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Catalogue Reference
Trumpp, Dr. Ernest
Sindhi Boli-a- Jo Grammer
Sindhi Language
Sindhi Language Authority
ISBN: 978-969-9098-47-5

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2011

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Sindhi Boli-a- Jo Grammer

By:
Translation:
Transliteration & Revision:
Edition:
Quantity:
Price:
Composed by:
Title:

Dr. Ernest Trumpp

Dr. Amjad Siraj Memon
Valiram Valabh & Dr. Fahmida Hussain
First, 2011
1000
Rs:400/Syeda Parsa Rizvi
Asadullah Bhutto
Published by: Taj Joyo, Secretary, Sindhi Language Authority,
National Highway, Hyderabad, Sindh, 71000, Pakistan.

Tel:
Fax:
E-mail:
Website:

092-22-9240050-53


   

092-22-9240051

sindhila@yahoo.com
www.sindhila.org

Peacock Printers, Karachi, Sindh.

Printed by:

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5 (x Y  )  Y;
'

 "  '  )'  ( )T; "

O1H?
)- O1?
A  T; 3'
:)

T;)
Lt  6 5 7 t)
T;

(F)
  k
S?<  .1? 

hy"
->'
.
d 
 q   k
1?< 7  65t = F% bi& @" ) 

FA -F P' .Lt  6 SL"  T; 7 6v

T' >)
.F)
>A

6FxA 7 
A  ' ) 7    S?< "'7  5"
' @)
T; ~ ) -
. y" .
 F
+ )" 1) .u T;  u )- u

( ' T; . )) 7 r .
i" y" FK ' Y 6FxA 7
% (O)  "
P' 7 v 6 ( '
T;
T' 7 [+ O1L)
7 ( A FK b K
if ) A

hy"
)P )-OP
.  k[ 5 F ( H5 )) 7 v 6F2 7 '
 
'" Ff |
Pz  x}A  A \T; \ )- ~ \ 3 FK
if  T; ((  )
(r ~ ) A " T;  " " ~ )\ ~( ).
 y" E
.  T; - 
 f OA
 eiUA ' YLF2
' bif K 7 '
+ 1) F| 3'

hy"

T' 3; F 3

)- 
. 
).
' v
A)
T; 33
T; -  " (3
T; -3 )
Lt  6T@ '  +
iv
-F) 3
 "
)- (   5" 7  "  (  )z  7 F)
7 F) O T; 6P
.( -z 
= l@   k) a F  ` %


   

17

b) The vowels i,

 bif K

' +  F  k ' OA F5 6    z '

O O2 >' 7   0

k
 T1Z   ) '
 0 T1A - z
R1 hy" .
 O2 7 
b1"
F5 S?< O@ 7 OA >'
d 
 0 OA
k  I % L '> ") T'

F5 T; n  n )-!5 (Yz) Oz - O ) ?hy"

( 5) O1k
.


)
.1k T; k  k

' OA
Ln 7 '
F
%  
k >'
i"  >A 5@5 Lf E 7
 
F `3M
A 
E  k 
'> F >A )M  .
  %t 7 (  k 5"
5" .(
L  k   5  ) '> M)
L  "'L  E
 '
 L
( nasalized) 5  OA
P  F'  Yk 7 '
'> OA T5   L35 '  k

; 
hy"
) 6L" r L2 6LP"
r L2  ;P
SL" H -  r L2 
(  T' (G"
.
d


:  ]
%
T' 7 5 @i;" )M
k  7 (

GP"
.;  P
+
T;  
)

 )` "
7
). 7 I T'
P  S?< 7 ( 0) )

t 
 
+   O1
T'
Lt 5 7 lo
T;  O1
)- 1C
.1' T;  1' 7 )

 d  ;
 7 )OA >'

 `. |
S?<
A  ' qS? 7 
)- A

.A T;  g3A

y" .
P  )Y (assimilation)  '
L  6@f

 )- 5
hy" 7 
' ` ) M .
P  
0 >)
 S?<

LF2  S?<
) OA P 5t C R
.
z
"  n) 
) '
n . 5
7 T;

)
)hy"
.
d 
T; . P
F)
T;  

y" + 6 zJ ' 15 . X X@)
)
r L2 (
UV  "
' O) 1)
r L2 ((  ) O) )

+  )K +v  .
 P 7
L1 O5\ T' )
'

@a  SH

 O5 6M 7
 .(
1
6TC
A) .
1Z
1)
:O5 )

RS'    A '
)
hy" . F Av
)
A (pronominal bases)  2

.R  R R1A R1' R1)

:hy" .  R' + ( '(  diminutive affix) z mA
c) The Vowels u,

:bif K

T'   )x| iFxA l


]
1i
 
' 3 K M ) r

   

18

7 v
iv Eu %  ). k[ 5 F 7 
 )K
'  0

T;  6P"
)- R]"
hy"
T; 
.6T"
.



 )"( )
T; ?
)- z . y" '
  LF2 7 bif K
)- 6t ?

T; 62

. T;  2
)- (
") 
P'
d  K 6Ti2 OA
)  -62


)-
A"
hy"
.
LF2 7 7 Av O1L) v
(bT") E3" T;  "

T; - t)
.F)
:T;  PA )- (R2 3))
E3;

() 5 y" .
  `. | "
 F| b2 & Eu % )7   S?<

LS?
iv 7 )7 Av ' . 5
)
T;  Pn

iv OA 
P

T; 6% ) - %

)- (b| ) =
6]
P' 
P  7 

' 1'
'1? YSL@ 
% (mK '
) =
 k Fi" ' En3' . T;
v T;
.
 = 7 F  C
d) The vowels and

 :bif K
 d SL@  )k( simple sounds)  k(  (  H5
 )) P
 7 

) O5
) '
. 2 k S?< .F  7  H5 ) .(guna vowels)  qS?

hy"
b
z  .E ) - E
.
 F @ U3  x3"  0 7
A r '
'
 ' )
.( )7 I) V ' 1') 
LF2 7 
0
L
A r ' O2 1' 7  
 )5 
% (  L1 "
 F| b2 &
1 15

 7 O2 7 Av R d 
 0

. 7 I '
) Y (assimilation) 
'

)-`
:hy"

I'
)- I'
'(
)- \'
`
.      AA
T;
.O?

A U|" S? @ A
r L2  1
:T;)  T

hy"
( T
.
LF2 7  
0

: y" .
d
 LF2
 d 
 0 
3'
T; - (R1)) 
- (
.h\)
% O
)- O1"

O1 T; -O1 n )- O15

`% T;
.O1H"
T; 1"
 7 f C )M  7 
' `
iFxA
    
LF2
.F) u r %  )  V ' 15 T1A d  Zt  M 7 OA ( ) 0

Lt
 F5
A 15   n o 7
L1 X5 3vmM
T' F")
.
d  Zt F @ U3 7 v
' (locative singular) FK
5 T"  x3"
'
% 7


A)
 z  O2  H5 X5 . 1?
O1t
. A FK
 ) 7
%

y"

   

19

 y" .
 )6FxA
)-`)
.  FK( ablative)  b K O1 z
z   .)@ 
 7 1')

L1H
Pk O2 rJ
0 f 7 X5 T'  (  )K
% F

)
b K
n  O1iTo .(S?) ~S? P' .
d 
 %  7
   P

'RT f (ablative termination)  

0 7 b
z   )

LF2 7 1P5

f 7 f C O2 d ~ -
' ' 2 .d( )  nasal) 5
 P rJ () `3M

 d
.d

 ) @ U3

3 - x@5

The elision, contraction and insertion of vowels

) D 2 E! F  ABC !

K
'  ' 15  6" K ' b@
. 135 7
L1
)T' 3T5
P

O2 7 J .
 
7
L1  U" T'

5t P5

'  b K
3 :" 1
(!

)P @ U3

.
LSH
Z G. '   mxA 65t = m3_"


L OA ( ) 0 .
 F

S? @ A 3x;5 Y K '  7 7

\
' )( )

Yt F) F2 

' @ U3
 ) A  '
 ) bx .  `. |
A O1'
L1

T; - v i3_"
' (  ). (F") .
hy"
T; 
O
.

k 7
T3C T; P )- (  ) P 
6) K 3
:T; - )

O

6%
7 T; - (
))u n
T; - (  ] )_ T)
t Pu

. n T; O2 )-O2 .(Lassen P:172)

. A FK 1)  '
)  7 t OA
 ' Y
0
'  F| 3' ()
% F  bx "
'
)%
A  ' ) "O2 F5 1A 

H `
)- k P' .
 Zt i3_"
)-"
3k
T; g3Pk
T; "

)- (
"
T; - 
T; (

.(
(
.
 b@1 
  )   K
' u(  '
)

)  a  ' 7  '

15 rJ Y. 2
 %  k '
L)
") iv 1) (i)
 R1)  6 7 I OA
 m,"
A O1 z  a  ' m_" 1) .
 F
n) F' % ,v K 6 I %
% 1'
 R1) (varga)  ' L

 a  7 [+ ' .
Lt
5
A r '  F2 
 3_
' Ff | bx .


)- O : y" 

 
L.  

uC T; h

)- i

   

20

.iC T; ri

3 T;
A
T; 
)3 : y" ' 
)- O
)/ : y" '
 a  '
.6P" Au T; (h" )- Yi"


T; Yx



:Au) @
)- (() @( )
T; @
.(@
M Fn 3) 
 a
n 7  '
L
") %  Au
A  ' ) (ii)

T; O1q . )-Y

@"
f  O1
hy"
.>0
  )K L
:P'
d  K L  ") P

T; O
)- (15) 5


.TC
T; qT
)- YSH

4 - x@5

Sandhi, Hiatus and Euphony

(B2@@ @N)  L % ) (I
 )

/  T1A 

 F2 
' Ff |
' (
' k H5 ) O2 
F @ U3 ?> O1L) .  '>? 7 (  )2
' v '

7 rJ () F'
% 
7 ( T' 
'>? 7  k  qS? M E b,A 1' 
P @ U3( ' Anasvara) 5

 ((
5
.  . Pz
) YP5 %
(B@' ' ]) P5 ]  )(P5 y" .
 5 Fn 3

P' .
k )` O2 7 () S?<
%  k '

>A )M   O1H" T; - O1"


hy"
.\ 
.
P  `3M
A 
S?< ` '> ) 
P

.
k[ 5 F K 7   qS? 
3'  i" O2 y" R
A  '  
"
T; -O "
: y"
.5 "

5 - x@5

II- THE SINDHI CONSONANT SYSTEM

O  2

O1L) OA
P    Y\   %
) % ( .  t) %

Pz 7
)T'
 % +," H5 % +" v
%  RS' %
. "'7 ? xAA L1 I % L

3'
A  ' R r   
.
Tf2
' (palatal sibilant)  FTS?  A
' T;  k  7 :

 x}A
'
AL? r  
 5
. "'7   )T; T'
  k F5t E
q1?  .
k
 T1Z    .F5t
' f
'   T' 
  " 
7 

   

21

.
 6 6v K  " Au
.

y" - SL"   A b_ T; ()

T; -C
) C
FxC
T; (
T; - TC
C
.TC

O1

T; - 1C

%  f @ i;")  C
hy"
SL"  .F5t
' T; ()
:hy" .
d F2 7 O2
% [ '
+
 
A  ' ) u 
T; -(  R . 

. -
  - C

F )
hy"
);
- Y)
-( " cerebral)
5u" T; ()
T; - YC)

YC)
)

.  O@ O2
  
 2f .OC
T;
T; - (

1C

  - 1C
hy"
.O C
  - O C
.
d  %
OA >) 
d
 LF2  %
3'
 ,5 a E % Ff |
'  )
.
d  O 
1) +
T')
 F," . A (vocables) k@ }^ "} "
U3 ' 7 
' YL
@U"  ' (  F) O5) )V b ' 15
'   k

" 52
b| O2 7 Ff | ' (O = 
= U) x3" 7 )OA 
i" " b}}K  x&

T; -
 
 "
n T; q
)- Yq P' .
k 7 Yt   "'

X T; - 


. T; O ) Ot

.
d  O 
  3'
Lt  F) F2 
' Ff |
15 O2 ( cerebral)
5u"

hy"
T; O15
O T; -

.. T; - 


T; R% F - R%
hy" .  6FxA O2 7 O0  )y) 7 

 P;C
OA 3 7 x3"  . C T;  0 )- O10
C)
T; - 0

) 0 hy"

2f - ( C
.
P 6FxA
A ) 7 O2 [ ' +
  
2f '
 "

F )> )> ]

7
5u" .O C  
 - O 0 2
 2 C
  - 2 C C
F5 ( o O1L) 3x;5
' T;
% '
 O2
  F]
. Y@2 v O2  

6@T"  k 6v ' OA 0 %    " L
  % OA F . 312 T1A .

