focusing on the start or end of an action, or its result, then the perfective aspect will be used. If the action is viewed by the speaker as being in progress in the future, repeated, habitual, or---in other words—unbounded, then the imperfective aspect will be chosen. Often there are temporal adverbs which give clues about which aspect to use. If the sentence contains words such as always, usually, or every day, then the imperfective will be used. Compare the following sentences: Kora Tu Ke uutamt, He Ke raesame Texepuanja. While you are reading, we will watch television Kora Ke ja npountam Kunrara, ke TH ja nanaM. When Lam finished reading the book, I will give it to you. Cexoj zen Ke uM mumyBaM mcMo Ha poguTemmtre. Every day I will write my parents a letter. Yrpe ke uM Hanmutam memo. Tomorrow I will write them a letter. Beo«6a 7: In the sentences below, choose the correct aspect of the verb in parentheses. The imperfective verb is given first. In some sentences, both aspects may be possible. If so, explain the difference in meaning, 1. Ytpe jac Ke my ro (aapa/nane) MaxeqoucKWoT yueOunKJlexunja 6 2. Cexoj sen Majxa Mit nn (uocn/toHece) Kage. 3. Kora ke (xoafa/rojne) Bujana on 6u6.noTeKaTa’ 4, Bpaniko cexoraut (aoafa/zoje) Kaj wac. 5. Ham tH (raega/enut) Tenepnanja? 6. Heno Merpe caxa na (urpa/sanrpa) 7. Kora (nee/sanee) neuara, ume rt caymame. 8. Cexoj eH jac cn BeCHMUM, Ht yTpe aK Ke cit Becuux(kynlyBa/kyni). 9. Kora cectpa mu nenpaka mca jac rit (awra/npounra). 10. Yrpe Kora Ke uMaMe Bpeme, Ke ro (anra/npounra) memoro on Mupa. 6.5.1 Negated future constructions The future tense can be negated by placing the negative particle He before the particle ke: He ke una. He ke ja ura Kumara He Ke uM ja irra KHurara Ha neuara. He ke numypame. He ke uM muurysame mucmo na HuB. He ke uM ro mmmysame mucMoro Ha HB. ‘The future tense also can be negated by using the negative, impersonal form of ua, i.e,, Hema, plus sta plus the conjugated form of the verb: HeMa_+ ta _+ clitics + conjugated form of the verb Hema za unram. Hema gla ja unram kunrara. Hema ga um ja wtaM Kuurara Ha nenaTa. Hema ja nuuypame. Hema jla HM miulyBame mMCMO Ha Hue Hema ja MM ro niuryBame nucMoTo Ha HTB.Jlexnuja 6 Beoc6a 8: Crapete ru chemHupe peuvent BO OApedHa cbopma. YnorpeGere rn mBere Rapujanrn. Put the following sentences into negative futures. Use both variants: mpumep: Tanac Ke it zage Kade wa Jajana. pamep Tanac ne Ke it name Kace wa STuutjana Tanac Hema sia H jane Kacbe Ha Tijana Ba6a my Ke qojxe og Mpusien. Ke omume Ha Konnepr. Ke y ri jaieme tapute Ha TaTKO HM. Ke ft ro npountam nucmoto ua Becna. Yrpe Ke Bu ru noKaxkeme caKuTe on Maxenonnja, . Jleuara Ke raeaaar Tenesnan Buajana u Pucto ke janat moncka canara n ke njar 4aj. . Ke mere Geo Buno. . Ke mut ro gqonecem pomanor ox Terpe Anapeescxn. 10. BaGa Ke 3anee. wer aw 6.6 Future tense of cyM The future tense of the verb cyM is derived from a different verb, 6uqe: jac Ke Guam rine Ke Onzeme Tu Ke Guzen pute Ke Ousere To} Ke Ouae THe Ke Onmat Taa Ke Ouse Toa ke 6uye In most future constructions, this is the form of the verb cy which is used. There are contexts where one can say, for example, Toj Ke e Kaj HMB BeyepBa, but these alternate constructions will not be treated. Beoe6a 9: Crapere rt cHeaHMBe peveHMUH BO HHO BpeMe Change the following sentences into the future: upumep: Toj e Bo Crpyra. Toj K Guge Bo Crpyra.Jexustja 6 Jac cy Bo Burtosa. . Bepa 1 Oura ce Bo Oxpit. . Mapitja e onze. . Crojan e ray. . Bue cre 11a ceo. . Tue ce mpujarean To npodpecuja Mupa e aaoxar. . Hie cme Ha KonmepT. . TH cht Kaj ene. 10. Kaze e npocpecopor senecka? PRENAnsuUne Beow6a 10: Unuo ppeme - naannpare: Ipounrajre ro pasrosopor. Hanpasere camunn pasronopn co xanensre 360posu. Future tense - planning: Read the dialogue. Make similar dialogues with the words given. A. 1. wro/npasu/se4epsa [this evening] A. Ito ke npasume seuepsa? KuHo/siizeo Kacera B. Aje a omume Bo KitHo. A. He moxam. Ymopua cym. B. Hema npoGuem, ke 3emam [take; get] Buje Kacera m Ke rnename soma. A. Baxi. 2. mro/jae/3a Bevepa/ npapu xamGyprepit/ kynn puGa 3, mro/ucnparn Mupa ga cranot/ camka/kuurn 4, mrro/kynm Gaba 3a posenjen/ caat/Kacera 5. uTo/noKaxe/Ha rocrutTe on Kanaga/ uerapor Ha rpagot/mysejorJexuuja 6 B. Pasropapajre no abajua. Kon ox opie paGorn ke ru npaure, a Kom He BO TeKOT Ha cneqHaTa Helle? Converse in pairs. Which of these activities will you do and which won't you do in the course of the following week? -ofM Ha KOULepT. -yan 3a Ment -npapy nina -onlM Ha TeaTap -KyIIM HOBa KHMTa -uMa rocTit -uuTa pomaH -CBMPM Ha MACTpyMenT -HanMule nucMo. HeKomy Tpumep: A. Jam ke onum / Ke oxmui an wa Konuepr Bo TeKoT Ha cuemwara Heqena? B. Mla, ke ona na Konnepr. um He, (curypwo / Muctam eka) Hema xa oaM Ha KoHUepr. 6.7 Aspectual pairs and predicting aspect A complete inventory of types of perfective pairs is unnecessary at this point. However, some basic guidelines will help you to recognize the aspect of a verb. In general, certain suffixes are associated with the imperfective aspect, others with the perfective aspect. Prefixes are associated with perfective aspect. In addition, there are pairs of consonants which mark aspect pairs. The difference between perfective and imperfective may be expressed through the following means: 1. non-prefixed imperfective vs. prefixed perfective 2. difference in suffix 3. different prefix and suffix 4. completely different verb 5. in a few instances, the same verb can be both perfective and imperfective, and context determines meaning, Examples of different types of aspect pairs are: 1. non-prefixed imperfective vs. prefixed perfective Mee - 3anee ‘sing / begin to sing’ una - npountra ‘read / read through’ papa - Hanpasnt ‘make, do / finish making, complete’ 101Hexunja 6 2. difference in suffix The suffix -yBa is the imperfectivizing suffix par excellence. KaxyBa - Kaxe ‘say, tell kymysa - Kym ‘buy The suffix -e is a frequent indicator of a perfective verb. nounysa - nouHe ‘begin’ cayura - cayuiHe ‘hear’ 3. difference in both prefix and suffix: TMMULyBa - HALE ‘write’ 4. completely different verb: raema - Buju caymia - uye Beam - peue Often, if you know both aspectual pairs it will be easy to predict which is imperfective and which is perfective: if a verb is prefixed, it is perfective. If the verb has the consonant pair X vs. T,e.g., 4cnpaka - ucnipatu, the form with will be imperfective. Similarly, if the verbs have the consonant pair F vs. , the form with f will be imperfective, e.g, 10afa - nojze ‘to come’ 6.8 Subordination with seKa Compare the following sentences with a and eka. You can see that clauses subordinated to a are potential in meaning, an expression of a desired action, while clauses subordinated to s{eKa are factual in meaning, an expression of an action that is taking place. The conjunction eka is best translated as ‘that’, and is used as a subordinating conjunction, e.g Muenam nexa Haym ke oj. I think that Naum will come. 3uam gexa JIvajana npasu nomerH nunepKH. Tknow that Liljana is making stuffed peppers. Herpe caka Taniac a urpa. Terpe 3itae eka Tanac urpa. Petre wants Tanas to dance. Petre knows that Tanas is dancing. Anjpej 3Hae sa cBMpu Ha Taman. Aupej 3Hae aeKa ceupH Ha Tara Andrej knows how to play tapan. Andre} knows that he is playing tapan. 102Texunja 6 Menu Banxan The Balkans, the Balkan peninsula 6poj (mH. Gpoesu) number - BecHHK newspaper + Buleo KaceTa video cassette Boma viola Homma violin BHOTOHYeTO cello raja! gajda (bagpipe) rurapa guitar rocTHH(ka), (MH. rocTH) guest aypaa! zurla (double-reed instrument, similar to the oboe) u360p choice uHCTpyMeHT. instrument Kapa kaval (end-blown flute) Kacera cassette tape knapup piano kaapuner clarinet komutnja (M) neighbor My3uKxa music Heqena week; Sunday + 060a oboe onepa opera opo dance + mecha song * mijano piano cat watch; hour + caKcocbou saxophone cana picture + cocen neighbor » cma style TamOypa tambura (stringed instrument, similar to the guitar) Taran tapan (large drum) TeK, BO T€KOT Ha... course, in the course of. xapMoHHKa accordion TpomGon trombone tpy6a trumpetcecruns cbicaxapmonnja ghaejra yes aos pesm/peue cym/6ue raeqa/BaH qapa/nane noafa/rojne urpa/saurpa venpaka/menparn jane/usene KaxyBa/KarKe xynysa/kyn MucaM/noMMcaM Hocn/qonece™ ogn/ormge nee/3anee nime/nerme nuuysa/aanume noKaxyBa/noKaxe npapu/ianpasut canpu/sacBupi cayma/caymne, aye yau/naya unrra/mpousrra [puzaBKn ruacen apyr KaKOB Hapouen ouuden pase ceKaKkoB cexKoj curypen cnenen Texunja 6 104 festival philharmonic flute (transverse) jazz say future of ‘to be’ see give come dance; play /begin to dance; play send eat tell buy think bring go sing/begin to sing drink /drink up write show do, make play/start to play an instrument listen study /learn read loud, noisy; aloud other, different what kind of? folk; national excellent various, different all sorts of each, every certain, sure, assured followingJlexunja 6 conpemen contemporary Tpusosn nak again nopeke more, greater Tono6po better noToa later camo only curypuo surely Cap3nnun meKa that Mt both...and Mefyroa however HM... neither ...nor Tyky it and even Apyru 36opopu ajne® come on! ke future/modal particle Notes on the vocabulary: 1. In the opening dialogue, Branko wants a loud instrument. The zurla and gajda are both loud, but the zurla, unlike the gajda, is never played indoors. Other Macedonian musical instruments include the tapan, kaval, accordion, clarinet, and tambura. 2. The perfective verb nonece ‘to bring’ has an imperfective partner jonecysa, but honecysa is much less used in the contexts given here than Hocn. 3. The interjection ajze, from Turkish, is used with a constructions to form a type of imperative: Come on, let's... ajze Wa neeme! Come on, let's sing! Aje j1a omume! Come on, let's go! Ajute can be used by itself to mean ‘come on (it’s time to go)’. Cultural note: The Valandovo festival In the letter on page 106, Mira plans to go to a concert to hear songs from the Valandovo festival. This folk festival sponsors newly-composed songs, often in the style of folk songs.Jlexuuja 6 aval players at the 1980 lindenski Denovi Festival, Bitola Beac6a 11: Tpountajre ro ncmoro oi Cxonije: In each blank, fill in the appropriate aspect of the verb. para June, Kaxo cre cute? Bo Cxonje cé e 60 peg. Yrpe Ke onam Bo Buona co Anmpej. 3Haem nexa TaTKo My H Majka My xuBeaT Tamy. Maat crapa Kyka Bo efa Masa yanna 6e3 BHCOKH 3rpaju. Bo Gansunata ua yOap napk. Anapej uma pasin mnrepecn m po BitTosa caKa sla cu (xynyna/xynm) Taman. He 31am stan pee 3nae sa (ceupw/saceupu) Ha Tana nan caka xa Hay4n sta ceupu! Jlenec Ke onume Ha KonuepT Bo YanBepsasna cana, Ke ru (neat/saneat) HoBHTe necHH On dectHBanoT BataHjoBo. Tpaanumonannure Hapoqun necum nopeke ru cakam, HO MicHaM jeKa KonuepTor Ke HH Guge uHTepecen. Anmpej cexorami mee, merytoa He mee Muory 106po. Cexoram Kora nee m Mypuo _ (mee/sanee). 3yaM jeka Majxara wa Taniac oqmmuno mee. Kora (1oafare/aojnete) Bo Makesonnja, Ke neeme cure saeqno. Man Moxe6n, ToLOGpo sla Meee Ges Anstpej. Toj Ke Ht (cenpu/ 3acBMpM) Ha TarlaHoT!Jlexunja 6 Haan moxent a mu (uenpakam/ucnpatumt) HeKou KaceTHt Co conpeMeH Yle3 UI KaHTpH My3HKa? Opge ri Hema, a Muory cakaM 2a cHyIHaM LITO HMA HOBO. Ha paGora cé onm 106po. Hema Bpeme, Ho Toa He e HHMITO HOBO. Bo necuuk uirraM jeKa Kaj Bac BpemeTo e 106po. Kora ke Mit Hanuurem, cakaM ja Mit MenpaTHul M HOBH CaMKH of AeHaTa. Muory no3itpapn, Mupa Bea6a 12: 1. Using the constructions and vocabulary you have learned so far, write a short composition (at least ten sentences) describing life at the Naumovskis’. 