m%Ndlrka

Tyq f.a iSh,d"

ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d

k,ska o is,ajd

ka;k mIo m%ldYkhls'

m%:u uqKh
fojeks uqKh
;=ka jeks uqKh

( 1995 foien
( 1996 ud;=
( 2000 cQks 30

uqKh ( ,laud ms%kagia weka m,sYia m%hsj ,sg

talSh ,xldjla fjkqfjka

; mQcd l< yd mrjg ;nd igka lrk
r finkag
fuu lD;sh ms<s.ekafjhs'

;+kajk uqKfha fmrjok

m%Ndlrka Tyq f.a iSh,d ndmam,d iy uiaiskd,d lD;sfhys ;=kajk uqKh;a ksl=;a
flfrkafka wdKavqj fld ixOdkh mrdch l< hq;= njg ;SrKhla f.k we;s wjia:djl
h' foaYfm%a NslaIQ fmruqK" ka;k mIoh jeks ixOdk f nj mjikafka kg jir
oyhlg;a wl ld,hl isg h' ta i|yd rf "hqoaO ;;a;ajhla" m%ldY lrk f,i ta
ixOdk tl, isg u b,a,d we;' tod "hqoaOh" .ek ,shQ ,smsj,g" l;=jelsj,g reoaO jQ
we;e mqj;am;a yshka o" "hqoaOh" Okm;s hqoaOhla hehs ykajka thg reoaOj
fmdaiagr .eiQ wh o wo wjia:djd j fyda hqoaOhg mlaI u ffojfha irouls'
tfy;a ;ju;a wdKavqjg fyda mlaIhg fyda fou< cd;sjdoh ms<sn| ksjer
jegySula ke;' wdKavqj fld merou .ek l;d l< o ;j u;a foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh
.ek mlaIh iu. idlPd lrhs' fmd fmruqK "m%Yakhg" "iu" f,i l,dm iNd
fhdackd lrk w;r tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha "iu" jkqfha wiu;sl j n,h meju h'
tk iyikah rdcHhla msysgqu h' iyikah rdcHhla B<ula njg m;a lsug
m%Ndlrkag wjYH jkafka tla m%ldYhla muKls'
m<d;a iNd" m<d;a tl;= ls" l,dm iNd" rg iNd iyikah rdcH wdh fhdackd
flfrkafka fou< ckhd f.a Bkshd widOdrKl ke;s lsug h' tjeks widOdrKl
fkdue;s nj wms mqk mqkd lshd we;af;uq' tfy;a th ;ju;a furg "kdhlhka f.a" is;a
;=<g f.dia we;s njla fkdfmfkhs' tneka meflac" wka; ld,Sk uKav, wdh fhdackd
flf' wfma "kdhlfhda" bx.siska iska bx.sis wOHdmkhla u.ska ys lrkq ,enQfjda
fj;s' merKs rc oji furg idm%odhsl kdhl;ajhla ;sKs' 1917 - 18 ksoyia igkska miq
f kdhl;ajh bx.siska iska iuQ,>d;kh lrk ,' ta im%odfhys wjidk kdhlhd
jQfha lemafmfmd< idj h'
f >d;kfhka miq isxy,hkag idm%odhsl kdhlhka ke;s Ks' l=xl=kdf yshka
f.a "wfka l+kafka f;dmg;a rfcla bkafka" wd jYfhka l ,shejqfKa f jljdkqf
h' th kdhlhka ke;s u ksid ,shk ,oaols' f wvqmdvqj h muKlg fyda msuiskq
,enQfha mqrka wmamq" f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd wdka isks' th idm%odhsl kdhlhska fjkqjg
we;s lrkq ,enQ ;djld,sl kdhl;ajhla h' tfy;a th id:l;ajhla kqgqf h' bka miq
isxy,hka iska we;s lrkq ,enQ kdhlhd jQfha Oumd, ;=ud h'
Oumd, ;=ud f.a iufha o" bkamiq o isxy,hkag kdhlhka fokq ,enQfha bx.siSka
isks' Tjqyq bx.siska iska jrm%ido" bv" wOHdmkh wdh ,nd we;s lrkq ,enQ
kdhlfhda jQ y' tfy;a Tjqka fmkS isfha yd iskafka isxy,hka f.a kdhlhka f,i h' f
kdhlfhda ,kafoaiSka yd bx.siSka iska we;s lrk ,o "m%N+" mjq,aj,g wh;a jQ y' Tjqyq
yehdfjka u idudkH isxy,hka f.ka fjkia jQ y' Tjqka is;kafka m;kafka bx.siska
fuks' Tjqyq bx.siska f.a jro fkdols;s'
wm fndfyda wjia:dj, lshd we;s wdldrhg furg fou< ckhdg fou< u ksid u
we;s m%Yakhla ke;' fou< ckhd f.a m%Yakh l=ula o hkakg ms<s;=rla ug iuf;la ke;'
tl, widOdrK f,i fmka jQ isxy, NdIdj muKla rdcH NdIdj lsu" kef.kysr m<df;a
isxy,hka mx lsu" m%;slrKh wdh :Hdjka nj fy<sorjq we;'
tmuKla fkdf" f :Hdjka msgqmi we;af;a wNs,dIhka nj wms ka oksuq' ta
wNs,dIh wka lsisjla fkdj furg isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek wys lsu h' tk isxy,
cd;shg" isxy, NdIdjg" isxy, ixialD;shg yd isxy, b;sydihg ys ;ek wys lsu h'
isxy,;ajhg furg ys ;ek ,ndu fou< ckhdg lrk widOdrKhla f,i fmkajkq
,eKs' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a wjqre oyia .Kkla furg rdcH NdIdj jQ o lu,sld
mSia uy;ah fmkajd we;s whqka ck.ykfhka 82] lg jvd f;are .ekSug yels jQ o
isxy,h muKla rdcH NdIdj lsu isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek ,nd ula h' tfy;a th fou<

ckhdg flfrk widOdrKhla f,i fmkajd fokq ,eKs' bkahdf fyda fou< rdcH
NdIdjla fkdjk nj fou< cd;sjdyq wu;l l< y' fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek fok mk;la
furg l%shd;aul we;s nj o fouf<ka Wiia wOHdmkh ,nd .; yels nj o fuys ,d
wjOdrKh l< hq;= h'
f fou< wNs,dIh we;s lrkq ,enQfha lreKq folla isks' m<uq j ;dkSka iska
bx.sis W.;a fou< ckhdg fok ,o jrm%ido h' ;dkSka iska isxy, yd fou< furg
m%Odk ck j. fol f,i yekaKs' tjlg wjqre fooyia ;=ka ishhlg je isxy,
b;sydih wjqre foishhl fou< b;sydihg iudk flKs' 75] l isxy, ck.ykh 12]
l fou< ck.ykhg iu flKs' 1833 jHjia:dodhl iNdjg isxy,hka yd fou< ckhd
fjkqfjka uka;%Ska tla flkd ne.ska m;a flKs'
fuys bx.sis W.;a isxy, "kdhlfhda" isxy,hkg jQ widOdrKh .ek lmd
fkdjQy' fou< ckhd i|yd tla uka;%Sjrhl= m;a l< g wvq u ;rka isxy,hka
fjkqfjka uka;%Ska 6 fokl= b,a,d isug Tjqkg fkdyels h' ta Tjqka bx.siSka iska
;kkq ,enQ bx.siska f.a jro kqgq kdhlhka u ksid h' ;dkSyq isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek
wys lsug uq, isg u fou< cd;sjdoh fhdod .;a y'
jHjia:dodhl uKav,hg isxy," fou< ckhd fjkqfjka tla ks, fkd,;a
uka;%Sjrhl= ne.ska m;a lsu nyqjd.sl ixl,amfha yd fou< cd;sjdofha wdrNh h'
f,dalfha ish u rgj,a mdfya nyq jd.sl fjhs' nyq jd.sl hkafkka rgl tla ck
j.hlg jvd isk nj lshefjhs' tfy;a tjeks rgj, ixialD;Ska tllg jvd ;snqK o
tka ixialD;shlg fYaI;ajhla ys fjhs' WodyrKhla f,i tx.,ka;fha wex.af,da
ielaika l%sia;shdks ixialD;shg o" bkahdf yska ixialD;shg o idudkHfhka hqfrdamSh
rgj, l%sia;shdks ixialD;shg o fYaI;ajhla ys fjhs' bkahdf yska;ajh yd
hqfrdamfha l%sia;=;ajh f,i wms fuh ykajuq'
bkahdf" hqfrdamfha yd fjk;a rgj, l%shd;aul jkafka n, nyq jd.sl;ajhhs'
ke;ak nyq jd.sl ixl,amfha n, iajrEmhhs' tys ixialD;Ska tllg jvd ;snqK o
tla ixialD;shlg fYaI;ajhla ys fjhs'
ngysr foaYmd,k{hka yd nqoau;=ka fuka u furg isk wkqldrlhka o ,xldf
ms<s.ekaug fjr orkafka m%n, nyq jd.sl;ajh hs' tk nyqjd.sl ixl,amfha m%n,
iajrEmhhs' tys rfgys lsis ixialD;shlg fYaI;ajhla fkd,efnhs' ,xldf isxy,
ixialD;shg" isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek wys lsula bka is fjhs' bx.siSyq isxy, cd;shg
ys ;ek wys lsula bka is fjhs' bx.siSyq isxy, cd;shg ys ;ek wys lrka isxy,
yd fou< furg m%Odk ck j. fol f,i yekajQ y'
furg b;sydih ls;= jiska oy;=ka jk ishji f;la isxy,hka f.a b;sydih nj
uydpdh ld;sf.aiq bkamd,ka uy;d ;u wpdh Wmd ksnkaOkfhys fmkajd we;'
furg isxy, ixialD;shg fYaI;ajhla ys jk nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= fkdfjhs' ngysr
foaYmd,ka{hkag yd nqoau;=kag ta nj ngyska furgg mefKk ixpdrlhka f.kau
k .ekSug yels h' f ixpdrlhka ,xldjg tkafka tlaflda iajNdl fi!kaohh
wdiajdo lsug h' ke;fyd;a isxy, ixialD;sfha je yd od.e kerug h' flda,a
ne,Su i|yd ,xldjg tk ixpdrlhka ke;' bkahdf uqia,s ixialD;shg wh;a ;d
uy,a wd WodyrK ;sh ;a tys yska;ajhg fYaI;djla ys fjhs' ,xldf fou<
ixialD;shg wh;a tjeks ;eka ke;s j o isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek u m%;slafIam lsug
jEh flfrhs'
fou< cd;sjdohg mK fmjQ fojeks lreK jQfha jHdc b;sydihhs' furg wjqre
;=ka oyilg tyd fou< b;sydihla .ek Tjqyq lS y' thg iudka;r j bkahdf wjqre
mka oyilg je v b;sydihla .ek l;d l< y' fudfykacodfrda yrmamd iNH;ajh
vhka f.a ksudKhla hehs Tjqyq lS y' f ish,a, ka fndre we;' vhka ol=Kq

bkahdjg meKsfha wjqre fooyia mkaishlg muK fmr nj;a ta jk g o tys muKla
fkdj ,xldf o ^ffjl& rdcOdks yd ixialD;shla ;snQ nj;a wms oksuq' ud fuys
ffjl ixialD;sh hehs lshkafka whh yd wkdhh ixialD;Ska Y% ;ekqKq
ixialD;shg h' wkdh ckhd hkq wdhh ixialD;sh mefKk g Ndr;fha yd ,xldf
is ckhd h' bka v hkak fkdyekafjhs' vhka meKsfha wdhhkag o miq j h'
fudfykacodfrda yrmamd hkq wkdhh i v iNH;ajhla fkdf' ol=Kq bkahdf
mdKavH fr rdcOdks o uq, wdh ^ffjl& h' tajd v jQfha ch rcq fufyishla
f.k tafuka o miq j h' ch rcq f.a fufyish wh;a jQfha ffjl ixialD;shg h' ^weh
lsk ixialD;shlg wh;a o hkak jeo.;a m%Yakhla fkdf' jdyfhka miq orejka ,eKs
k orejka ch rcq f.a ffjl ixialD;shg wh;a ug ;sKs'& wdpdh kS,LKaG Ydia;%S
uy;d wd b;sydi{hka f.a fmd;a m;a lshfuka by; i|yka ks.ukj,g meKsh yels
h'
,xldf fou< b;sydihg t;r jhila ke;' furg fou< NdIdj bkahdf
fou< NdIdfjka t;r fjkia fkdjk nj tla f,aLlfhla bod jhsfkka fmkajd Ks'
tfuka u furg fou< ckhd ;j u;a l;d lrkafka ix. hq.h" fpda, wrdcH hq.h
.ek h' tajd ;uka f.a foa f,i is;;s' ta .ek wdvnr fj;s' tys f;areu furg fou<
ckhd bkahdj iu. uE;la jk ;=re u inkaO is nj h' furg wjqre ;=ka oyil
b;sydihla .ek l;d l< o Tjqkag ;uka f.a b;sydih f,i fmkajd ug" wdvnr ug
we;af;a ol=Kq bkahdf b;sydih h'
mD;=.SiSkag hg;a fuka miq hdmfka ;snQ wdhh pl%j;S rdcHh | jegqKs' f
wdh pl%j;S rdcHh iajdk rdcHhla fkd h' th isxy, rcq f.a hg;a rdcHhla f,i
mej;=Ks' flfia fyda hqfrdamShhkag hg;a fuka miq hdmkfha ckhd hqfrdamShhkag tfrys
j igka lr ke;' isxy,fhda tfia fkdjQ y' udhdkafka rcqf.a isg mqrka wmamq"
f.dka.df,af.dv nKavd hq.h olajd u ys we;af;a tl u igka ud,djls' th bhg
f.k .sfha wk.dl Oumd, ;=ud h' mD;=.Sis ld,fhka miq fou< ckhd isxy,hka fuka
hg;a ;jdkag reoaO j igka fkdlsug fya;=j l=ula o @ ta Tjqkg hdmkh iu.
ft;sydisl inkaOhla fkd;su h' 1619 mD;=.SiSkag hg;a fuka miq hdmkfha ix;
fou< ck;djla fkd h' bka miq j hdmkhg ckhd f.kajkq ,enQfha ,kafoaiSka isks' ;u
fld< j.djg bkahdf u,ndrfhka f.kajQ f ckhdg hdmkh iu. inkaOhla
fkd h' Tjqyq fld< wiajekak fk<d .ekSfuka miq wdmiq u,ndrhg .sh y' fudjqkag
iar jdiia:dk we;s lsu i|yd ,kafoaiSyq u,ndrfha uqia,sjreka f.a kS;shla jQ
f;aij,dfuhs kS;sh 18 jeks ishji uq, ix.%y l< y' th hdmkfha fou< ckhd f.a
kS;shla njg m;a jQfha tf,isks' wo hdmkfha fjfik fou< ckhd f.ka je msi
,kafoaiSka iska u,ndrfhka f.kajkq ,enQjka f.ka mej; tkafkda fj;s' bx.sis md,k
ld,fha o hdmkh jeishka ykajk ,enQfha uq, u,ndr ixl%uKslhka jYfhks' miq j
u,ndr jeishka hk ku Tjqkg ,enqK's fou< ckhdg wo;a wdvnr ug ,xldf
b;sydihla ke;' Tjqyq ix. hq.h" fpda, wrdcHh wd" ol=Kq bkah b;sydih .ek
;ju;a l;d lr;s'
isxy,fhda tfia fkdfj;s' Tjqkg nq oyu yd ffjl ixialD;sfha we;e wx.
bkahdfjka ,enqK o Tjqkaf.a b;sydih jkafka ,xldf Tjqka iska f.dv k.k ,o
ixialD;sfha b;sydihhs' isxy,fhda bkahdf b;sydih ;u b;sydih f,i fkdi,l;s'
fuys f;areu ,xldj iu. isxy,hka f.a we;s inkaOhhs' isxy,hka ;ukag ,xldj
yefrkakg fjk;a rgla ke;s nj i,lkafka tneks' fou< ckhd ol=Kq bkahdf
b;sydihg Wreul lSu ;=< u ,xldjg we;s inkaOh jHdchla nj ;uka fkdkqj;a j
lsh;s' lg fndre lsjQj o j fndre fkdlshkafka hehs lshkafka fujeks foa inkaOfhks'
fou< ckhdg wE;g j hk wLKav b;sydihla ke;s jqj o bx.siska iska we;s
lrk ,o m%n, nyq jd.sl ixl,amh ;=< Tjqyq ,xldf m%Odk ck j. foflka tlla
njg m;a lrk ,o y' bx.siska iska we;s lrk ,o fou< cd;sjdohg ;u wNs,dIh jQ
isxy,;ajhg" tk isxy, cd;shg" isxy, NdIdjg" isxy, ixialD;shg yd isxy,

b;sydihg ys ;ek wys lsu uqkam;a lr.ekSfuys ,d ndOd jQ lreKq folla h' tlla
isxy,hka furg w;s uy;a nyq;rh u h' wfkl isxy,hka iska furg f.dv k.k ,o
wkkH ixialD;sfha b;sydih h'
fou< cd;sjdyq f lreKq fol u m%;slafIam lr;s' jHjia:dodhlfha fou< uka;%S
ixLHdj isxy, uka;%S ixLHdjg iudk l< hq;= h hk b,a,Su msgqmi we;af;a isxy,hka
nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug we;s wleue;a; h' fjk;a lsis u rgl fujeks b,a,Sula l<
fkdyels h' fida,an idg mjd mkyg mky b,a fou< cd;sjdkg lSug is jQfha
jHjia:d Wmdudre u.ska nyq;rhla iq;rhla njg m;a l< fkdyels h hkak h'
fojeks lreK jQ isxy, b;sydih m%;slafIam lsu i|yd fou< cd;sjdyq uydjxY
NS;sldjla f.dv ke.+ y' uydjxYh :Hdjla nj fou< cd;sjdyq" Bkshd b;sydi
uydpdhjre mqk mqkd lS y' tfy;a wdpdh Ysrdka rKsh., uy;d f.a m%Odk;ajfhka
wkqrdOmqrfha lrk ,o leKS j,ska ;yjqre we;af;a" jxYl;dlrejka furgg
ffjl ^wdh& ixialD;sh meKs ld,h ms<sn| j" wvq u ;rka wjqre ;=ka ishhlska j;a
miq khla i|yka lr we;s nj h'
rKsh., uy;df.a leKSj,g wkqj ffjl ixialD;sh furgg meK we;af;a
l%sia;= mQj 9 jeks ishjfia h' fou< cd;sjdka isxy, b;sydih m%;slafIam lsug jEh
lrk g tu b;sydih fmrg;a jvd Yla;su;a j fou< cd;sjdoh wNshi fmkS isu
b;sydifha u irouls'
wo l< hq;= j we;af;a fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j yd yuqod fufyhqj,ska
mrdch lsu h' fou< cd;sjdoh kHdhd;aul j mrdch fl ;rula l,a .; we;'
fou< cd;sjdoh hkq ixlSK l%shdoduhls' f fmdf;ys olajd we;s wdldrhg fld
ixOdkh hkq fou< cd;sjdofha ldYfha tla wjia:djls' fld ixOdkh hkq fou<
cd;sjdofha wdhqO ikakoaO wxYh fjhs' fld ixOdkh yuqod fufyhqj,ska mrdch lsu
muKla fkdiEfya' fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,kslj o mrdch l< hq;= h' we;eyq *eisia
fld ixOdkh yuqod fufyhqj,ska mrdch lsug muKla l;d lr;s' ta Tjqka f.a ;
.,jd .ekSu i|yd muKla h' Tjqyq fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j mrdch lsug
reoaO fj;s' Tjqyq ;ju;a Bkshd widOdrKl .ek l;d lr;s' fou< cd;sjdofha
wkq.%dylhka jQ Tjqkaf.a nig wm /jh hq;= fkdf' fld mrdch lsug b,a muKska
Tjqyq cd;s ysff;ISyQ fkdfj;s'
fld ixOdkh ys jQfha fou< cd;sjdoh ksid h' fld ixOdkh yuqod
fufyhqj,ska mrdch lsfuka muKla iEySulg m;a jqjfyd;a fou< cd;sjdoh iska
;j;a fld ixOdkhla ys lrkq ,eug bv we;' tneka fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl
j o mrdch lsug wm bgd .; hq;= h'
wms wo m%Yakh f;are f.k isuq' tneka iu o meye,s h' m%Yakh fou<
cd;sjdohhs' ngyska fmdaIKh jk fou< cd;sjdoh isxy,;ajhg ys ;ek wys lsug
jEh lrhs' f ngysr jHdmD;sfha tla fldgila muKls' ngysr jHdmD;sh hkq uq
f,dalhg u ;u ixialD;sh" foaYmd,kh yd wdlh ys lr u h' tys wfkla
ixialD;s" wdl yd foaYmd,k l%u ke;s lsug jEh flf' isxy,;ajh ke;s lsug
fou< cd;sjdoh fhdod.kakd ngysrhka fou< yska ixialD;sh o ke;s lsug lghq;=
lrkq we;' wm f jHdmD;sh mrdch l< hq;= h' wo f.da,ShlrKh kka l%shd;aul jkafka
ngysr jHdmD;sfha kj;u wjh nj wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' tys uq,a wj fol jQfha hg;a
;lrKh yd wrdcHlrKhhs'
fuu ;=ka jk uqKh ksl=;a lsf wdOdr l< wh fndfyda fj;s' fuu fmd;
bx.sishg mj;kh l< uy;ah ;=ka jk uqKfha ho mshu i|yd remsh,a
oyodyla m;Hd. l<d h' ;s<sK lfmreu uy;d fida m;a lsh h' tla .dKS" ixj
fisxy hk uy;ajre f inkaOfhka ud Wkka l< y' ,,s;a l%ur;ak uy;d we;=