65t + O1L) '
5u" 7 '
 <)EP /) .
 F ) F5[ 5 

bC

PC hy"
%( )
guttural) . Fn o
. Y@2 ^}   + M ) 
.

- hy"
.

% byK
L1  %  7   A  (F5T5 " R5)

5
)"(Y? "

- Y"
T; H5 " F - Y"
T; 5 T;  5 F
.5 " T; 5 " F

   

22


P
 7 L1 ' `
O2 >)   F @ U3
  ?>'
L1  k qS?
F5t
'
( 5u" H5 ) .(
'
2 L r ). F @ U3 O5  L
i)

A  '
. qS? H5  .  k F 7 @ U3
?>'
P
 
 SH O5 R%
%
.
P @ U3 O2  L
i) E (
%
|;` '
5u" ^}
% ( L1  OA >'
 b@1
  2 L 7 t

5u" 7 1'
'
5 3F r .  ) @ U3 1 %
.
15)
.   "'qS?

6 - x@5

1) Single Consonants at the beginning of a word

 2 ; C9  :;
.

F @ U3 7 fC

' + L 65t =

. O O1? :( R5)
) (Gutteral)

.1

. OS' :  A (Palatal)

.2

.t < p :
5u" (Cerebral)

.3

.  u :F5t (Dental)

.4

. :k (Labial)

.5

 '  1'   ),5 % Ff |

'  )3C 
A 3T5  2 O1L)
. Tk ) )V
.
z . A FK 1)
 L1   
 bvmM
' @ U3 7 fC
' + 1) '
5u"
 % b@ M O2  F @ U3  F5 K O '
 k  O5 [5 7 

 OA
 5 EC ) 7 .
k 3) 7 (>  ( T
% f
 %  "1) z

  ) hy"
. (  "'interjection, adverb)   F5 K 7 T; Av
P
(Comparative Grammar of

.
 F5 7 )V O2 6! ) )
<% 1' (
 "O2 7 

1) C 7 1'  
k 3) 7  '
Y%t T'  Dravidian Languages P:440)
7 1'

k[ 5 F 7 eFmA
'  2
' 6 <) ) !.(O! slave) .
 15t h
.  ) 
% bx;5 @ 
   U3 O2
  r;5 %

hy"
) T; %
.
i" 7  y" )O1L) P'
 5 F2  ' I( 1

b K  ( ') 7   )y) .

LF2 7 7 fC
' + 1) ) O5 )
.
L" O2 7  k OA >)  7 '
% 7 b K
' (genitive affix) ' b a

 3%

2f - 3M
:hy"
.
P O2
LF2 
 I[ ' )> +
  
2f

   

23


2f -]

3%
.]

r L2 7 ).
d  1?

Lz
A O1' E v ( 2
.O? -T;
 1?  '
O?

. " O1'
L1 ' k F5t .

P 6FxA 7 p
5u" RS'
A  y)( 3
 " % ` )F| 3C L '  '
 OA 3 ,' ' YL2
5u"

x5 A F - " A T; 5 A )-(" ) " :hy"

.
 i3_" @ A 
vmM

:hy"
- ( 
.

' I b K
z 
.  .(A F) YA T; YA
)- (
)

.  T;  (  )

 x}A . G'

.  (
. 135( < )( 
' media1) (  '  ) p
5u"
 

" .  ()
iv 1)
   C   k
5u"
T' +  k
\
% b| O1L)
% '
.1L@  312 (> A A
 % 1'  .
 ( > 2scythian) 

.  d '> LP5 \  6%   " n  ) k

5u" OA
 x& 3_
. 135 E 
T' )bx .
P
@ U3  ' k
5u" 7 T; . O5)
.  ' '
XC)
' (R%
% k F5t O2 7 I T' 
 6  G'
. }.hf A "
 5
Pz
.

 F)
+ 1) En3' 
 F 6FxA 7 t
5u" 6 zJ
L1 y) tenuis3 ' (  4

LF2 7 t  m_"  7 3 K y) O2 >A

 5 F) "u  b_ 7 fC
'

J T; Jt )-
t hy"
- (YT) !5t
(7 .  t rJ  k '
t) 
)- Yt
 Au T; `
!n
T; !n<
)
)
)- Y.t

() @ U3
5u"  OA
L q.h"  F2
5u"
%  >T'  OC T;
T; - ( )< <y" .
 
5u"  7 byK
L1 (  t OA 0
 a
t
'
  P @ U3

1? @ A 7 fC
' + 1) <
5u"  . F %

.(
 U+" ` ' Yt T') .Zt  Z< hy"
.
 a () :n   %

.
' .u  Fu
'   )u .
P 6FxA
A r ' E 7 u
L1
.
Lt  F)
>) ;
5 F   T; -
 
 y" .

Lz 7 3 K )  " (5

") O   T; - (3 " F) S' hy"

(
UV
'
)i" 
d 7 `  5 )>

(1H)  Y :hy"

.
P @ U3

.(F.
)% 

S? @ A 7 fC
' + 7 `  5 (6

- (T') ' y" .


LF2 7  f  "  bx "
' ).15 

   

24

  T;
.X T; - (1") '

hy"
 
   
.

 "'7 15  6A u
  
" 2f +
T'

=

 

LF2 7 7
3' v FK  .
 )v
z  .=
1

(`'3")
SH
i" O5 
 K
'  Av  () 
U"

' + 
' XC)
qS? '2

) F   'p  xy Cz "" .p  S& 'c  r     % t@$ 80

u c ;0% %v C w$ (Scythian) no 
. ^' &) {8I U C 
(`'3")
i"
 O5 7 )< Y
U"

' + 

.=
T;

7 - x@5

2) Single Consonants in the midst of a word

 2 ; /QF R  :;
E  L 
O2 >' '" Ff | f E
' )
 6%
. .   LSH 
)5 0 OA 
 OA L  "'+"  h) 7 '
+ 1)
 Lt 6 "@A a O1L)  
k[ 5 F @ U3 7
%   5 |  . 
 k 5"
'  OA
  x '   7 v
.  L ) 
qS? e2 {" 
OA
  Zt ).
 bv M
' )T'

SH O5
n " . A FK
 %
   % |2 Av n{ ' +
L1 F `. |
A
n 
: y" '
5 0  K (Elision) .  ) 3M
)( 5 0  0
% 15
}
 L1
. ) - ~ ) T; F)
)-
P

)- P)


T;
.

C T; ) - ~ " 3k T; -  @Pk

 ' T;
 P )- OP

. 3 T;
.FM 5
  - P% 5 y" .
P F5 & O2
A [+ 6  6@f 
' 5 0
hy"

)-? 
T; . 
 ?
.   `. |
A O1'
L1 L
\
qS? 

)- k
H5
T; Pn )- H5
.k
T; n
,' a  7
)  5
5 0
' k
5u"  OA
 bvmM
' )
%
5 0  k 
P' OA

F2 7 k
5u"
% k F5t
A
L T@" O2
3' OA

f   3T5

) " T'  t 7 L1
 15   }  d
2

 O1L)
5 3F f >'
 F a     %t ( k
% 1n "  k F5t

   

25

O1 z  T' >0 

" 7 k
5u" O2
% k F5t 7 15 OA  ]   k
% [+
.
Lt

. C Eu % F5t   k
5u"
%  OA
 x& '
.
 )
" n) ) ) '
V ' ' S'[ 5
A a3f 15 OA k (
`. | OA  5
5 0 O2 >'  
( 65t 7 "
'   T') '" Ff |

(1

byK
'
 ) k 5 [5 7  ,5 ' Ff | )   .  
7  FF' F. A
' 1'
P 5 .
3' v FK  .

P ;," Eu"} "

'
n
v
iv '
1'
qH\
T; -
q12
:
 v  )

i"

UV
iFxA
' I  12 F  
3T5

q12
 " 1'
 a bK a


.  7 'Y\

T; b\

(O1H) b
bT\
:hy"
.
SH
L" 7  % 
6 zJ 

 !? )- >% hy"

(&
A '  ) 
P  Tf2
' bTC
T;
. ?T;

hy"
- (
)
.
LF2 7 media 6 zJ
'  ) y) I  ' p
5u"
) )

E T' ) M .
k[ 5 F5
A L1 FF' Ff |  .Oq)
T;

hy"
R2
.

Lt F) 6FxA 7 O
% 

.JF2 7
% < 

1 =
.u
3z

(2

T; - YR
 T; - (() ( p T; T; -
R 
T; - YR


.
  '
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. O2 <
AT;
)iv .

R T; - YR

b
z  .!' T; - (
' 2) Ro
 '!T; - (R' y"

." T; - (( o ( )O" hy"

.

SH
LF2 7 O
' T;

u 7 u b}}K 
. ' 6v
.  (  
i" O  7 ' +

' T; .b5 % T; - F5 % :hy"

.

LF2 7
SL
L1  )y)

) .F) Fi :hy"

.
 F 6FxA 7 F5 .F 7 ( ) b5 
35)

(3

'  x ' '> 7 v  v 


LF2 O2 7 
5u" I 7 3 K

:hy"
 7 )OT5 K .

 O2 `. | 7 3 K qS? 
T;
.
L
5 0

T; . ) - 

  
" 2f .A
hy" .

LF2 7 
SL
L1

2f - g. 

2f -g@
.bf 
b@
:hy"


Lz )> O2 7 [+ 6A

- (/' )x'
:. T; - O2 P'

xF2 S? @ A 7
SL
L1

.
d 
7  .(
") 2 )A/' T;
.
LF2 7 Tenuis
LF2 Media 7 Y   ' L" (Abstract Affix) r %

   

(4

26


  " T; - 2 F
.7 :t
P' - - 
F A T; - ~ A P' (

) = = = LF2 7  y) M
. A

  2A T;  .hA

)- ~hA P' .
  Zt F% `. |
%  F2
' < (5
)A P5 E F)   %
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A r '
' <)
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.
k 
1" 
 .F5t "
3' ( F)
d 
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)(  U3'

O
UV
' I 
a E
LF2 7   t
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L" 7 < 1
.(
 @U" hM O1L) T')
d

% <
T' 
k 7 Yt ,5 % (Ff |
') 
 )K 7  FF'
T@" YLF2 7 < '  P) OA 
i" C
 A ) .
' () 6FxA 7
% < r L2 .) 
T' F5
 T@" ( '
)Lassen }2  '
)O5 )
UV  E
iFxA  .(
- i P' .

i"
n SL@ a '
Av )  

% b12 " 7 ( k
.F5

UV iK" 65t =  E
iFxA  b T;
.6 = R = ! = F
= b

 ..  i" @  ) '> 
 U3 b|
%  r L2
'
UV 7 ' Ff R

(6

 )15  - O P ) y" .  `. | 7   L1 6A o   

hy"
.F5 q `. | @n  K12
%  15A OA  )15  O 2
)
.15tk -O1FPk

8 - x@5

3) Single Aspirates in the midst of a word

U
QF R  :;
I ) y) 7 O2 >A   "'O2 Ff |
A)
)( ' 5 0 En3'
. F `. | r L2 Y
5 0
\
q1?
.
d T5  ' O z F '  SH

5 0 b R O2  u O1? %)(
z 7 OA 
i" C 7 )OA 
LSH
.   " F5 ' b@ '
Ff |
 )K
%  2 7 v
'  OS? P' .
d  SL@  )L
") %
 OA Yo
P ;,"  . YL" ' z 7 ).

 `. | (Spiritus) O ^}

   

27


' ).
 O5
.  ' 'z 7  '
Y%t OA 0
 &  A A 6T )
15 F ]t 6@f b_ @ A  FF' Tf2
' J
' () K
% z
.
 % 5  Eu %    " RS'
L1
% k '
z
OA >' " T; 1"
)- 1" : y" ' (Elision)
5 0
7 O2 " 
)- O1"
.
 F @ U3

.
 F @ U3 O2 7 OSH"
+ OSH"
T; O1"
g)
T; O1)
x T;
1 )-
1
)- Y1)
T; - Y1
.l

~  P' .
  )K %  2
'
% O F5u
3z %  )7 Av )
T; O 
).u 

)-  P'  F % `. | I ,2  f  ()

)- u
]

T; - RSH
u
. H

T; - 0`   . | PA ' P'  OS' hy"

- 0 0
I O1L) ()

Oq)
T; -
)
.6 T; - 6 5 T; - (5

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F 
q
:T; - 
hy" .

SH
LF2 O2 7 
SL 6 zJ
L1 I)(

YLF2 7 (Tenuis) 6 zJ ' Media .g :T; =q?