2. Write a letter back to Mira explaining Branko’s interest in music, and explain that you will buy the tapes and will send them, but now you have no time. Monument in Skopje to Mother Teresa 107Jlexuuja 7 7. Cities, Giving directions, Skopje, Free time 7.1 Comparatives and superlatives 7.2 Possessive pronominal adjectives 7.3 Imperatives 7.4 Auxiliary verb Tpe6a 7.5 Numbers from 0 - 100 7.6 Telling time, introduction de oe Bo Makesonnja uma MHory yOabu u uiTepectM rpagoBit 1 cena. Beke snaere eka Ckonlje e Hajroxemuor rpa Bo PenyGauxa Maxesounja. Ckonje He e camo Hajrosem rpaj, TYKY 1 Papen ram Ha semjata. Bo Ckonje kupeaT u pa3Hit HAUMOHATHOCTH Kako: AnGaHu, Typun, Baacu, Pomu 1 Cp6u. Jyfero Bo Cxonje aGopysaat pasun jaanus, Ha mpHMep: MakenoHCKH, alGaHcKM, TYPCKM, BANK, POMCKH 1 cpncku. Hu3 rpaflor Munysa roneMa, mmpoKa pexa---pexara Bapaap. Ha pekata Ma HeKOsKY MOCTOBM, HO HajnosHaT m Hajcrap e Kamennor Moct. Ha separa crpatia off pekata ce aofa noctapuor sex Ha rpajor. Tamy e Crapara wapmiuja 4 Bar-nasap. Bo vapuiijata uma TecHit yaMuKu, Mam Jykann a pecropaun, Ha Bur-nasap Moxere sa KyniTe opomije u senenuyx. Mima 4 apyru nazapy no CKonje, Ho Burr-nasap e najronem. Ha jlecHara crpatia Ha peKaTa uMa MlocoppemeHit 3rpaau, a cekasle uMa UpKBM, YaMuM, KacbeaHM, TPrOBCKM UeHTPH, KHUGKAPHMUM 1 3enenna0. Bo Gamsnnata Ha rpagor ce Haofa naanmnHata BosHo. Kora umaat cno6osHo BpeMe, HeKon ayfe meTaat Mo Kejor Ha pekara nan Bo Tpanckuor napx. Hekom apyrit cakaar sla ce Kauypaar Ha naanuuata Bosuo. Fonem 6poj atyfe Bo ca0G0aHOTO BpeMe cemaT co mpujarean Bo Kady.niba Teuec Mupa uma caoGogHo ppeme 1 TpeGa ja cH KyNH HOBa oGneka. Hejannata mpujarenxa BecHa caka Mupa a of co Hea Bo estHa HoBa MpogaBHuta Bo TproBcKHoT ueHTap BO Kapnoul, Ho Mupa He 3Hae Kase ce Haofa m He 3Hae KAKO Ja cTHTHe TaMy M: Ano?! B: Mupa, 3upaso. Becua na Teredpou. Ajze co mene. Ke oam Bo eaen Hob GyTHK BO TproBcKHoT HeHTap Bo Kapnomt. TpeGa a cH KynaM Hopi sepa. To6po, ama Kaxu Mu Kaute ce Haofa mposaBHHuaTa. 3naemi Kase e cranor Ha 3opa, Bo OHaa HOBA, BICOKA, UpBeHa arpana, Hea? Kaun ce Ha apto6yc 4 onm fo Heronata arpaqa. HaJlexunja 7 Taa packpcumua mma cemadopu. Tomunn ru cemacbopure 1 on, gecuara crpana Ke pugs noulTa. OW mpapo no Taa yanua 20 Xometo 4 Tamy Ha zeno e nposasunuata. Ke Te 4ekaM mpex Be30T Ha mponapHuuata Bo 10,00 (aecet). Baxu? M: Baxu. Yao. Views of old and new Skopie 109Jexunja 7 Beoe6a 1: Oxrowopete wa cxeqnupe mpamiatba: Kora umate c106o2Ho BpeMe uITO cakaTe sta mpapuTe? gla ome Ha KuHO? Kaken cbumopn cakate? Ha MpuMep: Apama, KoMesuja, Xopop, upTan diam (animated film), urpaH cpu (live action film) ja UNTATe BECHMUM, KHMPH, poMaHH? na rnejare Tenesusuja? gla cayniate My3HKa (Ye3, Knaci4Ha, KaHTpH, conpemena, HapogHa, nom)? Ja metate HM3 rpayq? ja ce Kauypare wa mania? la jaqere Bo pectopan? ja muerte HemTo? Kako oaure Ha paGora? Nett, Co aBTOGYC, CO Koa, CO BesIOCHTTEA, CO MeTpO? Llro tpe6a a cu KynMTe H mITO caKaTe a cH KynuTe? Kuru, Hopa oGsleKa, Yenn, KaCeTH, BECHHUM, paano, KOMnjyTep, KONMMAKT [MCKOBH, OBOIje, 3es1eHYYK, MCO, Cperbe, 1e6, MaeKO? Comparatives and Superlatives In Macedonian, it is quite simple to form the comparatives and superlatives of adjectives, ie., the former corresponding to English smarter, younger, older, more beautiful, and the latter to smartest, youngest, oldest, most beautiful. 7.1.1 Comparatives To form the comparative, the prefix no- is attached to the adjective: Mero e crap, Ho Fopax e nocrap. Meto is old, but Goran is older. Jhiajana e Maga, Ho Buuijana e nomaaza. Liljana is young, but Biljana is younger.Jlexuuja 7 Macedonian uses the preposition of to express English ‘than’, as in Topan e noctap os Mero. 3opan e noctap oj Fopan. Goran is older than Meto. Zoran is older than Goran. “He is older than Lam" is expressed: Toj e nocrap o Mente. BeocOa 2a: Tlonoanere ru cnenumpe pevenuun co coogserHaTa cbopma Bo KomnapaTHB: Fill in the correct form of the comparative: npusep: Ckonje e rorem rpad, Ho TopouTo e norose Ky&ara wa 3opaui e Hopa, Ho kykara Ha Onra e Cecrpa Mit e HMcKa, Ho cecTpa TH € Ckonje e yGas rpan, Ho Buroxa . Heancrep e BucoKa mianuna, wo Hap Taanuna e manna. . BaGa Enexa e crapa, a sjeqo Merpe & . Bpanko e Maso sere, a Crojan e mere. . COKOT e cua0K, a Koxa-Kostara e . Mupa e ymopua, a JIuajana e 9. JojpancKo esepo ‘lake’ e ronemo e3epo, Ho OxpucKoTo eRe wT 10. AHTaMCKHOT ja3NK e TeXKOK ja3HK, HO KMHeCKHOT (Chinese) € Beo6a 2 6. Compose five more sentences according to the model given above. Beoc6a 3: Pasropapajre no zBajua. Kaxere miro Mucaute 3a OBME paGorn. mpumep: A. Jac Mitcaam qeka Ajbenopata Kysta (Eiffel Tower) e nonosnara oa Tay Maxas. [ro mucanm TH? B. Mutcaam siexa e Taka wau Jac MucaaM eka He € TaKa, Tay Maxas e nonosuar. A. 3a Mene opommHMoT coK € HosoGap on KoKa-KoslaTa, B. Vf 3a mene wau 3a Mene ne. Koxa-Kouara e noso6pa 1Jlexunja 7 nosnar: Tay Maxax/Ajcenopara kya BkyceH: numa/xamGyprep jo6ap: opomie coK/KoKa-Kora y6ap: Mapu3/Souson murrepecen: pox My3nKa/ye3 My3HKa crap: mupammaute/Croynxeny KopitceH: KoMnjyTep/siieo TeKOK: MaKejOHCKMOT jaauK/pycKnor jasnK Beac6a 4: [penenere ru caeaumpe pewenmnn Ha MakesOHCKH: 1. Montreal is an old city, but Skopje is an older city. 2. My sister is younger than your sister. 3. Zoran’s building is taller than this building. 4 Liljana is older than Mira; Mira is younger than Liljana. 5. Stojan is shorter than his brother. 6. Buf is a smaller village than Brajéino. 7. This fruit is more sour than that fruit. 8. This new novel is better than the old novel. 9. These peppers are hot, but those peppers are hotter. 