,laud ldh uKav,h fuu ;=ka jk uqKh t<s lajQ y' ta ish,a,kag uf.a ia;+;sh
mskefuhs'
2544 fmdfidka $ 2000 cqks 30
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fojk uqKfha fmrjok

b;d fld ld,hla ;=< fuu lD;sfhys fojk uqKhla ksl=;a lsug isfuka u
ck;djg m%Ndlrka" Tyq f.a iSh,d" ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d .ek k .ekSug we;s
wjYH;dj meye,s fjhs' j;udkfhys we;af;a ckjd.sl m%Yakhla hehs lshka i
bm;a lsug leiljkafkda yd Tjqka f.a foaYSh yd foaYSh mqfrdays;fhda ck;dj uq<d
lsug W;aidy or;s' tu W;aidyh rf;a cd;Sfha;a kdufhka mrdch l< hq;= h'
wo idlPdjg nka we;s fhdacs; wdkavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh fou<
cd;sjdofha ldYkh ;=< wmg lsh yels ;SrKd;aul ikaia:dkhla fjhs' tys
;SrKd;aul nj ck;dj iska wjfndaO lr.kq ,en ;su fya;=fjka ck;dj ta ms<sn| h
wjhlska miqfjhs' tfy;a wmg fhda; wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka isfjk ydksh muKla
idlPd lsfuka iEySulg m;a h fkdyels h' fhdacs; rg fnok jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh
wm wjfndaO lr .; hq;af;a tys mq,a miqu ;=< h' tk fou< cd;sjdofha ldYkh
;=< h' tfia fkdue;s j jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg bm;a flfrk frdaO;d muKla u.ska
wjidkfha jHjia:d ixfYdaOlhkag wjYH jQ m%;sM, w;a lr fokq we;' fou<
cd;sjdofha ldYkh wjfndaO lr.;a g fhda; wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh
uqukska u m%;slafIam l< hq;= nj muKla fkdj oy;=ka jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd
m<d;a iNd o wfydais l< hq;= nj jegfykq we;'
m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol iska u rjgkq ,en we;s ck;djg fmd ck tlai;a
fmruqfKa l,dm iNd ^fmvr,a m%dka; iNd& m%;slafIam lr" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha m<d;a
iNd wfydais l< yelafla cd;sl jHdmdrhla ;=<ska muKls' j;udkfhys we;s ;sfnk
msu ksis u.g fhduq lrh yels cd;sl jHdmdrhl l,, rEmhla kgu;a lsh yels
w;r th fmdaIKh lr jOkh lr .ekSu cd;s ysff;ISka f.a j.lSu yd hq;=lu fjhs'
2539 ueka $ 1996 fmnrjd 25 jk k
uyr.u h'

k,ska o is,ajd

fmrjok
fou< cd;sjdoh we;sjQfha 1956 ka miq j h hkak wo iudcfha ;yjqre lr we;s
u;hls' th wo kqula njg m;a we;' kqu n,h f h hkak flka f.a ld,fha isg
u i{dksl j ngysr n,mj;akd u;hls' th o kquls' oyih jeks ishjfia isg f,dalh
hg;a lr .ekSf ngysrg f kqu o n,hla h'
ngysr iudc oHdjka hkq ngysr fN!;sl oHdj miqmi jkakg ;e;a lrk wx.
l, wjcd;l w.=gqgl= jqj o ta nj ngyska lsisfgl m%ldY fkdfjhs' mYapd;a
kQ;kjdoh hkqfjka wo t<s olskafka o f wx.l, Ndjh u h; f w.=gq Ndjh u h'
f w=gq Ndjh - wx.l, Ndjh udlaiajdohg o Wreu ;snqKq nj o udlaiajdofhka
o th u m%ldY jk nj o" udlaiajdoh ms<sn| ngyska bm;a flfrk ksoh u
fpkhl j;a fkdlshefjkafka uq uy;a ngysr iudchSh oHdj u ta fn,ySk;ajfhka
fmf<k neks' fn,ySk;ajh jika flu ;=< o n,hla Wmk nj fudjqka fkdokakjd
h fkdyels h'
furg rdcH fkdjk wdh;kj, fuka u YajoHd, yd fjk;a wdh;kj, o fiajh
lrk Bkshd iudc oHd{fhda ^lsis u fkl ;uka f.a u;hla bm;a lr fkdue;s
fudjqka oHd{hka" nqoau;=ka jkafka flfia o hkak m%Yakhls'& mdNdIsl jpk oud
.eiSu u.ska ngysr iudc oHdf n,h u; mok fjka wm iudcfha wdm;Hh
m;=rej;s' fudjqka f.a kqu n,hla fkdjk nj o wm k .; hq;= h' nrj ll=f,a
Yla;shla we;ehs wm is;kafka th nrj ll=,la nj fkdokakd neks' ngysr iudc
oHdjka hkq nrj ll=,lg jvd fohla fkdf'
ngysr iudc oHd{fhda iuia;hla f,i .;a l, mdNdIsl jpkj,g uqjd
n,hla w;am;a lr.kafkda fj;s' fudjqka f.ka we;eul=g fmr. oYk yryd h h
idfmalaI;djd woyia ,e we;s nj ienE h' tfy;a fmr. oYk ms<sn|" fYaIfhka u
fn!oaO oYkh ms<sn| meye,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug Tjqka wiu;a we;s nj meye,s
h' tneka u Tjqka f.a idfmalaI;djd m%jdo lD;" wjj; ;;a;ajhl mj;S'
fou< cd;sjdoh hq. folla miq lr wo ;=kajeks hq.hl wjidkh olska ishs'
fuu ;=ka jeks hq.h jika jkq we;af;a tlafld fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s ^fmvr,a rdcHhla
hkq fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s rdcHhla nj wuq;=fjka lSug wjYH fkdjk uq;a furg isk
Bkshd foaYmd,k oHd{hkag ngysr ;u iajdjreka f.a u. fmkaula fkdue;s j" tk
Tjqka f.a ksjpkhla fkdue;s j" tjekakla j;a f;are .ekSug fkdyels we;'& fou<
cd;sjdoh y;r jeks hq.hg tk llrh o we;=<;a jQ ;,a B<ula kd.ekSf ud.hg
weo je fkdkj;sk foaY iSud wr.,hla we/fuks' ke;fyd;a wm ish,a,g u talSh
rdcHhla ;=<" isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.efkk" rf b;sydihg msgq fkdmdk" isxy,
fn!oaO ixialD;sh m%Odk ixrplh jQ fmd ixialD;shla we;s Toj;a f;oj;a cd;shl
fldgialrejka ug u. mdoks' m<uq l%shd ud.h wjika jkq we;af;a wjidkfha
isxy, wkkH;dj fuka u fou< wkkH;dj o ke;s lr .ekSfuks' fojk l%shdud.h
wkq.ukh l<fyd;a fmd ixialD;sh ;=< fou< wkkH;dj o /flkq we; m<uq
l%shdud.hg ta ta rgj, cd;sl wkkH;djka ke;s flug lghq;= lrk c.;a
wrdcHjdofhka mQK wkq.%yh ,efnhs'
cd;sl wkkH;dj .ek m%Yak lrk tjekakla ke;ehs lshk furg wkqldrl W.;a;=
;u mqoa.,sl wkkH;dj /lf.k mqoa.,sl m%;srEm f.dvk.d .ekSug uy;a W;aidyhla
or;s' ngysr m%p,s; we;s u; ;u wdpdh Wmdh iu." u;h ksudKh wjqre
ismylg miq j ,xldjg f.k;a m%;srEm f.dvk.d .ekSug W;aidy lrk fudjqka wvq u
;rka m%;sm;a;shla f,i ish wkkH;djkag reoaO fkdjkafka ukao hkak m%Yak l< hq;=
j we;' Tjqka f.a l=yl;ajh yd Tjqka fiajh lrkafka ldg o hkak muKla Tjqka f.a
l%shdud.fhka fy<sorjq fjhs'

fou< ckhdg fou< u ksid u is we;s widOdrKhka ljf hs weiSu ;r

mejiSu myiq fkdjk nj uE;l fudjqka f.ka tla whl= m%ldY lr ;snqKs' tu
widOdrKhka ljf hs hkak mejiSu myiq fkdjkjd fkdf' th l< fkdyels fohla"
thg fya;=j tjeks widOdrK fkdue;s uhs' fou< cd;sjdoh we;sjQfha fou< ckhdg jQ
widOdrKhla ksid fkdjk nj fuu fmd;a msxfpka ;j;a meye,s jkq we;ehs wfmalaId
lr'
widOdrKhla we;af;a isxy,hkag h' isxy,hka isxy,hka u ksid Tjqkag merKs
reyqKq rfgka yd msys rfgka fldgila" tk j;auka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a wys
we;' lsis u ft;sydisl idOlhla fkdue;s kscN+ ixl,amh;a iu. f' wd' - r
.siqu m%;slafIam flu i|yd Bkshd m%nqoaOhka yefrkakg wfkla ish isxy,hka tl;=
h hq;= ld,h meK we;' Bkshd m%nqoaOfhda ;u ;uka iska u iudch ;=< m%nqoaO;ajhg
m;a lrf.k lS;shg m;a fuka yd rdcH fkdjk ixOdk yryd fou< cd;sjdohg
fiajh lrka rgg fdayS fj;s'
fuu wkqldrl W.;=ka k.k tla ;lhla we;af;a fou< ckhdg we;s
widOdrKhka ljf hs lsj yelafla fou< fkdjkakkag fkdj fou< ck;djg nj h'
fou< ckhd ;ukag idfmalaI j widOdrKhla we;ehs mjikafka k ta nj wm ms<s.; hq;=
hehs fudjqyq Bkshd idfmalaI;djdohl kdufhka mji;s' fudjqka f.a idfmalaI;djdoh
ngysr wj; lD;s idfmalaI;djdoh u f'
fou< ck;dj ;ukag widOdrKhla we;ehs mjik g idfmalaIl kqula ksid
wm th ms<s.; hq;= hehs wkqldrl W.;a;= lsh;s' tfuka u isxy,hkag m%Yakh fmfkk
wdldrh h:d:hla f,i fou< ck;dj u; nf,ka megu idfmalaI;djd {dk
Nd.hlg .e<fmkafk flfia hs Tjqyq m%Yak lr;s'
fudjqkag fndfyda oE fuka u ksudKd;aul idfmalaI;djd {dk Nd.h o
wjfndaO lr .; fkdyels h' ksudKd;aul idfmalaI;djdoh wrg idfmalaI j t<sh
we;ehs lshk j.fha idfmalaI;djdohlg jvd je fohls' tys mokf we;af;a kqu
bkash moaO;shg ukig yd ixialD;shg idfmalaI j ksudKh flfrkakla nj;a" wcd
mphd ixLdr" tk kqu hkq woHdj fyj;a fkdkSu ksid ixialrKh flfrkakla"
ksudKh flfrkakla nj;a" jdia;l h:d:hla fkdue;s nj;a h' tfy;a fuhska
lshefjkafka kE u whl=g kE u fohla" th ;ukag idfmalaIl hehs lshka bm;a
l< yels nj fkdf' h u;hla" m%jdohla bm;a lrk g th idOl iu. ix.; j
bm;a l< hq;= h' idOl o wjidk .%yfha m%jdoh u; /f|kafka hehs lshd idOl o
m%jdohg idfmalaIl hehs flfkl=g lsj yels h' tfy;a idOl yd m%jdo w;r we;af;a
tlla wfkl u; r|d mj;sk wfkHdakH inkaOhls' idOl m%jdofhka neyer lsug
fkdyels nj ienE h' tfukau m%jdo o idOlj,ska neyer l< fkdyels h' fuys jeo.;a
jkafka m%jdo idOl we;= iuia; moaO;sfha u h ix.; njla ;sh hq;= h hkak h'
fou< cd;sjdohg idfmalaIl hhs lshka wE; w;S;fha isg u furg mej;sfha
fou< rdcHhla nj;a isxy,hka fodf<dia jeks ishjfika miq j furg meKs msila nj;a
lSug fkdyels h' we;e b;sydi uydpdhjreka tjeks u;hla ksudKh lrka iskafka
o hkak o Nd. lr,sh hq;a;ls' ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKfha jev lghq;=j, uQ,sl wruqK
b;sydih isxy, - fYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaO - fkdjk wdldrhlska m%;sksudKh lsu o
hkak o tf,iska u fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'
b;sydi{hka iska b;sydih ksudKh flfuys imQKfhka u j;udkfhka
fkd.e<fjk nj jdia;l h:d:hla .ek l;d fkdlrk ksudKd;aul idfmalaI;djdyq
ms<s.ks;s' tfy;a ksudKd;aul idfmalaI;djdoh hkq kE u whl=g kE u fohla lSug
we;s n,m;%hla fkdf' l,ska i|yka lr we;s m bm;a flfrk b;sydih wod< kq
moaO;sh iu. ix.; h hq;= h'

h m%Yakhla ms<sn| j ix.; fyda wix.; u; lsysmhla bm;a jQ g ta m%Yakh

ksrdlrKh lr .; yels tla u.la k idlPd meje;auhs' tfy;a idlPdjg mok
h hq;af;a" tk idlPdjg iyNd.S jk ish fokd f.a u wdrNl tl;ajh we;s h
hq;af;a" l=ula inkaO j o hk m%Yakh o ta iu. mek k.S' fou< cd;sjdka iska wo
bm;a flfrk u;h lreKq ;=kla u; mok f' fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla nj"
fou< cd;shg iajhx ksK whs;sh we;s nj" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< cd;sfha
kscN+ nj tu lreKq ;=khs' tu lreKq idlPdjg hg;a fkdjk nj o fou< cd;sjdyq
mji;s' fuhska lshefjkafka ta lreKq idlPdjg .; fkdyels nj;a" tajd ish fokd
iska ms<s.; hq;= nj;a" idlPd werh hq;af;a tajd mok lrf.k nj;a h'
idfmalaIl kq moaO;s folla we;s gl tla lKavdhulg wfkla lKavdhf
moaO;sfha we;s ixjdo fmkajd ug wjia:djla ,nd u idlPdf tla wruqKls' we;e
fgl tfia ixjdo fmkajkq ,enQ g" ;u m%jdo idOl moaO;sh ix.; fkdjk nj
fmkajkq ,enQ g" h lKavdhula ;u woyia fjkia lr .ekSug iQodk j iskjd h
yels h' tjeks wjia:dj, idlPd M,odhS h yels h'
tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, l< yelafla l=ula o @ ;uka f.a moaO;sfha ixjdo fmkajQ
fgl tu ixjdoj,ska f;dr j moaO;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug ne jQ fgl ^fou<
ck;djg fou< u ksid u widOdrKhla we;s nj fmkajd ug fkdyels jQ g& h
lKavdhula ;u moaO;sfhys t,a,S iskafka k idlPdj t;ekska u ksu f' tfuka u
wfkla mlaIhg idlPd flug wjYH u jQ lreKq idlPdjg Ndck l< fkdyels hehs
lKavdhula lshkafka k tjeks wjia:djl idlPdjla wdrN flula j;a fkdis f'
tjka wjia:dj, idlPd fkdjk l%shdud.j,g hEug is f'
fld ixOdkh iy wfkla fou< cd;sjd mlaI b;d u jeo.;a lreKq ;=kla
idlPdjg Ndck l< fkdyels hhs lshhs' ta w;r fld ixOdkh fjk u rdcHhla
kd.ekSu i|yd igka je ishs' fujeks wjia:djl wm hqoaOhg fl;r wleue;s jqj;a
hqoaO fkdlr ne h' ksiqka h hEu hqoaO fkdlsug fya;=jla f,i olajkakka tfia
lrkafka fou< cd;sjdohg isxy,hka hg flug h'
idlPd fkdjk l%shdud. fuu wkqldrl W.;a;= o fjk;a wjia:dj, wkq.ukh
lr;s' jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdud. .ekSu hkafkka lshefjkafka idlPd u.ska m%Yak
ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug fkdyels nj h' m%Yakh idfmalaIl hhs lSfuka wfkla mdYajfha
woyia ms<s.ekSug tjeks wjia:dj, Tjqyq wleue;s fj;s' YajoHd, wdpdhjre o
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdud. wkq.ukh l< y' Tjqka ka tfia fkdlrkafka k" thg fya;=j
Bkshd idfmalaI;d oYkhla wjfndaO lr.ekSu fkdjk nj k brd u lsj hq;= h'
hul= iska ksudKh lrk kqu iudchg ta;a;= .ekaf kqu iudcfha
m%p,s; lsf fhdod .efkkafka ;lh u muKla fkdjk nj ngysr oHdf mshd f,i
ie,flk
.e,S,sfhdaf.a
l%shd
l,dmfhka
u
meye,s
fjhs'
ksudKd;aul
idfmalaI;djdofhys uQ,sl j f;are .ekSug W;aidy flfrkafka kqu ksudKh flfrk
wdldrh h' kqu iudcfha m%p,s; flu" ;yjqre flu wdh is jkafka flfia o hkak
o thg wod< lreKq h' u;jdo m%p,s; flf n,mdk tl u idOlh wod< kq
moaO;sfha ix.; u fkdjk nj o ksudkd;aul idfmalaI;djdyq oks;s' tfy;a Tjqyq
idlPdf kdufhka kq moaO;shl ix.; nj wjOdrKh lr;s' Tjqka hlsis m%Yakhl
hqoaO jeks idlPd fkdjk l%shdud. wkqu; lrkafka fjk;a u.la fkdue;s gl h'
kE u whl=g kE u fohla bm;a flug ksoyi we;ehs hk wdldrfhka
idfmalaI;djd {dk Nd.h jrojd f;are f.k fyda jrojd f;are lr fok wh
wjidk jYfhka hqoaOh fjkqfjka u fmkS is;s' hqoaOhg reoaO hehs lshka idlPd l<
hq;= nj mejiqj o Tjqka idlPd l< hq;= hehs lshkafka fou< cd;sjdofha u;h ms<s.kska
neka Tjqka wjidk jYfhka lshd iskafka fou< cd;sjdofha u;h wfkla ish fokd u
ms<s.; hq;= nj h'

wo isjkafka isxy,hka ;u u;h fou< ck;dj u; nf,ka megu W;aidy

flula fkdj fou< cd;sjdka b;d u ixjd" b;sydi frda woyia isxy, ck;dj u;
nf,ka meguls' fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq hq. foflys Tjqyq ;u u;h tfia nf,ka
megu .sks w fkdue;s j tfy;a ue;sjrK jck" Bkshd i;Hd.%y wd wdhqO u.ska
flug W;aidy l< y' wo Tjqyq tys .sks w o fhdod .ks;s' hqoaOhg m%Odk fya;=j th
fjhs'
fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hka wmg lshkafka tjeks wjia:djl fou< cd;sjdofha
u;h ms<sf.k ksyv h hq;= h hkak h' Tjqka f.a Bkshd hqO frdaOh hkq isxy,hka fou<
cd;sjdoh bfha oK .eiaiSu i|yd fhdod.;a Wml%uhla muKls'
rdcH fkdjk ixOdk u.ska fufyhfjk YajoHd, yd YajoHd, fkdjk Bkshd
W.;=ka f.a nrj ll=,g fyda Tjqka f.a iajdjreka f.a w=gqgq iudc oHdjg fuka u
uqo,aj,g o wms hg fkdh hq;af;uq' fou< cd;sjdoh yd th miqmi we;s ish n,f.
f;are .ekSfuka muKla wmg cd;sl wkkH;dj /l .; yels jkq we;'
wo m%Yakfhys wdrNfhys we;af;a ;dkska f.ka ck wkqmd;hg fkdi,k
wdldrhlska ;uka ,;a jrm%ido yd n,h /l .ekSug W;aidy l< W.;a fou< ckhd h'
Tjqyq ;u jrm%ido yd n,h /l .ekSu i|yd u rf nyq;rh isxy,hka nj yoj;ska u
ms<s.ekSug wlue;s jQ y' je l,la fkdf.dia u rf b;sydih hkq isxy, b;sydih nj
ms<s.ekSug o Tjqyq wleue;s jQ y' tod isg wo olajd fou< cd;sjdoh ldYh is we;s
whqre f fmd;a msxfpys flfhka ia;r fjhs' wo jk g nyq;rh isxy,hka nj
fkdms<s.ekSu Bkshd nyqcd;sl ixl,amh olajd jOkh fl we;s w;r we;e b;sydi
uydpdhjre yd ixialD;sl ;%sfldaK wOHlaIljre isxy, b;sydih uld ug lghq;=
lr;s'
fou< cd;sjdoh mrdch l< hq;af;a yuqod l%shdud.hlska muKla fkdf' th
foaYmd,k yd kHdhd;aul ;,j, o mrdch l< hq;= h' kHdhd;aul ;,fhys kg u;a miq
nd we;s fou< cd;sjdoh uqukska u mrdch flfuys ,d f fmd;a msxp iq jYfhka fyda
odhl jkq we;ehs hkak uf.a me;=u fjhs'
fmd;a msxp uqKh l< iskq uqKd,fhys ldh uKav,hg;a" msgljrh
ksudKh l< pkaok chjOk uy;dg;a uf.a ia;+;sh ys fjhs'
k,ska o is,ajd
2539 b,a$1995 fkdjen ui 15 jk k
uyr.u h'