)- z )

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. F C
T; -  hy" .
i" )


T; - 
hy"
- 
.
LF2 7 u  6 zJ F 7 Av O1L) F5t I( )

hy"
)-
.  SH
LF2 O2 7 k
5u" 6 zJ F  k  .F5t 6z
)- (") O" u
T;
.H" T; "

:hy"
-F"
.
 xF2 ) S? @ A 7 I ( 6 zJ
L1 % / k .F5t 6z)

T;
.(  "F" F) "

9 - x@5

4) Singular nasals
V
QF

hy"
T; - 
 F 3
:
LF2 7  A b_ >)  .F5t
-u
T; - (
z Ft %) Yu y" .
LF2 7 (
5u" OA
) 
7 +
' (`5) `
 `5
F @5
T; .
  @ U3  
x3"
.`

' OT5J K " hy"

.

P 6FxA 7 ( )= 7 Av O1L)  A b_
v
(
L" b
z  ( L" v T;) .
 7 @ U3 O2
Lq2 ("
' )>"

T; ( ) -  O T; ( ) - (E5)


:hy" .

SH
Lq2

   

28


U+" ` ' Y T'  hy"

LF2 7 F5t
5u" ) OA
 F

S? @ A . OC
T;

.(

- .  - y" .F

L5 0 OA
L 7 '
+ >T' (`") R0 7 Av )
Fi
3z )"`( .
  `. | O2
"  7 v 1) bx "
)= "( T;

 3T5 T' ( 0
=) - " 7 [+ 6z .
P
5 0
Eu - . 
SL"
O"  ("

3z
n SL@ Eu '
Av 15 SL" \

 63T5 T' b\ P' ' b" t
.F) O1 z
' E''
' fa" >'
xSH
.t
i

10 - x@5

5) The semi vowels: y and v

% : 
=
7   OA  .
 >0
. d ' L1 7 v
' Yk 7 '
+ 7 )

(1

7 Tf2
' .

d 
O2 K  6@T" 
P

LF2 

P i,"
P' 
d u rJ ()

%
A  ' ) Ei2 ` 

. | 7 '
+
F E ) T' 
' k
 L] O2 7 v
' .\

% [+ 15 bx \ 
 P.
7 7 ' Av R
 f@L" .
 F ) y) 7 f C rJ () 6v K

T; ~ O2 7 )- ~ hy"

O
. S? @ A

   Zt F K
%

y" .
 F O2
0 y)
T; YPn )Y5
' 7 
' + 5

) F) ) '

- OC T; - ( 5 )hy"
.
 f Eu Y
5 0
 C
T; L
  )P'

LF2 7 7 Av
T; - (R1)) G

. 
6FxA 7 O@ OA

P @ U3
 5 5
' 6U 1L" O2 >' H5)

 OA >' .
LP5 \

P) 6v K v
1L" Ff | 2 E
UV
'
} .

P
(U") YLt
y" . F2  ' YZ  1 ' [+ )" rJ Y Z 1L" L1 6A o l
- Yt
. 5 ' ] F

'  M >T' 

d
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 F `. | OA   bx "
'

(2

 .
 F O2 
A O1'
L1 7    '
OA
  a '" Ff |

(F2
') '
5@5
iTA ' ~
' : y" .
 F S? @ A Y K 6@T" '


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iTA - 
7 v
   ' T; P'
)- 
)
YP' : y" .
P O2
5 0 6@T"  OA >) 
T; 1. ) - O1t

   

29

 z  T'
k  ")  L 1)
P >' )M  T;

A r '
' Y.k

r L2 (
:P' .
LSH )O2 0
% .Ft
 z .(k
(

%
  A

  
:hy"
. A
((O5 1")  
.
LSH )O2 "
.
d ) F'
%  
U
 UV @ U3  h" % '
7 5 0 +
(Comp Varar II, 18)  0 P'
  ) 6" C
% O
. I 7 ) )x
z 
.  0 T;

11 - x@5

6) The liquidate r and l; the sibilant s and the spiritus h

`4 ^  U
% \[ %  9
F2
'   )y) . F `. |
A O1'
L1   F O5
5 0 7   
(5 ' 6?) )- i) y" .
 F @ U3
(6 " 6xi2)
  - 622
- (F?)  P
T;
 "O2 i2  t ? C

T; P F
h )- O  6

 

LF2 7  
3' y" FK  . S?C T;
( ' O2 F) Y
.@ n T;

(1

` 

 . | OA 
A O1'
L1 (
L 63T5
 " L
)iv 
 k)  FTS?
 "
F @ U3 f Eu 
y" .

LF2 7 O
X T; - O1t
T; - O "
 
7 F) .
k  7
F2
'
iv 7 O1L
 
+ .5 "
T; (5 

(2

b
z  .
)C
 
T; - O1L
.(
 6R' 7 O ") 5
t C@ a S'  
 63T5   " X  = S'  C@ a
 .

.
'  
22 T' = 
 6 6v K
. ( " Remote Demonstrative Base)

hy" .

P K  rJ () "
%  k /+
A  ' O1L)
5
LF2 7 O
- 
6Ti2  
 ~   =1 =1 =) 1 T;
.(H5 u   u 

(3

L) O5 )V qS? ' Av i3_"

' 15  iFxA  'L ' F 312 :mxA

k 7  'T'' 5    i

3.
 ) %
)Pz L1
5 3F FF' OA 0
7 L 7 v 6@T" .
P ;,"
 a 

\
im+A '  ( )   

.FS'[ 5 7 mK
"A 15   5 0  iFxA m_"
T'

12 - x@5

7) Compound consonant

   

30

 2 
b2 2 iFxA 15 OA
 a rJ YZ G. '
 .1? '   L1
5 3F A
T; '" ' Lt Ff |
    F 7 T; FL. 1 z f
T'
LZ ( o

 '  (   
G@) 3 "    7  6 zJ    
)M ' 


J
n  1'
k[  5 6@f
. 

S? V
%  7 .k 5 O2 7 :n 

.

z' K bi& @" 7 ( 
' 15   F ( Romantic) 5 " FF' "
' H2
'   L FK
T'  k[ 5 F) `) v
.

%  O2 b
 T1A 
 @ )u
%  1%  bM)  b_  T'
"5
'  k . q2 ( )

T') 7

\
' L 
 Fnn 
7 7 Av ) En3' 
k

T1Z 

.

k 3) 7 Y% `. | `."
5 
% L ") (  LSH O2
L5 0 7 v T@"
 ()  k 5 RS') .   @ U3 } l
 rJ b1
' F. 1 z ) )
Ff |
'    ) '
L(' ") Vargas) ? i3_" OA ( ) 0 ( /
5
. ' Y'z  h" ' %  7
 R OA
d  SL@  T5 . 5 F5 
 bA
E) P'
P  u 7 u % z  OA

SH  )3 u 7 u
 ) P F
.
LSH  )5 
% O   OA >' .
) u
%
S'  E 7  '
15` )( '  } 
3M
% L")
 R ' 2
' .
k[ 5 F5 3) 7 L1 FF'    ) )y)  } .
d

k[ 5 7   o
' )  J R E  )d  SL@ b_
 ) L
F}" ' F  )S?<  F I % rJ () `3M
% (Double Consonant) L

3' .
b\ F F ? T;  ?
)- (O 2) I y" .
d  % `. |

. b\
T; b\

13 - x@5

A) Assimilation of the first four consonants of the five vargas

(

2) I   2 2#  

: b 



   

O1?

OS'

31

<

% Pz OA 
1Z )" )   L  O2 >' OA
 Ff |  2 E ' )
' L z  7
). '" Ff |
15    q E
UV ()   .

5 p ) ) 7 Y
5u"  " F5t
'2
' Y

' .
  T@" Y 
E ' (   
) 7 (Vargas) ?
P % E L 6  }
 R .
k
T;  (
:
 y" FK

b_ 6  E

3' O?
) OL' ) - I
7 L
i) T'
iFxA R ( ? = O?) 7  
)
E 
LF2  k   A

F) TC
T; `qT
)- Y1H
.

i" )
 7 L  


AF| OA

. ? O5 [ " 5
' 1"
T' 
) R (  T
1

'2  b@1  Ff |  2

    \  ) '
f@L"
[5 F '7 Pz L  7 OA P'
P 5 6@f O2
 3_ +v
A OA
'

)iv Eu %  )F% `. |

% h"
' L RSLT
A ) 
.
k
. 7 T;
 P'
LP5 \

Examples of Assimilation
, .

)-3
# b/ T;  3
T; %& Y
)-( " Y.  )
)- )( '
)( 1?<  \ F) b\
/A
T; b\
)-b\



hy"
T; L%
)- )
.x)

A    .x T;

y" .
 O2 `. |
'  1) 2 7  L) ") iv
) A  ' )
T;  )- FxC

.bT" T; bT" )- ( )3T" FxC

PA ' P'
% L  ") OA
 F5 m,"
A XM
' F. 1 z K12 
 FC P' k ) F'
S'  7   k
'
' k 
RTA OA 3 u
3' FxC

'   2 O2 >) OA  F] %

2f >' @ i;" T1A .

P ;,"
]in x}A

22 S? V
' G'
T'  Fz (Kasr) ;) O@  . Ft O5 G' " ,v K
 
 F5 (Kasr)  f) Yn 7 + '  r/5 % 
 F O5 7 ( 7 ( k 


   

32


y" .
 F) m,"
A AA
'   k "
(
SH
 O2
b
bT\ T; b\
.(bT F) bT
T;

14 - x@5

B) Assimilation of nasals
I (  b\
) V


hy"
.b5  T; b5
.
 F
A O1'
L1  )q1? E 55 F I % L)(
:P' .
SH
 O2 K
A  6@T" E 55 F I OA
 S?<  " >T'
T; - t ? ;5 "

S?<
%  7 v M  ( ? F) 35 ?
T; - "

.
d  T5 L 6  )( 

T; - `'
hy"
.`'
. 
h"   YS'  7 L")
F r 7 L ") 1) ()
-I y" .
 F   L F I
 ' qS?
T;
)
T;  )- 
bx .H\ T; -\ ?
1
' .a D8 w%  ~. ` )o Ga > C )F ) $u  Y8  ~x \  F `  O D"  y Hw  }Z
.'  : '. c

F'  YS'
   '
SH
 `. |
'
iFxA 1)  2 L ") 7 Av )

A
T;  )- (   ( 
 A

-/ OL
hy"
.
SH
 O2 F'

.
T;

)-H5 P' .

LSH
.u
3z rJ Y. 2 %
%  k E 55
 qS?

.
SH )O2 
% L F I E E 55 F  R32 '
.H5 T; H5
T; -
n L T; -P
` )F" O2
% L F I E 55 .
'
: y"

q% 7 (vargas)
L1
'
% +
Pz 
L1  ' }
 R O2 
  SH
@a .
i" (
LSH
. SL@ O2 O5
}
 P >T') y" FK ' R .
k

i" v
' p  7 F @ A T; (  )- (  (reflexive pronoun) 3"
.(Lassen PP: 67) t rJ

r L2 : "
:
 63T5 T'

\
' @ ( A =) -
'

-(E5)
 y" .
SH ` )F" O2
%  `5 F 7   " E 55 E ()
T; -()
OC T; ( ) - O T; () 
(
T;  @Pk

." 3k
T; -k
 (T; - OA t
A 


% E 55`   5
3' (k

   

33

7 "  y" ' T; .

 3| Eu %  OA 0
 >0  ) 
.h"
" A T; - (" ) " + (  F) 5 ) - (5 " ).
d
"  LF2

A O1'
L1  
d  p  u
3z`   5
3 7 ( " A  x5 A F) 5 A )
.

SH
 `. | 7 Av
1
5u"  F5t
P' .
 F ` 
F" "
y" .
d 
 F' H5 ) -6" @5 T; `5

. i" 7 F  6P" T; (h" )- Yi"

15 - x@5

C) Assimilation of semi-vowels
I=
 
a) The semi-vowel- y

- `5
y" .
 F` 
F"
 A OA 
'z   L F I`  5 7 Av '

T; -. S?  T; -O1?

'
F O?
T; '
)-I'

T; O)
y" .

SH
 O2 `. |
A O1'
L1  bx .. F O.

(i)

.
Lt F )
 . En3' O)

-(  5) A hy"

.
 F
5 0 (  OA

i"  )"   F I( '> ii)
)-u
)
T; - ( )" O.u T; u

OA
F O
T; A

-
H5 u 6Ti2 u
hy"
 Y
LF2 

SH
 O2 |2  

O
T; L  ) 
.OC T; k ) -k
y"
d   M 6Ti2 OA  OA

i"   k .F5t F I( '> iii)
)-b5
5
T;
O35
-(
5@5 ^i) " y" .