7.1.2 Superlatives Itis equally simple to form the superlatives of adjectives in Macedonian, ie,, the forms corresponding to English smartest, youngest, oldest, most beautiful. To form the superlative, the prefix Haj- is attached to the adjective: opan e Hajcrap. Ox cure rpagopu Bo Maxegonuja, Cxonje e Hajrorem. Beoc6a 5: 3Gopybajre 3a pamata 3emja/samMor rpax: Hajronem rpa, Hajcrap rpan Hajumpoxa pexa Hajoucoxa naannna Hajunrepecuo ecto 3a TypucTu Hajerap tea on rpagor Hajy6ap en on rpagor Hajnosnara arpata Bo rpaoT Hajaoap Tproscxs uenrap Hajronema upxnaJlexunja 7 7.1.3 Comparative and superlative markers with adverbs ‘The prefixes o- and Haj- can also be attached freely to adverbs, e.g.: Crojan s6opysa MakexoncKs 106po, Bpauko 36opypa maKeqOHCKK nogx06po, a Busijana 36opysa s1aj100po. Stojan speaks Macedonian well, Branko speaks Macedonian better, but Biljana speaks best. Hue Ke ome na KonUept gonna, a THe Ke ofaT NOZOUHA. We are going to the concert late, but they are going later. 7.1.4 Irregular comparatives and superlatives The only irregular forms are: Muory ‘many,much' opeke ‘more’ HajMHory ‘most’ (Two varient superlative forms najnopeke and najpeke occur frequently in colloquial speech.) 7.2 Possessive pronominal adjectives The possessive pronominal adjectives correspond to the English possessives ‘my’, ‘your’, etc. In Macedonian, these possessive forms are adjectives because, like other adjectives, they agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. In most instances, the possessive adjective will also be definite. Examples will be given below. This differs from English, in which the possessive forms are invariant. Let us compare examples in English and Macedonian: My chair My dog My book My chairs My dogs My books Mojor eros Moero xywe Mojara Kuura Moure croxopn Monte xyaniea — Moutre KHurn In other words, the specific form of the possessive adjective in Macedonian is determined by the noun that is possessed. These forms are listed in the tables on page 114. 113Hexunja 7 Tables of Possessive pronominal adjectives Indefinite masculine feminine neuter plural ‘Whose nj unja une umn {st singular ‘my’ Moj Moja Moe Mon 2nd singular ‘your’ TBOj Tpoja ‘TBoe TBOM 3rd singular masculine ‘his’ and neuter ‘its Heros Heropa Herobo Heros 3rd singular feminine‘her © Hej3MH =—-Hej3MHa_=—HejMHO He j3HH {st plural ‘our’ aul waua Hawie nan 2nd plural ‘your Baul Bana Bame Bani 3" plural ‘their’ uupen* — HMBHa HUBHO HMBHH Reflexive ‘one's own’ cBOj cBoja cBoe cBou Definite masculine feminine neuter plural st singular ‘my’ Mojor Mojara_ MoeTo MouTe 2nd singular ‘your’ TBOjoT TBojara TBOeTO —TBOMTe 3rd singular rasculine ‘his and neuter ‘its’ HeropuoT Heropara HeroBOTO HeroBUTe 3rd singular feminine ‘her’ Hej3MHMOT Hej3MHaTa Hej3MHOTO Hej3MHuTe 1st plural ‘our’ HammoT -Hamiara = Hamero amine 2nd plural ‘your! BammMoT -Ballara. = BaleTO BATE. 3rd plural ‘their’ HMBHMOT* HMBHAaTa HUBHOTO HMBHMTe Reflexive ‘one's own’ cpojor __cBojara__cBoero__cpouTe *Note that there is a fleeting vowel in the masculine form of the third person plural which will drop out when the definite form is added to the masculine singular, e.g.: Hupanot cHH Because the thing that is possessed is usually a known quantity to the possessor, possessive adjectives tend to occur most frequently in the definite form. Beoc6a 6: Tpenexere ru caenunpe pevenmnu Ha aHTANCKH: Mojara Majxa xupee Bo Jonson. Heropara kyka e yOapa. Hunoro zere ce suka Aurea. Moute npujaremu ke onat Ha KHHO. Taojara cectpa He caka jla yun. Baminor nexo xmBee BO Kaancpopunja. Avan 14Texuja 7 7. Heropoto ceao e Maso. 8. Tsomre KHurH ce Ha Macata. 9. Hejsunnor Gpar paSorn onze 10. Hamata xyka e yOava 11. Hejaimoto kyue ce puka Asexc. 12. Hejsnnure oun (eyes) ce 3enenn. 13. Hupusor cran ¢ rorem. 14. Mojor anuxo ne 360pysa anrauckn. 15. Tpoero gere ce puxa Jopan. 16. Heroswre 6paka xueat no Cxonje. Beow6a 7: Fill in the correct form of the possessive pronoun: (her) Kepka Ke cu Kym HoBa O6seKa. (our) cunosu Xe ofar 3aeqHo Ha nourTata. (his) npujateaka e anBoKaT ro mpodpecuja. (whose) ky4e mera mo yanuara? (your) 4eBun ce Hon. (my) npocbecopu 360pyBaaT aHriucKn. (their) pecropant e 106ap. (her) 06u1eKa e senena. (his) TaTKo e Maa. (your) KaceTH ce Tamy Ha Macara. (our) srpama ce Haof'a Ha opaa yamua. (their) Terka xkuBee Bo Kapasapust. (my) Komnjytep He paGoru. (her) yueGununt ce Tamy. (whose) 1uaH € noGap on Hamor? Indefinite forms of the possessive adjective most often occur in sentences of the type shown below, where the possessive adjective is alone in the predicate and serves to assign possession of that which is described in the subject: Opa uere e Moe. Onne seua ce HMBHM. This child is mine. Those children are theirs. 115Jexusija 7 The indefinite form is also used in answering the question wh Une e ona sere? Hejanno. 73 Imperatives Imperatives are used when the speaker wishes to command the listener to perform some action, or to refrain from performing some action: Open the door! Don’t go in there! Close your books! Don't talk! The formation of the imperative is based on the present stem, that is, the third singular form. There are separate rules for a-stems on the one hand and u- and e-stems on the other, as follows: 1. The stem vowel -a is retained and to this stem is added -j for the singular imperative, ie., when only one person is addressed, and -jte for both the plural imperative and the singular polite form, that is, used with people whom you address as Bue. Ura! Unrajre! Bopan, unraj! Crygenrn, unrajre! 2. For both u- and e-stems, the final stem vowel is dropped; if the form left ends with a vowel, then the endings are the same as for a-stems, namely -j and -jre. Examples: cTost: Drop the final -1; now, to the form cTo- add -j for the singular and -jre for the plural and polite: Crojre! Croj! mine: Drop the final -e; now, to the form mt- add -j for the singular, -jre for the plural and polite: Tuj! Tinjre! 