m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d

we;euqka lshkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, we;s m%Yakhg fya;=j fou< ckhdg
is ;sfnk widOdrKh njhs' th ienEjla fkdfo @
f widOdrKl fudkjd hs Tng lsj yels o @
isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsu" m%;slrKh" ckmolrKh wdh'
f ish,a, is jQfha 1950 g miqjhs' tfy;a jjqkshdf ysgmq uka;%Sjrhl= jQ iS'
iqkaor,sx. uy;d B<ula .ek l;d flf<a y;,sia .Kkaj, uq,hs' fp,ajkdh. uy;d
f.a m%Odk;ajfhka b,xflhs ;,a wriq l fyj;a fou< rdcH mlaIh mgka .;af;a 1949
hs' th isxyf,ka yd bx.sisfhka fmvr,a lshd yekajQfha wmj /jughs fp,ajkdh.
uy;d f.a nEKd jk uydpdh ta' f' ,aika ta mlaIhg wjYH jQ fgl fou< rdcHhla
fjkqfjka fmkS ish yels nj mjid ;sfnkjd'
tfyu k m%Yakfha wdrNh ljod o @ 1940 o @ fou< kdhlhka B<ula b,a,Sug
fm,UqfKa wehs @
m%Yakfha wdrNh yqla wE;g hkjd' miq.sh ishjfia Ikd wOHdmkh ksid rf
we;e fldgiaj,g fYaI jrm%ido ,enqKd' wrdcHjdka f fldgia jqjukdfjka u
f;dard .;a;d hehs lshkak mqjka' hdmkfha fou< ck;dj tl fldgila' hdmkfha mdi,a
mgka .;af;a weulka Ikdjreka' Tjqka bx.siska f.a ielhg Ndck jqKq tl;a we;a;'
tfy;a bx.siska f.ka hdmkfha mdi,a we;s lsug Tjqkag ndOdjla jqfKa keye' hdmkfha
fou< ck;djg jf.a u lf;da,sl yd fYaIfhka u l%sia;shdks ck;djg;a jrm%ido
,enqKd'
Tn lshkafka hdmkfha ish fou< ck;djg jrm%ido ,enqKq nj o @
keye' jrm%ido ,enqfKa l fofkl=ghs' tfy;a m%;sY;hla f,i .;a l, hdmkfha
ck;dj f.ka iEfyk fldgilg wdKavqf /lshd ;k;=re wdh ,enqKd' kS;s{" ffjoH
jdf.a jD;a;Skaj,;a f ;;a;ajh ;snqKd' hdmkfha ia;%slalfha ck wkqmd;h ishhg myla
yhla muK jqj;a f jD;a;Ska yd /lshdj, fhKq wh ta wkqmd;h jf.a y;a wg .=Khla
jqKd'
l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl wh inkaOfhkq;a th tfia u o @
T" ta;a bka lshefjkafka keye ish l%sia;shdkSkag yd lf;da,slhkag /lshd
,enqKd lsh,d' Tjqka w;r;a b;d u .S mam;a wh ishd' ta jqK;a m%;sY;hla yehg
.;a;d u fn!oaOhkag jvd jrm%ido ;snqKd' bx.sis wdKavqj isxy,hkag" fYaIfhka u
fn!oaOhkag" bkq;a Wvrg fmfoiaj, ishjqkag fjkial l<d'
Tjqka tfia lf<a wehs @
thg m%Odku fya;=j ;uhs 1817 - 18 yd 1848 we;sjqKq ksoyia wr.," Wvrg
fmfoiaj, isxy, fn!oaOhka ;ukag ;ckhla f,i bx.sis md,lhka gqjd' W!j
fj,a,iafika isxy,hka ke;s lsug mshjr .;a;d' oreKq iuQ, >d;khla is l<d' wjqre
14 g je ms <uhska urd ud' ta m<d;aj, isxy,hka f.a yrldndk mjd kdY l<d'
f;kakfldaka u,dkkao uy;auhd ;uka f. fmd;aj, f lreKq ia;r lr, ;sfhkjd'
isxy, fn!oaOhkag jvd wfkla ck fldgia fYaIfhka u hdmkfha fou< ckhd
jrm%ido N=la;s u B<d b,a,Sug fya;=jla jkafka flfia o @

th tl g u we;s jQ fohla fkfjhs' thg wjqre ishhla muK ld,hla .; jqKd'

f b;sydih wms yhg k .; hq;=hs'
b;sydifhka wog we;s m%fhdackh fudlla o @ wo m%Yakhg ms<s;=re wo h hq;=hs'
b;sydifha weglgq f.dv odkafk wehs @
lreKq folla ksid' m<uqjekak j;udkh lshkafka b;sydifha m%;sM,hla ksid yd
wkd.;h ;efkkafka j;udkfha wm lrk lshk fohska neka' fojekak b;sydih uq,ska
u weo .;af;a fou< cd;sjdka' Tjqka ;uqka f.a jdishg b;sydih lD;s lr we;s ksid th
ksjer lrkak is ;sfnkjd'
ta jqK;a b;sydih tla tlaflkd olskafka ;ukag wjYH hg fkdf o @ ksjer
b;sydih wm f;dard .kafka fldfydu o @
we;a;' b;sydih;a ksid iska lshk l;djla' th tl tlaflkd tl tl wdldrhg
lshkjd' j;udkh o b;sydih ksudKfha n,mdkjd' ta jqK;a fjdhska mriamr ke;s"
tfyu;a ke;ak mriamrj,ska wvq l;djla f;dard.kak mqjka' ,shfj,d ;sfhk ,sms
f,aLk" jd;d" foaYslhka gq oE" fi,a,sms" mqrdoHd;aul f.dvke.s,s yd NdKav wd
foaj,a tlal ix.; fjk mriamrj,ska wvq b;sydih fudlla o lsh, k.kak mqjka'
fyd|hs" miq.sh ishjfia isg fou< kdhlhka B<d lrd wdf fldfydu o @ jrm%ido
/l.ekSug wjYH jQfha wehs @
jrm%ido ,;a fndfyda wh l,amkd lrkafka tu jrm%ido /l .ekSughs' tfy;a
iuyrekag l,a .; jk g f;afrkjd th rf b;sydihg yd mj;sk ;;a;ajhg mgyeks
ula nj' ta wh b;sydih yd mj;akd ;;a;ajh iu. noaO fjkjd' iuyre tfia fkdfldg
b;sydihg msgqmdkak yokjd'
th t;r meye,s keye' b;sydihg noaO fjkjd" msgqmdkjd lshkafka l=ula o @
f rf ,s; b;sydih isxy,hka f.a b;sydihhs fYaIfhka u fn!oaOhka f.a
b;sydihhs' ,s; b;sydifhka lshefjk ld,fh;a wo;a rf nyq;rh isxy, fn!oaOhka'
th ms<s.; hq;a;la' f ldrKh f;are f.k ta nj ms<sf.k rf j;au b;sydih iu.
noaO ula f,i ykajkak mqjka' ta ldrKh fkdms<s.ekSu rf b;sydihg msgqmEula'
wo fndfyda l%sia;shdkska yd lf;da,slhka rf b;sydih ms<s.kakjd'
Tn lshkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,slhka b;sydih;a iu. noaO jQ nj o @
l%sia;shdkskag yd lf;da,slhkag ;uka fn!oaOhkag jvd jefhka |mq jrm%ido
w;ayeug iEfyk ld,hla .shd' ta jqK;a f jk g l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka
f.ka Yd, nyq;rhla ta ;;a;ajh ms<sf.k ;sfnkjd' fn!oaOhka f rf nyq;rh nj
ms<s.ekSu Tjqkag wo lsisfia;a u m%Yakhla fkdfjhs' Tjqka f.a by< ;,j, jecfUk
we;e mQcljreka yd m%N+ka tf,i ms<s.ekSug reoaO j jev l<;a ls;=Kq lf;da,sl
nyq;rhg wo th m%Yakhla keye' fn!oaOhka nyq;rh f,i ms<s.ekSu ;u wd.u
weoySug ndOdjla fkdjk nj Tjqka ka okakjd' fmd isxy, ixialD;sh ;=< Tjqka
flfuka ls|d nyskjd' ta w;r ;u ls;=Kq lf;da,sl wkkH;dj;a /l.kakjd' /lshdj,g
jD;a;Skag m;a f fn!oaOhka ;u wkqmd;hg i,k whqka tajdg m;a u wo
ls;=Kqjka f.ka yd lf;da,slhka f.ka nyq;rhlg m%Yakhla fkdfjhs'

 th fn!oaO nyq;rfha wdm;Hh ms<s.ekSula o @

keye' th nyq;rfha wdm;Hh ms<s.ekSula fkdfjhs' th b;sydih yd j;udkh
f;are f.k th ms<s.ekSuhs' isxy, ixialD;sh ;=< u meye,s wkkH;djla we;s j
ls;=kqjka yd lf;da,slhka f,i j;a ug;a ;u ck.yk wkqmd;hg fkdi,k f,i
/lshd wdh n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdug;a Tjqka bf.k f.k ;sfnkjd' th miq .sh jir
mkyl muK ld,h ;=< furg olskakg ,enqKq w.kd u iudchSh M,hka f.ka tlla'
n,j;a msil f.a wl=,a fy<Su ueo wjqre mkyl muK fl ld,hlska fumuK rla
taug yels u ish isxy,hka f.a u ch.%yKhla'
Tn lshkafka fou< ckhd inkaOfhka th tfia is fkdjQ nj o @ thg fya;=j l=ula
o@
T' wjdikdjlg fou< ckhdg th lr.ekSug fkdyels jqKd' wfma rf ;sfnk
f,dl= u m%Yakh;a thhs' wo wm l;d lrkafka;a hqoaO lrkafka;a fou< ckhd th fkdl<
yd fkdlrk neka' thg m%Odk jrolre jkafka W.;a fou< ck;djhs' tys wdrNfha u
fmdkakn, ifydaorhka iskjd'
th ms<s.kak neye' fmdkakn, rdukdoka yd fmdkakn, wrekdp, hk
uy;ajre f rf ksoyi fjkqfjka jev flf<a keoao @ Tjqka isxy,hka fjkqfjka
l;d flf<a keoao@
we;a;' rdukdoka uy;auhd isxy, uqia,s flda,dy,fha wrdcHjdka f.ka
isxy,hkag is jQ ;dvk mSvk uok wdhg reoaO j l;d l<d' ta jf.a u bx.sis
wdKavqfjka fkdfhl=;a wdKavq l%u m%;sixialrK ,nd .ekSug;a Tjqka lghq;= l<d' kuq;a
wm fuys tlla wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' Tjqka isxy,hka fjkqfjka l;d flf<a
wrdcHjdkag tfrys j' tfy;a rg we;=f<a m%Yakj, isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug
Tjqka iQodk jQfha keye' isxy,hka f.a NdIdj" ixialD;sh yd b;sydih .ek Tjqka l;d
l<;a tu b;sydih iu. noaO ug Tjqkag wjYH jQfha keye' thg fya;=j jQfha jrm%ido
/l .ekSuhs' rf b;sydih iu. noaO isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i ms<s.;fyd;a ;u ck
wkqmd;h jvd ;uka ,ndf.k we;s jrm%ido /l.ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels jk nj Tjqka
jgyd .;a;d'
fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i fkdms<s.;af;a h hkak ug ;j u;a
jefgfykafka keye' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj meye,s fka o @ th fkdms<sf.k iskafka
flfia o @ Tn lshkafka Tjqka isxy,hka f.a wdm;Hh fkdms<s.;a nj fkdf o @
isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ixLHd .ek kqula we;s l=vd <uhl=g jqj;a
jefgfykakla" th ta <uhd mjd ms<s.kak nj;a we;a;' fuys ms<s.;af;a h hkafkka
woyia jkafka th | ord .ekSug we;s iu;aluhs' ixLHdfjka je nj f;are .;a;;a
th yoj;ska |.kakg neye' we;e mlaI ue;sjrKj,ska merK;a th yoj;ska
ms<s.kafka keye' tneka Tjqka ue;sjrK m%;sM, .%y lr ;uka mer ke;s nj
fmkajkjd' th ;rula rg wr ;;a;ajhg iudkhs'
isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSu hkq isxy, wdm;Hhla ms<s.ekSula fkdfjhs'
isxy,hka f.a wdm;Hhla fuys keye' isxy, ixialD;sfha wdm;Hhla ms<s.ekSu ms<sn|
m%Yakhla fu;ek fldfydu j;a mek k.skafka keye' isxy,hka lsis fgl fou< NdIdj
ke;s flug j;a ;uka f.a ixialD;sh fou< ckhd u; n,y;aldrfhka megug j;a
W;aidy lr keye' fou< ckhd h msila fyda j;a jk m%foaYj,;a flda,a ;kdf.k
;sfnkjd' fld<U" ud;f,a iy ;j;a m%foaYj, f,a W;aij meje;afjkjd' b;d u iq
fohla f,i ye.=K;a fmdgq ;nd .ekSfuka k<f,a w .Efuka ;u wkkH;dj m%oYkh
flug fou< yska Nla;slhkag ndOdjla keye'

 ta;a 1958 1983 jf.a fou< lv leug" flda,a leug isxy,hka fm<UqfKa
keoao @ hdmkh mqia;ld,h msu wdh .ek lshkafka l=ula o @
ta isoaOsj,g fjk;a fya;= ;snqKd' hdmkh mqia;ld,h msu jeks foaj,a
foaYmd,k{hka f.a jev' 1958" 1977 wd wjqrej, fome;af;ka u tjeks mSvd olskakg
,enqKd' W;=f isxy,hka urKhg m;a flrejd' hdmkh YajoHd,fha isxy, isiqka t<jd
oukq ,enQjd" 1977 isoaj,g w;,sx. uy;d we;= fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa
kdhlhka j.lsj hq;= nj ikafidaks fldif jd;dfjka fmkakq lrkjd' isxy, yd
fou< h h Woh tajdg j.lsj hq;=hs' ta;a f ish isoaj,g wjidk jYfhka j.lsj
hq;af;a fou< kdhlhkqhs' Tjqka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu ksid u f ish
m%Yak we;s jQjd' fou< ckhdj l=ms; lr yeS wjqiaid mdrg f.kdf fou< kdhlhkqhs'
fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu ms<sn| j we;s idlaIs fudkjdo @
l,ska i|yka l< wdldrhg fou< kdhlhkag isxy,hka nyq;rh nj
fkdms<s.ekSug m%Odk u fya;=j jQfha Tjqkaf.a jrm%ido /l .ekSuhs' isxy,hka nyq;rh
nj ms<s.;fyd;a ck wkqmd;hg jvd /lshd yd jD;a;Skays ;uka fh isu .egjla jk
nj Tjqka gqjd' ta jf.a u Tjqka f.a fjk;a n,;,;a ke;s jk nj Tjqkag fmkS .shd' 1885
tjlg ;snQ jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uqia,s ksfhda;hl= m;a flu ms<sn| m%Yakh mek
ke.=Kd' tys fmdkakn, rdukdoka uy;d lshd isfha uqia,sjreka ck j.hla f,i
.;a l, fou< nj;a" fou< ckhd ksfhdackh flu i|yd ;uka isk nj;a tneka
uqia,s ksfhda;hl= wkjYH nj;a h' Tyq f.a ;lh jQfha fou< ckj.h wd.u f,i
.;a l, fou< yska" fou< l%sia;shdks" fou< uqia,s jYfhka fn ish;a ta ish,a, u
ckjd.sl j fou< njhs' rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.ufha irdjlg rdukdoka uy;d ,shQ
,smshl;a Tyq ta ;lh u;= l<d' tfy;a tl,;a uqia,s kdhlhka rdukdoka uy;d f.a ta
;lhg reoaO jqKd' isoa f,f uy;d;a Ethnography of the Muslims of Ceylon
uefhka ,smshla m< l< t' whs' w,a wiSia uy;d;a tys fYaIfhka i|yka lrkak
mqjka' Tjqka lshd isfha ,xldfj uqia,sjrekag fjk u wkkH;djla we;s njhs' wjqre
100lg miq j;a f m%Yakh mjd yye ksrdlrKh keye' wo kef.kysr m<df;a
uqia,sjreka f.a m%Yakh fuu wkkH;dj ms<sn| m%Yakhla'
kuq;a fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.;a njla thska lshefjkjd o @
bka uQ,sl jYfhka u lshefjkafka fou< wdm;Hhla uqia,s ck;dj u; meguhs'
tfy;a tys thg jvd ;j;a fohla ;snqKd' fou< kdhlhkag fou< f.dv je
lr.ekSug;a wjYH jqKd' wo mjd fou< l;d lrk ck;dj hkqfjka Tjqka j.SlrKhla
lrkjd' f fou< f.dv h m%udKhlska fyda je lr.ekSu u.ska isxy, nyq;rfha
ixLHd;aul w.h ta m%udKfhka fyda wvqlr .ekSug rE W;aidyhl=;a tys ;snqKd' ;uka
yd isxy,hka w;r we;s ixLHd;aul fjki wvq lr .ekSu ;=< isxy,hka nyq;rh nj
yoj;ska ug ;snQ wleue;a; nqoafhkq;a ;rula fyda hqla;s hqla; lr.; yelshs'
ta;a Th ld,fha fou< kdhlhka yd isxy, kdhlhka tlg jev l<d fkdf o @
T' ;dkska f.ka h h m%;sixialrK ,nd .ekSf Tjqka tlg jev l<d' ta;a
m%Yakh jQfha fou< ckhd f.a jrm%ido /l.ekSf " f jrm%ido;a tlal n,h ms<sn|
m%Yakh;a wEKd' th jHjia:dodhl iNdj ;=<ska wd fohla' 1885 rdukdoka uy;d uqia,s
ksfhdackhlg reoaO jqKd' 1912 jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m<uq jrg ks, fkd,;a uka;%Ska
Pkaofhka f;dard.kq ,enQjd' tys W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka f;dard hejqfKa rdukdoka
uy;dhs' f ld,fha Pkao n,h ;snqfKa bx.sis h m%udKhlg W.;a whg" foam<
yshkag yd jHdmdlhkaghs' ta iS; Pkao n,h ;snQ ld,fha isg fou< W.;=ka isxy,
nyq;rh nj ms<s.;af;a keye' n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh jD; j u lr<shg wdf 1918 muK
ld,fha hs'

 Th ld,fha ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih msysgqjdf.k ;snqKd fka o @ tys isxy," fou<"
uqia,s" n. ish fokd u yshd fka o@
uq, tfyu tlg ysh nj we;a;' ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih msysgqjQfha 1917 hs'
tys m<uq iNdm;s jQfha rdukdoka uy;d f.a u,a,s jQ fmdkakn, wreKdp, uy;dhs'
m%Yakh uq,ska u u;= flf<a hdmk ix.uh iskqhs' jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ckj. mokula
u; uka;%Sjreka f;aug Tjqkag wjYH jqKd' cd;sl fldka.%ih 1918 ;SrKh flf<a N+h
u; mok uka;%Sjreka f;dard.ekSughs' hdmk ix.uh ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ihg we;=
f fldka.%ifhys kdhlhka fofofkl= jQ fia mSia yd B' f' iurl%u uy;ajre
hdmk ix.uhg fmdfrdkajla foka fldka.%ifhys m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk
ix.ufhys b,a,Sj,g bv h yels nj mjid ;sfnkjd' tfy;a 1920 jk g hdmk
ix.uh lshd we;af;a fia mSia yd B' f' iurl%u uy;ajreka ckj.h u; uka;%Ska
f;aug tl jQ njhs' f jk g fou< kdhlhka fld<U ia;%slalfha W.;a fou<
ckhd i|yd fjk u uka;%S OQrhla b,a,d ishd' fldka.%ifha ;SrKh N+h u; uka;%Ska
f;dard .; hq;= h hkak neka isxy, kdhlhka thg reoaO jqKd' f ;;a;ajh Wv 1921
wreKdp, uy;d fldka.%ifhka wia ;,a uyck ifnhs fyj;a fou< uyck iNdj
msysfgjd' th ;uhs ,xldf msysgqjkq ,enq m%:u cd;sjd ixOdkh'
fia mSia yd iurl%u hk uy;ajre ;uka ka fmdfrdkajla levqf keoao @
keye' fmdfrdka ;snqfKa fldka.%ifha m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk ix.ufha
b,a,Sj,g tl jk njhs' fldka.%ia m%;sm;a;sh jQfha N+h u; uka;%Sjreka f;dard .;
hq;= njhs'
ta uy;ajre tjeks fmdfrdkajla fyda kafka fou< kdhlhka f.a b,a,Sfuys hlsis
idOdrKlula ;snQ ksid fkdf o@
keye' we;a;g u wo jk ;=re l%shd;aul ;sfnk fou< cd;sjd foaYmd,kfhys
c wjia:djla fuys ;sfnkjd' hdmk ix.uh b,a,d isfha ckj.h u; uka;%Sjreka
f;dark f,ihs' ;dkska f.ka h h m%;sixialrK ,nd.ekSu i|yd n,j;a
fldka.%ihla ;su wjYH hehs l,amkd l< isxy, kdhlhka ta ix.uh fldka.%ihg
we;=<;a lr.ekSu i|yd Tjqkag hlsis iykhla ie,iqjd' W.;a fou< ckhd bka miq
l%shd lf<a tu iykh u; mok fjkqhs' fldka.%ifha m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk
ix.ufha b,a,Sj,g tlh hq;= h hkak fou< kdhlhka jrKh flf<a wfkla
fmfoiaj, N+h u; mok j uka;%Ska f;dark w;r fld<U ia;%slalfha W.;a fou<
ckhd i|yd uka;%S wdikhla ,nd h hq;= f,ihs'
Tn lshkafka fou< ckhdf.a b,a,Sf idOdrK njla ke;s h lshd o @
tys lsis u idOdrK njla keye' ta b,a,Sf tl u wruqK jQfha ;uka tf;la rE
uka;%S ixLHdfjys wkqmd;h flfia fyda mj;ajdf.k hEuhs' jrm%ido /l.ekSu" ta i|yd
jHjia:dodhl iNdf n,h ck wkqmd;hg lsisfia;a u fkdi,k whqrlska mj;ajd.;
hq;= h hkak yd tys isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu wdh ta b,a,Sfuys wvx.= jqKd'
jHjia:dodhl iNdf n,h ck wkqmd;hg fkdi,k wdldrhlska mj;ajd.ekSu
hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o @
jHjia:dodhl iNdj msysgqjQfha 1833 hs' uq, tys ks, ,;a uka;%Sjreka 10 fofkl=
yd ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka 6 fofkl= ishd' ks,,;a uka;%Sjre 10 fokd f.ka yh fofkla
Odhl iNdf idudlfhda" wks;a y;r fokd wdKavqldrhd iska m;a lrmq ks,Odka" ks,
fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka m;a flrefj;a wdKavqldrhd hs' ta yh fokdf.ka ;=ka fofkla
hqfrdamSh' tla flfkla isxy, ' tla flfkla fou<' wfkla ;eke;a;d n.' f m<uq