SH
 O2 |2 >)  OA T; -t

  )  k .F5t F I

A  f  " :T; . " )

LF2 OA R
 Z 
) 6. " 15t  k   A b_
L1
%

P 

% L  OA  )V

z P' ) .
LF2 7 O1' Ou  7 -O 
LF2 7 - O

  T; L

)( = ) o hy"
(
 F  ] 2  7 
O" T; 1LL" )OSL" `u % T; - %

-YSL
 (F) Ou
. 3
T; -  O u  T; -(3 " F)S' O T;
. 1? T; SL? )1Lz y"

LF2 7 O1' OA
i"  O F I( '> iv)
-O1i) y" .
d
 5 0
' Y q r L2  M  
P  F I '

   

(v)

34

(6) F) Oi) T; 6)

F 7 '
+ O" T; -O1i"
)
y" (
 F O5  7 Y q 

)d` 

F" P
T; -i

)-(h

P @ U3  x3"
'
 3') 
.(  T; (h
b) The semi-vowel- r

 - `5

y" .

P `F"  YL F r  I)( 
E)  ? ?'T; . ? ) -I

T; -YL?
?' (
T; -( 5 '
qz

F) '?
@)
)-`)
?'

T; -:
" T; -"
-SH 
T;
) (F) ")

(SHC F) O1?C T;

.\ 5 T; -I 5 Tk T; -
Tk
O2 `. | (  L1
' |;` '
O2 1)  2   L F r  I
 A  

 O T; -  kk T; -kk y" .


1H

T; -((t) 


T; -(_) ?
-T; -(U@') TC ?
.

Lz ) = (   '
&  
TC
T; -I
T; u

)-u
.u
y" .  d 
7 mK F' F'
L1 
'
)a  '
)" R ) y)
   "


6FxA O1'
L1   M  k[ '
"
+  \  T; -\

OSH? ) -(S?<) S?< 3 T; - A T; -( C) A hy"
.
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)
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T;
.A
T; -(Mk) (E) 
)
T; -)

O1?
y" .
d
 5 0  6@T" 7 )" 1)  7 Av ) S? @ A En3'
T; -OS?

- A \T; -~ \ (  ()
'  ) A
S? 
)A
T; -

)"  )1' 
P
 '
)S?< F I OA E (T5 '  7  y"  R  15

A fC  '>
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 3'  '
)L  .
 5 T@"  ' L
T@"
%
.
)% 
S?<
L1 ).A
y" 7 Av
. R .
L
.
 )

A OA
P   )"   k .F5t F I O2 >' 7  )7 Av qS? ()


 `. | OA

k r/5 %  k F5t O2 >' 7 OA >' .

d 

`. | )"
iv 7
L1   '
 A OA >' .

P 7
L1 J ^} `F"
)-
y" .(
P 6FxA 7
5u" I
  )   '
& =
 b
(H5 + Fi"
' )  7 J) 3 T;
T;  b" )-"

3% T; -( %) %

Fk T; Fk
)-(!k) !k
" (7 J) 3"

   

35

  t A T; -(
)  F" T; -F"

-t
(  x3"
' media  ) 3"

) Y

T;

 7 ' 
 .( (  7 Media ' Tenuis) YA T; -(Y

hy"
.  LF2 7 7 F) .
' ).
1Z )"  Y A ' '

.
A
'
)

y" .

P 
z  OA
L   "'k F5t >' 
T; -Y3)

(A)
)->%
)"
A  '  . ?T; F?
T3A
-p
A) T; -3)

T; -A

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36


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16 - x@5

D) Assimiliation of the sibiliants

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a) The palatal sibiliant- sh

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(i)

37


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(v)

38

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c) The dental-sibilant- s

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17 - x@5
1

F) The spiritus- h

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40

:
P F' F' }  65t = 7 mK F'
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()

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18 - x@5

E) Assimilation of three conjunct consonants

I   2 g2h
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) !k
y" .
L E 55  . T5 L 1

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(!k
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y" .d
Ff | f  ' L  6  F 
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)  -  O? T; -z C 1" T; -
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1

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{i
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y" (15 x@5 t) .

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41

.
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19 - x@5

G) Elision of a double consonant

F   2

P A O2  S?< F I % )  ' x" OA 3
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5 0 6@T" ' L

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LSH 
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L
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-  y" .  SH

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n 1?  T; -O1?
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20 - x@5

H) A double consonant at the beginning of a word

 2 ^  2 R i  :;
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+
T'  v
.
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E) T1A LSH 5 k L  7 fC
' + ' ( ) 0   k 3) rJ

   

42


d 2  '  L
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THE SINDHI ALPHABET

k /2

1 - x@5

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k 5 [5 x O2 ) R T1A

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d
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2 3C n> T'  .xq2 x ' p ) 7

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7 6x}3;" ' 1' F O5 b"` )( A 7  ) "} "
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46

(`'3")
LP5 \  6 @ U3 rJ
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F T' 
LSH
5 3 k rJ 1F
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SL@ 7F 

d
@
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 . n Tn% '  `"A
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2f 
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47

    

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I. The Sindhi consonant system1

>9
  2



   

48

.
 6] e2 {"
'
 0
P (Standard Alphabet)    U"
' P;/ ;
L "

   

49

50

    

51

    


2f  MFf % |
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Ff ' F (.
1

60

400

70

500

10

 80

600

20

90

700 V

30

100

800

40

 200

* 900

7

50

300

1000

;K '
}

%  k 1) FL2% " ( > F 
 
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TT
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@i%
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FL2

{K
.[a

2f @ xf 3C "
5 
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5
% 5  ) t r
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5 % E %
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% AA
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5 ) . A (400 @U3 )  
 2f r/5 %

%
}
L1 @U3 )F 
F5 3) %  M 7

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T' .  % byK

1) The gutterals
 2 /

)
 f
5@5  ' k '> OA ' 15T; OS?  I | Ff '

 )F   z>? H5  E    ' k 2 rJ 

%  k  O 
3.
m_" .
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' kGH5 +
  (ng 5 ' Sing )>
' (varga)  `;|
L1 O2% % O5 IF 
R
7 Av5   F .(5 x@5  UA t)
 xn 3)
% OA 7 OA 0
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F5t
. E ^} 7
2f OA ( ) 0  
OA . ) 7
) 
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/
5 3 )
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% ]   F) .  
n .
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L 6T"
TTA E O2 >A  .

d 
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% R )
%
52

    


hy"
 5
.  %t ()
L  @ U3 I % %( '
Varga)
.
L1 T'

`3M
. %t  7
 7 @ U3
 ( / T' b Eu O2 d(  f) ( )5
X_2  @ iP;"  OA
LSH ` )i;A 5   ( = )

.
P) XC)
' ()
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OA 0
  
6K }

7
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1H
. 2
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 a
.

i"
)  7 '  R)
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S? @ A

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' [+ 15
 3
:
LSH
t
%
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Z Z Y  i.) - `M '  - @ 2
' -  

iHS' - ' >
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q >
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- ' 
Yq T -(t 6U - F Z C
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)! '
( '   -    5 '
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5
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n  E -  Y 6@T" -q5   b+v -
A

 5 "'7
5 3F  F T'
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. R
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i" 7 L1 6 zJ   15
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P' OA
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% %
Pt  5 ?E   T  FZ y" ' 3)

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% OA
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I  .(
d O5
L 12 O2 )
 k  .
' k 7 "
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% Yo . 6Ti2 
' k F) S?<   
y" .  d SL@ %
iv   l
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-au I

: UA t)  T;  )- ( :15 x@5 : UA t) O? T; ?)

T; H\ )-\ bha (14 x@5
`F| ( k q
%
3'
A 1'  -H\

= & '

% F   k b_ ' I
A
L1H  )5 b2 & (etymologically) } 3C

'
q 7  y"  R=  C? T; =z )z
hy"
.
L1H
SL@
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P F5
& A 
5 '
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53


"z hy ) ?T; .
?.
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k
 15%  7 I
'  k ' M a Y% 
OA 0
' 15 @U3 7

"? hy )"(  z ).(

5
" 7
Ut  .
SH
k

2) The palatals
 5

_ A b  %  F   f  OS' I '

F  7
5 3  
  ' k )( '
;K  O2 

. .'"
L1 6v 7  k
") 
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O1iTo  ' k | `F|
' (Panini)
n  OA O5  O5 T@" 7 b )( '

  7 [+" rJ t O1 rJ O12 rJ :5 5 5 rJ  rJ ( rJ p  @U3 ) .

<) "
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5 5 @U3 )'"
% 1'

P ] 7
{_Av 
.

hM
' v   . 
P 7 GH5  JGH5  Ch7 {+  .
' k
) d(   (XA) t F' k  >T' % @ SL r OA df
5 ;5
UV ' 15
 
 I % OSL@ Y' k   
. 15% '

n3) 7 1 k iFxA
. 
F5F FF' OA P' . 7 2

5 3
")  ) ) 3 .  k ) " 7
L
F5t
A ) 5 z 
A r '
' (  A T' 
't  ?FTS )
't
% (=
' T '
' FF) 
%  k .
 
 A  
% 3   |
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P  7
5 3
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L1
5 3  E 55F O5)  k 
T1A  E
%
P5  . qt %
n   bx "
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' (ny) O5 O2
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5
% ]" Y F5 O2 )  A OA 0
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%
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d 
L] 7 T1A  a () )V 
OA
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5 

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L P
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d
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7 
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OA ' 2 O5

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' 1' '  ?>.
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?FTS ' 7 b1 65t
% 1  A  %
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 F2
'  k  ( F5t F5t  M
LF2 7  k
L2 .

. ' 6v(   k
54

    

T1A 
 
L H5 sh  GH5  k ' 7 
 
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  .

. / O2 7 T;
  
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'S? Yqz
. 7 k F5t
%

hy"
.(5 x@5  UA t rJ \) O1C
.

i" O2 7 [+  M
 
d SL@  k
 (  % .
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 k 
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  OA
 6 b2 & (  etymology)  2
_ A
'

hy"
) ' )
rJ K
' ) O T; (
P' (O )dy
U
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  T; L' ) (`if) o( 15 x@5 : UA t

-OF. T; L ) -

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.
i" 5 (etymologically) 6v} |
3C ' ) Y

)iv '
7 @
.A  T; -   ' o P' .

LF2 7 7 Av R ) y)

Standard Alphabet P: 93    U" t

2
&   OA ( ) 0
 F) O5  '
ts dz  k  '
Z "1 %   
.
 F zJ
A [+
.  ()  
 }^
.
  5t % FF' '`  3"

3) The cerebrals
 67

f 7 L1
5 3F -A( 
h)  (h) I F () <  1() p 
5u"
F)
"
% 1k
' 2 b|( )    ' F5t  rJ ( k
% 15 .
.  ' k %

.h"   A

. F% |2
% (
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5u" E
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z 

(5
hy"
-F -Y
3 T;) (
.
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L1 T' 


7 3
 ) )% b12 "  nr
' 3 
 b_
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.(
P @ U3  nr
1n " y" .
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5u"  x3"
' (
A  ' ) )7 

5u"  7 
( FZ r '
' F5t y) 7 )T') <
5u" " 

.

P O
Lz     t 
T'
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%
'  Ft  b| ( k
% t
5u"  
H5 I O2 } ' ( k
% t

   

55

.
L n k U O
% < OA Yo .
' k ) F2 7 v 6i% u
 x"

A  '
 ) (etymology)
UV } 3C _
A T'
 <
q O2 t H5 I 7 biv
< T; << ) -t y" .
LSH )b2 &
OA P'  .k )-tk

A  ' R
% () < y) 7
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 ' 5u" b_ 7 
7 "
' + )M .
L 6)  O5 q 7 6v
%  k
5u"
3'
d@ )  U3
rJ

\) J T; J ) <-

t y"
L1H  )k '    % P' OA

d )  6FxA  t  )qS? 7 "

' `
% < 
5u" (   6  4 x@5  UA t
.Zt  Z< y" .L1H
n  + FL] R1' E P' OA

k 3) 7 @ O1L) ^} < 
) O5 7 t  <  '

{i t E  '
EP /) '
)x
15
 
1 15
%  En3'
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.t 3T5 R1'
z 
%
1 


%
1  
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t O2)
P xM
'
/) O2  7 t .( 
)<  6]
5@5  O2 7
  n    k}

] < % T;
iv
% <
5u"  F) ,5 %
/ T; 65t
' EP
rJ 
P 1)
%
3T5  '


5t E E '
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t 

.Ft
3z T'
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y" (7 2 x@5  UA t) <  " . 3T5

 O I
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-Rz

rJ FR f   ) @ U3 % O1 rJ  O rJ rJ    % ' rJ

' p  rJ
' < :"
.