3. If, after the -H or -e stem vowel has been dropped, the resulting form ends in a consonant, -H is added for the singular and -ete for the plural and polite form.Jexunja 7 mpaput: Drop the final -H; now, to the form mpaB- add -H for the singular -eTe for the plural and polite: Tipasu! Tipasere! jae: Drop the final -e; now, to the form jan- add -1 for the singular, -ere for the plural and polite: Janu! Janer Table for imperative formation AJL and E stems endin, verbal group A u E present stem ura cron ne stem for imperative unra- cto- mn. (a-retained u, e dropped) singular (TH): add -j anraj croj mj plural polite (Bue): add -jre unrajre —cTojre nujre UL, and E stems ending in a consonant: verbal group nn E present stem npapt jane stem for imperative (i, € dropped) npap- jane singular (TM): add -1 npapn jaan ural /polite (ame): add -ere Mpapere _jayete Exceptions: There are only two verb stems that do not follow the above rules, Since they are common, their forms should be memorized: Mane ‘give’: Taj! ajret Kaaze ‘put: Kaaj! Kaajre! 117Jlexnuja 7 ‘The imperative of the verb cyM is based on the verb Owe and is regular: Bun! Buasete! BeovOa 8:Tlonomuere ri caeaunbe pevenmupt co cooxpeTHara ummeparitpna dopMa: Fill in the correct form of the imperative: 1. (rn) (aoafa) cexoj eH Bo sleceT! 2. (Bue) (eanee)! 3. (Bue) (aeka)! 4. (rn) (sae) Mu ja Kumrara! 5. (rH) (Kym) Mu nemrro! 6. (Bue) (aojne) nenec Kaj Hac! 7. (rn) (me) mateKo! 8. (Bue) (nee)! 9. (rn) (jane)! 10.1) (ara)! 7.3 Aspect in the imperative Imperatives can be made from verbs of either the perfective or imperfective aspect. Imperatives are most often formed from perfective verbs if the command is given to fulfill an action once; imperatives are most often formed from the imperfective if the command is given to carry out an action repeatedly, or with the focus not on the completion but on the action itself Unrajre maxegoucKu cexoj ste! Tipounrajre ja opaa kuura! Bpanixo, numypaj ro memoro! Bpanko, wanvunt i ro mcMoro Ha Ga6a TH! 7.3.2 Order of clitics with the imperative You have learned so far that clitics precede the verb, but there are several exceptions to this rule. The imperative is the first of these verbal forms you will learn which cause the clitics to move directly after the verb. Again, indirect will precede direct. Compare the following sentences: Haym my ri aura mcmara Ha eno My. Naum is reading the letters to his grandfather.Texuuja 7 Haym, wTaj My TH TIcMaTa Ha eno TH! Naum, read the letters to your grandfather! Cekoj ae Mapuija ii ja gapa KHurata Ha mpocpecopKara. ery day Marija gives the book to the teacher. Mapuija, cexoj xe ganaj it ja kumrara Ha mpocpecopKara! Marija, give the teacher the book every day! Beoc6a 9: Change the following indicative sentences to imperatives; if there are clitics, be sure to move them after the verb: TIpumep: Tu Ke my ro sonecem Kacpero Ha sexo Ferpe. Houec my ro Kacero tia nego Herpe! Bue Ke um rH noKaxere camkuTe Ha Bpanko | wa Crojan. . Tu Men MateKO ceKOj j1eH. . Bue Ke Wojere yrpe. . Tut it ja ussram uaTepecHara KHMTa Ha KepKa Mit. Bue Ke Mut rit JateTe napure. . Tu ke WH To KYMMuK BeCHHKOT. |. Bue uM rm meee HapomuuTe mecHH. Tu ke my ja nokaxkem cnmKara Ha Tanac. . Bue npapire peuepa cera . Tu Ke Mu Kaxxeut Beeraneene Church of St. Pantelejmon, Skopje ngNexunja 7 7.3.2.1 Accentual units of imperatives and clitics When the clitics move after the verb, the whole phrase is read as one accentual unit. This means that when placing the accent third syllable from the end, the clitics have to be counted! Compare the following: Uhiraj ja knurara! Uurdj Mut ja kuurara! Unrdjre ja kuurara! Gurajré mn ja kunrara! 7.3.3 Negative imperatives 1. He is used most often to form negative imperatives of imperfective verbs. When used with perfective verbs, He plus the imperative takes on a slightly different meaning, that of a threat, prohibition, or warning: He oruau Tamy na xe Baan! Don’t go there, or you'll see what you get! If the imperative is only two-syllables, there is a strong tendency for the phrasal stress to move back onto the negative He: Hé unraj! Hé rnexaj! Although the standard grammars prescribe the placement of clitics after the verb, some speakers move them before the imperative in negative constructions. This is not considered standard, e.g.: He unraj my ro nucmor He My ro unraj mcmoro! 2. HeMoj! HeMojre! ‘Don’t!’ can be used by itself to express a negative imperative, or it can be followed by a ala clause containing either a perfective or imperfective verb: Hemoj aa sojzeu! Hemojre a 360pysare! Hemojre na ro urate ova nucmo!Jexusja 7 Beoe6a 10: Tonoauete ru caeaumBe pesenmny co coompeTHsTe 3aMeHCKHt bopMit: Hemoj za __ kynypamt Taa Gay3a 3a Buuajana. 3omro? Tue He ce peke Monepun. Hoxo6po kyu __ ona 3enenara. To6po. mPa 3a mene ke kyntam Koxa-kona Ha geuara. Mucnam nexa He TpeGa ita japan Maory KoKa-koma. Toxo6po Kym cox. Rv a 3. A: He Mo2kam aa fojaam co pac Ha Boao yrpe. Tpe6a na nanpapam pysex Ha Onaun. B: Hanpapu pyvexor jlenec. Hoaern nMnepKH, Ha npumep, Ke Guat n06pu u 3a ytpe. A: Jo6po, ke Bustam. Beow6a 11: Grandmother is trying to sleep, but Branko and Stojan are driving everyone in the household crazy, doing all sorts of naughty things. Using the verbs that you already know, issue commands using TH and Bue command forms to either Branko or Stojan, or to both of them together, telling them what to do and what not to do. Remember— if your sentence contains clitic pronouns, they will follow the verb. Monest: Crojan, 2aj my ro ono} yueOuuK Ha Gpat TH! Aeua, nemojre na ce Kapate! (Children, don't argue!) Hanumiere it nucmo Ha TerKa TH! Beoe6a 12: Read the recipe below and fill in the correct form of imperatives using the form for Bue: Yopba on puGa (eme). : 500 rp. pu6a, 1a. Bota, cbune, kucemuna, 2 jajua (cunern), ja ao6po puGara u (stceue) ja wa napanisa. (Bane) ja co crymena Bona 1 (apn) ja. OrKaxo ke ce cpapu, (nonate) cine 1 KHcemMHa TO BKyC. JloneKa ce apn ¢busteto (u3MaTH). awe jajua, (nonaze) Maaky agua Boxa n Memtajku (rapa) lo Manky on wopOaTa BO 121castor co jajuara. Tloroa (crapit) Memrajku (nosapu), Heno3natu 3Gopoen, rp. (rpam) aoaapa/ronane soneKa aanena/zasee gema/szeme uaMaryBa/H3MarH