jHjia:dodhl iNdf isxy, fou< wkqmd;h 1 ( 1 hs' fuh bx.siska iska jqjukdfjka u
lrmq fohla' hqfrdamShhka ;=kafokd yd n. uka;%Sjrhd m;a flu ys;d.kak mqjka' th
wrdcHjdka ;uka f.a j.hg yd iq yug ie,l+ wdldrhhs' isxy,hka yd fou<
wkqmd;h idudkHfhka 6 ( 1 wkqmd;fhka ;snqK;a uka;%Sjreka m;a flf<a 1 ( 1 wkqmd;h
wkqjhs' f jHjia:dodhl iNdf mk;a bm;a flf n,h ;snqfKa wdKavqldrhdghs' ta
jqK;a tys idudlhka u ksid u h lsis foaYmd,k n,hla uka;%Sjrekag ;snqKd' 1833
ta n,h isxy, yd fou< w;r fn .sfha 1 ( 1 wkqmd;hghs' 1 ( 1 yd je u jqjfyd;a 2 ( 1
n,h fnod yod.ekSf wkqmd;hla f,i tod muKla fkdj miq j;a fou< ckhd l,amkd
l<d' n,hg yjq,a u n,h fnod .ekSu hkqfjka fou< ckhd l,amkd flf<a thhs'
wdKavqldrhd fuhg wu;r j l%sia;shdks" fn!oaO" yska wd jYfhka uka;%Sjreka m;a
flf<a keoao @
keye' jdikdjlg th tfia isjQfha keye' tfyu jqKd k wr ud l,ska lsjq foh
tk ls;=kqjkag yd lf;da,slhkag rf b;sydih iu. noaO ug ;snQ yelshdj
ke;sfjkak;a ;snqKd' /lshd yd jD;a;Skaj, ;snQ jrm%idoj,g;a jvd tla w;lska .;a l,
foaYmd,k n,h ms<sn| j bx.siska iska fou< ck;dj f.a ys;aj,g ouk ,o wkqmd;h
fuys m%Odk jYfhka n,md ;sfnk njla fmakjd' fou< kdhlhkag f udkisl;ajfhka
;ju;a f.dv taug yels keye'
f jHjia:dodhl iNdjg wKmk;a bm;a flug fkdyels jQjd k thg ;snQ
n,;, fudkjd o @
wKmk;a bm;a flug fkdyels jqj;a idlPdj,g iyNd.Sfuka mK;a iu;
f h n,mEula flug mqjka jqKd' ta jf.a u 1870 uqo,a lghq;= ms<sn| idlPd
flug jHjia:dodhl iNdjg n,;, kakd'
jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uqia,s uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flula .ek Tn l,ska i|yka l<d'
th bgq jqKd o @
T' rdukdoka uy;d f.a reoaO;ajh Wv jqj;a 1889 jHjia:dodhl iNdjg
uqia,sjreka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjrhl= m;a l<d' ta iu. tys ixhq;sh;a fjkia jqKd' ks,
fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 8 la olajd je jqKd' wdKavqldrhd hqfrdamShka 3 fokl= my;rg
isxy," Wvrg isxy," fou<" n." uqia,s tlaflkd ne.skq;a jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m;a
l<d' 1889 isxy, fou< wkqmd;h 2(1 jQjd'
Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flu ksid isxy,hka fn .shd o @
fuh bx.siSka f.a md,kfha ;j;a Wml%uhla' isxy,hkaj fnokakg Tjqka W;aidy
l<d' my;rg isxy,hkag je jrm%ido ,eu fya;= fldg f.k Wvrg isxy,hkag
idOdrKhla bgqflu f,ihs th fmfkkak ie,eiaiqf' miq ld,fhl Wvrg m%foaYj,g
fjk u fmvr,a m%dka;hla b,a,Sug isxy,hka hehs ykajkq ,enQ msi fhduq jQfha
bx.siska f.a tjeks m%;sm;a;s ksidhs' 1926 jk g nKavdrkdhl uy;d o Wvrg isxy,hka
fjk u fldgila f,i lald' rg ms<sn| bx.siska we;s l< ta ;;a;ajh jer nj
jgyd.ekSug nKavdrkdhl uy;dg fuka u fmdf isxy,hkag o je l,a fkdf.dia u
mqjka jqKd'
1889 ;a ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka o m;a flref wdKavqldrhd iskqhs' isxy, fou<
wkqmd;h l=ula jqj;a tys t;r jeo.;alula kE fka o @ Pkaofhka uka;%Sjreka
m;a lr .;af;a ljod o @

fuys jeo.;a jkafka n,h ms<sn| woyihs' n,h fnod yod .ekSf fou<
kdhlhkag ;uka f.a jkdlu ms<sn| woyila ;dkSka iska ;snqKd' 1912 ks,
fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka y;r fokl= Pkaofhka m;a lr.ekSug bv ie,eiaiqjd' bka tla whl=
muKla W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka m;alr .ekSug yels jQjd' fuys Pkao n,h ys jQfha
iS; msilg nj u;l ;nd .; hq;=hs'
1920 m%;sixialrKh;a iu. ks, fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj ks, ,;a uka;%S ixLHdjg
jvd je jqKd' ks, ,;a 14 fokdg ks, fkd,;a 23 fokl= m;a lr .;a;d' ta 23 fokd f.ka
16 fokl= Pkaofhka m;a jQjd' wks;a 7 fokd wdKavqldrhd m;a l<d'
f wh m;a jqfKa ckj. mokulska o @
th Y% j is jQjla" ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka 16 fofkl= iS; Pkaofhka m;a
flreKd' bka 11 fofkl= Pkao fldGdi ke;ak N+h u; mok j f;dard .ekqKd'
hqfrdamShkag fofokl=;a n.jrekag tla whl=;a fj<| uKav,hg tla whl=;a my; rg
ksIamdolhka f.a ix.uhg tla whl=;a f;dard .; yels jqKd' niakdysr m<df;a W.;a
fou< wh i|yd uka;%Sjrhl= m;a lr.ekSug fou< kdhlhka b,a kuq;a th ,enqfKa
keye' b;s ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjre 7 fokd wdKavqldrhd iska m;a flreKd' ta wh m;a
lrkq ,enQfha Wvrg isxy,hka i|yd fofokl= bkah fou< ckhd i|yd tla whl="
uqia,s ckhd i|yd tla whl= yd fjk;a ksfhdackh fkdjQ wh fjkqfjka ;=ka fokl= hk
wdldrhghs'
tys ,dxlsl fou< ckhd i|yd tla whl= j;a ,enqfKa keye fkdf o @ th fou<
ckhdg l< widOdrKhla fkdf o @
fou< ckhd i|yd fjk u uka;%Sjrhl= Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSula fyda wdKavqldrhd
m;a flula fyda fkdl< nj we;a;' isxy,hka fjkqfjka o Pkaofhka uka;%Sjrhl=
f;dard.ekSulg bv i,id ;snqfKa keye' tfy;a Pkao fldGdij,ska isxy, yd fou< wh
f;a m;a jqKd' Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr .ekSu inkaOfhka bka lshefjkafka isxy, yd
fou< ck fldgia w;r wiudk;ajhla fkd;snQ njhs'
wdKavqldrhd fou< ckhd fjkqfjka lsisfjl= m;a fkdlr Wvrg isxy,hka
fjkqfjka fofokl= m;a flu widOdrKhla lsh, ldg y lshkak mqjka nj we;a;'
tfy;a tys wruqK jQfha Pkao fldGdij,ska Wvrg isxy,hka f.ka uka;%Sjreka Pkaofhka
f;aug we;s yelshdj wvq neka Tjqka fjkqfjka fofofkl= wdKavqldrhd iska m;a
fluhs' bkah fou< ckhd fjkqfjka o uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flrefKa ta mokkqhs' tys
Wvrg isxy,hka ixikaokh jkafka bkah fou< ckhdghs' bkah fou< ckhd fjkqfjka
tla uka;%Sjrhl= m;a lrk g Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjre fofokl= m;a
flreKd'
iuia;hla f,i .;a l, ,dxlsl fou< yd isxy, ckhd ck wkqmd;h l=ula jqj;a
iudk ;;a;ajhl ,d ie,l=Kd'
fou< kdhlhka jHjia:dodhl iNdf uka;%S wdik isxy, yd fou< wkqmd; 3 ( 2
jYfhka h hq;= hehs b,a,d isfha f ld,fha o @
T' th .ska .g u lrf.k .shd' 1921 fou< uyck iNdj msysgqfuka miq
wkqmd; m%Yakh ;j ;j;a wjOdrKh flreKd'
B< m%;sixialrK j,ska ;;a;ajh fjkila jqKd o @

kej; m%;sixialrKhla jQfha 1924 jif hs' tys ks, ,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 12
olajd wvq jqKq w;r ks, fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 37 olajd je jqKd' tu 37 fokd f.ka 34
fokl= u Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr .; hq;= j ;snqKd' wdKavqldrhd m;a l< hq;= j ;snqfKa
3 fokl= muKhs' tfy;a Pkaofhka f;dard.ekSug is 34 fokd f.ka Pkaofhka f;dard m;a
lr.ekqfKa 29 fofkl= muKhs' b;s mia fokd Pkaofhka m;alr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efnk
;dla wdKavqldrhd m;a l<d' bka ;=ka fokl= uqia,s ckhd fjkqfjka yd fofokl= bkah
fou< ckhd fjkqfjka m;a flreKd' fujr Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka lsisjl= m;a
flrefK;a keye' Tjqka ;j rg;a uE;l j;=j, jevg f.kd bkah fou< ckhd iu.
ikaikaokh flrefKa keye'
wjidkfha Pkaofhka f;dard .;a lr.ekqKq 29 fokd ckj. mokula u; f;dard
.ekqKd o @
th Y% j isjQjla' bka 23 fofkl=f;dard .ekqfKa N+h u; mok jQ Pkao
fldGdi u;' th fn .sfha f wdldrhghs' niakdysr 5" W;=r 5" ol=K 3" kef.kysr"
uOHu" jhU" inr.uqj fjkqfjka fofokd ne.ska W;=r ueo yd W!j fjkqfjka tlaflkd
ne.ska' fuys niakdysr yd W;=r tl iudk ugulska .ekqKq nj ie,lsh hq;=hs' b;s 6
fokd f;dard .ekqfKa hqfrdamShhka i|yd ;=ka fofkl=" n.jreka i|yd fofofkl= yd
niakdysr m<df;a ,dxlsl fou< i|yd tla wfhl= jYfhkq;a' fuu o;a; whs' ' tia'
rjOk" t,a' f' t' l=f uy;ajreka f.a lD;sj, yd fida,an fldif jd;df
olajd ;sfnkjd'
ta lshkafka niakdysr m<df;a ,dxlsl fou< W.;a wh i|yd uka;%S OQrhla ,enqKq njhs
@
T' 1920 ne jQ foa 1924 ,nd .;a;d' th fYaIs; wdikhla" 1920 Wvrg
isxy,hka i|yd ka wdik fol;a iu. th ikaikaokh lrkak neye' Wvrg isxy,hkag
wdik kafka bkah fou< ckhdg ka wdldrhgh' niakdysr m<df;a fou< wh i|yd
wdikhla ,efnkafka ta mokka fkdj fYaIs; jQ jrm%ido ,;a fldgila i|yd wiqkla h
hq;= h hk mokka' niakdysr m<df;a fou< wh ixikaokh jQfha hqfrdamShhka yd
n.jreka iu.hs'
wo jf.a u to;a fou< cd;sjd kdhlhka ;ukag ,nd .ekSug wjYH jQ foh l,a
miq fyda ,nd .;a;d' 1920 ne jQ foa 1924 ,nd .;a;d' wjqre ishhla muK ld,hla
fou< kdhlhka l%shd lr we;af;a tl u rgdjla ;=<hs'
f ish b,a,Sj,g mok jQfha ;u jrm%ido /l.ekSug yd n,h fnod
yod.ekSug fou< kdhlhka isxy, ck;dj nyq;rhla nj ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wleue;a;hs'
jHjia:dodhl iNdf Pkao ixLHdj jYfhka .;a l, isxy, uka;%Sjreka f.a ixLHdj
isxy, fkdjkakka f.a ixLHdjg jvd wvq jqKd'
1918 isg 1929 olajd fou< kdhlhka lghq;= flf<a isxy,hkag jHjia:dodhl iNdj
;=< je n,hla fkdug o @
f ld,h ;=< fou< kdhlhka W;aidy flf<a jHjia:dodhl iNdf je Pkao
n,hla isxy,hkag fkdug;a" isxy, yd fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 3(2 fyda wvq;rka 2(1
jYfhka ;nd .ekSug;a h' fuys f;areu uka;%Ska 100 fofkl= ishfyd;a isxy, uka;%S
ixLHdj 50 g wvq h hq;= nj;a fou< uka;%S ixLHdj wvq u ;rka 25 g je h hq;=
nj;a h' b;s uka;%Sjreka fou< yd wfkla ckj.j,g wh;a h hq;= jqKd' f fou<
uka;%Sjreka f,i Tjqka fndfyda g ie,l=f hdmk wOoamfhka meKs uka;%Sjrekq hs'
ck.ykh jYfhka .;a l, k isxy, yd hdmk wOoamfha fou< wkqmd;h 12'1 muK
f,i .; yelshs' isxy, yd uq ,dxlsl fou< ck.ykh wkqmd;h jqj o 6(1 muK jqKd'

fou< kdhlhka tod jHjia:dodhl iNdf n,h fnod yod.ekSug lghq;= flf<a ta
whqkqhs'
kuq;a Tjqka ljodj;a uka;%S ixLHdj 1(1 wkqmd;fhka h hq;= hehs lSf keye fka o @
isxy, yd ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 1(1 f,i ;sh hq;= njg Tjqka uq,ska woyia
l<d' Tjqka f.a woyi ;sia .Kkaj,ska miq j we;s jQ mkyg mkfya m%;sm;a;sfhka o
meye,s fjkjd' mkyg mky hkqfjka Tjqka b,af kE u ckj.hlska f;a m;ajk
uka;%Sjreka ixLHdj 50] g wvq h hq;=hs lshdhs' ta wdldrfhka u tla ck j.hlska 50] g
jvd je weu;sjreka ixLHdjla m;a fkdlr .; hq;= h lshd;a b,ajd' tu m%;sm;a;sh
wkqj isxy,hka idudkHfhka 70] g je h ish;a Tjqkag ,efnk uka;%S ixLHdj yd
wud;H ixLHdj 50] g wvq h hq;=hs' fuhska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha isxy,hka nyq;rhla u
je<elaug hs' fjk;a jpkj,ska lshkafka k fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj
fkdms<s.;a njhs' th ixLHd;aul j m%ldY lsug mkyg mkfya iQ;%hla fhdod .;a;d'
isxy, fkdjk uka;%Sjreka f.ka b;d je msi fou< h hq;= hehs Tjqka lshd ishd' f
uQ,Ouh tlaoyia kjish oywfgka miq fou< kdhlhka l< b,a,Sj,ska meye,s
fjkjd' isxy," ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 3(2 hkqfjka ;nd.ekSug Tjqka W;aidy
l<d' tys moku jqfKa 1918 olajd isxy, ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 1(1 fyda 3(2
ugka ;suhs' th tfia is jQfha ;dkska uka;%Sjreka m;a flf<a ta wdldrhg ksid nj
Tjqka wu;l l<d' ta jf.a u 1912 yd 1917 Pkaofhka m;a jQ fmdkakn, rdukdoka
uy;d ish u W.;a ,dxlslhka ksfhdackh l< nj;a Tjqka wu;l l<d' Tjqka rdukdoka
uy;d fou< uka;%Sjrhl= f,i i,lka uka;%S wkqmd;h .Kkh l<d'
;dkska we;s l< uQ,Ouh wo o l%shd;aul fjkjd' wdKavqj iska uE;l
bm;a lrk ,o rg fnf fhdackdj,sfha fmd fiajd fldiu wdhg idudlhka m;a
lrkafka isxy, fou< uqia,s tla whl= ne.ska' isxy,hka f.a 74] ksl u 33] la njg
m;a lrkjd'
tfy;a f tllskaj;a fmvr,a l%uhla fyda rg fnula b,af kE fka o @
we;a;' rg fnu wdf miafi' uq,a ld,fha Tjqka isxy, nyq;rhlg reoaO
jqKd' 1928 ;u jd;dj bm;a l< fvdkfuda fldifuka" fou< kdhlhka N+h u;
fjkqjg ckj.h u; uka;%Ska f;dark f,i b,ajd' kuq;a th fldifuka m%;slafIam
jqKd' t;ek fou< kdhlhka talg m%;spdr lajqfha 1931 fvdkfuda fldifuka we;s
l< rdcH uka;%K iNdjg uka;%Ska f;dark ue;sjrKh jckh flfukq hs' fldifuka
;ukag wjYH oE bgq fkdjqKq g Tjqka ue;sjrKh jckh l<d' 1918 isg ;sia.Kka olajd
lrmq b,a,Sj, miqu jQfha jHjia:dodhl uKav,fha fyda rdcH uka;%K iNdf fyda
ixLHd;aul j je n,hla isxy,hkag fkduhs' ta lshkafka ;dkska f.ka iS; j fyda
,enqKq jHjia:dodhl n,h nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ uOHhlg ,nd ug Tjqka wleue;s jqKd'
uOHfhys u n,h ;uka h wdldrhlg yeisrh hq;= h hkak fou< kdhlhka f.a u;h
jqKd'
fvdkfuda fldif fhdackd wkqj 1931 jf.a u 1936 ue;sjrKj, ;a ck;djg
ijck Pkaoh ,e ;snqKd' ta jf.a u N+h u; mok uka;%Sjreka f;dard.ekSu fou<
kdhlhkag Yd, m%Yakhla jqKd' Tjqka f.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgq fkdjk ;;a;ajhla we;s
jqKd' ijck Pkaoh ,efnkakg fmr fldfydu jqK;a fou< kdhlhkag" fYaIfhka u
hdmkfha kdhlhkag jdishla ;snqKd' thg fya;=j tl, Pkao n,h ;snQ wh f.ka Yd,
wkqmd;hla fou< uhs' ta Tjqka ,;a wOHdmkh yd fjk;a jrm%ido ksidhs' WodyrKhla
yehg 1921 uOHu m<df;a ck.ykh 7"17"739 la jqK;a Pkao n,h ;snqfKa 2"427
fokdghs' f uq ck.ykfhka 3"16"142 la muKhs isxy,hka isfha' fld<U k.rfha
ck.ykh 2"44"163 hs' tys isxy, ck.ykh 1"10"470 hs' Pkao n,h ys ixLHdj 4"325'
f ixLHd f,aLk W;=re m<d; iu. ikaikaokh l<du Iu;dj fydka jegfykjd' tys
uq ck.ykh 3"74"829 hs' ,xld fou< ck.ykh 3"52"322 Pkao n,h ys ixLHdj

