Business Statistics

Formulae

SUMMARY STATISTICS

X =

X
n

s=

Mo = L +

X 2 (X ) 2 / n
n 1

X =

d1
w
d1 + d 2

Midhinge =

f X m
n

Me = L +

Q1 + Q3
2

s=

f X m2 (f X m ) 2 / n
n 1

0 .5 n F
w
f

Interquartile Range = Q3 Q1

PROBABILITY

P ( A) =

A
S

P ( A or B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A and B )

P ( A and B ) = P( A | B ) P ( B )

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIO

= X P ( X )

= X 2 P( X ) 2

BIOMIAL DISTRIBUTIO

P ( X = x ) = n C x x (1 ) n x

= n

= n (1 )

POISSO DISTRIBUTIO

x
P ( X = x) = e
x!

THE ORMAL DISTRIBUTIO

z=

X = z

THE SAMPLIG DISTRIBUTIO OF THE MEA

z=

/ n

ITERVAL ESTIMATIO FOR THE MEA

X z

X t

SAMPLE SIZE DETERMIATIO

z
n=

s
n

HYPOTHESIS TESTIG FOR THE MEA

z test =

X 0

t test =

/ n

X 0
s/ n

COEFFICIET OF CORRELATIO

r=

[n X

n XY X Y

][

(X ) n Y 2 (Y )
2

LIEAR REGRESSIO EQUATIO

a=

Y X 2 X XY
n X (X )
2

b=

COEFFICIET OF DETERMIATIO

r2 =

[n X

[ n XY X Y ] 2
2

][

(X ) n Y 2 (Y )
2

n XY X Y
n X 2 (X )

Y = a + bX

Business Statistics

Tables

Table 1: One-tail areas corresponding to z-scores for the standardised normal curve

p
-z

z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

0.00

0.01

.5000 .4960
.4602 .4562
.4207 .4168
.3821 .3783
.3446 .3409
.3085 .3050
.2743 .2709
.2420 .2389
.2119 .2090
.1841 .1814
.1587 .1562
.1357 .1335
.1151 .1131
.0968 .0951
.0808 .0793
.
.0668
.0655
.0548 .0537
.0446 .0436
.0359 .0351
.0287 .0281
.0228 .0222
.0179 .0174
.0139 .0136
.0107 .0104
.0082 .0080
.0062 .0060
.0047 .0045
.0035 .0034
.0026 .0025
.0019 .0018
.00135 .00131
.00097 .00094
.00069 .00066
.00048 .00047
.00034 .00032
.00023 .00022
.00016 .00015
.00011 .00010
.00007 .00007
.00005 .00005
.000032

+z

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372
.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788
.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778
.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274
.0217
.0170
.0132
.0102
.0078
.0059
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0018
.00126
.00090
.00064
.00045
.00031
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00004

.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336
.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762
.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764
.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268
.0212
.0166
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0057
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.00122
.00087
.00062
.00043
.00030
.00021
.00014
.00010
.00006
.00004

.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300
.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736
.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749
.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262
.0207
.0162
.0125
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0041
.0031
.0023
.0016
.00118
.00084
.00060
.00042
.00029
.00020
.00014
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264
.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711
.1469
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735
.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256
.0202
.0158
.0122
.0094
.0071
.0054
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.00114
.00082
.00058
.00040
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228
.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685
.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0721
.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250
.0197
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0052
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.00111
.00079
.00056
.00039
.00027
.00019
.00013
.00008
.00006
.00004

.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192
.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660
.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708
.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244
.0192
.0150
.0116
.0089
.0068
.0051
.0038
.0028
.0021
.0015
.00107
.00076
.00054
.00038
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00004

.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156
.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635
.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694
.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239
.0188
.0146
.0113
.0087
.0066
.0049
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.00104
.00074
.00052
.00036
.00025
.00017
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00003

.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121
.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611
.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681
.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233
.0183
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0064
.0048
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.00100
.00071
.00050
.00035
.00024
.00017
.00011
.00008
.00005
.00003

Table 2: Values of t corresponding to one-tailed p-values for Student's t distribution

p
-t

+t

0.00025 0.0005 0.001 0.0025 0.005

0.01

0.025

0.05

0.1

0.25

separat
1
2
3
4

1273.
44.70
16.33
10.31

636.6
31.60
12.92
8.610

318.3
22.33
10.22
7.173

127.3
14.09
7.453
5.598

63.66
9.925
5.841
4.604

31.82
6.965
4.541
3.747

12.71
4.303
3.182
2.776

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741

5
6
7
8
9

7.976
6.788
6.082
5.617
5.291

6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781

5.893
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297

4.773
4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690

4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250

3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821

2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262

2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833

1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383

0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703

10
11
12
13
14

5.049
4.863
4.716
4.597
4.499

4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140

4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787

3.581
3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326

3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977

2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624

2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145

1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761

1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345

0.700
0.697
0.696
0.694
0.692

15
16
17
18
19

4.417
4.346
4.286
4.233
4.187

4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883

3.733
3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579

3.286
3.252
3.222
3.197
3.174

2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861

2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539

2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093

1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729

1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328

0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688

20
21
22
23
24

4.146
4.110
4.077
4.047
4.021

3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745

3.552
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467

3.153
3.135
3.119
3.104
3.091

2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797

2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492

2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064

1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711

1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318

0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685

25
26
27
28
29

3.996
3.974
3.954
3.935
3.918

3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659

3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396

3.078
3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038

2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756

2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462

2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045

1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699

1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683

30
35
40
45
50

3.902
3.836
3.788
3.752
3.723

3.646
3.591
3.551
3.520
3.496

3.385
3.340
3.307
3.281
3.261

3.030
2.996
2.971
2.952
2.937

2.750
2.724
2.704
2.690
2.678

2.457
2.438
2.423
2.412
2.403

2.042
2.030
2.021
2.014
2.009

1.697
1.690
1.684
1.679
1.676

1.310
1.306
1.303
1.301
1.299

0.683
0.682
0.681
0.680
0.679

60
70
80
90
100
150
180
200
300

3.681
3.651
3.629
3.612
3.598
3.558
3.545
3.539
3.519

3.460
3.435
3.416
3.402
3.390
3.357
3.345
3.340
3.323

3.232
3.211
3.195
3.183
3.174
3.145
3.136
3.131
3.118

2.915
2.899
2.887
2.879
2.871
2.849
2.842
2.838
2.828

2.660
2.648
2.639
2.632
2.626
2.609
2.603
2.601
2.592

2.390
2.381
2.374
2.368
2.364
2.351
2.347
2.345
2.339

2.000
1.994
1.990
1.987
1.984
1.976
1.973
1.972
1.968

1.671
1.667
1.664
1.662
1.660
1.655
1.653
1.653
1.650

1.296
1.294
1.292
1.291
1.290
1.287
1.286
1.286
1.284

0.679
0.678
0.678
0.677
0.676
0.676
0.676
0.676
0.675