uceue weunerypa/HcuncTit Kucemuia sagen a. (aurap) Meutajgot Ha THBOK ora orKaKo napue (no)apa lo BKyc can ce capyna/ce cpap crasa/crasn crysen yurte Manky pune 7.4 Verbal auxiliary Tpe6a Jac rpe6a aa oam Tu tpe6a 1a ogum. Toj tpe6a xa om. grammatically marks the subject. Jexuuja 7 ru jajuara Bo uopGara 1 ja yurre Manky Ha THBOK oran. gram add while pour take mix cut clean vinegar cold litre while mixing on low heat after piece boil; cook to taste container, vessel, dish boil down place cold alittle longer noodles Macedonian uses the verbal auxiliary TpeGa to express need or obligation to carry out an action: I need to/ought to/should. The modal verb Tpe6a is unusual because in this meaning it does not change form for any person, e.g.: Hue rpe6a 1a onMme. Bue Tue tpe6a qa oat. 6a fa OnMTe. Tu rpeGa a Mu rH HoKaxKem caMKuTe Hue rpeGa a ‘TH neeMe HapomHn recat. Taa Tpe6a sa ja mpounta KHMT ‘As you can see from the above examples, it is the second verb whichJlexunja 7 You have now learned two different modal verbs for expressing obligation, Mopa and TpeGa. Of the two, Mopa is stronger and expresses an external obligation to perform an action, whereas Tpe6a often expresses more an internal sense that the action should be carried out. Beoe6a 13: Tpeneaere rv creaumpe pevenunut Ha MakenoucKu: 1, Branko should read his textbook. 2, Stojan, you must give your brother his book. 3. You need to write your grandfather a letter. 4. We need to bring our friends the letter from Skopje. 5. Ineed to buy myself new shoes. 6. They have to tell Branko when he should come to our place today. 7. You need to eat up that tasty sandwich, 8, She has to tell us where the restaurant is. 9. I must go to work today 10. They must tell us when they will come. 7.5 The numbers from 0 - 100 0 nyna 1 enen, enna, eno 2 apa (m.) ane (f. and n.) 3 1px 4 serupst {Ip MAPOBHA Save Ha Penvoninca adeno S ner sae 6 meer 7 ceaym 8 ocym 9 newer 10 geceT 11 eqmnaecert 12 apanaeceT 13 rpunaecer 14 uerupinaecer 15 netuaecer 16 mecnaecer 17 ceaymuaecer 18 ocymuaecer 19 qeperuaecet 20 apaecer 30 Tpnecert 40 uetupuecer 50 nmegeceT 754205 123Texunja 7 60 ueecer 70 ceaymaecet 80 ocymaecer 90 aenenecer 100 cro Notes on the formation of the numbers from one to one hundred: 7.5.1 Special remarks on the number 1 ‘The number one, when used alone or at the end of a compound number, such as 151, behaves like an adjective, i.e,, the form of the number agrees with the gender of the noun it modifies. In addition, the noun following will often, though not always, be singular if the compound number ends with one: enen rpa enna xyka emo cem0 mpaecer m eneH rpat mpaecer u enna Kyka mpaeceT M eto ces10 cro negecer m esten rpan cTo neyecer H ena KyKa CTO mlenecer H eslHo ces0 Forms of the number one sometimes function as the indefinite article, particularly when denoting a specific, certain one. This use of e/(eH as an indefinite article, meaning a.certain one, can sometimes trigger the use of the definite object clitic, particularly in colloquial speech, e.g. To no3HaBaM €eH 4OBeK. I know a [certain] man...Jlekunja 7 7.5.2 Special remarks on the number 2 The number two has two different forms, 1Ba for masculine nouns, 11Be for both feminine and neuter nouns. masculine feminine neuter one eneH equa enHo wore Iba Ape ape 7.5.3 Special remarks on the numbers 11-19 The numbers from eleven to nineteen derive historically from the formulation 1 on 10, 2 on 10, etc. The number ten occurs in a shortened form in these compounds: -ecer. 7.5.4 Special remarks on the numbers 20-90 The tens are based on a formulation which derives historically from two tens, three tens, etc. Note that in the numbers 70, 80, and 90, the full form of 4Jecet appears. Note also the spelling of 50 and 60. Compound numbers have the conjunction ut ‘and’ between the last two numbers, e.g, mpaeceT H een ueTMpHeceT M TPH cTo mpaecer M een 7.6 Telling time, introduction Official time in Macedonian is based on the twenty-four hour clock, but commonly the twelve-hour system is used. The word caar, derived from Turkish, means both hour and clock. The Slavic words ac ‘hour’ and 4acoBHHK ‘lock’ are used in the written language and in more formal speech situations. Clock time in Macedonian traditionally is written with a period, not a colon, between the hour and the minutes, e.g., 7.30 (not 7:30), although this distinction is not always observed. The flight schedule shown on page 179 uses both forms. In answering what time it is, the hour is given followed by the minutes up to the half hour: Koay e caaror/4acor? What is the time? 125Jlexunja 7 Cenym —-Ceaym apaecer 7.00 7.20 ‘A quarter after the hour is expressed either: Ceaym m nernaecer — Ceaym uerspr 7AS aly Another word for a quarter which you may hear in colloquial speech or dialect is uepex: CeslyM m uepex. The time on the half hour is expressed: Ceaym u nos. 7.30 The stress is on the conjunction: ceyM Ht Tio. After the half hour, the following three methods may be used: 1. the minutes until the next hour, eg., Mer jo eceT (iterally: five before ten, i.e., 9:55) 2. the next hour minus the minutes, e.g., Jecet 6e3 er (literally: ten without five, ie, 9:55) 3. time may also be read as the hour plus the minutes, e.g., KeneT neueceT 1 Tier (literally: nine fifty-five, i.e, 9:55) In answering at what time, the preposition Bo is used. Kora ke ojae Eaena? Bo apa caaror/uacor. dg oxo _pe Equa rpyna typi ce uaofaar po Tpana Xoren (note: The Grand Hotel has become a Holiday Inn), Ha yamua Moma Tiujaze, 10 Mocror wa Bapsap. Hupamor sonuy uM To KaxkyBa manor 3a yrpe. Beac6a 1 Boauuor: Yrpe onume po 10.00 uacor. Be Mona, Gujete TOHHO BO jleceT TyKa Mpeg Bae30T Ha XoTesOT. Yrpe Ke o”MMe Ha NeBara cTpara Ha Bapjap Bo crapuor gea ua rpagor. Tyka moxpaj Bapuap Ke onMMe s10 Kamenuor ocr. Ke ro momuneme MocTor ut tlocaie cro (100) MeTpH of necnara