13"937 tk fld<U jf.a ;=ka .=Khlg;a je hs' wfkla w;g kef.kysr m<df;a
1"92"823 fofkl= f.ka Pkao n,h ;snqfKa 806 fofkl=g muKhs' jrm%ido ,;a fou< wh
W;=re m<df;a" fYaIfhka u hdmk wOoamfha jeishka' tu ue;sjrKfha W;=r ueo
m<df;a Pkao ixLHdj 385 hs' ta wdikhg m;a jQ uka;%Sjrhd fou<'
fou< kdhlhka tjeks jQ 1921 l%uhg reoaO jhs isfha" ijck Pkaoh;a iu.
;uka f.a n,h tk jHjia:dodhl n,h isxy,hka nyq;rhla isk wdh;khlg
mejfrk nj fou< kdhlhka k ishd' iuyr fou< kdhlhka fvdkfuda fldiu
bfha ijck Pkaohg reoaO j idlaIs kakd' fmdkakn, rdukdoka uy;d o bka tla
wfhla' we;e isxy, kdhlhka o ij ck Pkaohg reoaO jqKq nj we;a;' Tjqka reoaO
jqfKa idudkH ckhdg Pkao n,h ,efnkjdghs' fou< kdhlhka reoaO jqfKa n,h
isxy,hka w;g hd h lshdhs'
1931 rdcH uka;%K iNd ue;sjrKh jckh flf<a tu jHjia:dfjka mQK ksoyi
fkd,enqKq ksid fka o @ ta jf.a u 1936 imQK wud;H uKav,h isxy,hka u
fmvr,a b,a,Sug fya;=jla jqfKa keoao @
hdmkfha tla fldgila 1931 ue;sjrKh jckh flf<a fvdkfuda jHjia:dfjka
mQK ksoyi fkd,eu ksid h lshk tl we;a;' ta hdmkfha ;reK fldka.%ihhs' th
fld<U ;reK fldka.%ih;a iu. h inkaO;djla we;s lrf.k yshd' Tjqka isfha
l fokl= muKhs' hdmkfha mej;s ta jHdmdrh b;d u fl ld,hlg iSud jqKd' tfy;a
fou< kdhlhka b;d je fofkl= 1931 hdmk wOoamfha ue;sjrKh jckh flf<a
mQK ksoyi fkd,enqKq ksid fkdfjhs' Tjqka th jckh flf<a Tjqkag wjYH jQ
wdldrhg ckj.h u; mok uka;%Sjreka f;dard .ekSug wjia:djla fkd,enqKq ksihs'
Tjqkag wjYH ;snqfKa isxy,hka nyq;rh jk uOHia:dkhla we;sjk ue;sjrKh
jckh fluhs'
1931 ue;sjrKfhka miq wfkla m<d;aj,ska m;a jQ fou< uka;%Sjreka o iu.ska
wud;H uKav,hla msysgqjd .;a;d' f wud;H uKav,h 1947 ka miq we;s jQ lek wud;H
uKav,hg jvd fjkia' 1931 rdcH uka;%K iNdf uka;%Sjreka lgqj,g fnKd' ta
lgqj, iNdm;sjreka ;uhs wud;Hjreka f,i l%shd flf<a'
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,Sf 1931 m;a jQ wud;Hjreka f.a uKav,hg fndfyda
g iduqysl ;SrKj,g t<fUkak ne jqKd' fou< wud;Hjreka yd isxy, wud;Hjreka
f,i fndfyda g fjkia u; m%ldY l<d' fou< wud;Hjrekag wjYH jQfha wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrK ;=<ska nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ uOHia:dkhla we;su je<elaughs' ;dks
wrdcHjdka f ;;a;ajh fydka m%fhdackhg .;a;d' m%;sixialrK b,a g Tjqka lSf
wud;H uKav,h m<uq j tl h hq;= h lshd h' 1936 ue;sjrKfhka miq isxy, wud;H
uKav,hla m;a lr.ekSug m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha ta tl;dj we;s lr .ekSug bka bvla
,euhs' wfkla lreK jQfha fou< uka;%Sjreka fvdkfuda l%uh ;=< fou< weu;sjreka
we;su fkdje<lah yels fohlehs jrojd f;are .kska lek l%uhla jeks fjk;a
l%uhla m%;slafIam fluhs' mQK ksoyi ,efuka fjk;a l%uhla we;sjqj fyd;a nyq;rh
;j ;j;a isxy, h yels hhs Tjqka ks.ukh l<d' tneka mQK ksoyi fkd,nd
fvdkfuda l%uh ;nd .ekSug Tjqkag fYaI jqjukdjla we;s jqKd' 1936 isxy, wud;H
uKav,hla we;s jk whqka uka;%Sjreka lgqj,g fnod fou< uka;%Sjrekag fvdkfuda
l%uhlg ;snQ fYaI leue;a; ke;s flu isxy, wud;H uKav,hla we;s flf n,
mE fojeks idOlh jqKd'
tlaoyia kjish ;sia .Kkaj, fou< kdhlhkag nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ rdcH uka;%K
iNdjla we;s u je<elaug fkdyels u ksid o Tjqka fmvr,a b,a,Sula lrd .sfha @
m<uqfjka u lsj hq;af;a Tjqka fmvr,a b,a,Sula lrd fkd.sh njhs' Tjqka f.a b,a,Su
jQfha fjk u rdcHhla we;s fluhs' rdcH uka;%K iNdj jeks nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ

uOHhla we;s u je<elaug ijck Pkaoh;a iu. fkdyels nj fou< kdhlhkag

f;are .shd' ta w;r bkahdf fou< ckhd f.a fnjd jHdmdr werUqKd' 1928 ol=Kq
bkahdf urdis m%dka;fha ciaia mlaIh ys jqKd' miq lf,l v uqkafka;% l,dy
jHdmdrh njg m;ajqfKa ta mlaIhhs' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha fou< rdcHhla kd.ekSughs'
Tjqka fou< ckhd ie,l=f rdcHhla ke;s cd;shla f,ihs'
y;,sia .Kkaj, fuu jHdmdrfha wdNdih ,xldjg fkkakg jqKd' iS'
iqkaor,sx. uy;d B<d ixl,amh f.kdf f jljdkqfjhs' W;=r yd kef.kysr m<d;a
o we;= j B<d rdcHhla we;s lsf woyi l%ufhka fou< kdhlhka w;rg .shd'
uOHfhys isxy, nyq;rhla we;su je<elah fkdyels ksid ;u jrm%ido wys jk
neka yd n,h wvqjk neka jrm%ido /l .ekSug yd n,h ,nd .ekSug ;ukag
nyq;rhla h yels m%foaYhla fjk u rdcHhla f,i fjka lr.ekSu B<d rdcHhg miq
jQ oYkhhs'
ka lshefjkafka n,fha fldgialrejka ug fkdyels u ksid fjk u rdcHhla lrd
;,a u o @
keye' n,fha fldgialrejka fuka muKla iEySulg m;a ug fou< kdhlhkag
wjYH;djla ;snqfKa keye' ;uka f.a ck wkqmd;h wkqj n,fha fldgialrejka"
yjq,alrejka fuka muKla iEySulg m;aug Tjqkag fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha
isxy,hka nyq;rh u je<elaughs' tu.ska ck wkqmd;hg je wkqmd;hlska ;uka
jrm%ido yd n,h wdrlaId lr .ekSuhs' wud;H uKav,fha wud;H OQr lsysmhlska muKla
Tjqkag iEySulg m;a ug fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha wud;H OQrj,ska 50] lg wvq
m%udKhla muKla isxy,hkag ,ndughs' th l< fkdyels jQ g bkahdf fnjd
jHdmdrfha wdNdih ,nd Tjqka fjk u rdcHhla b,ajd' uOHfhys n,fha yjq,alrejka"
fldgialrejka u muKla fou< kdhlhkag u jqKd' fldka u uOHfha n,h
fnod.ekSu Tjqkag ms<s.; fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha uOHfhys nyq;rh isxy,hka
u je<elaughs' th ne jQ g Tjqka fjk u rdcHhla b,a,Sug mgka .;a;d'
th meye,s u" fuhska lshefjkafka isxy, wdm;Hh ms<s.ekSug Tjqka lajQ
wleue;a; i n,fha yjq,alrejka ug Tjqka lajQ wleue;a; i n,fha
yjq,alrejka ug Tjqka lajQ wleue;a; fkdjk nj fka o @
isxy, wdm;Hh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o @ wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd
isxy, u o @ fmdkakn, rdukdoka uy;d ;u ksfhda;hd f,i m;a lr.;a
isxy,hkag wud;H uKav,hl m%Odkshd ljqo hkak jeo.;a fkdug bv ;snqKd' fld<U
k.r iNdf mqrm;s f,i wisxy,hka m;alr .kakd g" l,a hEf wisxy,hl= wud;H
uKav,fha m%Odkshd f,i m;alr .ekSug bv ;snqKd' th jroaod .;af;a fou< kdhlhkqhs'
Tjqkag wud;H uKav,fha isxy, idudl;ajh 50] g wvqfjka ;nd .ekSu jqjukd jqKd'
th n,fha yjq,alrejka u fkdj isxy,hka f.a ksfhdack;ajh ySk flula'
uOHfhys isxy, ksfhdack;ajh je jQ ksid u isxy, ixialD;sfhys wdm;Hhla we;s
fjkafka keye' fou< kdhlhka ta nj fkdk ishd fkdf' isxy, ksfhdack;ajh nd,
flug Tjqkag wjYH jQfha tu.ska ck wkqmd;hg jvd ;uka N=la;s jrm%ido yd n,h
wdrlaId lr .ekSuhs' Tjqka th f,dalhg fmkajQfha isxy, wdm;Hfhka .e<ug l%shd
flula f,ihs' tfy;a Tjqka ;u ck wkqmd;hg i,k fia uOHfhys n,fha yjq,alrejka
ug W;aidy lr ke;s nj b;d meye,shs'
1949 we;s flf<a fmvr,a mlaIhla" tys wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHh;a we;s flu
fkdj fmvr,a l%uhla ke;ak fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s lr.ekSu fkdf o @

fmvr,a mlaIfhys fou< ku b,xflhs ;,a wriq l' tk ,xld fou< rdcH
mlaIhhs' tys wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHhla ys fluhs' 1951 wm%sfh,a udifha fou< rdcH
mlaIh ;u m<uq if,kh meje;ajQjd' tys iu; flreKq fhdackd wkqj fou< ckhd
fjk u cd;shla f,i;a fou< cd;sfha iajhxksK whs;sh;a" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a
we;= N+hla fou< kscN+ f,i;a ms<s.;a;d' f fhdackd fou< rdcHhla i|yd lrk ,o
fhdackd'
Tjqka ;u mlaIh fmvr,a kka yekajQfha isxy, ck;dj /juhs' Tjqka
isxy,hkag lshd isfha ;uka fmvr,a rdcHhla tk fmvr,a jHjia:djla i|yd lghq;=
lrk njhs' tfy;a we;a; jqjukdj fjk;a tlla'
,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a fmvr,a mlaIh ys ug fida,n
a jHjia:dj n,
fkdmEf o @
fida,an jHjia:dj n,mEf keye' fida,an jHjia:dfjka meye,s j u lsis u
ckj.hlg fyda wd.ulg fyda jdis f.k fok whqka wKmk;a mekug fkdyels jk
wkaoug j.ka;shla" 29 jeks j.ka;sh" we;a;g u b;sydi frda j" we;=<;a lr ;sfnkjd'
tfia k fida,an jHjia:djg reoaO ug fya;=jla keye'
fou< kdhlhka fida,an fldiu bhg f.dia kej; jrla nyq;rh isxy,hka
jQ jHjia:dodhl n,h iys; wdh;khla" md,sfka;=jla" we;sflu je<elaug lghq;=
l< nj k we;a;' iuyr fou< kdhlhka ,xldjg mQK ksoyi ,efnkjdg;a reoaOj
idlaIs kakd' tfia lf<a nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ md,sfka;=jla we;s u je<elaug' Tjqka
lshd isfha mQK ksoyig jvd fvdkfuda fldiug;a fmr ;snQ jHjia:dodhl iNd
;;a;ajh ;ukag jvd fyd| h lshdhs' tk ck wkqmd;hg fkdi,k jrm%ido yd n,h
wdrlaId lr.ekSug mQK ksoyi;a ijck Pkaoh;a Tjqka m%;slafIam l<d' jHjia:dodhl
l%uh ;=< isxy,hka nyq;rh njg m;a u je<elah yels j ;snqK neka Tjqka tu
l%uhg je leue;a;la lajQjd'
tmuKla fkdfjhs' ' ' fmdkakn, uy;d mkyg mky jHdmdrh w;ayer oud
;snqfKa keye' tfuka u 1947 fp,ajkdh. uy;d md,sfka;=f m%ldYhla lrka
,xldf fou< ckhdg fjka iajdk ol=Kq bkahdj;a iu. tl;= ug whs;shla we;ehs
lshd ;sfnkjd' f woyi fjOk uy;d f.a fndauev ma,jh lD;shg tfrys jQ
nd,iqn%udksh uy;d jeks we;e fou< W.;=ka f.ka o m%ldY jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha
urdis m%dka;h iu. tla ughs' Tjqka ,xldjg jvd we,aula lajQfha ol=Kq bkahdjghs'
fuhska meye,s jkafka Tjqka f.a wjidk n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'
fmvr,a kka fmkS isg fmvr,a rdcHhla" tk fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s rdcHhla
ys lr" miq j fjk u rdcHhla urdis m%dka;h fjka ksudKh lrk fou<
rdcHhlg tl;= Tjqka f.a wNs,dIhla ;snqKd' wjidk fou< wNs,dIh wka lsisjla
fkdj merKs fpda, wrdcH ixl,amfhka .,d tk fuu wNs,dIhhs'
1949 j;= llrejka f.a Pkao n,h wys flu fou< rdcH mlaIfha fyj;a
fmvr,a mlaIfha ys ug n,mEf keoao @
fp,ajkdh. uy;auhd fou< rdcH mlaIh werug wdikak fya;=j yehg
lajQfha j;= llrejka f.a Pkao n,h wys flu nj we;a;' tfyu jqK;a ta uy;auhd
1947 ;a l,ska i|yka lrmq wdldrhg ol=Kq bkahdj;a tlal tl;= fjkak mqjka nj
lsh, ;snqKd' wks;a ldrKh j;= llrejka f.a Pkao n,h wys l< tlg iu W;=re
yd kef.kysr m<d;a tl;= lr fou< ksc N+hla yd rdcHhla we;s flu fjkafk keye'
f to;a wo;a fou< kdhlhka l%shdlrk wdldrhhs' tk ;uka f.a wruqK bgqlr .ekSu
i|yd mj;sk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ukag wjYH jQ b,a,S bm;a
fluhs'

fp,ajkdh. uy;auhd ;uka idudl;ajh rE fou< fldka.%ifhka wia jqfKa '

' fmdkakn, uy;auhd fjk u rdcHhla lrd hEug tl, lghq;= fkdl< nekqhs'
,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfha wdrNh v uqkafka;% l,dy jHdmdrfha wdrNh;a iu.
iu.d fjkjd' th wmg wu;l lrkak neye' fp,ajkdh. uy;d gq wdldrhg
fmdkakn, uy;d f.a mkyg mky jHdmdrh tys wjidk wjhg f.dia ;snqKd'
Tn thska woyia lrkafka mkyg mky jHdmdrh ue hka ;snqK nj o @
' ' fmdkakn, uy;d f.a fou< fldka.%ih;a mkyg mky jHdmdrh;a 1885
fmdkakn, rdukdoka uy;d werUQ uOHfhys isxy,hka nyq;rhla u je<elaf
jHdmdrfhys wjidk cjksldjhs' th fmdkakn, wreKdp, uy;d 1921 werUQ fou<
uyck iNdf wjika wkqm%dma;slhdhs' fuu jHdmdrh iska isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i
ms<s.ekqfKa keye' Tjqkag rf b;sydih;a iu. noaO ug fkdyels jqKd' Tjqka .ska
.g W;aidy flf<a uOHfhys tk jHjia:dodhl iNdfjys" miq j rdcH uka;%K iNdfjys
yd wjika jYfhka fida,an fldif m%;sM,hla f,i we;sjqKq fvdkshka
md,sfka;=fjys isxy,hka nyq;rhla u je<elauhs' 1931 ka miq j th ;j rg;a l<
fkdyels nj Tjqka l%ufhka f;are .kska ishd'
rdcH uka;%K iNdf ixhq;sh jQfha Pkaofhka m;a jk uka;%Sjreka 50" m;a l<
uka;%Sjreka 8" ks, n,fhka m;ajk ks,Odka 3' 1931 Pkaofhka f;arefKa uka;%Sjreka 46
fofkl= muKhs' thg fya;=j fou< kdhlhka ue;sjrKh jckh flu ksid hdmk
ia;%slalfha uka;%Sjreka y;r fofkl= f;dard.ekSug fkdyels uhs' ta fjkqjg
wdKavqldrhd uka;%Sjreka 4 fofkl= m;a l<d' f;a m;a jQ uka;%Sjre 46 fokd f.ka 38
fofkl= isxy, o" ;=kafofkl= ,dxlsl fou< o" fofofkl= bkah fou< o" fofofkl=
hqfrdamSh o" tla wfhl= uqia,s o jQjd' m;a l< uka;%Sjreka 8 fokd w;r hqfrdamShhka 4
fofkl=" n. 2 fofkl=" bkah fou< tla wfhl= o" uqia,s tla wfhl= o ishd' ta wkqj
ks,Odka ;=kafokd yereKq g" uka;%Sjre 58 la jQ uka;%K iNdf isxy,hka 38 fofkl=
ishd' 1936 ue;sjrKfhka isxy, uka;%Sjre 39 fofkl= m;ajqKd' th ishhg yegy;la
muK jQjd'
f m%jK;dj fou< fldka.%ihg m%Yakhla jQjd' y;,sfya oYlh jk g fou<
cd;sjd jHdmdrfha .=Kd;aul fjkila is jqKd' rf b;sydihg msgqmEu;a" isxy,hka
nyq;rh f,i fkdms<s.ekSu;a" ;u jrm%ido yd uOHfhys n,h wdrlaId lr.ekSug ;snQ
jqjukdj;a iska Tjqka tf;la fufyhjqfKa uOHfhys tk jHjia:dodhl iNdfjys
isxy,hka nyq;rh u je<elaughs' th n,h ms<sn| m%Yakhla' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha n,h
fnod yod .ekSula fkdj isxy,hka f.a n,h ySk flrSu;a ;u ck wkqmd;hg lsisfia;a u
fkdi,k wdldrhlska n,h ;uka w;g .ekSu;a h' mkyg mky igka mdGh th
ixfla;j;a l<d'
y;,sfya oYlfha by; lS jHdmdrh idlaId;a lr .; fkdyels fohla nj fou<
cd;sjdohg f;areKd' bkah fnjd jHdmdrfha wdNdih;a iu. furg fou< cd;sjdoh
o fnjd jHdmdrhla wdrN l<d' Tjqka f.a wjOdkh uOHfhka m%dka;hg .shd' W;=re
yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, rdcHhla msysgqjdf.k tys n,hg taug fou< cd;sjdoh ;SrKh
l<d' iqkaor,sx. uy;d y;,sfya oYlfha B<ula .ek l;d l<d' fp,ajkdh. uy;d
1947 ol=Kq bkahdj iu. fou< rdcHh tla u .ek l;d l<d' 1949 is jQfha fou<
cd;sjd jHdmdrfha we;s jQ fuu .=Kd;aul fjki ixfla;d;aul j m%ldY uhs' ,xld
fou< rdcH mlaIh fou< cd;sjdofha kj m%jK;djfha m%ldYlhd f,i u;= jqKd'
m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d
1931 ka miq j fou< ckhdg reoaO j isxy, nyq;rh iska widOdrKl is flf<a
o@

Tn fudk widOdrKhla .ek wikjd hs okafka keye' 1936 m;a jQ mQK isxy,
wud;H uKav,hg fya;= jQ oE ud l,ska i|yka lr we;s' f j;df fou< cd;sjdoh
b;d u;a idyisl wkaoug isxy,hkag reoaO j idudkH fou< ck;dj f.a yeS
weiaiSug k l%shd l<d' kdj,msh wd m<d;aj, isxy, frda /ia mj;ajd
;sfnkjd'
Tn mjikafka 1931 ka miq fou< kdhlhka isxy, frda Woaf>daIKsl l%shd is l<
nj o@ f ld,h ;=< isxy,hkag jdis i,ik wKmk;a iu; lr .;af;a keoao @
isxy,hkag jdis i,ik wKmk;a iu; ula is jQfha keye' we;a; jYfhka u
is jQfha b;sydih ms<sf.k we;e mk;a bm;a fluhs' f mk;aj,ska isxy,
fn!oaOhkag fYaIhla flfrk nj;a wfkla ck fldgiaj,g widOdrKhla jk nj;a
olajka fou< kdhlhka ta mk;aj,g reoaO jqKd'
WodyrKhla f,i 1942 bm;a lrk ,o wkqrdOmqr ixrlaIK mk; .ksuq' fuu
mkf;ys wruqK jQfha wkqrdOmqr Y=oaO N+h fy<s fmfy<s lr ixrlaIK fluhs' tys we;s
jro l=ula o @ wjqre oyilg jvd w.kqjr j mej;shd jQ o Y%S uyd fndah we;=
wguia:dkh msyshd jQ o m%foaYh merKs Y%S N+;sh oyd olajk whqka ixrlaIKh flu
fjk;a ck j.hlg lrk widOdrKhla jkafka flfia o @ tfy;a fou< kdhlhka tu
mk;g reoaO jQfha wkqrdOmqr ixrlaIKfhka ft;sydisl k.rfhys jdih l< fou< yd
uqia,s ckhdg widOdrKhla jkafka h hk mokkqhs' 1931 bm;a lrk ,o fn!oaO
isoaOia:dk ms<sn| mk; isxy, fn!oaOhkag fYaIhla lrkakla f,i i,ld fou<
kdhlhka Bg reoaO jqKd'
iq cd;Skag widOdrKhla jkafka hhs lshka wKmk;a j,g reoaO u fl;r
r . .sfha o lsjfyd;a 1942 wxl 47 ork nia fiajd n,m;% mk;g yd 1940 wxl 24
ork jr mk;g reoaO jQfha hqfrdamShkag yd bkah iq cd;slhkag bka widOdrKhla
jkafka h hk mokkqhs'
flfhka lsjfyd;a b;sydih ms<s.kska rf ixialD;shg tl j wKmk;a
bm;a flu isxy,hkag mlaI j iq cd;Skag reoaO j flfrk oE f,i fmkajkjd' wo
;sfnkafk;a ta ;;a;ajh uhs' fjkilg we;af;a 1960 muK isg l%shd;aul jk rdcH fkdjk
ixOdkj, fufyhu hgf;a isxy, fn!oaOhka hehs lshd .kakjqka f.ka we;e msila
o b;sydihg msgqmd l%shd fluhs'
1949 fou< rdcH mlaIh ys u;a iu. fou< cd;sjdoh fojeks hq.hlg msiqKq
nj lSjd' ud l,ska o weiQ m%Yakhg Tn ;ju;a ms<s;=rla kafka keye' fuu fojeks
hq.h werug j;= llrejka f.a Pkao n,h wys flu fya;= jQfha keoao @
ud kej;;a lshkjd 1949 is jqfha miq.sh ish jif isg is fjka mej;s
l%shdoduhla w;a hq.hlg msi we;s jQ l=.ekaula i fjk;a fohla fkdjk nj" fuu
l%shdoduh y;<sfya oYlfha w;a udj;lg msishd' fjk u rdcHhla i|yd igk mgka
.;af;a fuu oYlfha h' fp,ajkdh. uy;d 1947 l< m%ldYh;a iqkaor,sx. uy;d
B<d ixl,amh ykajd u;a .ek ud l,ska i|yka l<d'
tfy;a Pkao n,h wys flu m%Odk idOlhla jQfha keoao @
keye' fp,ajkdh. uy;d fmdkakn, uy;d f.a fou< fldka.%ifhka leug
th wdikak fya;=jla lr .;a;d muKs' f m%Yakfha wdrNh ;rula wE;g j hkjd'
1931 ijck Pkaoh ,enqKq wjia:df furg mqrjeishka hkq ljqreka hs
ksYa;j i|yka jQfha keye' tjlg %;dkHfha hg;a jeishka j is whg h h