.
P) @ U3_{
Av FF' '`  3"

T;
7 1' +
. qS? OA Tk
t 7 I  - A T; -(
x") 3< R?
7 1' 

.  ( ?` 
T'  6 )

" iv 1)
   @ U3 O 

5u" 7 L1
5 3F A T5 (  L1 ' Y%t P')  Eu J '
5u"
.
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' x
' @ U3 f
' k
`;|
5u"
% (r ) <  (r C) % m_"  7 "
 ?L1 EP /)
 .(XV x@5  UA t)  ;,"  
" 
") U {"   
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y" .
'S? Y] <  
% 15 
'1? (>0  )M  " .
% 15 T1A

 7 @ O1L)  % T; -(( )<)  <3 T; 3 )-( ) (G)

P
 ~ )~(  (Y. )Y. 63T5 (  " ) Y
y" .

i" >?  I

   

56

 T') t . 63T5 ( " YA) A Au T; Av

T; (
 FL] O2 H5 t

.(15, b, x@5  UA t) F 
O1L) 7 b '
EP /) bx 
u O2 7
/
%
5u" 
.
 O5 "'O2 7
  n   F) F5[ 5 1n " f %  . 6]  +
.(5 x@5  UA rJ

\) . F) @ U3 rJ ]t

'
U {"
L1 7 {+ ) Y@2 O1L) ^}
4) The Dentals
/ 869

7 T;
% 1'  .
k
5 7 Yt O1 z
z' b@ O2 ) 7

;
' k F5t

.
Lt

. 
F5t  M 7
 FF'  
d SL@
5u"
5) The Labials


  
2f 7 6v T' 
'  O5  
P  I '
6v  k '
7 6v
U 
' k H5 t  I Y T'
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(15 x@5  UA t bba = va)  T; -O y" H5 Y' k U O
'
)-6t
 6

T;
FK 1) @ U3 '  7
 
Lt 5 Y  ' 7 @ qS?  .6
  2 2 y" .
 k . A
. 6 " 2 2 +
)A `
P
 
x3" OA 
k z %( '
Varga) `;|
L1 O2 >' 
  k E 55 |;` '
5 y" .
k 3) (Ff | 5 )

. )

3 - x@5
#l  A  C no

qS?
' mf
'
2f )Y zJ
5@5
3. '
h 7
5 3F  
b]  t 5  u 3
A  k
 '
2f  M
'  1n " f En3' 

 ph"
.Lt  F) ( '
orthography) ^_
` 2f 7
  U"
L " ' '
  i"
%  7 `;|
)  (gutteral)

2f T' .
d
) 5@5 i3_"  k ' 15 7 OT5J K

P)
UV
'
 6 zJ   z 
 F ) F5[ 5  7  
 F @ U3  L 7
y" .
 F  k
 6}f
 z )

P F5[5 OA  7 '
+ .
' k  6)
y" .

' k b" P5 H5 F
S?<   F   )  (  ?> b@U5 y" .(
' k
FxiU5

   

57

) O1L)  (Fx 5 7 Y' k(  6R O2 ]

% 7 Av )  .   >? nO12  F
U 
' k
 M
.  y" .
d
 
' + . O2 7
3' 
P
. . 
L1
  ?> F) S?< F f " 1n 5
% )  y" .
'@  B) @'
' k   ?) qS

f )  

2fH5
] O2
L ^} .
. .
"
' ( o
'
2f
T' 1n "
x

R5 " )
.  )  k ) ;T 7  ?>  '  F)  k 
 )1
M  
{}5 
P)
51?
'
2f .
d  O2 v
. 
  O
H5 y" .

' k
K
  
2f . f O2  ) M ) F O5 k F1H
(  .   y" .

' k )  -C ( -
 )

' k

  
2f   7 H5 

' k)) y O2
L] OA '
" x3
2 - 7 ( k
 
y" .
` - 7  k
2
?` R) )
. b 15 '
2f .   )

|
 7  y" .
' k
|F - f  15% [5
%F5 )F F SL
 ;T " ) " x3   @U3 )F .
m_" '
2f "_'
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' '
F Tf2  (  @i;" 6R 
*
% ) F k  .

2fF5t
T' %  |{    V)   V
U  65t 7
 
'" O2 7 ( . ' 15
% 7 (F )   k   
%   V O2 b .
' k
F  ) @i;" O1L
%   V  .  O2 ]  R
@i;"
% 
'
  
2f
.  OAF    k f   .  ]   k

4 - x@5

II. The Sindhi vowel system

 ! >9
 ABC

3  ' F' 3C '
v :
't 7
1) Simple vowels

 

i (e)

a,

58

    

2) Diphthongs

 

ai

au

3) Nasalized Vowels

 5







Simple vowels




7   "'O2 7 T; 

)T'

n 3) 
P

x@5  UA t) 
P 5  k ' OA F5 7 M
' +  F5    z '
O O2 >'
S?< O@ T1A  (2 d x@5  UA t) (O5 qS? )      H5 ) .(2 b
.( F O5 Ancep
 H5 )) .  ' k
  7
2f OA P'
t E 7
5 3F   T1A  O5 "'
   OA

P F ,Av 6T"
() 
5 3F ).
L) P) 7
 6A n rJ
'  1L"
. 
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" 
rJ
'
.1L"
 
z  
5t >0
A FR 
 .
% O5
5 5  M ) rJ
' :n 
'
   rJ
 1) )M  pR] 1) OA P'  
a YSL@ ' 

' Yt  E E rJ ( ]t  '

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 b
z  -
% 
% y" .
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y" .
    5 ' ( ) " rJ '


 
L O5 a 3 F C
' 5 5 15 7 "FL] rJ YR
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" }" .A  A
.F
5 
qS? @ A ECh2   5 5 15 7 15 L] rJ FR

T' q]
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L  1  '   7
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2f

   

59
1

)V ;f y" .

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' {}5  2 '
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2f O1L)
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q]
n 
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.

'> bA ^ }
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T' (Thorah) A

 OA
L I L> T' . T5  k b
' . '   " t  5
) "

 ( )  5 rJ
' .
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" O  5
7
 ) .
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 ( )  5 rJ
' ( 2



 ( )  5 rJ ( 7 3F   7
 ) .
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7
 )
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7
5 3F  X

y" (X
"
A OA
P C 
  0 `> ) T'  


y" . 5 5 U" rJ
' L 
 P' F5 q.   7
R 7
2f


  ) A
% 7
5 3F  . y" .
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. .  O2 rJ 
15 r   F    )
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U  S?<


L1
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F
5t
5 5
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7 Y] %
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y" .  
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y" . O5 i3_"
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2t
5 5
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k 7 "
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% ~
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.  65t t 7 b}}K  () S?<
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 2> F"

.    y" . "M 

P
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y" . O5) 
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5 3F f  .

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(
2) The Diphthongs ai & au


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) 2
 
65t 7 " 7
2f
G' ' "      65t (   3
Z


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) 6
(=<

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2 ' F5t  I % %( '
varga) `;| O2 1) 7 OA 
 t 
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y" .

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5
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60

 6 zJ
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L ' 6@T"  
k 
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% SL5" T1A  F5t 7
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k I % O 7 F 5 5  '> 
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15  y" .
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5 - x@5

On the other Orthographic Signs

A 5   A
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 F
5t  " F 7 "
5 5
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(1

 OA F5   2 L z> T' .


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r L2 R"
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62


hy"

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2# q!
THE FORMATION OF THEMES IN SINDHI

V^  @ R 


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6 - x@5

The termination of Sindhi nouns

2^r

 

 
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Comparison of Adjectives
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NUMERAL ADJECTIVES

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I- Cardinal Numbers
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23 - x@5

Inflection of Cardinal Numbers

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24 - x@5

II- Ordinal Numbers

~ 
First

Fourth

L
P

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L

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10

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3

Eighth

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1n

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Thirtieth

1

Fortieth 40th

1 k

Fiftieth 50th

L

Sixtieth 60th



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3

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Ninetieth 90th

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Inflection of Ordinal Numbers

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d ) (  7 -(

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.
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a "
6U
 
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244

7 b K (Instrumental)  OA
L n)  1( ' Agent) 6f 
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T1Z b|  7 Ff  '  6f  U+" ` b'
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2- The Inflexional Terminations of the Aorist

2^r  
B@'

FK

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5"

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  %  M

.Pi

5" Pi
:)" `iT3" @a -()") Pi

:t
z 
)" -(U+" ` ' Yt
) Zt
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5"
Zt
7 f C
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Pi
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5 ?7 B@' `iT3" @a

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.;5PZt
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(5") ;5Pi

OPi
y" .O. =
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245

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F5 5
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( " a ") Praeterite
P ' T; :
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5
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.(Lassen, P: 45)

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' 15 '  (  i3_" OA 3 %   F

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1Z

3) The Future
g >

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5 " F }^ 6x}3;" 7 
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n SL@


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246

 6U
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v
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% (Desiderative)
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d ) 1?< 7 B@'  FK` iT3"

B@' (F] ) ]

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P @ U3
a K @a : y" .
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;] FK
F @ U3 7  )OA 
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Z"
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n 3)  i3_" '6x}3;"
(Varar VII 12)

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B@' `iT3" @a 

. 
K  M
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d ) 6FxA 7 r   )b_

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z 
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P 6FxA 7 r   1 F b_ O2   P' .
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k 7 Yt 7 (6 ) 6 T' FK .

F f 7 U+" ` T')  M F F


d
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A 6A T' B@' . @a .
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Z ".
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A
33
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B@' . @a 7
Z ".
d
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A fC  " 1'
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247

.
  6A F
LF2  M  " 1' 
i" bA
]5 "


5 ?7 Au
' 6U rJ Y Z 6x}3;" 7
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6@f 
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J
% "  .
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5 bx "
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. 135

 F Z 6x}3;" U"  '

  a K  `iT3" @a T' 
i" C 15t 2 
OA F  312 b .
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nk
' (Comp: Grammar II-No 526, 623) 2 T'

' 
7 b}}K 
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L)   2

\
'

.Ft O5 ) Y E'' R ) O2 >) biv '

Au
'

II- Compound Tenses


1) The Compound Potential
bc 6
 

.  1Z 6U (
T3")
5 T"  ") Yi"  6U
5 T" '
6U U"  O K `(
: y"
: y" T5
U"

' Y '
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FR 
(I may be reading) . P

: y" )" 61Z  6U

5 T" '
6U U"  U+" `
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P
(I may have wandered about) P

(I may have seen it)

P Zt "

2) The Present Tense

J

. F5 `;| O ' K " 7 

: K ( " indef
indefinite)
inite) f (

5 T" rJ Y Z
% 
 Fi b|  
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  " "
(I % 7 3 K ) ) r/5 % (Potential) 6U
Yk
T1Z  ' '  1'
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: y" .
 a

~  

h
.(5")
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:(Definite Present)
Present) K " ei{" (


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L Fi b| Y. 1 z T' `) R@  U3
A f i{" "

: y" .
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" 6U U"
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%

   

248

 . -YP

F.
F]
.  
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@ U3 O K ` 
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.
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' 1'


 1 '
K   ( " 
)5 @'A
' "  " T' 6U
5 T" :
n SL@
T5
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d  Z 3. &Eu

%

U"
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UV
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b+v T;  .
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;
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(  7 6@f
' Yt   t 2  OA
U"
) .(I see) 

` z K " f OA >'

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 5 5
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a "  7
5 3F
6U U" rJ
"F" K ( " definite) ei{" 
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UV O K
F  ) a ' 5
1
()  ' `)
'
5 6 Eu E
3 OA  
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P 5") P
A r '
' 
(2 53 x@5 t .
L a
.(`'3")  ]
"F" K
% " R
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T; OA    z .
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2 L .

 

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2 L g
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6U
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T; rJ Y Z K " 7
Z"
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A A
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y" . F ?>'
7 (  
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%  6U U" 7 `;|
P
.
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A A

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P E
"F" K ' @;|
1
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.
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 F5T5
U"
  " O5 i3_"

6U U" 7 O K ` F `3M

A  `;| 
(  z K " Ff | 2 '
q

b1

1) i{" 
(  |;` " f
' Y]
% ":
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) 3

" -3 : y" .
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.
 F( > Present Habitual)
"F" K
% 
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AF|   f

.  
5 ?7 Au
' 6U T'
 "'K  " E O2 7
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O K ` F `3M

A
A
%
0
6U U" T'
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"F" K E 
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249


3]

"
: y" .
LSH )O2 K
% 
A fC rJ E'' b| 
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.(  t 
U"
)

3) The Habitual Aortist

 8 f

L 
A b| 65t 1) 
L   7
a " T'
' `) R " "
r  I % "
  .
 F1Z  Y. 
 ' F5 ( 7 "   .
 F5
'
 : y" .

LSH
. 
.
 