crpana e JJayT naliMHMor aman (photo page 347). Toa e crapa TYypcKa Garba, HO cera ¢ yMeTHMuKa Tatepuja m cana 3a KoHNepTH. Ke ro 126Jlexunja 7 BHAUMe H HoToa Ke mpososxKUMe KOH Crapara vapumnija, upexy Mocror nan Gyaesapor Toue Henuen”. ‘The Stone Bridge, Skopje Tamy, lo yaMuKaTa 1eBo HMa eaHa UpKBa WTO Mopare sna ja BHAMTe - UpkBata Cpetu Cniac (photo page 321). Bo Hea ce naofa efen of najyOapure MKOHOcTacH ox apBo. Bo ABOpoT Ha UpKBata ¢ rpoGoT Ha MakesloHcKHor xepoj Toue Jemues. Ha cnporupuara crpana on ymmuara Xe ja puaume Tapaunata Kase (photo page 128), a noToa mo yauuara Camousosa Ke qojqeme 20 Myctacbanammuata yamuja (photo page 367). Taa e emua og Hajctapste 1 HajyOapnTe yamun Bo CKonje. Orramy ke oaume 40 My3ejor Ha Makegonuja. He e muory aanexy. Ke caprume eco no yaunara, fa eBo 1 BeqHal TyKa e Mysejor. Bo nero 1Ma mHTepecHa 1310%K6a Ha MaKeqOHCKH HapoauH HocHH, Toram curypHo ke Guyere ymMopuu u raanun. Ke ce sparume nasaq Jo yanuata ButnasapcKa. TaMy Ha novetoxor e Bur-nasap, uajronemmor nlazap Bo CKxonje. Moxere a cu Kynitre onomtje, a noToa Ke oMMe Ha py4ek Bo emeH pecropan BO YapmIjara. 127lexunja 7 The Fortress, Skopie Hekon of TypucTure HMaaT mpamiatsa 3a BOLHYOT. Hanumere ro neropnor onronop. upumep: — T: Ce u3pmnypam, Ha zecHara crpana Ha pexara am Ke omMMe yTpe? B: Yrpe weMa a oauMe Ha qecHara crpana, Tyky Ha separa. Tamy e crapara uapunnsja. 1. T: 3uaun yrpe Ke oanMe Bo upKBara ,Kanment OxpicKn"”? B: 2. T: M Mysejor na rpax Ckonje amt Ke ro nocerume? B: 3. T: Ke suqume a1 1 HeKoja yamutja? B: 128Jlexunja 7 4.T: Ke Moxke aim weKaite 1a KynuMe opomije? B: 5. T: A pyuexor ke Ou Bo TprosckHor nenTap, HeaM? B: 6. T: A tyka am, Bo yMeTHMuKara raaepuja Ke ra BAMMe HapomHUTe Hocun? Mmenkn aBromoGitt apTobyc AnGanen/AnGanxa (ma. AnGaHni) aMam Gara Burr-nasap Gnysa 6yaenap 6yTHK ocumen Baas, Baaunxa (mu. Baacn)! Bom spara raapen rpast rpo6 410 seat apama AApBO 3emenut0 urpan ¢biim u310%K6a uKoHOcTac jaaux kale KaHTpy My3uKa kej (MH. KejoBit) Koua automobile, car bus Albanian Turkish bath bath market (flea market) + blouse boulevard boutique bicycle Viah guide door + capital grave, tomb + courtyard part; region drama wood + greenery live action movie exhibit iconostasis (wall of icons in an Orthodox church) language, tongue + fortress, citadel + country music quay carJlexuunja 7 Komeuja comedy KOMMAKT sHCK (MH. KommaKT AucKoBst) compact disc Kpaj (MH. Kpaepit) edge;end + MecTo place + Merap meter MeTpo subway ocr bridge + Hapoga HocHja folk costume/traditional clothing o6uteKa clothing nasap market + naan plan + nana mountain + non MysnKa pop music noueTOK beginning - momma (Ha) post office + mpumep example npocnext prospectus, brochure packpenmua intersection pexa river + Pom(ka) (mu. Pout)! Rom (Gypsy) caaa 3a KonnepTH concert halll cemacbop traffic light Cp6un(xa) (mH. Cp6u)! Serb crpana side TepaMHa fortification; fortress ‘TowaK? bicycle ‘TpropekH wenTap shopping center ‘rpusep thriller Typanu(ka) (mu. Typun)! Turk yawaKa narrow street, alleyway yMeTHuuka ranepuja art gallery xepoj hero . xopop horror (film) xores hotel upkpa church upran ium animated film vapuinja market place + acOBHMK dock + uenea shoe + 130ueTEpT yamuja ce ppaka/ce spars ce Kauypa/ce Kaun Muy a/Munie Mo./samoan, Be Moaam nomunypa/nomune nlocerypa/tocerit nposos2k yBa/nporo.KU cpprypa/eaprn ‘TpeGa ueKa/noueKa weta/npomera Tpugapkn raapent rpaacxit alecet esprit 3enen unrrepecen Kament kaacnuent Kopuicen salen stout Mosepen nosHar ckan 1oGos1eH cmpotipen TexOK (remKo) Teceit upper umMpoK Mexusja 7 quarter mosque + return climb up; ascend; get on pass, go through beg; I beg you, ie., please pass by, pass along visit continue turn should; ought to; need to wait stroll; go for walk inexpensive green interesting stone dlassical useful left bad modern known;famous expensive freesunoccupied opposite difficult; heavy narrow red wide 131Upuao: pemwaut aaeky (02) echo: gouna s1eBo naga najuory nexaue paHo cekane aKa TOUHO TyKa Tipeaso3n KOH Hag HuS. 10 nmoKpaj nmpexy Bpoesut yaa euler, emia, eati0 apa (M.) ape (K., C.) Tp erupt net ect cenym ocym Mexusja 7 132 immediately far (from) right late left back, backward most somewhere from there half after early everywhere so, in thatmanner exactly here toward above through along, after along side across in order to and, well, so zero one two three four five six seven eightMexunja 7 Aenet aecer equnaecer spanaecer ‘TpunaeceT ueTupHHaecer nerHaecer uiecnaeceT ceaymnaeceT ocyMHaeceT yeBeTHaecet mpaecet ‘Tpnecer uerupueceT megeceT ueeceT ceaymmecer ocymsteceT aeneneceT cro Notes on the vocabulary: nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred 1. In this chapter, you were introduced to the main ethnic groups in Skopje. While the terms for people and language are not part of the active vocabulary, you should be familiar with these peoples. Macedonians and Serbs speak South Slavic languages, while Albanian is an Indo-European language it is unrelated to the other languages, Romany is an Indic language, Vlah is a Romance language related to Romanian, and Turkish is a Turkic language, unrelated to the other languages, which are all Indo-European. Below are the terms for describing people of these nationalities: AaGaneu, AsGanKa, Mu. AaGanun AGanuute 36opysaar anGancKn. Bua, Baanika, Mi. Baacit Typann, Typunika, mu. Typunt Cp6iu, Cpounka, mu. Cpon Pom, Pomka, MH. Post Baacwre 36opypaar paauxn. Typunre s6opysaar TypcKH. Cp6ure aGopybaar cpncxut. Pomure sGopysaar poMckut. 2. The word TouaK, bicycle, is widely used for neaocunen in colloquial speech. 