fldkafoaisj,g hg;a j ,xldf Pkao n,h ys jqKd' rf mqrjeis Ndjh ms<sn| m%Yakh
tys u;= jQfha keye'
19 jeks ishjfia w.Nd.fha jHjia:dodhl iNd ue;sjrKj, Pkao n,h ys
jQfha hqfrdamShhkag muKhs' 1910 W.;a ,dxlslhkag Pkao n,h ys jqKd' tys
,dxlslhka hkq ljqreka hs ksjpkh jQfha keye' tfy;a ,dxlslhka hk f.dvg
hqfrdamShka yd bkahdkqjka wh;a jQfha keye' 1931 ;a ,dxlsl lshk jpkh ksjpkh
jQfha keye' 1931 Pkao n,h fldgia ;=klg ysjqKd hehs lsj yelshs' idudkHfhka
iu; wdldrhg ,dxlsl hehs lshjqKq msig Pkao n,h ,enqfKa mrmrdj mx is
nekqhs' bkah iNjhla we;s <l meKs %;dkH hg;a jeishkag Pkao n,h ,enqfKa
iar mx iy;slh ;snqKs k muKs' %;dkH hg;a jeishka f.ka hqfrdamSh jQ j.hg
Pkao n,h ,enqfKa tla;rd W.;alula yd foam< we;s j isfha k h'
1931 mqrjeishka ms<sn| m%Yakh u. ykq ,enQj o bkah iNjhla we;s msi
f.a foaYmd,k whs;sh ms<sn| m%Yakh mek ke.=Kd' fvdkfuda fldif woyi jQfha Pkao
n,h i|yd wjqre 5 la ,xldf mxh wjYH njhs' jHjia:dodhl iNdf u;h jQfha
mxh ;yjqre flu i|yd Tjqka idlaIs bm;a l< hq;= njhs'
1946 fida,an jHjia:dj ilia flf ;a mqrjeis m%Yakh i|d ;snqfKa keye'
1948 fvdkshka ;;a;ajh ,efnk g f m%Yakhg w; ;eug ,xldKavqj wjia:djla
lr .;a;d' 1948 mqrjeis mk; wkqj mrmrdfjka yd ,shdmx fuka mqrjeis nj ys
jqKd' foumshka f.a yd iSh,d wd,d f.a mx u wkqj mrmrdfjka mqrjeislu
,enqKd' ,shdmxfhka mqrjeislu ,enqfKa h h fldkafoais imqrdfjd;a muKhs' fuu
fldkafoais 1949 bkah yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk; wkqj bkah yd mlsia:dkq iNjhla
we;s msia inkaOfhka ;j;a <sys,a jqKd' 1949 mk;g ' ' fmdkakn, uy;d t' cd'
m' wdKavqf weu;sjrhl= f,i;a ta uy;d f.a kdhl;ajfhka ;snQ fou< fldka.%ih
wdKavqf fldgialrejl= f,i;a mlaI jqKd' bka miq o ta uy;d lek uKav,fha lghq;=
l<d' 1948 mqrjeis mk; yd 1949 bkah yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk; iu; fuka miq
1949 wxl 48 ork md,sfka;= ue;sjrK mk; u.ska mqrjeishkag muKla Pkao n,h
yslr kakd' fp,ajkdh. uy;d we;= msi reoaO;ajh m< lr fou< fldka.%ifhka
wia jQfha ta wjia:df h'
fp,ajkdh. uy;d f m%Yakh Wv wia jQfha k Tyq tfia l< hq;= j ;snqfKa 1948
hs' tfy;a 1949 ;,a wriq lh msysgqjQfha ;,akdvq jHdmdrfha wNdifhka v
uqkafka;% l,dy jHdmdrh msysgqu;a iu.hs'
1949 ue;sjrK mk; fya;= fldgf.k bkah yd mlsia:dkq iNjhla we;s h
msilg Pkao n,h wys jQfha ;djld,sl jhs' thg fya;=j h h fldkafoais imqrd,Sfuka
miq Tjqkag o Pkao n,h l,a .; fyda ys u ksid h' f mk;;a iu. ,xldf tjlg
mx j is ish u hqfrdamShhkag Pkao n,h iodld,sl j u wys jQ nj;a wm wu;l
fkdl< hq;=hs'
flfia fyda 1948 mqrjeis mk;" 1949 bkahdkq yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk;" 1949
md,sfka;= ue;sjrK mk; u.ska is jQfha furg wdlfhys jeo.;a ldh
.Kkdjla bgq l< j;= llrejka f.a mqrjeis nj;a" Pkao n,h;a wys fluhs' th
m%cd;ka;%Sh fkdjk l%shdjla yd wudkqIsl l%shdjla fkdjkafka o@ Tjqka furgg
f.kajQfha furg Okm;shka f.a jqjukdjg fkdf o @
wrdcHjdka f.ka rgla ksoyi ,nk g tu rf mqrjeishka ljqo hkq ;SrKh
flu tu rf whs;shla' wrdcHjdka f.a iufha furgg j;= llrejka f.kajQfha
;dkska f.a fuka u furg Okm;s jHdmdlhka f.a jqjukdjg nj we;a;hs' tfy;a
fudjqka ksoyi ,nk g;a ,xldf ks;H mxlrejka jqfKa keye' tlaoyia kjish ;sia
.Kkaj,;a Tjqka furg isfha ixl%uKsl ;djld,sl mxlrejka f,ihs' iEu jirl u

h msila furgg meKs w;r ;j;a msila wdmiq bkahdjg .shd' ixLHd f,aLkj,ska
fmkakq flfrkafka 1921 - 1951 w;r ld,h ;=< ol=Kq bkahdfjka 19"96"026 fofkl=
meK we;s w;r 17"85"135 fofkl= wdmiq ol=Kq bkahdjg f.dia we;s njhs' wdmiq .sh
msi w;r ks;H mxlrejka f,i ;dkSka iska i,lkq ,enQ wh o ishd'
f msi ,xldjg meKsfha h fldkafoais hgf;a' rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha
Pkao n,h ys lr .;af;a Tjqka ;dks hg;a jeishka jQ ksihs' ;dks wrdcHh ;=< iq
ish fokd u ;dks hg;a jeishka jQfhka Tjqkaj wrdcHfha tla rgl isg ;j;a rglg
f.k hd yels jqKd' ;dkskag fudjqka l=uk rgl mqrjeishka o hkak m%Yakhla jqfKa
keye'
ksoyi ,eu;a iu. fudjqka ms<sn| ;SrKhla .; hq;= j ;snqKd' ta inkaOfhka
.; yels j ;snQ i jQfha Tjqka bkahdjg hjkjd o" ,xldf mqrjeishka njg m;a
lrkjd o" tfia ke;ak ;dkshg hjkjd o" hkakhs' 1948 msysgjkq ,enQ wdKavqj
Tjqka ;dkshg heug l,amkd flf<a keye' wjYH k Tjqka ;dkshg wdmiq f.k
hk f,i wrdcHjdka f.ka b,a,Sug ;snqKd' tfy;a tjlg ;snQ wdKavqj tfia flf<a
keye'
wrdcHjd iuh ;=< we;e wm%sldkq rgj,g f.dia is bkahdkqjka ta rgj,
iu; lr.;a kS;s;s fya;= fldgf.k ;dkshg f.kajd.ekSug ;dks wdKavqjg is
jQjd' tu rgj,g bkahdkqjka .sfha fndfyda g iafjPdfjka' ,xldjg bkahdkq j;=
llrejka f.kajQfha wrdcHjdka iska uhs' tneka Tjqka ms<sn| j.lSu wm%sldkq rgj,
g;a jvd ,xldf ;dkskag mejreKd' tfy;a ,xldKavqj 1948 Tjqka ;dkshg
f.k hk f,i wrdcHjdka f.ka b,af keye' tfia fkdb,af furg md,lhka
wrdcHjdka f.a iqjp lSlre fiajlhka u ksid fjkak mqjka' flfia fj;;a tf,i
fkdb,a,Su wudkqIsl .=Khla jkafka keye'
fuu j;=llrejka inkaOfhka .; yels wfkla mshjr jQfha Tjqka bkahdjg
heuhs' f m%Yakh ms<sn| bkahdj iu. O idlPd yd .siq we;s ;sfnkjd' tu
idlPd yd i j, m%;sM, f,i j;=llrejka f.ka Yd, msila wdmiq bkahdjg
f.kajd .ekSug bkah wdKavqj tl jQjd' bka meye,s jkafka bkah iNjhla we;s j;=
llrejka bkahdf mqrjeishka f,i ms<s.ekSug bkahdj tl jQ njhs'
f m%Yakh myiqfjka u i|d .ekSug ;snqfKa 1947 - 1948 jljdkqf uhs' tl,
bkahdj;a iu. idlPd flf<a k Yd, msila bkahdjg heug ;snqKd' flfia
fj;;a 1950 ckjdfha fkare - fld;,dj, .siqu hgf;a f ms<sn| h tl;ajhlg
meKshd'
tfy;a f j;= llrejka furg wdlh k.d isgqug odhl jqfKa keoao @ ta ksid
Tjqkag mqrjeislu;a Pkao n,h;a h hq;= fkdf o @
h msila rgl wdlh f.dv ke.Sug odhl jQ muKska ta msig mqrjeislu
,efnkafka keye' WodyrKhla f,i ueo fmr. /lshdj,g ,xldj we;= wdishd;sl
rgj,ska hk wh ta rgj, wdlh k.disgqu i|yd Yd, ldhhla lrkjd' tfy;a ta
ksid u Tjqkag ueo fmr. rgj, mqrjeisl ,efnkafka keye'
flfia fj;;a f msi 1931" 1936" 1947 ue;sjrKj, Pkaoh ;snqKd fkao @
tneka Tjqka f.a Pkao n,h wfydais lsu widOdrK keoao @
uE;la jk ;=re u ;dksh" if%,shdj wd fmd rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,g ,xldj"
bkahdj jf.a rgj,ska .sh whg Pkao n,h ;snqKd' ta Tjqka ish,a, u ;dks hg;a
jeishka jQ ksid' ka tf,i Pkao n,h ,efnkafka keye' ka Pkao n,h ,eug m<uq j
mqrjeishl= h hq;=hs' ta ta rgj,a ta ta ld,j, tfia Pkao n,h ys wh ms<sn| O

;SrK f.k ;sfnkjd' 1931" 1936 yd 1947 j;= llrejkag Pkao n,h ,enqfKa Tjqka o
wfkla wh iu.ska ;dks hg;a jeishka u ksid' 1948 ka miq f ;;a;ajh fjkia jqKd'
fkare - fld;,dj, .siqfuka is jQfha l=ula o @
ta .siqu we;s jQfha f j;= llrejka ms<sn| jhs' tys ;SrKh jQfha 1966 jk
;=re Tjqka fjk u Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmx lrug;a Tjqka f.ka uka;%Sjre msila
f;dard .ekSug;a h' md,sfka;=f iu; jQ mk;la wkqj f uka;%Sjre ixLHdj 4 f,i
;SrKh flreKd' ta Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmx fkdjk wh bkahdf mqrjeishka f,i
ndr .ekSug bkahdj tl jqKd' tfuka u Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmosx jQ wh mjd" Tjqkag
bkahdjg hEug wjYH jqKs k" bkahdj ;u mqrjeishka f,i ,shdmx lrug tl
jQjd' fuu .siqf jeo.;a u uQ,Ouh jQfha 1954 mjd ta j;= llrejka ish fokd u
jqj;a bkah mqrjeishka f,i ndr.ekSug bkahdj tl uhs' j;= llrejka ish
fokdg u bkahdjg hEug wjYH jqKs k Tjqka ;u mqrjeishka f,i ndr .ekSug
bkahdj tl ishd' thska ;yjqre jkafka 1948 Tjqkag ,xldf mqrjeisNdjh ug
tl fkdu widOdrKhla fkdjk njhs' we;af;ka u f m%Yakh 1948 u bkahdj iu.
idlPd l<d k myiqfjka u i|d.kak ;snqKd' 1948 j;= llrejka ish fokdg u
jqj;a mqrjeislu ,ndug leu;s jQ bkahdj 1964 isud - Ydia;%S .siqf ish,a,kag u
mqrjeisl ug tl jqfKa keye'
isud - Ydia;%S .siqfuka mqrjeisl m%Yakh ifKa flfia o @
fkare - fld;,dj, .siqu yye l%shd;aul fkdu ksid j;=llrejka f.a
m%Yakh 1964 jk g;a ;snqKd' 1964 isud - Ydia;%S .siqug wkqj bkahdj j;= llrejka
6"00"000 lg yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag mqrjeisl fokakg;a ,xldj b;s 3"75"000 g
yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag;a mqrjeisl fokakg;a tl jqKd' bkahdjg hEu i|yd
b,a m;a lef|jd' tys f;dkavuka uy;d f.a j;= llrejka ix.uh jQ ,xld
llre fldka.%ih j;= llrejka tfia bkahdjg wdmiq hEug b,a flu je<elaug
W;aidy .;a;d' tjeks W;aidyhlska miq j;a 5"06"000 la bkahdjg hEug b,a l<d'
tfy;a 1964 ka miq j f;dkavuka uy;d f.a fldka.%ifha n,mEu fya;= fldg f.k
bkahdjg hjd we;af;a 2"65"444 fokl= muKhs'
b;s whg is jQfha l=ulao @
Tjqkag ,xldf mqrjeislu ,enqKd 1986 f;dkavuka uy;d bkahdjg hEug
bm;a fkdjQ 94"000 fokdg yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag ,xldf mqrjeisl ,ndh
hq;= hehs fhdackd l<d' ta w;r bkahdjg hEug b,a lr fkd.sh 2"40"556 yd Tjqka
f.ka mej; tkakka o ksl u mqrjeislu ,nd .;a;d' f;dkavuka uy;d f.a .siq wkqj
jqre fm;aiula ka muKska ,xldf mqrjeislu .ekSug mqjka jqKd' bka is jQfha
bkahdf mqrjeislu ,eug is 3"34"556 fokl= yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakka ,xldf
mqrjeislu ,nd .ekSuhs' fkare - fld;,dj, yd isud - Ydia;%s .siqj, m%Odk ,laIKh
jQfha j;= llrejka bkah mqrjeishka f,i ndr .ekSug bkahdj tl uhs' thska
meye,s jkafka Tjqka bkah mqrjeishka njg bkahdf ielhla fkd;snQ njhs'
j;= llrejkag Pkao n,h wys flf<a Tjqka jdudxYsl mlaIj,g Pkaoh ka ksid o
@
Tjqka jdudxYsl mlaIj,g Pkaoh kakd hehs lSu jerhs' Tjqka f.a jD;a;Sh i;s
kdhlhka w;r jdudxYslhka o is nj we;a;hs' tfy;a tu j;= llrejka jdudxYslhka
jQfha keye' wjYH k Tjqka f.a Pkaoh t' cd' mlaIhg ,nd .ekSug ;snqKd' l< hq;=j
;snqfKa t' cd' mlaIhg ys;j;a jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajhla ;nd .ekSu muKhs' f' wd'
chjOk uy;d .dKS idkdhl uy;d ,jd th flug W;aidy l<d' tfy;a ta jk g

f;dkavuka uy;d jD;a;Sh i;sj, uqukska u jdf.a n,Odhd ;snqKd' f;dkavuka

uy;d 1947 md,sfka;=f;a uka;%Sjrhl= f,i m;a j is nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs'
Tn lshkafka 1949 fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a fmvr,a mlaIh msysgqug j;= llre
m%Yakh n,mEf ke;ehs hkak o @
Tjqka mlaIh msysgqf th wdikak fya;=jla f,i lajQ nj we;a;' tfy;a
fp,ajkdh. uy;d jeks wh cd;sjd jQfha thg fndfyda l,ska' 1947 Tyq l< m%ldYhla
ud l,ska i|yka lr we;s' yer;a fuys m%Odk m%Yakh jQfha mqrjeis mk;hs' th iu;
jQfha 1948 hs' mqrjeis fkdjkakkag Pkao n,h ,efnkafka keye' tneka f m%Yakh Wv
mlaIh msysgq k fp,ajkdh. uy;d th l< hq;=j ;snqfKa 1948 ,xld fou< rdcH
mlaIh msysgqjQfha W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a o we;= jQ fldgil fjk u rdcHhla ys
flughs'
fuys fudk hg ;l l<;a fou< rdcH mlaIfha wruqK jika lrkak neye'
Tjqkag wjYH W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk m%Yak iug
k Wvrg j;= llrejka f.a m%Yakhla thg we|d .kak neye' ta jf.a u j;=
llrejkaf.a m%Yakhg iu yehg bm;a lrkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj,
fjk u rdcHhla we;s flu k thska j;= llrejka f.a Pkao n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh
i|kak ne nj meye,shs'
fldfydug;a wo jk g ish u j;= llrejkag yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag
mqrjeislu;a Pkao n,h;a ,e ;sfnkjd' wjidkfha fkare - fld;,dj, .siqu j;a
isud - Ydia;%S .siqu j;a l%shd;aul jqfKa keye' wo jk g ish u j;= llrejkag yd
Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ysj ;sh ;a rg fnf jHdmdrh
l%shd;aul fjkjd' bka meye,s jkafka;a ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh;a tys wkqm%dma;slhd jQ
fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK;a fjk;a wruqKq we;s j msysgqjd .;a mlaI njhs'
1949 ka miq m%Yakh ;j;a W.% jQjd fkdf o @ fou< ckhdg bka miq fkdfhl=;a
widOdrKl is jQjd fkdf o @ cd;sl fldh" rdcH NdIdj" ckmolrKh"
m%;slrKh wdh yryd fou< ckhd fojeks mka;sfha mqrjeishka njg m;a jQfha
keoao @
fjd ujd mE widOdrKl nj ka ikd: wjidkhs' f Bkshd widOdrKl
.ek lms, mSia uy;d ld,h irdf ;=ka jeks fjf l,dm lsysmhl ,sms m< lr
;sfnkjd' tneka tajd .ek ;j rg;a i|yka lrkak wjYH keye'
Tn wf;ka i|yka lrkafka cd;sl fldh ms<sn| m%Yakhhs' ka ;sfnk cd;sl
fldh f;dard .;af;a ta i|yd m;a lrk ,o lgqjla u.skqhs' fou< cd;sjdka lshkafka
fldfha isxyhd i,l=Kq lsu jer h lshdhs' ;j;a iuyr fofkl= lshkafka ;Sre tl;=
lsu jer h lshdhs'
cd;sl fldhl ta rf b;sydih yd j;udkh ksrEmKh h hq;=hs' bkahdj
ksoyi ,nd .ekSfuka miq tys ixfla;h f,i f;dard .;af;a wfYdal l=fKa ,dxPkh hs'
Ndr; b;sydifha my< jQ jeo.;a u rcq yehg wfYdal rcq ms<s.efkkjd' ;dksfha
cd;sl fldh hQkshka cela' bka ksrEmKh jkafka O ro<jreka tl;= b;sydifha
;dks cd;sl;ajh f.dvke.=Kq wdldrhhs' weuld tlai;a ckmofha fldfha ;Srej,ska
uq,a ckmo ixfla;j;a fjkjd' wfkla ckmo ixfla;j;a jkafka ;rej,ska' Tjqka ;Sre
b,a,d iskafka keye'
,xldf jeishkaf.ka 74] la isxy, ,xldf wLKav ,s; b;sydih hkq isxy,hka
f.a b;sydihhs' tjeks b;sydihla yd j;udkhla ksrEmKh flfrkakla f,i isxy ,l=K
f;dard .ekSu b;d u idOdrKhs' fuys isxy ,l=Kg reoaO jkafka kej;;a isxy,hka

nyq;rh f,i ms<s.ekSug we;s wleue;a; fya;=fjkqhs' fou< cd;sjdkag ieu od u;a
m%Yakh jQfha" isxy,hka nyq;rh u ksid" ;uka bx.siska hgf;a N=la;s jrm%ido yd
n,h ke;s hEuhs' cd;sl fldfha ;Sre tl;= u u.ska fou< yd uqia,s ck;dj
ksfhdackh fjkjd'
isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj u ksid fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla ke;s nj ld,h
irdf 1995 Tlaf;dan l,dmfhka lshefjkjd' tfy;a fp,ajkdh. uy;d m%uqL
msi i;H.%yhla werUqfha wehs @ tfuka u nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu
w;aika flu u.ska nKavdrkdhl uy;d isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsu jer nj
ms<s.;a;d fkdf o @
,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfha i;H.%yh isxy,h rdcH NdIdj flug tfrys j we;s
l< tlla nj wmg lshkjd' tfy;a tys jQfha thg jvd r . hk fohla nKavdrkdhl fp,ajkdh. .siqf i|yka jkafka NdIdj .ek muKla fkdfjhs' bv wOHdmkh wdoS
foa .ek;a tys i|yka fjkjd' flfhka lsjfyd;a fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s flf Ydjg
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu u.ska fou< cd;sjdoh .uka lr ;sfnkjd'
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqfuka b;d fydka u fmkajkafka mj;akd
foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ;u wruqKq bgq lr.ekSu i|yd fou< cd;sjdoh iska
fhdod.efkkafka flfia o hkakhs' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha bv yd fjk;a n,;, NdId
m%Yakhg tajdys we;s inkaOhla keye' rdcH NdId m%Yakh ms<sn| i;H.%yhla keje;aug
bv .ek l;d l< hq;af;a wehs @
nKavdrkdhl uy;d b;d meye,s j u .siqf mQldf i|yka lrk lreKq
folla ;sfnkjd' tlla isxy, rdcH NdId mk; fjkia lsu .ek idlPd flug j;a
;uka tl fkdjk nj' fojekak fmvr,a l%uhla .ek;a idlPd flugj;a ;uka tl
fkdjk nj' fuhska b;d meye,shs nKavdrkdhl uy;d f.a woyia fudkjd o hkak' wo
we;euqka ta uy;d f.a 1926 m%ldYhla w,a,df.k ta uy;d fmvr,a l%uhla fjkqfjka fmkS
is mqoa.,hl= f,i yqjd lau lK.dgqjg lreKla'
wfkla w;ska mQldf u ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh lshd isfha ;uka f.a wruqKq
fjkia lr fkd f.k idlPdj,g tl;= jqKq njhs' Tjqka f.a m%ldYs; wruqK jQfha
fmvr,a rdcHhla ,nd .ekSu wm%ldYs; wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHhla kd .ekSu
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu w;aika flf<a fmvr,a rdcHhla kd.ekSf Ydjg
.uka flug nj b;d meye,shs'
nKavdrkdhl uy;d .siqu wj,x.= flu u.ska isxy, cd;sjdohg hg jqfKa keoao @
keye" hg ug isxy, cd;sjdoh;a to;a ;snqfKa keye' ta .siqf rg iNd
msysgqula .ek ;snqKd' ta wkqj W;=re m<d;g .siqf rg iNdjla" kef.kysr m<d;g
rg iNd folla fyda ;=kla we;s flug mqjkalula ;snqKd' tfuka u rg iNd follg
fyda je .Kklg wjYH k tla ug bv ;snqKd' uyd ix>hd jykafia m%uqL isxy,
ck;dj bv yd fjk;a n,;, rg iNdj,g mejug;a" rg iNdj,g tl;= ug bv
yehd k W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< cd;sjdkag wjYH wdldrhg tla flug
bv ,efnkak ;snqKd' wo;a fou< cd;sjdkag wjYH ta lreKhs' W;=re yd kef.kysr tla
lr fmvr,a ,nd.ekSu Tjqka f.a m%Odk u b,a,Sula' th 1957 ;a ;snqKd' NslaIQka
jykafia,d m%uqL isxy, ck;dj nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqug reoaO h hq;= j
;snqKd' jro tfia fkdl<d k muKhs'
fldfydug;a nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu wj,x.= flrefKa fp,ajkdh.
uy;d ksid uhs' .siqu w;aika flfuka miq ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh W;=f Y%S frda
jHdmdrh werUqjd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu u; mok
fjka ta u.ska ,nd .;a foa wdrlaId lr.kska ;j ;j;a foa ,nd .ekSuhs' fou<