 [2
 F5 ( .
i" 5 7  \ y" '  
 m_" @ A rJ  " 

.
 F5T5
' YP 62  " "1'
  (F. O1')
5 T"
' 

4) The Imperfect
(
)L U

' " 
L F   F 7 b| 6? T' `) R
 " "
.  
. : y" .
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.  YP
6U U" 7 O K `

15 .
2u
F
U+" ` rJ Y.  \Eu
%
a "
' `;|
P
Ft
 : y" .
LSH
.  O2 P
. P

O2 7
2 L .
 F    7 O K ` rJ Y Z
a " ' `;| 7
5 3F :
n SL@
6U U" 7
Z ".
 F    Ff |
.
P'
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?> % "
 q

6Ti2 O2 7
 H2 
AL? .
 F z 7 O K ` F `3M
A 
%  A
`a  O K `  " ' 6U U" OA
 @
 U" z 7
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d
) . .
.
 F

5) The Perfect1
(6 bL )
@g U

6U U" rJ Y Z
% 
? 
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. 
Pi1'
.
 . : y" .
 x.h"   U+" `
%
z 7 U+" ` K ' 6U U" H5 "  6@T"
\ P :
n SL@
. F Z

6) The Pluperfect
8D U

  qSL@
%
5 " 6? 
L  6@T" I qS? T' `) R " "
6U U" rJ Y Z
% .
L m}"  1'
: y" .
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.(5") 
Pi


i


   

250

.
 F     7 U+" ` rJ Y Z FU2
a " 7
2 L 
5 3F :
n SL@
7
AL? 
 2z 7 U+" `
% A
" 7
Z"
FU3" 7 1')
 H2 . 3

6U U" (
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P) O5 E''
1L" 7 v
' 6U
U+" `
% "
' hk

.
L F `3M
A   '>
 F.h" >A 7

7) The Compound Future Tenses

bQ


. F 6x}3;" ") " O 7 

6U U" 7 .1 (
6x}3;"
% 1'
 F z 7 ( K) O K ` 6x}3;" ' YP
: y" 
LSH "
>F"

.F5
Ft
6U U" 7
P (

Pk
a " 6x}3;"
%  
 2z 7 (
a ") U+" ` 6x}3;" ' YP
: y" .
LSH


 F5
.F5
Pi

 T" i{" 6T   ) C

 3_ 15t O x}3 v O5 6U
P

2

.  EC 
}

 . . .(FU2
a ") Past Perfect  (|
a ") Present Perfect . F5 " O ' `;|  ' Perfect 7 GH5 FF'
(!  )5t Pluperfect  Perfect J 5 ' 15 :"
.(!  )k 3)
T3"
a " 
T3" K " h{v rJ 15 7 ()  
'  x
. 


   

251

S9
49 - x@5

THE AUXILIARY VERBS

g?$ ?

6U U" OA
  a  I % Y Z
% Ff |
'
iU
)V ' '
?YP
. F1Z  ' ") " iU   " 1'
L)

:Infinitive Fm"
YP

Imperative

B@'

"

FK
 

P

 

~

a K @a

Precative O. f /
. @A
B@'
L

FK

.

P

a K @a

Participles e3" ` /b5)

F5

:O K `( 1



P

:U+" `( 2

Verbal noun
) `
iU
(qP

I- THE POTENTIAL
g?$  [
:(THE SIM
SIMP
POTENTIAL) 6U
5 T"(  1
IMPLE POTEN

   

252

FK
I may be

.
P
L

:`iT3" @a

Thou mayst be

L P A

:a K @a

He may be

L
P 

:. @a

B@'
We may be

L  

:`iT3" @a

You may be

P

L

:a K @a

P
L
:. @a



. @a 7 f C . F @ U3

A ) 
O2 L
7 FK a K @a
P
F2
P
.
i" r
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They may be

:(The Compound Potential)

Potential) 6U (
5 T"
)T3" )" (2
:O K `  6U )" ()
. P

FK
5"

)"

F5
P
L

P 1F5
L

:`iT3" @a

L P F5

L P F5

:a K @a

L
P F5

L
P F5

:. @a

B@'

2.F5
L

F5

L

:`iT3" @a

P
.F5

L

P
F5

L

:a K @a

L
P
.F5

L
P
F5

:. @a

:U+" `  6U )" ()

. P
FK

P
P


   

P
P

:`iT3" @a

253

P
P

P P

P
P

P P

:a K @a

B@'



 P

:`iT3" @a



P

P

P

:a K @a

P


P
P

:. @a

.  SH
i"
 5 
 OA 0  2>0 )  " )5 " F@  a  M 6@T"
7 B@' 5" 2
 F5

% .F5
.
LSH
]  k 7 v
' F5


   

254

II- THE PRESENT

!
:(The Indef
ndefinite Present) K " f (1

:6U
5 T" 

(I am being)

FK

 P

 P


P

P



:`iT3" @a

P


P


:a K @a

 

 P

:`iT3" @a

B@'

P

P
P

:a K @a

 P

P
P

:. @a
6U
  T;
:v K
n ( '

)

B@'

i"

FK





:`iT3" @a



15
15

:a K @a

15

15
 



:. @a

P
OA >' 7
" 5 T" O2  

i" y) 7 K  " v 
S? @ A 
.
 F O5 @ U3 7
" 5 T" O2 >)  

^} F2  15

U 
k[ 5 r % 5 ) y)
  A fC
O2 >' .

;
I %

O5
)
  F

15 )
1)

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15)
O5)
.

SH
 7 v
'
 5
U

SH
'>?  O5 F I %


:(The Definite Present) 1ei{" K ( " 2

6U U"
:  O K ` 15

FK
.(`'3")  ( >definite) ei{"
% :"
3 
 6]
"F" K " 7 () 
 % iU
' p 2 

   

255

5"

)"

F5
 15

15 F5

F5
 15

15 F5

:`iT3" @a

 F5

 F5

:. @a

:a K @a

B@'

.F5
15
.F5



F5
15


F5

:`iT3" @a



.F5


F5

:. @a

:a K @a

III- THE IMPERFECT

 u 2 g[ 

:1   "
' 
6U U" O K `

FK
5"

)"


F5


F5

:`iT3" @a

F5
PP  PP

P F5

:a K @a

 
P
F5

F5



:. @a

B@'

;5
.F5

 P
F5

:`iT3" @a

.F5


P

F5
P

:a K @a

.F5


F5
 P

:. @a

IV- THE AORIST

:(The Simple Aorist) " (  1

   

256

:2   
5  '
?P
U+" `
 
(I was, Have been)

FK
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74 - x@5

III- The Relative and Correlative Pronoun

N  u % N u
v" '  '
1v" @a 7 
>? y)  v" @a T'
 
T'

v" .
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F
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ei{" @a hf % '

(1

v" '
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A O1'
' v" @a . F5 6 zJ  
v" @ 'a  
LSH )
 
LSH
n 3) O2 C@ a ) F2 
.
L m}" q.
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@ 'a T'

i@' R 
L F C   v" @a >' i@' )
v"


A O1 z  F"
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L  C  
7
i@'
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K
: y" .
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U"

' 1"

' P' " OA

L 6 @a  M ' '


(756 ")  T2

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2

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OA
L 15t a K @a  `iT3" @a C( ' v"  ) 'v" @a >'
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(8 O1H")
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(4 II !5"  O C) 
J 3k O5
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(19 7 ") LS'
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n  III
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359

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(203 ") A
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k PA P' G A 


75 - x@5

IV- The Interrogative Pronouns

#;>
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iv@ a
P
 . F 3) rJ C L2 O)
rJ   m_C

(1

b+v 7 v 1'  F O5 

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(13 :?
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O5 

T


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(26 21 ") )


k

  `TK
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F5k
(24 21 ") )


5 
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(8 I
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76 - x@5

V- The Indefinite Pronouns

=# u

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rJ C L2  .
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z  .
SH
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h 2 T5 2
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n 1)
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(3 61 x@5 t)
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361

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(
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7
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(40 ") 
6}f
k
)

77 - x@5

The Reflexive Pronoun

>5 u
3" @a (1
b K
3 a 
'
F) C 15t 6f 
'
i@' O@ (B@'  FK ( )

i@' >' .

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L 6  7 . @a 6f  >' 
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P F 
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P 1)   ] t K

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t
7 ( 

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k
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362

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L ` 6 >? @  a  M 6f  '
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363

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THE VERB

g?$

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78 - x@5

The Infinitive
q
]  SL@  +
  Ff | 2 7
' 2  Fm" ' (O{ 2) U" 6U

(1

b K  7 b a b K rJ YL b,A "

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A\ >) Fm"
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' (finite verb) 6U 6@T"
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(9 II
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(141 : En " O1i"> )0

5


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(17 13 ") 


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364


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(11 67 x@5 t)

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79 - x@5

The Gerundive
q =

6v K x}3 ` 1L"  Fm" ` Ff | 2 SL" Fm"

' U" 6U 7
 

(1

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T1Z 7 Ff  '  6f 
'
T' (46 x@5  B 12 8 x@5 t)  F

.(5 94 x@5 t)

L 6 @ U3
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5 &
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(150 : En " O1i" ).)

n)

k  A 
P
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(5 15 ")
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% "

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(143 : En " O1i" )k

n 
nk

7
i@' >' 
i" byK (impersonal)
m_C 
%
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(2

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L "'b K
5 &
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365

I
Participles
A 2 >5 =

80 - x@5

I- The Participle Present

`
= !
.
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T1Z 7 byK
' b+v Ff | 2  6f 
' (Finite Verb) 6U 6@T" O K `

(1

rJ Fm}" 1' 
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F1Hk
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1

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5 T" FK y) O K `
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.
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T1Z  6U ei{"  6@T" T'
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5 &
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.
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F5k
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(47 :?
F5
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(7 VII
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H5t O1L" Ft
(122 ") .R"
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(178 ") bk
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(52 : 3)  )n o
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(818 ") P

l
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(
n  I n 6"" O C) r 
F.

81 - x@5

II- The Participle Past

= ;?
b| .
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T1Z 7 b K  Ff '  6f  U+" ` ' 6U '
2


(1

U" .
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RS' b+v byK
' U+" ` '> OA
 F @ U3 7 v
. F
T1Z O@ 7 b K  ' 5  6f 
L1 U+" ` ' iU O{ 2 
(impersonal)
m_C 
UV
% ' K
% E''
'
i@'
3' 7 Av 15 r
.
L 65t byK


L byK 1L"
' ' U+" `( ' 6U O{ 2 . A FK 1) ) 6U U"

(2

O2
.  ' K
% 15 T1A  (2 62 x@5 t) . F @ U3 O2  +
 
.
LSH
 Z


a |

(296 ")  1|
)

k '  k

\

(17 IV I O C) P 

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P5 "F

t) . F 3) 7 b K FK

5 T"  )qS? U+" ` ' iU O{ 2  U"

(3

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% OA
L O5 i3_" % 6f 
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>'  .
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L i3_"   '>
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F ) O5  1 ' OA
L F) C 15t U+" 15t 1) 6f  ' U+" `

   

367


'
U+" ` .
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A   M b K
5 T" 7 v 1' .

U+" ` OT5J K
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% |2
UV
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m_C
.
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5 T"
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5 T"

. F5 O5 b,A "

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k

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(10 II ( i) @' O C) .


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(29 V ( i) @' O C) 1L

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(2 XXVIII
 5 ) qS?

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p
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(25 VIII ( i) @' O C)
P t

k
(102
 5  ) 0

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82 - x@5

III- The Past Conjunctive Participles

k~C
= ;?2 $~? u
7 (z
% mK i3_"
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{U"
a "  {f U+" `

' 6U ei{" A

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A  qS? T1A   F  ?F" qS? @ A
.
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1L" FU3" 7
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% (1L" FU3") 6f  En3' .
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if 
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(11 :?
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(407 ")
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368


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7 bk

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U+" 
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k xx
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7 b K
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k 3)
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6
THE TENSES OF THE VERB
 g?$
83 - x@5

I- The Present
!

 a
5 ?7 1' RS' 6U
5 T" E .
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)"   6U U"  O K ` T'  

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.
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% 1'
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. H5( Active voice) U" 6U K ( ' " Passive voice) 6U 1L"
F @ U3
A
L T@"
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U"  1L"
T'  F5 O2 6U
5 T"   ") rJ ()
F5 5
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.(90 x@5 t) . F5 rJ iU
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 a 7
L Fi 7 K 
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(2

.(
' f C r 
)F r/5 % 6U  a  OA
L F C  6U i@' >' .
. F5 "'+ O1L) 7 
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F 1 O2 % 26U 
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L F O5 
+" 7 6U >'
6U
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370

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84 - x@5

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85 - x@5

III- The Aorist

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86 - x@5

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V- The Future and Future Past

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The Moods
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89 - x@5

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90 - x@5

II- The Potential

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III- The Imperative


   

377


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II- THE SYNTHETICAL part

q! @
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SENTENCE AND CONJUNCTION
OF SENTENCES
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THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
L 

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92 - x@5

Subject and Predicate

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93 - x@5

Concord of the Subject and Predicate

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1n "
PA

(12 17 ") x.%t


% 
O2  '
Zt
"

(16 VII U" O C)
%
%t

'

x|
`}
P)
x
R1)

% 
(24 b2 m| ' 5 5) 




 

k O A 

% 

6+v
(142 : En " O1i"
).
O1 z

.
 F ] 1   @a rJ Y% a
% 6f 
' 1L" FU3" OA
L 6 
UV

+ O1L) % 6U 6f  ' 1L" FU3"

3' 7
i@'
S?< 1) 1

S9
95 - x@5

Enlargement of the Sentence by a Nearer Definition of the

Verb as Predicate
 @` 
\
4 g?$ o (PREDICATE) :; ^ 2 o  g?$
D  B
.
LSH  )S?< b
k
UV
n SL@
' + Ft xM i@'  O2)

U+" b K y" .