133exuuja 7 Beaw6a 15: Tpounrajre ro caeaumor texcr: Kako ce 3aGasypaar maagure Bo Ckonje Ckonlje He e ronem rpan, HO uMa MHOry Mecra 3a 3aGapa. Toa ce Hajuecro pasHn Kadyimiba, KAYGOBH M AucKOTeKH. HokHMOT 2KHBOT Nounysa HeKage BO jeceT YACOT, a Tpae Ao panto HayTpo. He Mopaut 1a Mant aBToMo6u 3a la ocTanent ZoHa. Mma rpastcKu aBToOycH u1To paGorar mesa HoK. A W TaKcHTO He € cKamo. Mecrara ce nojeneH 10 TeMM H HuTepecu. Moxere na BiuutTe pokepi, nankepu, Texnaynn. M Kaj Hac uma rpaqcK KpeM. Toa ce oHne UITO HocaT OG1eKa o”{ Benetton, MOOMAHM TemedonM, HentepHt 1 BO3AT ckanu Koam. Tae caymiaaT My3HKa ITO e XHT BO MoMeHTOT. Bu npetcrasysame Hexoaky Mami ayfe on CKonje. Tawa: Mam 19 roguun. Cryaupam mymapcrso, a Bo c10GonHoTO Bpeme paGoTaM Bo ejleH eKcKsly3uBeH pecropaH. Caytiam pox My3uKa, a HajMuory ja cakam rpyniara Oasis. Bo s1eT0 H3/1eryBaM BO {IMCKOTeKaTa BO Tpagcxsor napx. Taa e wa orsopenio. Bo 31Ma osam Bo ,,Barnan Kacpe” »Lady Blue” ,,Menaga”. Tay ce coOupaat MHory poxepit. BoOu: Umam 20 rogwn. Cryzmpam dusnxa. Bo cao6oaH0To Bpeme cpmpam Ha ruTapa Bo ena My3MuKa rpyna, Hapeuep uecro cBupume Bo eget Ky6 Kaj [pajicKuor napx. Caymlam pox, Mera, a Bo nocueaHo apeme 4 yes. CakaM sa ce KAUYBAM Ha WaHMHa 1 a BO3aM BeTOCHTeN, Ho MaaKky BpeMe HMaM 3a TOA. - Haan 2knporor Ha MaaguTe Bo BaMIMOT rpax e pasmMueH? - Hamumiere 3a ce6e. Henosnaru 360ponu aptomo6ua automobile BO MOMeHTOT at present Bo MocsenHO BpeMe lately Aouna late rpaucka Kpem urban elite suckoreKa discotheque exckaysupent exclusiveJlexunja 7 xKUBOT life saGapa entertainment ce 3a6apypa enjoy oneself uaaeryBa/i3ie3e go out kay6 club Meta metal, (here) fan of heavy metal music MoGHuIeH mobile Ha oTBOpeHo outside, outdoors HOBOKOMMOHMpaH newly composed HOKHHOT KMBOT night life o6.eKa clothing ocTanyBa/ocTaHe remain naHkep punk music fan nenyep pager nogeren divided nounypa/noune begin mpetcrapyna introduce pasnnuert different, varied rock music fan gather expensive style taxi theme Texnayisja techno music fan ‘Tpae last, persist ebusiKxa physics XuT ahit (e.g. music, film, etc.) uryMapcrRo forestry 135Jexunjas 8. Education 8.1 Aorist, introduction 8.2. Review of subordinate clauses 8.3. Subordinate clauses headed by 4a 8.4 Relative clauses 8.5. Intransitive verbs with ce 49 94239 pe Jlenec e caGora n Buujaria uma cao6ogHo speme na pein aa it uanmme nucmo na TerKa it Mupa Bo CKonje: para Terka Mupa, On majka MM cayumiap eka caKanl jla 3HaelI anH CyM CTYseHT Ha Yuupepsureror ,Toponro” opaa romuHa. CpeaHoro yunauurre ro 3ABPIIMB TaHK M Ce MpHjaBMB Ha OBO} yHMBep3uTeT OTH BO MANNA cakam gia ctyqupam @apmanuja. Yunpepauteror ,Topouto” e Hajromem no Kanaga e een om najnosnatute. Ce 1 ofa po uenrapor Ha rpazor. Bes muory cpekia kora 03HaB eka cyM npiMena H eKa Ke ZOOHjam omumuna crimenauja. Cakam 7a pa6oraM Bo amteKa Kora ke 3appmiam Cakam j1a paGoTaM co aye M la WM nloMaram. Yueieto e TemKo. Tpe6a opaa rojluia ua ClyWlaM Mpesabatsa 110 XeMuja, MaTeMatHKa, OMosorija, i cbuanKa. UMam i dacopn 10 cBeTcKa MCTOpHja M KaHamcKa aMTepatypa om apaecetrnor Bex. Ce pa36upa, MHOry cyM 3acbaTeHa, aMa ri caKaM mpenapanara, Bo cespyapn rpe6a ymrre emwaim 2a nlonomHam mocebHa mpujasa 3a DapMauesrcKMor daxyaTer. Moxe TH € YH ITO He ce Mpijapypame o,f oueToKOT Ha (pakyaTer, ama HMa paziMKH Mefy cucTeMOT Ha BUCOKO OOpazoBaHMe OBE M BO MaKemonMja. AKO Me upumar, ke Tpe6a za cryqMpaM yurTe YeTHpH romMHH Ce mpecemmp Bo cTyseHTCKH JOM 3aTOa ITO OBE € TOMMPHO. 3uaem Kako Bpanxo Crojan ce Kapaat! MMam camo ema uMMepKa 1 aaequo yunme. Kora umame caoGosHo BpeMe MHOry caKaMe ja meme Kathe Bo eno Kachanue H MoHeKOralll sla ORMMe Ha KOHMepTH HutHt Ha KuHo, Ce 3ano3Hap co rpyna Makenonunt 1 uMam foGpH mpitjareant co KOM MO2KaM ja 360pyBaM MaKeJOHCKH. Beke e lekemppuy, toafa auMcKMoT pacnycr. Tpe6a a kynam nogapoun 3a Boxuk. Majka Mut 1 6a6a Mu curypxo xe ja HanpapaT Mpashwunara Beepa, capMit Tlopaan ncnurare ne ke HMaM BpeMe pes mpasHuuitte, 3aToa cera TH rt YecTHTam mpastMKoT Boauk 1 Hopata rommua! Hajepzewsin nosapapn, BuajanaJlexunja8 Beae6a 1: Oxrosopere Ha caequmpe mpaniatba: 1, 3omro Buijana i muryea wa terKa i? 2. Kane yan roquuana? 3. Kaxen kypceput mma? 4, Haan xupee soma? 5. Kame xupee 1 3070? 6. 36opypa au Ta MakeoncKu? Co Koro? 7. Haan uma wiMmepKa’ 8. Kase Ke Ouse 3a 3uMcKuoT pacrlycT? 9. 3ourto ke Gute sadparenia mpex npasHmutTe? 10. A Bue, urro ctyaupare? Ha Koj baxysrer? OnazonouKn, MeammmncKn, [Mpazer, EXonoMcKn, Dus1030¢cKu, Bemjomemckn (agriculture), ApxuTextoucku, F'payexex (engineering), Maremarwukn, Oaxyater 3a cbu3snuKa KystTypa, @akyarer 3a apaMcKM yMeTHOCTH (theater arts), DaxysTeT 3a My3muKa yMeTHocT (music), DakysTeT 3a AMKOBHM YMeTHOCTH (fine arts), Tenaromn (education)... 11. Jann xuBeeTe JoMa HAI BO CTYAeHTCKH HOM? 12. Jann uate mumep 10% uMMepKa? Cultural Note: Holiday celebrations In Macedonia, people celebrate New Year's on January 1st, but Christmas is celebrated on January 7th, according to the old Julian Calendar. There are customs associated with the day before Christmas, Koaesle, Christmas eve, Baguux, and Christmas Day, Bookik. Customs vary from place to place, but the following description of traditional celebrations in one village will highlight some typical events. Early in the morning of January 6th, groups of children gathered and traveled from house to house singing special songs, Kos1elapcKH Tecum. People gave the singers something to eat, e.g., opeBn ‘walnuts’, KocTenu ‘chestnuts’, GouGonuMtba ‘candies’, ja6oKa ‘apples’. In the afternoon, children went out and found a large oak branch for the Yule log. As they brought the log back to the village, the oldest child walked straddling the log while the others followed making noises of various domestic animals. As they arrived home, the oldest would call out: o6po-nevep! Ja ce pon y noe Gepuxer! Na ce MHoxu croKara! Ja ce poan muenkara!, WTH. "Good evening! May the fields bear harvest! May the flocks increase! May the corn grow!, etc.” While calling out these greetings, he spread the log with fat while the other children continued making animal noises. Then the oak log was putin the fire, and later the charred log was set aside until Bacuamua, ie., New 137