cd;sjdofha Wml%uh thhs' tk mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lr .kska ;uka

tf;la ,ndf.k we;s hska Tng hEug W;aidy fluhs'
nKavdrkdhl uy;d ta .eghg yiq jqfKa keye' tmuKla fkdfjhs' nKavdrkdhl
uy;d lshd yshd Y%S frda jHdmdrh weru u.ska ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu wj,x.= lr we;s nj" .siqu wj,x.= flref
fp,ajkdh. uy;d njg nKavdrkdhl uy;d md,sfka;=f m%ldYhla lr ;sfnkjd'
uyd ix>hd jykafia .siqug reoaO jQjdg .siqu wj,x.= flrefKa Wkajykafia,d f.a
reoaO;ajh ksid u fkdfjhs' .siqu wj,x.= flref NslaIQka jykafia,d fkdjk nj;a
th is flf<a fp,ajkdh. uy;d nj;a nKavdrkdhl uy;d md,sfka;=f m%ldY lr
;sfnkjd'
fou< NdIdj rdcH NdIdjla fkdlr thg Bkshd ksis ;ekla u u.ska nKavdrkdhl
uy;d m%Yakh wjq,a fkdflf<a o @
f rf wjqre oyia .Kkdjla ;=< rdcH NdIdj jQfha isxy,hs' ljqre y W.f;l=
tod rdcH NdIdj lshk ixl,amh ;snqfKa ke;s hehs lshd' ixl,amhla ;snqK;a ke;;a
rcfha jev lghq;= flrefKa isxy, NdIdfjkqhs' hdmkfha isg fojqkaor olajd rg mqrd u
is ;sfnk fi,a ,smsj,ska lshefjkafka ta ldrKhhs' msg/hka iu. .siqu we;slrf.k
;sfnkafka mD;=.Sis wd Tjqka f.a niska yd isxy,fhkqhs' 1619 hdmkh rdcOdksh
mD;=.SiSkag hg;a jk g w;aika lrk ,o .siqu mjd we;af;a mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka yd
isxy, NdIdfjka'
tod o fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek we;s nj;a ta iu. meye,s h' fi,a,smsj,ska w;s
Yd, nyq;rh isxy,fhka ;sfukq;a w;ka m;r fou< fi,a ,sms lsysmhla ;sfukq;a
th meye,s fjkjd' fou< fjf<kaokag" wd.m yuqodjg wd jYfhka fouf<ka fi,a
,sms ;sfnkafka ta ksis ;ek ta kj,;a ;snqKq nekqhs'
isxy,hg rdcH NdId ;;a;ajh ke;s jQfha wrdcHjd iufha hs' tneka ksoyi
,efuka miq kej;;a isxy,h rcfha ni njg m;a flu f rf b;sydihg tl jQ
l%shdjla' isxy,hka f.a b,a,Su jQfha isxy, NdIdjg b;sydifha ys h hq;= j ;snQ tfy;a
wrdcHjdoh ksid wys jQ rdcH NdId ;;a;ajh ,nd.ekSuhs' tu b,a,Sug reoaO u
b;sydi frdahs'
nKavdrkdhl uy;d l%shd lr we;af;a b;sydihg tl jhs' rcfha jev lghq;=
isxyf,ka flug rdcH NdId mk;;a" fou< ckhdg wdKavqj iu. .Kqfokq flug
wjYH fr.=,dis imdokh flu i|yd fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek fok mk; iu;
lrf.k ;sfnkjd'
1815 Wvrg .siqf isxy, kdhlhka fouf<ka w;aika lr ;sfnkjd fkao @ tfuka u
merKs fmd;aj, fou<" ixialD; yd md,s wd NdId fkdo;a wh kQ.;=ka f,i ykajd
;sfnkjd fka o @
ta lreKq yd isxy,h rdcH NdIdj u w;r inkaOhla keye' Wvrg .siqu
hkqfjka ykajk .siqf we;e isxy, kdhlhka fouf<ka w;aika lr we;s nj we;a;hs'
tl, rc jQfha jvq. rc flfkl=hs' tfuka u jvq. f.da;%hg wh;a msi fnfyka
rcjdi, yd wjg jdih l<d' wo fuka u tod o wkqldrlhka isxy,hka w;r ishd'
we;e wh fouf<ka w;aika flu mquhg lreKla fkdfjhs'
fou<" ixialD; yd md,s NdId fkdo;a wh kQ.;=ka f,i we;euqka ykajd
;sfnkjd' th ta wh f.a u;hhs' w;s uy;a isxy, nyq;rh kQ.;=ka f,i ie,lSug to;a
we;e mKa;hka mqre ishd' jE;a;Ef yshka" od.u ffu;%sh yshka wdka tjeks
W.;=kag ms<s;=re ;sfnk nj meye,shs'

 uykqjr rcjreka jvq. fuka fmkakq lrkafka ta rdcHh fou< nj fkdf o @

keye' jvq. rcqka bkahdf wdka m%foaYfha isg ol=Kq bkahdjg meKs
mrmrdjlska mej; tkakka' Tjqkaf.a ni fou< fkdfjhs' Tjqka l;d lr we;af;a f;<s=
nihs' flfia fj;;a Tjqka urd mqrfha fou< l;d lrkakg;a ta ixialD;shg yqre
ug;a mqre ;sfnkjd' fudjqka ,xldjg meKs miq nq iiqk rlsk njg fmdfrdka
rclug m;a jqKd' Tjqka iuyr g kEoEhka iu. fouf<ka l;d l<;a rcfha jev
lghq;= flf<a isxyf,kqhs' Tjqkag fn!oaOhka fkd isxy, ixialD;sh fkdms<sf.k f rf
rc ug neye' furgg meKs miq jvq. wh isxy, ixialD;shg yqre jQfha Tjqka wdka
m%foaYfhka urd mqrhg meKs miq fou< ixialD;shg yqre jQjdg jvd ks, rdcld
ugulskqhs'
uykqjr rdcH isxy, rdcHhla i jvq. rdcHhla fkdfjhs' rdcHh l=ula hs
;SrKh jkafka isxydikfha isk mqoa.,hd u; fkdfjhs' tx.,ka;fha rcjre cuksfhka
yd fjk;a m<d;aj,ska meKs wh' tfy;a Tjqka bx.sis rcjreka i cuka rcjreka jQfha
keye' jvq. rcjreka isxy,fha rcjreka njg m;a jQjd i isxy,hd jvq. rcqkag hg;a
jQfha keye' jvq. rcjreka isxy,fha rcqka njg m;a jQfha isxy, ixialD;sh yd jk
rgdj ms<s.ekSfuka miqjhs'
flfia fj;;a nKavdrkdhl uy;d nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu wj,x.=
flu u.ska m%Yakh iug ;snQ wjia:djla u. yehd fkdf o @
f iug ;snQ m%Yakh l=ula o @ kej; kej;;a wikakg we;s m%Yakh k f
iug we;s m%Yakh l=ula o hkakhs' fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk widOdrK :Hd nj
fmkajd we;s nj ud lSjd' fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk m%Yakhla W;=rg yd kef.kysrg
rg iNd fuka i|kak neye' thg fya;=j fou< ckhd f.ka 50] lg wdikak m%udKhla
j;a jkafka W;=f yd kef.kysf fkdjk neka'
ud l,ska lS whqka u fou< ckhdg ;snqfKa %;dkHhka hgf;a ;uka ,;a jrm%ido
yd n,h /l.ekSf m%Yakhhs' thg isxy,hka nyq;rhla u;a rf b;sydih;a yria
jqKd' Tjqka miq .sh ishjfia w. isg tlaoyia kjish y;,sia .Kka olajd isxy,hka
nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.kska uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l<d' y;,sia .Kkaj,ska
miq j" fYaIfhka u 1949 ;,a wriq lh msysgqfuka miq ;ukag ,nd.; fkdyels jQ
uOHfhys n,h ySk lr tu n,h W;=rg yd kef.kysrg ,ndf.k fjk u rdcHhla
msysgqug lghq;= flrejd' nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu Tjqka f.a tu wruqK bgq
lr.ekSu i|yd .;a jeo.;a mshjrla jQjd' th l%shd;aul jQjd k fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s
fjkafka g fndfyda l,lg fmrhs' ta .siqu mok lr.kska fou< cd;sjdoh bhg
mshjr lsysmhla f.k ;u wruqK idlaId;a lr.kakd Ydjg hEug ksh; j ;snqKd'
tneka nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu wj,x.= flfuka nKavdrkdhl uy;d lr
we;af;a rgg hym;a l%shdjla tu.ska fou< cd;sjdoh ;djld,sl j fyda mrdchla ,enqjd'
Tjqka f.a fmvr,a igk;a B<d igk;a tu.ska miq nEjd'
v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqu;a Tn olskafka ta wdldrhg o @
fndfyda rg ta whqka uhs' fou< cd;sjdoh 1949 isg l%shd;aul jkafka iS;
Wml%uhl msysgdhs' Tjqkag fou< rdcHhla msysgqjd .ekSug wjYHhs' thg fya;= ud l,ska
meye,s lr we;s' Tjqka f.a wruqK fou< rdcHhla' n,h fnod yod.ekSu hkqfjka Tjqka
y;,sia .Kkaj,g fmr lSf ;u ck wkqmd;hg fkdi,k wdldrhlska" isxy,hka
nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.kska" rf b;sydihg msgqmdka uOHfhys n,h ;uka w;g .ekSuhs'
y;,sia .Kkaj,ska miq Tjqka n,h fnod yod .ekSu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka uOHfhys
n,h ySk lr tu n,h W;=rg yd kef.kysrg f.k fmvr,a rdcHhla ys lr miq j
B<ula we;s fluhs' fou< cd;sjdoSka mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k fuu

wruqK lrd <du i|yd mshjr .kakjd' fou< cd;sjdofhys uQ,sl Wml%uh thhs'
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu u.ska NdId m%Yakh yryd ;u wruqKg <dug
Tjqka W;aidy l<d' v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqf is jQfha wdKavqf wia:djr;ajh
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u wruqK lrd hEug v,s fiakdkdhl uy;d fldkafoais lsysmhlg
tl lrjd.ekSuhs'
wdKavqf wia:djr;ajh m%fhdackhg .ekSu hkq l=ula o @
1965 ue;sjrKfha v,s fiakdkdhl uy;dg wdKavqjla msysgqug ;r wdik
ixLHdjla ,enqfKa keye' tneka yjq,a wdKavqjla msysgqug fp,ajkdh. uy;d f.a o
wdOdrh Tyq me;=jd' t;ek wdKavqjg iyfhda.h ug fp,ajkdh. uy;d fldkafoais
bm;a l<d' v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqu u.ska ;yjqre flrefKa f fldkafoaishs' ta
fldkafoais w;r ia;%sla iNd we;s flu ;snqKd' ta jf.a u bv m%Yakhla ;snqKd' ta ta
m%foaYfha rcfha bvj, whs;sh ia;%sla iNdj,g mejug;a W;=re yd kef.kysr
m<d;aj, ia;%sla iNdj,g mejfrk ta bv fnod f m<uq j ia;%slalfha whg;a
fojkq j m<df;a jeishkag;a ;=ka jkq j tu m<d;aj,ska msg isk fou< ckhdg;a
m%uqL;ajh ,efnk fia lghq;= l< hq;= njg j.ka;shla v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqf
i|yka fjkjd' b;d meye,s j u W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< ckhd f.a kscN+
hk ixl,amh u; mok ta j.ka;sh ilia lr ;sfnkjd' v,s - fp,ajkdh.
.siqu;a W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, fmvr,a m%dka;hla we;s flug yd miq j B<ula
ys flug .;a mshjrla jQ nj meye,s h'
v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqu f rf b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla ksrEmKh
lrkjd' wdKavq msysgqf fou< cd;sjdoh ;u fldkafoais bm;a l< m%:u wjia:dj
thhs' ta fldkafoais l%shd;aul fkdjQ neka th id:l jQfha keye' tfy;a bka miq j" 1977
yd bka miq j meje;ajQ ue;sjrKj, Tjqka wdKavq msysgqug iydh u u.ska Tjqka f.a
wruqKg <d u i|yd mshjr rdYshla f.k ;sfnkjd' j;udk rg fnf fhdackdj,sh
tys b;d u jeo.;a mshjrla'
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu fuka u v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqu o wid:l
jQ ksid;a fmvr,a mlaIfha iduld frdaO;d rdcH yia;h ,jd uokh l< ksid;a
fou< ;reKhka wdhqO .;a;d fka o @ 1977 ka miq fou< ck;dj h h foa kd
.;af;a Tjqka ta jk g ikakoaO j is ksid fkdf o @
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu;a v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqu;a wid:l
jQfha isxy,hka f.a Pkaoj,g tl, jkdlula ;snQ ksihs' ta .ssiq fol u ud l,ska lS
wdldrhg uOHfha n,h ySk lr m<uq j fmvr,a rdcHhla yd miq j W;=re yd kef.kysr
m<d;a we;= jQ fou< rdcHhla ys flu i|yd .kakd ,o mshjr' ta fol u wid:l
jQfha rf nyq;rh isxy, nj fkdms<s.kakd fou< cd;sjdohg isxy, nyq;rh yuqf ;u
u;h ms<s.ekaug fkdyels jQ ksid'
v,s - fp,ajkdh. .siqug Y%S' ,' ks' m' muKla fkdj iuiudc mlaIh yd
fldhqksia mlaIh o reoaO jqKd' f rf isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.kakd i
l%shd;aul flug isxy, nyq;rfha leue;a; ,nd.; fkdyelshs' .siq wid:l jQfha
tnekqhs' flfia fj;;a ta .siq wid:l u ksid ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fjk u
rdcHhla msysgqu i|yd f.k .sh wr.,h w;ayefha keye' Tjqka uq, isg u fou<
;reKhka Wis.ekajQjd' rf b;sydih fkdms<sf.k lD;s b;sydihla ujd mdka ;ukag
tl, wh;a jQ fou< rdcHh isxy,hka f.ka ksoyia lr.; hq;= nj;a Tjqka lSjd' fou<
;reKhka we;s jQfha f lD;s b;sydifhka fmdaIKh fjka' t;r Yd, m%Yakhla
;sh ;a ;u rg" tk ;,a B<" ksoyia lr .ekSu i|yd fou< kdhlhka t;r hula
fkdlrkafka hehs is;+ fou< ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;a;d'
fmvr,a mlaIfha iduld frdaO;d rdcH ;ka;%h fhdod uokh l<d fka o @

fmvr,a mlaIh kka yekafjkafka ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a b,xflhs
;,a wriq l hkakhs' ta mlaIh isxy, NdId mk;g tfrys j h h WoafidaIKh
l<d' Tjqka jrla i;H.%y l<d' fuu jHdmdr iduld j f.k .shd hehs lSu fndrejla"
fjd .dka;=ud wkq.ukh lrk nj lshka t;=ud f.a jHdmdrhg imQKfhka u
mgyeks j l< l%shdjkqhs'
fuu Bkshd iduld i;H.%yj,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha kS;sh lvd fou< ck;dj
f.a yeS wjqiaid Tjqka m%fldam fluhs' fuu jHdmdr msgqmi cd;Hka;r n,f. yd
cd;sl n,f. ishd' fp,ajkdh. uy;d yska fkdf' f jk g l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl
m%Odk mQcljreka yd m%N+jreka f jHdmdrh msgqmi ishd' Tjqkag jqjukd jQfha isxy, fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh kid uhs'
fou< rdcH mlaIfha kdhlhka is,a kS;s levqf .dka;=ud wkq.ukh lrka
fkdfjhs' .dka;=ud is,a kS;s levqf tu kS;s leu kS;sh bfha jrola nj ms<s.kska'
t;=ud tf,i kS;s lefuka miq Widhg f.dia kS;s{hka we;s j fyda ke;s j fyda ;uka
ksjerlre hehs lSug W;aidy lf<a keye' t;=ud jrog ysf hEug ov f.ug wd
jYfhka ovqj ug iQodkka ishd' kS;sh levqf wOHd;al whla f,ihs' th
ck;dj m%fldam flug fhdod .;af;a keye' tfy;a fou< rdcH mlaIfha kdhlhka is,a
kS;s levqf kS;sfhkq;a f kS;s{hka f.a ud.fhka Wid f.dia ovqj fkd,nd yqfola
ck;dj m%fldam lsughs' Tjqka th wOHd;al whla f,i i,lk njla u;= mska m%ldY
l<;a wNHka;rfhka thg reoaO l%shdud. wkq.ukh l<d' kS;s lvkakd kS;sfhka
jrolre ug iQodk fkdu ;=< u wOHd;al jxpdjla ;sfnkjd'
fou< rdcH mlaIh frdaO;dj,g tfrys j rdcH ;ka;%h fhdod we;s nj we;a;la'
tfy;a th fou< rdcH mlaIh inkaOfhka muKla .;a l%shd ud.hla fkdfjhs' wdKavqj
me;af;ka ne l, fou< rdcH mlaIh rdcH frda l%shdjl fhKd' tg rch ;u rdcH
;ka;%h fhdod kdhlhka w,a,d kS;sfhka jrolrejka njg m;a flug W;aidy .kakjd'
th wdKavqj, idudkH m%;sm;a;shhs' y fyda jer fyd fjd ta m%;sm;a;sh wdKavq iska
fjk;a jHdmdr inkaOfhka o wkq.ukh lr ;sfnkjd'
flfia fj;;a f uokhka ;=<ska ck;dj wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,hkag .shd fkdf o @
keye' Th lshk uokhla tys isjqfKa keye' wdKavqf uokh jdudxYslhkag
k t,a, ;sfnkjd' tfy;a fou< kdhlhkag tjeks uokhla ;snqfKa keye' fou<
;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;af; Th lshk uokhka fya;= fldg f.k fkdfjhs' Tjqka wdhqO
w;g .;af;a ;ukag lshd ka lD;s b;sydih wkqj f.dia fou< rdcHh isxy,hka f.ka
tla whrlska u ksoyia lr .ekSughs'
wfkla w;g fou< ;reKhka ysxid l%shdldrl j,g fmd<Ujkq ,enQfha fou<
kdhlhka iskqhs' m<uq fou< ;reK ixOdkh jQ fou< uqla;s ixOdkh ^TLO& msysgq
jkq ,enQfha 1969 hs' 1974 jk g fld ixOdkh we;=j wdhqO .;a ;reK ixOdk
rdYshla ys ;snqKd' 1977 isoa inkaOfhka m;a lrk ,o ikafidaks fldif
jd;dfjka fou< kdhlhka iska fou< ;reKhka Wis.kajkq ,enQ wdldrh lshefjkjd'
kd.kdoka - w;,sx. uy;ajreka f.a yd w;,sx. uy;ah f.a l;d f w;r
jeo.;a fjkjd' fou< rdcHhla kd .ekSu i|yd f,a j.=rejk nj kd.kdoka uy;d lshd
we;af;a 1964 ;r wE; jljdkqjl hs'
fou< ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;af;a uokhla fya;= fldgf.k fkfjhs' Tjqka is;+
wdldrhg" Tjqkag lshd ka b;sydih wkqj fou< rdcHh kd .ekSug fou< kdhlhka
lsisjla fkdl< neka ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;a;d' f,a .e,Sula .ek kdhlhka l;d l<d'
fou< ;reKhka th l%shd;aul lsug wdhqO w;g .;a;d' fou< ;reKhka w;ska uq,ska u
uere lEf fou< kdhlhka fuka th ;j;a meye,s fjkjd' Tjqka iska yuqodfjys yd

fmd,Sisfhys o m<uqfjka >d;kh lrkq ,enQfha fou< ks,Odka' isxy, ks,Odka yd isxy,
jeishka >d;kh flu werUqfKa bka miq jhs' fuhska lshefjkafka fou< ;reKhka iska
fou< kdhlhka yd yuqod yd fmd,sia ks,Odka fdaySka f,i ykajkq ,enQ njhs' tfia
fdaySka jQfha Tjqka iska lsisjla fkdflfrkq ksid;a fou< rdcHh kd .ekSug Tjqka
ndOlhla hehs fou< ;reKhka is;+ ksid;a h' uokh ksid wdhqO w;g .;af;a k fou<
;reKhka iska m<uqfjka >d;kh lrkq ,eh hq;af;a isxy,hkqhs'

fmdkakn, rdukdoka

1885 ;r wE; ld,hl isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wlue;a;

fya;=fjka fou< f.dv f,dl= lr .ekSu i|yd uqia,sjreka o ckjd.sl jYfhka fou<
hehs lSf h'

fmdkakn, wreKdp,

ckjd.sl moku u; jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uka;%Ska m;a lr .; hq;= h hk

fhdackdj ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih u.ska m%;alafIam lrkq ,efuka miq 1921 tu
fldka.%ifha iNdm;s OQrfhka yd idudl;ajfhka wia furg m<uq cd;sjd ixOdkh jQ
fou< uyck iNdj msysgq h'