LSH
)UV 3 K Eu  E
n SL@
' 6U  )q1?

(1

(  Locative)
5 T"  (Ablative)  (Accusative) (b2 2 b|
)xx
U+" (Instrumental)

LSH
.  O2
UV @ 6 ' K r;5 %

O1L"

1n "
)

' O 
(59 : 3) ). 

n  1)
(  I \
L1

A :)


   

384

 % ~ \ t
Yd
% O

7 M
R T

r
.(60 : 3)  )

' 1

'
}  T" b| ) M)

LSH )O2    f A
' 6U

(2

.

LSH )O2
.  ' K @  a  ( 
U"

n 
% "
)
.(147 : En " O1i" )t bim"

7 ( 
. 
P 
%k
(235 ")  k
1"

(147 : En " O1i" 

)p
"O2 


   

385

S8
96 - x@5

Omission of the Verb as Predicate

) E!  g?$ ^ 2 o
6U U"
)  .
 F5  "'+ Ft xM r;5 %   b+v T' 
.
LSH )O2 K 7 i@'
A ," 5  f C )M 3 K
 " 7 "
'

' 1A
(45 ") r q O1 z

1A 1A O%

15
O5
 '
(38 b2 m| ' 5 5) A

i

F?
(62 : 3) ) 
)


 ) i F?
) M f 6U  + Ft xM OA
L  1'

  fF2 ) 7 ' h@' R

7 i@' R .
 F
.
 F5 a () @ U3( Potential) 6U
5 T"( '

O1%
'>

(
n  IX
q1 O C)  .t
nt
YA

 O1%
YP'

P5 
(
n  VII
; O C) u

' R1t


   

(1

(2

386

 )q!
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE
B 

H ` rJ ()  .
LSH
 Z i@' )" E
.h"
% i@' Eu 
.
 F@ ) U3( ' subordination)
3,A "  (coordination)
{2

S 
97 - x@5

I- Coordination of Sentences
 4= 4  B
. .SH
 %
P E
  ' LSH
.h" b R 7 (  h@' Eu  O

(1

Oim  (disjunctive) i@' K F) u (adversative) O5 + _" (copulative) {f K rJ ()

 Z O2 r % 15  F) @ U3

% O5 O5 
+"  (59 x@5 t) G' (conclusive) )
.  LSH


R"
(13 VII 2 O C) /
O5 
' 
R"
=
q% 1?
(149 : En " O1i" )i
Rk


 



)
. SH

Pk {
(2 VIII
q1 O C) 15
u

% ()
O1 z K v

O C
`
.(44 :?
F5
' {iFxf) .
 iS'


' .
LSH )F {2 O2
UV (Disjunctive Question) F) u 1) 7 i@'

(2

'
 " F. 1 z ^} 
 F ) O5  (  particle) G'
% 7
mK 1
.
 F) C 15t

)
G' 7
mK
P OA >' .
 F  1

   

387



'
P
p
(3 11 ") t

P5A



S

98 - x@5
i AI  ^jZ 8@9
W  ^Pc R@7 ^ @ iDF L RS   ^L S NS
U+" z   (Predicate) + Ft xM  (Subject) 6f  z  7 i@' Eu'>  

(1

(Conjunctive Particle) G' Fz

 OA L  "'v 3"
 )
'
  (Object)
.  LSH )5 7
i@' E r %  

"
. 
(21 b2 m| ' 5 5) i"

/

,"
b"h
O5 '
. 


(639 ") ; 5
\

(19 23 ") >

6

t OA R1)
 t R1) :
U")
(Y)
(  >3TC) 6

?
"

P

;K

(75 b2 m| ' 5 5)

' ;K
 3+?
Ft xM OA L F)  1 ' C  O 
T' L 6f  Eu  O 7
i@' >'

(2

'
' if  >T' .
 F % 7 B@'
% (  Y  YP iU U") b+v  6U
i3_"
  '>
 x% 7 B@'  F
T1Z   15 + Ft xM OA

z 
.
 F
5t b|
% )" OA L ' ;'
FK + Ft xM OA L 7
U"

' ( M ) C

' 2 6f  Eu %   O >'

% 7 v
 
 F
T1Z  6f  M  7 v 1'
 F % 7 v
) @ U3 B@' ' 5"  )" OA L ' ' i3_"
 '> .
 F % 7 v B@'
.

qt b@ Eu
% 6f  R1) OA

A O1 z  F" 
 ' F

   

388

F) C 15t ` ' '

i3_" b+v y" (attribute) +  '> ) ";
.
 F zJ Ff | z 
.  O2 >A
L

(15 : 3)  )


 5
'
"
 
 r "
(47 12 ") 


2
. \


(17 :?
F5
' {iFxf) F



"
7 5

n 
O5
% T

P 

e.J 

(72 b2 m| ' 5 5) O ;


LK
iK
(72 b2 . Lf) Zt
' t


' Y
Ro


3)
(
n  IV 5  O C) 


%
'

1"
(9 V
q1 O C) '
t  1"
%

%
' ` f

O ??
(36 b2 m| ' 5 5)
A 
(. ) a K
% `iT3" @a OA L 7
i@' 1) 6f  Eu  O ' 1n " i3_" >'

(3

7 v B@'
% 6U F% I % . @a a K @a b
z   F % I %
.
 F %

;
 
q1?
(14 9 ") %
 


   

389

S
99 - x@5

II- Subordination of Sentences

>@  B
E  L O5 %
P E
  ' LSH 'O2   R h@' Eu  O

}
 A
P T' i@' R .
 F5 F) . )@
' 1)
'
P i@'

UV  i@' T' 
 F( > subordinate sentence) i@' b,A "
% OA
L F)  m,5
.
 F( > main sentence) i@' O]"
%
L F 6@T"

P 
  SH
i" O2 i@'  )  F"
' G' Fz
 i@' b,A " 1)
.
SH )b,A "
L1
%
i@' 1)
 v" @a (subjunctive particle) G' OC rJ Y.h"
 i@' O]"
%
i@' b,A "
.  LSH @ )U3 O2 1+3   1+3@ a  

100 - x@5
:Y b,A " ' i@'
UV (Subjunctive Particle)
Particle) G' OC (1
i@' K
A fC 
 
LSH )b,A "
%
i@' ( '  Particles) G' R
.(conditional) G' OC  (final)
@3K (casual) O{ 2 (consecutive) (
 P E) 6;i;" (concessive)
) >' 'S? Yn 3) >A (indicatives) +
5 2  1  G'  1  " 15(
6U
5 T" OA
L `   }
1x" ?  1 OA >'
L n) ? ' i1 bxy"
.
 F @ U3
. 6U
5 T" O@  G'
@3K  F @ U3( Potential)

A
;)

(8 II ( i) O C)
)
O5
)
i

z 



\ OA )

1"
'
A 
"

F
(58 : 3)  )SL"
OA . 

A r \3
' PJ J

n 

(205 ") 

   

390

F I %
i@' O]" (subordinate sentence) i@' b,A " 7 (conditional sentences) i@' OC

 T'
' G' rJ bM C
'
i@' b,A " .
SH
k O2 7 M mK OC '
i@' 

.
 F ) O5 @'A ' 15   F @ U3 A  OA G' rJ
i@' O]" OA >' >T'
G" - " 1

  EC T@" `1x"

d  % b,A "
' C
% 1'  C >'

(1

" 7
i@' O]" .
 F @ U3 6U
5 T" 7 mK
1 OA %  '
"v
}
.
LSH @ )U3 O2
%
b
OA i r
(6 VII 2 O C) 1 



(14 VII 2 O C) . 
F

' "

. 
n " A OA


' 
O1 z ( )
Zt
OA 
(22 X
;K O C) )

'
P zJ C
A 1' 
L
' F5  T@"
}
2 v
' C >'

(2

 " f) (indicative)
5 2  F @ U3 7
i@' b,A " 6U
5 T" OA
L E
.
 F ) 7
i@' O]" @ U3( ' 7 6x}3;"

' J '

 6
(2
n  VII
q1 O C) /
 `
6



'
b
1t

 
) xU)
OA .t '

% 

A >T'

% A
FL;"
(4 :?
F5
' {iFxf) .F.)

+ 1 7 mK
1
'
i@' OA L bxy" 
}
P F2  '  C >'
.F@ ) U3( indicatives)

' Yd

A
'

' .
(44 :?
F5
' {iFxf) t
6)"
7 

% 
OA  )
C 
P zJ
A 15 C OA L 6)  . + F2  '  C
'
i@' >'

(3

(4

@3
a " 7 v R OA SH
 O5 `) M ) '
)Y O5
.'

)  " 7
i@' O]" 
 F@ ) U3 7
i@' b,A "
% FU2
a " "
.
 F@ ) U3 FU2
a "
A 1' M
" O5 OA 
O5 FP


'


`]

t A
^M
RP]


' 

' 3)

"t
F1"
b3
F5



   

391

 i|
`i|
OA

. 

L
' 
|
(6 pk  2 O C) '



'

(2 III
;K O C) T5
 O5 F5 OA P

F3k
A o

F5
1
OA F

T'

.(43 24 ") P

1?

nh k

Pi

nA

OA  P
7 F
F5


'
(23 11 ") 

1
'
i@' OC 1) (
 )O2 (' K )" 6U
5 T" F2 FU2
a "  "
  )qS? bx .
 F  ) a ' G'  '
 1' 
SH
 @ U3 7 mK
.
 F ) rJ Y.  \7
a " @ " U3'
OA 
i O5 
'

1 O5
% Y
O5 Ot
OA 
L
.

A t
O1 z


' 
>)
(7 12 ")  J
7 OSL@

'

2 F5

'
C OA
L q 7
K
' (Past Future)
T3"
a " 1)
% C >'

(5

' 6x}3;" " 7

i@' O]"  " 7
i@' b,A " rJ  1 '
O1 z 1) I % Y
.
 F@ ) U3

z % K v
v

k K v
OA )
K v
F_"
O C
O C
F_"
>T'

' K v

a K
 ' 
(37 :?
F5
' {iFxf) F

(59 : 3) )Ft .

% OA A 
k 1)
'

' T' r;5 %

i@' O]" 
 F  ) M
' G' OC y) 7
i@' b,A "

G'
' F5 K x}A
"

U"

' T' 
 )F@ ) U3
 C" M

.
 F 
RS'
" OA "
`
r S?
' 1A
(6 I ( i) @' O C) 1

z

(151 : En " O1i" )i

T'

(6

@ U3 ')(   ' T' `1x" @a ) v" @a rJ () b,A "
%
i@' (2
(sq 74 x@5) .
 F 22
' v" @ 'a  )qS?

101 - x@5
.
SH
 O2 r %  I %
i@' O]" i@' b,A "


   

' 

.A
ntt


(3 VII
. " @f O C) ' `5t

392

 P'

>%
T'

'
(52 : 3)
)T
 O5 F5
O1L"

S?
 n A

/A P'
PA
1t
P'

PA
(14 II
;K O C) 7 

]
(11 II % O C) R 2
O5 b'



T@ bA

)

) '
(3 VIII
;K O C) A

n A A O15 )

102 - x@5
:Y b,A " '
i@'
UV G'  1+3@ a (3
) O5 @'A ' '
 F  )
 ' OA G' f  UA ' i@' b,A "
.
 F

)
P)
n o
; K
@

(II
. " @f O C) P

C
OA t '
'
"
(142 : En " O1i" ).)
P)

)
O5 T

'
' 1
O5 FP


' 1
'
0
'
0 F. %
0 '

(24 6 ") F1

ADh
103 - x@5

Abbreviation of Subordinate Sentences

k; B A@


   

393

:rJ () +_A 7

i@' b,A " O2 1)
FK  f Eu@ )  U3  b+v
% (81 80 x@5) U+" `  O K `

(1



LSH  )+_A 7
i@' b,A "
UV @ U3( '
Locative Singular) +
5 T"
7 1'  SH
 @ U3 ` rJ b K
5 T"
' i@' b,A " 6z  6 zJ  a
. F ' 


(25 IV ( i) @' O C) 2
F. Tk
r 

F.

)
P )
t
t
1)
(29 :b2
n 1)
'
i 
P)
)


3Z


7
i@' b,A " O2
UV @ U3( '
Past Conjunctive Participle) {f U+" `{
U"
a "

(2

.

SH
 +_A


5


(13 II
; O C) P)

k 
 1


   

394

A@
104 - x@5

Indirect Oration1
 
 
 ' 2 OA P k  P' L)  7 F5
.  M  + ' _C 1) >'
OA
L 
 K
' 1+"
'  1(  '> ' Direct Oration) .
 x. >P  F5
.
 2> F5( Indirect Oration) 
P  1[ ' +   M
' _C 1) 
 O5  "2 ( 7 
.
 F@ ) U3 OA G' f rJ 1'
 F)
OA
 P5 5 \
T5

(20 :?
F5
' {iFxf) d


. ;?
1)

(21 :?
F5
' {iFxf)   2
\ OA
t '
p
OA R"

(8 II ( i) @' O C) J

Tnk


'
OA . \


   

395
(`'3")
 6] Indirect Speech 7 ?"GH5 FF' 1

(APPENDIX) LDLU
( ) >1 B
 

'
i;i
' 1" |@% L 15t
F" %
T"
' (`Uiv) F@,"
@ i;" ' 
UV A x3U" .
 F @ U3 1L
+ rJ  
'
5 "   ) F) @ U3
[5
' !k P5  1" '
15 .

d
.  A
' ;f 622
.J' 18 fC
' 7
1t 354 6) T'
 F ' 1t 29 F '  1t 30 1" E   F C
A Yk

'   Pz 1t 1 '   P5 (;f)  T5 

 F 7 )h) 9 
.
 F 1 1t 15  % 1t
Pz 

% 1' 1"
 a E r/5 %   P  rJ Yk"@  
k 1" !

7 (Zodiac)  "!7 1'

 F ) 7
1" R T'  F)  a
' d
.
L F O5 6M  P5 )
F) @ U3 .
'
3C
'  5
2f @ i;" 6R rJ  5
' 1"  |@15

L b@
x" )
' '  F) '  5
' 1" 15 " }^ 15 1n " f  
. F)
 .   1" F
% 1"
| 2
1"  ' |@2f
2GM3

30

2GM3

29

= # N O
(2

2GM3

30

=
L *Q R $(( 3

2GM3

29

= # U
*Q R $( /E;*SQ R $(( 4

2GM3

30

= -* V1 (5

2GM3

29

= #UW* V1 /E;*SQ* V1 (6

2GM3

30

= X1( 7

2GM3

29

= *Y5Z (8

2GM3

30

= [*%( 9

2GM3

29

= 7Z (10

2GM3

30

= ^C5_ /C5\Q( 11


   

# 0
% *3 #L 0
% (1

396

2GM3
.
 F C %

29
;

592 3/4 ( "'  Prinsep) :;5 

= Lab /La0Q( 12

 2> 5 "
im
  F)

@ U3@ i;" ' 3F A ' 1' 5 "  E 1

. F) .

'
3C
' 1" (luni-solar)
;@C -(   |@solar)
;@C F

% 1'  Fi
A b' ")


7 57 ;  f T'
 2> ( T;) bx

  P C 
 1"
'
3)

 xPk ( C T;) C
% 1'
5 " Y C

. F) C %
1"
' k  
i % ;f 78   5 "  . F) '

Fi" x}A   1"
;@C
L5  T'
 6  7 mK 22 15   F
)
U  F.  7 mK  1" E  (@ i;" A F) .
 Fi'
 
15 _ |@

. 6  7 (F2
) . A !k P5 % !k (  F
) . A !k % 1
T' (1t
. F5 6@3"
A 1t 15 E  ( A 
|@U gA
) _A  'mK
1 15
1"
;@C ' F

.. A '
6 % '
 " : k
;

. A
P" % 6 :

. A ' %
P" :=o

. A rJ' % ' : %

/(
;? % rJ' :(

. A x@/ % ;? :!2

. A 2) % x@/ :

. A

. A x"5 % 2) :

3)

/15
.. A x@< % x"5 :SH"
/ 5

.. A ' % x@< :O

.. A x % ' :OS? "

 I
.. A  " % x :Y














z@ i;" OA >' . F) ' (

L2 12) u fC
' 1t H5  F
% 6v '
 1t 1) rJ @ i;" 1) ). F) fC
' 1t % C
.F @ '
M e2 {"
'  i{" '
'
U@' y" .
 F5  '
1t Pz
:  't =
T'  % O1L) 7 5 @i;"  F O2 J 5 ' 1t i3_"
'
3+
*Vde%

CM

# <
f


   

# + f

43#c;
Sunday
397

* %7I # % 7I

# % 7I

Monday

h
c
M%

Tuesday

R(

Wednesday

m
$VU

'
l I

Thursday

7V1 75V1

7 ;** 3 *#8Z

Friday

#
M

#
M

Saturday

At
 1
A
 3.


   

398

399

    

400

    

 ' @ U3 f
)  ' " 6 @ U3 + GH5 R
.3) 7 " ?
.  't rJ b1
' FR + x3"  3" ' '  h{v)
?" '

A
Ablative
Ablative Termination
Absolute

 b K
 

iv  M ei{"

Abstract Affix

' /z L"

Abstract Noun

V `

Accusative Case
Active Verb
Active Voice
Adjective
Adjective (Numeral)
Adverbial Affix
Adverb

xx
U+" b K
6U U"
v U"
b+v
b+v Ff
' /z F ]t 


Adversative

O5 + _"

Affirmative

A x&

Affix

' /z

Agent

6f  ' 1L" FU3"

Agent Case

(
' 1L" FU3") b K
if 

Agent Plural

B@'
if  1L" FU3"

Agent Singular

FK
if  1L" FU3"

Aggregate


   

' 6) v
@|
f@L"
401

Alliteration

K LA

Alphabet

 .

Alveolar

(  1") 1"

Analogy

bx " b12 "

Analytic

A GLA -
,A

Anasvara
Anasvara Principle
Annotation
Antonym

( 
 F5T5 " E5) 5
Ff | ' Y. qS?
p5
n SL@
3" -Fa

Appellation

 5 }

Appellatives

f `

Appendix


"a -@@a

Apposition

({f) b K E
' @

Arithmetics

; K
H5

Article
Aspirated
Aspirated Cerebral
Aspiration
Assertive
Assimilation
Assimilation of Nasals
Attribute
Attributives
Auxiliary


   

(G') TA K

I
 I
5u"

. z
|

-

  ' qS?
() ";( 
+ ";+ 6 zJ
U"
402

YL" ' I

Aversion of Aspirate

B
% ! % Tn

Banya Characters

Au  2

Base

/

Bilabial

C
Cardinal Numerals
Case

5@  C
b K

Case Affixes

5 5
3 K

Casual Verb

O{ 2 6U

Cerebral
Co ordinate
Collective
Commendation
Comparative
Completive
Composition
Compound Letters

5u"
()  ` "; E12 F.h"
6>?
f @3'
UA

3x;5 /6+A b+v

6U F)
.
E'' p 2 mA
%")

Concessive

i@' u -}

Conclusive

) Oim

Concord
Concordance

YT1Z b}2 {"

YT1Z ' ' Ff

Conditional

OC

Conjugation

iU 6m3"

Conjunct Consonant

   

,v K Fz

403

i@' K /{f K

Conjunction

Fz /h"

Conjunctive / Conjunction

{f `{
 U"
a "

Conjunctive Participle

 P E 6;i;"

Consecutive

,v K -L

Consonant

% u Y  Y;

Contraction

{2 
H ` /h"

Coordination
Copulative

F.h" {f K

Co-Relative Pronoun

v" @ 'a

22 -6 zJ

Corresponding

D
Dative
Decimal

(b K)
5 & U+"

. t

Declention

` ' -?

Definitive

"F" ei{" 6}3;"

Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative Proximate
Demonstrative Remote
Dental
Diacritical Marks
Diminutive
Diminutive Affix
Disapprobation
Disjunctive


   

C@ a
SL  C@ a
t C@ a
F5t
5 5 R  2 f
+_" -mA `
   z mA

CM 5 -
Ha 5
i@' K F) F'
404

L

Double Consonant

T3" K "

Durative Future

E
 k
 ' 5;5  Ti

Effeminate Population

Yd ?` 
Y
5 0

Elision

YL" ' 
 5 " '

Epenthesis
Era

`if ' Au / 2 ' [+

Etymology

h" %
() "  k "'  ' 

Euphonic Insertion
Euphony

F
`iT3"

First Person

F )` 7 E'' -
iTA

Formative

5 G' -5\  

Fractional Numerals

G' F 

Frequentive

1L" x}3`

Future Passive Participle

G
'

Gender

b a b K

Genitive
Gerund

Fm" `

Glottal

i?
 qS?

Guna Vowels

F5T5 " R5
)

Guttural

H

   

405

Habitual Past

"F"
a "

Hiatus

0 -


I
Idiomatic
Imperative
Imperfect
Impersonal

A ,"
"
' @3

m_C 

Inceptives

F) l5 /C

Indeclinable

?2 -F5 (

Indefinite
Indefinite Article
Indefinite Pronoun

 f ei{" 
G' U" 
`1x" @a

Indicatives

5 2 - 1 -  C

Indigenous

)iv
" }"

Indirect

( 

Infinitive

Fm"

Inflective

5?

Inflexion

(' 6U) ?

Insertion of Vowel
Instrumental

 a '

i 1) T'

U+" b K
.
1Z
UV

Intensives

F. \

Intercalary

6) 6M -6@f
 a

Interjection

F5 K


   

406

 F  )` F5 K

Interjectional Adverb

1+3@ a

Interrogative

h1'

Intonation

"J 6U

Intransitive

J
Fz  F.h"

Junction Vowel

K
L1 /\ 

Kindred Dialect

L
 k   ' RS'  

Liquid Pronunciation

(1") |@

Lunar (Month)

M
v } / F. b K b K E12

Mood

N
Nasal

(O5 qS?  " E5) E 55

(O - qS?) 5

Nasalized

FK
if  b K

Nominative Singular

` ' 1L" FU3"

Noun of Agency

Ff /5

Numerals

O
Object
Oblique Case
Old Present

   

U+"
b K
U+"
( K  " z) " "
407


. @A -O. f

Optative

 1  2

Oration

i;i 5|{ 

Ordinal Numerals

P
Palatal
Palatal Sibilant
Participial Termination
Particle
Passive Verb
Passive Voice
Past Continuous

 k  A b_
 FTS?  A b_
5 5   rJ Y Z A)
G' K
6U 1L"
v  1L"
@3
a "

Past Indefinite Tense

a " "

Past Participle

U+" `

Past Perfect

FU2
a "

Past Perfect Continuous

Peninsula
Perfect (Past)

@3
a " 6@T"

ei{"
a " FU2
a "

Personal Pronoun

 M @a

Phonetic Change

iFxA
A Av

Phrases

 }m3_"

Pluperfect

FU2
a "

Possessive

3 a -F ]t
T "

Possessive Noun
Post Velar

   

`  b a
 k  % A 5
408

' K

Postposition
Potentials

6U
5 T"

Preceding Vowel

 F I
+ F. xM -xM

Predicate

' K

Preposition
Present Imperfect

@3 K

Present Partitiple

O K `
|
a "

Present Perfect

(
a ") b5)

Preterite Participle

G' O]"

Principal Parts

 2 @a

Pronominal Base

 @a

Pronominal Suffixes

@a

Pronoun

 bx "
3x;5

Proportional

. }.hf (7 ")?

Provincial

R
@a x3"

Reconjuctional Pronoun

F   F 

Reduplicative
Reflexive Pronoun

3" @a

Relative Pronoun

v" @a
mxA

Remark

 -Au

Root Vowel

S
Sandhi

   

' [+  Yn `)

' /
409


iFxA 7 v
 |

Scythian

a K @a

Second Person

(   ) FT1?

Sibilant

 2  Au 

Simple Base

 

Simple Sound

v FK  '
b K

Singular Ablative

;@C

Solar

F) "u

Sonant

O b"hf
'
. z

Spiritus

. C  / L1 5

Sub-Dialects

6f 

Subject

v
. @A

Subjunctive Mood

3 
3,A " -b,A "

Subordination

(` ' )-
 

Substantive

Suffix

 x" b+v

Superlative

b  '
F

Syllabic Division

F

Syllable

' i@' )A ,5 ,5 `if

Syntax

p 2

x)A

Synthetical

T
Tenuis- A consonant is a stop or affricate
which is unvoiced and unglottalized.

   

" R5 7 ( k T' YL R

410

. )5 
Third Person

. @a

Transitive Verb

6U FU3"

U
Unadi Vowels

 F.h"

Union Vowel

V
   A 5

Velar

F5 b K

Vocative

Z
Zodiac


   

Tk -F" 

411