' ' fmdkakn,

isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug ;snq wleue;a; ;j rg;a bhg f.k hka

1931 msysgqjk ,o rdcH uka;%K iNdf lsis u ckj.hlska m;aflfrk weu;sjreka yd
uka;%Sjreka f.a ixLHdj ishhg mky fkdblauh hq;= hehs fhdackd flf<a h' f
fhdackdj mkyg mky kka m%isoaO h'

tia' f' ' fp,ajkdh.

fou< kscN+h u; mok fjk u rdcHhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd 1949 b,xflhs

;,a wriq l fyj;a ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh kka fnjd cd;sjd mlaIh wdrN
flf<a h' isxy,hka /ju i|yd f mlaIh isxyf,ka yd bx.sisfhka ykajkq ,enQfha
fmvr,a mlaIh kka h'

ta' w;,sx.

fp,ajkdh. f.a foaYmd,kh boshg f.k hka fjk;a fou< cd;sjd mlaIh
iu. tl;= fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK msysgq h' ;reKhka fkdu. hjka yeS
wjqiaika B<ula kd .ekSu i|yd w .; hq;= hehs lshd isfha h' 1976 jvqlafldfvhs
^jvqf.dv& if,kh iska iu; lrk ,o fnjd fhdackdj iu; lr .ekSf
kdhl;ajh iemhsKs'

Wud ufyaIajrka

fou< fld ixOdkfha wdrNlhd h' m%Ndlrka l,la Tyq f.a ixOdkfha
idudlfhl= j isg we;s jQ u; fNao fya;= fldgf.k bka le fjka .sh miq Tyq maf,d
ixOdkh msysgqjd .;af;a h'

kS,ka ;srefp,aj

v,s fiakdkdhl wdKavqf weu;sjrhl= jQ ;srefp,ap uy;d f.a mq;%hd h' fou<
tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa j;auka kHdhdpdhjrhd f,i ie,lsh yels h' fudyq ' t,a'
mSia uy;d Ys%','ks'm' hg n|jd .ekSf fuka u wf.daia;= fhdackdj,sh yd wdKavql%u
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh flgqm;a flf b;d Yd, ldhNdrhla bgq lf<a h'

v.a,ia foajdkkao

B' mS' wd' t,a' t*a' ixOdkfha ysgmq idudlfhls' B' mS' ' mS' ixOdkh
fufyhjhs' wdKavqf yuqod ,jd fld ixOdkh mrojd ;ukag W;=re yd kef.kysr
fmvr,a m%dka;h kd .ekSf Wmdhla wkq.ukh lrhs'

m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a uiaiskd,d

1977 ka miqj fou< ck;dj kd.;a foa ikakoaO u ksid u ,nd.;a foa fkdf o @
1977 f rf fou< cd;sjdoh ;=kajeks hq.hla weru ixfla;j;a l<d' tu hq.h
mgka .;af;a ye;a;Ef oYlfha" fou< cd;sjdofha fojeks hq.h y;,sia .Kkaj, wer
1949 fou< rdcH mlaIh msysgqu;a iu. l=.ekajqKd' ta jf.a u ;=kajeks hq.h ye;a;E
.Kkaj, wer 1977 l=.eka m%ldYhg m;a jqKd'
ye;a;E .Kkaj, is jQ m%Odk u fjki jQfha wdhqO ikakoaO msila we;s u
fkdfjhs' wdhqO ikakoaO msila mrdch flu fkdl< yels fohl=;a fkdfjhs' ud l,ska
i|yka l< m 1969 m<uq ;reK lKavdhu ys jQjd' 1972 muK jk g fld
ixOdkh;a ys jQjd' ta lKavdh ys jQfha u fou< kdhlhka" tk ;reKhka f.a
foumshka yd ndmam,d wjYH m fou< rdcH ,nd .ekSug lghq;= fkdlrkafka h hk
mokka' f ;reKhka f.a iSh,d jQfha miq.sh ishjir isg y;,sfya oYlh olajd
uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l< msi'
;reKhka" tk m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a uiaiskd,d ixOdkh jkq gq Tjqka f.a
ndmam,d o kej;;a ixOdkh jQjd' 1974 fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK ys jQfha tfia
kej; ixOdkh fukqhs' w;,sx. uy;d fuka u l=ud fmdkakn, uy;d o
f;dkavuka uy;d o tys tla ishd' 1949 msysgqjQ ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfhys m%;sm;a;s
Tjqka kej; jrla 1976 meje;a jQ jvqf.dv ^jvqlafldfvhs& if,kfha m%ldY l<d'
tk fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla f,i ie,lSu" fou< cd;sfha iajhx ksK whs;sh
ms<s.ekSu yd fou< kscN+h ms<s.ekSuhs' thg wu;r j j;=lrfha ish fou< jeishkag
mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ,nd h hq;= njg o fhdackdjla iu; flreKd' fou< tlai;a
uqla;s fmruqK 1977 ue;sjrKhg ;r flf<a fjk u rdcHhla msysgqug jrula
,nd.ekSu i|ydhs'
Tn lshkafka ye;a;Ej oYlfhka miq fou< cd;sjdoh l|jqre foll l%shd;aul jQ nj
o @ Tjqkag h h foa kd.ekSug ,enqfKa ta ksid o @
y;<sfya oYlfha fou< cd;sjdoh m<uq jeks hq.fha isg fojeks hq.hg udre
jqKd' t;ek m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d f.a foaYmd,kh wjika Tyq f.a ndmam,d f.a
foaYmd,kh werUqKd' tfy;a ye;a;Ej oYlfha is jQfha fjk;a fohla' m%Ndlrka f.a
ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh wjika jqfKa keye' m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;e uiaiskd,d f.a
foaYmd,kh ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh iu. iu.d j mej;=Kd' ta jf.a u ;j;a iuyr
uiaiskd,d ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh u bhg f.k .shd'
ta lshkafka ye;a;Ef oYlfha fou< cd;sjd foaYmd,kfha w;a hq.hla werUqfKa
ke;ehs lshk tl o@
tys f;areu flhs' fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq hq.fha wruqK jQfha ;u ck wkqmd;hg
fkdi,k wdldrhlska uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSuhs' fojeks hq.fhys wruqK jQfha
uOHfhys n,h ySklr m<uq j W;=f yd kef.kysr fmvr,a m%dka;hla msysgqjd fojkq j
fou< rdcHhla ys fluhs' tys Tjqka f.a Wml%uh jQfha mj;sk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u wruqK lrd mshjfrka mshjr bhg hEuhs'
m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;e uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh thg fjkia jqKd' ikakoaO
l%shd ud.hlska B<ula kd .ekSu Tjqka f.a wruqK jqKd' tla w;lska .;a l, fmvr,a
rdcHhl hkak Tjqka iska mkakkq ,enqjd' m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d B<u kd.ekSug W;aidy
flf<a whr follska' tfy;a m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;e uiaiskd,d th tl u whrlska
kd .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqKd' ndmam,d f.a yd mq;d,d f.a foaYmd,kfhys fjki thhs'

m%Ndlrka wdhqO .;af;a fou< rdcHh tl whrlska kd.ekSu i|yd' Tjqka gq wdldrhg
ndmam,d fou< rdcHhla kd.ekSug lghq;= flf<a keye'
fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.fha m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh;a
uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh;a iu.d j l%shd;aul jqK ksid u f foaYmd,k l%shdud.
w;r udre ug m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,dg yelshdj ,enqKd' ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,khg
wj;SK jQ uiaiskd,d;a yshd' mrmrd jYfhka ie,l=j;a m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f,i
fp,ajkdh." kd.,sx." w;;,sx. fuka u isjisonr wdka yekah yelshs'
uiaiskd,d f,i kS,ka ;srefp,aj fuka u jOrdcd fmreud,a" fm%aupkaka" Wud
ufyaIajrka" v.a,ia foajdkkao" isoaOd:ka wdka yekah yels h' fuhska kS,ka
;srefp,aj fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa idudlfhla' Tyq f.ka ixfla;j;a jkafka
ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh bhg f.k hk m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskdjrekqhs' wfkla uiaiskd,d
uq, m%Ndlrka fuka u tla whrlska B< kd.kak lghq;= l< whhs' tfy;a Tjqka f.ka
we;eul= miqj whr follska B<u kd .ekSug lghq;= lrkq fmfkkag ;sfnkjd' fou<
cd;sjdofha ;=ka jeks hq.fha foaYmd,k l%shdud. folla iu.d j l%shd;aul jk neka
m%Ndlrkaf.a uiaiskd,g tla l%shdud.hl isg wfkla l%shdud.hg wj;SKf yelshdj
,e ;sfnkjd' wo jk g mrmrd jYfhka .;fyd;a m%Ndlrka f.a ndmamd flkl= f,i
ie,lsh yelafla isjisonr uy;d muKhs' ks,ka ;srefp,aj uy;d we;= fou<
tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa wfkla wh ish,a,ka u mdfya m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,hs'
fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h hkqfjka Tn ykajk hq.fha fou< kdhlhka h
h foa kd.;af;a flfia hs Tn ;ju;a f;are lr kafka keye'
fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h ixlSK hq.hla' ta hq.fha ud l,ska lS foaYmd,k
l%shdud. fol iu.d j l%shd;aul jqKd muKla fkdfjhs' tajd tlsfklg wkqmQrl j
l%shd;aul jqKd' tajd w;r reoaO;djla mj;sk w;r u tlla wfkflka fmdaIKh ,enQ
w;r tajd tlsfkl u; h m%udKhlg r|d mej;=Kd' l%shdud. fol w;r ;snQ fjkial
yd frdaO;d ueo jqj o tlla wfkfla l%shd;aul u u; r|d mej;=Kd'
tfuka u f hq.fhys ;j;a jeo.;a fohla is jqKd' fou< cd;sjdofhys fojeks
hq.fhys 1965 b;d u ;djld,sl j iqfjka is jQ l%shdjla uyd mudKfhka is ug
mgka .;a;d' ta ;uhs wdKavq msysgqug fou< cd;sjd mlaIj, Wmldrh ,nd.ekSug
isu' isxy,hka f.a Pkao t' cd' mlaIhg yd Y%s' ,' ks' mlaIhg fn .sh g wdKavqjla
msysgqu i|yd fou< cd;sjd mlaIj, iydh me;Sug ta mlaIj,g is jQjd' tys ;u
wruqK bgq lr.ekSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a fldkafoais mkjd" ta u; muKla wdKavqjg
iyfhda.h ug fou< cd;sjd mlaI tk ndmam,d yd Tjqka f.a foaYmd,khg wj;SK jQ
uiaiskd,d bhg wdjd'
Tn lshkafka 1977 ka miqj fou< kdhlhka h h foa kd.;af;a f l%shdud.h u;
mok lshd o @
T' uQ,sl jYfhka wkq.ukh l< l%shdud.h thhs' 1977 ue;sjrKhg fmr
f;dkavuka uy;d f' wd' chjOk uy;d iu. .siqulg t<UqKd' tu .siqu wkqj
f' wd' chjOk uy;d ms<s.;a;d fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla we;s nj;a tajdg h
h ms<sh h hq;= nj;a' ta wkqjhs Tyq YajoHd, j,g we;=<;a flf m%;slrKh
ke;s lsu" isud - Ydia;%S .siqfuka bkahdjg heug ksh; j is j;= llrejkag o
mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ,nd u wdh flf<a' W;=r yd kef.kysr fou< kscN+h f,i
ms<s.ekSu" oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh we;s flu" m<d;a iNd we;s flu" fou<
rdcH NdIdjla njg m;a flu wdh is flf<a bkahdf n,mEu u; ta l%shdj,sh .g
f.khEfuka' tfy;a fou< cd;sjdka widOdrK hehs lS tlla j;a widOdrK fkdjk nj
ud l,ska lshQ ,sms f,aLkj, fmkajd ;sfnkjd'

1977 is jQfha wdKavqjla msysgqug f;dkavuka uy;d f.a Pkao;a wfkla fou<
Pkao;a ,nd.ekSug f' wd' chjOk uy;d fou< cd;sjdkag lmam ,nd u muKhs'
fou< cd;sjdka t' cd' mlaIhg;a Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIhg;a ;u Pkao fjkafoaisfha oukjd
;ukag je u jdis i,ik mlaIhg Pkao ,nd fokjd'
fou< kdhlhka ta ta oE kd.ekSf m%Ndlrka f.a wdOdrh ,enqfKa keoa o @
m%Ndlrka f.a wdOdrh ke;s j ta b,a,S kd .ekSu wudrehs' l,ska lSjd f hq.fha
fou< cd;sjdofha l%shdud. folla iu.d j yd wkqmQrl j l%shd l< nj' fou< tlai;a
uqla;s fmruqK jeks mlaI iEu g u flf<a m%Ndlrka yd wka ;reKhka f.a wdhqO
Yla;sh fmkajd ;uka uOHia: u;Odka f,i ykajd .kska m%Ndlrkag n,h fkdug
k ;uka f.a b,a,S h hq;= nj lSuhs' m%Ndlrka yd wfkla wh f.a wdhqO Yla;sh
fkdue;s j ta b,a,S kd.ekSug neye' ta jf.a u fou< ;reKhkag muKla ta b,a,S
kd.ekSug;a yelshdjla ;snqfKa keye' b,a,S ,nd.;af;a wdhqO ikakoaO l%shdud. fkdj
Bkshd m%cd;ka;%jd l%shdud.hlska' tk Pkao fjkafoaisfhka wdKavq msysgqug Wmldr
flfuka'
Tn lshkafka fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK yd fou< ;reKhka w;r wruqKq w;ska
fjkila fkd;snQ nj o@
Tjqka w;r uQ,sl wruqK w;ska lsis u fjkila ;snqfKa keye' Tjqka ish fokdg u
wjYH jQfha fou< rdcHhla kd .ekSughs' wdhqO ikakoaO lKavdh th tla jr u wdhqO
wdOdrfhka kd.ekSug W;aidy l<d' wfkla lKavdhu whr follska m<uq j fmvr,a
kd bka miq j fou< rdcH kd .ekSug W;aidy l<d'
1985 ;smq idlPdf fuh fydka u fmkS .shd' tys f iEu mlaIhla u
fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla nj" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< kscN+ nj" fou<
cd;sfha iajhx ksK whs;sh ,xldKavqj iska ms<s.; hq;= nj lshd ishd' fld ixOdkh
yefrkakg wfkla mlaI yd ixOdk ;uka ish fokd fou< ck;dj ksfhdackh lrk nj
lshd ishd' fld ixOdkh ;uka muKla fou< ckhd ksfhdackh lrk nj lshd ishd'
fld ixOdkh yd wfkla wh w;r jQ fjki tmuKhs'
uOHia: fou< mlaI lshd j.hla keye' ish fokd u wjidk .%yfha
B<djdka" wka;jdka'
f' wd' chjOk uy;d fou< ckhdg widOdrK we;s nj ms<s.;af;a tjeks
widOdrKhka ;sfnk ksid fkdf o @
keye' tjeks widOdrKhla keye' chjOk uy;d jdish i|yd th ms<s.;a;d'
we;euqka fjk;a wruqKq we;s j th ms<s.kajkak W;aidy l<d' f' wd' chjOk uy;d
fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla we;s nj ms<s.;af;a fou< Pkao kd.ekSu i|yd hs' Tyq
;uhs m<uqfjka u foaYmd,kfha fou< Pkaoj, jkdlu gqf' isxy, Pkao fn .sh g
ta Pkaoj, jkdl xj jk nj;a" fou< Pkaoj, jkdlu by< hk nj;a Tyq gqjd'
tneka ta jkdlu wl jQ Pkao ,nd .ekSug Tyq fkdfhl=;a foa ms<s.ekSug iQodk j
ishd' 1965 v,s fiakdkdhl uy;d wdKavqj msysgqug fp,ajkdh. uy;d f.a wdOdrh
,nd.;a;;a Tyq fou< Pkaoj, jkdlu f' wd' chjOk uy;d fuka gqf keye'
f w;r fou< cd;sjdoh iska m%ldY flreKq Bkshd widOdrKl ;yjqre
flug ;j;a fldgila tlaoyia kjish yeg .Kkaj, muK isg lghq;= l<d' ta ;uhs
rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" we;e l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljre yd m%N+jreka yd
cd;Hka;r ixOdk' fudjqka iska fkdfhla wdldrfha wdh;k" flaka" ixOdk msysgqjkq
,enqjd' fkdfhl=;a wOHhk" mfhaIK yd ilaIK flreKd' tys m%Odk wruqK jQfha
isxy, cku;h l%shd lrk wdldrh f;are .ekSu;a" isxy,hd ;=< isxy,hka u ms<sn|
fYaIfhka fn!oaOhka u ms<sn| ,ecdjla we;s flu;a'

fou< cd;sjdka widOdrKh .ek lshoa lD;s b;sydihla ;u ;reKhkag

lshoa isxy,hka w;r l%shd;aul jQ f ixOdk isxy,hka widOdrK j lghq;= lr we;s
nj lSug mgka .;a;d' isxy,h rdcH NdIdj flu wdh Tjqka iska o jer l%shd f,i
fmkajkq ,enqjd' 1958 flda,dy,j, jro isxy,hkag msg mgjkq ,enqjd' miq j 1977" 1983
wdh o tf,i u .%y flreKd' f ish,af,ka isxy,hka ;=< fYaIfhka u Bkshd
m%nqoaOhka ;=< isxy,hka jrola flf<a h hk udkisl ;;a;ajh we;s l<d' wiQj oYlfha
yd bka miq j wdrN l< ird" l,am mqj;am;a wdfhka o f ldhh .ska .g u
flreKd' fn!oaOhkag ysxilhka h yels o hk m%Yakh lsis u ikaoNhlska f;dr j
wikakg mgka .;a;d' thska fudjqka lSf wfkla wd.lhkag ysxilhka ug tu
wd.j,ska bv we;ehs hkak hs wmg wikakg is ;sfnkjd' isxy, fn!oaOhka"
fYaIfhka NslaIQka jykafia isxy, cd;sh /l .ekSug f.dia nq oyu mdjd we;s nj
Tjqka lSjd' f w;r we;e wh isxy, kka cd;shla fkd;snQ nj lSjd' isxy, cd;sh we;s
jQfha fodf<dia jeks ishjfika miq j hehs we;eul= lSjd' t<dr rcq wdl%uKshl= fkdjk nj
wefjk whqka b;sydih jrKh l<d' f ,ehsia;=j b;d > tlla' tajd tlska tl
wrf.k lSug neye' f ish,af,ka flf<a isxy,hd udkisl j j, lr isxy,
cd;sl;ajh fudg lr isxy,hd fYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaOhd wmlS;shg yd ,ecdjg
m;a fluhs'
f w;r we;e l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQclrejka NslaIQka jykafia,d iu.
inkaOl we;s lrf.k m%.;sYS,S fjila .;a;d' tys tl u f;areu jQfha f rf nq
oyug we;s m%uqLia:dkh ke;slr NslaIQka jykafia f.a ;;a;ajh my; fy<Suhs' wd.l
iu.s ixOdk" me ixOdk wdh u.ska we;e l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl mQcljre NslaIQka
jykafia,d wNsnjd bhg meKshd' ixOdk Yla;sfhka yd uqo,a Yla;sfhka ta mQclrejka
NslaIQka jykafia,dg jvd . .Kkla bfhka is neka we;e NslaIQka jykafia,d
fufyhug;a Tjqkag mqjkalu ,enqKd' fudjqka f.a f l%shdud.h wfa b|ka lK
lEula f,i yekah yelshs' ;siai nd,iQh" fhdydka foajdkkao wdka fuys kdhlhka'
c.;a wrdcHjdoh o fuys ;u ldhh bgq l<d' Tjqkag wjYH jkafka ta ta
rgj, cd;sl;ajh keiSuhs' ,xldf cd;sl;ajh keiSu hkq m<uq j isxy, cd;sl;ajh"
fYaIfhka isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh ke;s fluhs' ta i|yd by; lS foaYmd,k
mlaIj,g fuka u by; lS ixOdk" flaka" wdh;kj,g o Tjqka f.a fkduiqre wdOdrh
,enqKd'
fuys udlaiajdoh o f cd;sl n,f.j, wdOdrhg meKshd' cd;sl n,f.
hkafkka ud woyia lrkafka foaYSh n,f. fkdfjhs' f rf cd;sl;ajhg tfrys jQ
ish n,f. cd;sl n,f.hs' udlaiajdoh wo jk g imQKfhka u nxfldf,d;a
kq moaO;shla nj ;yjqre wjidkhs' udlaiajdkag wo ;u meje;au hqla;s hqla;
lr.; yelafla cd;sl;ajhg myr .eiSfuka muKhs' Tjqka f.a wdl wdlD;s ish,a,
foord hoa ;u merKs nqoah hfYdardjh r|jd .ekSug yelafla cd;sl;ajhg tfrys j
cd;Hka;rjdohla .ek l;d flfuka muKhs' udlaiajdka yd ,snr,ajdka w;r wo
meye,s fjkila olakg keye' wdl" cd;sl wd iEu m%;sm;a;shl u Tjqka ish,a,ka
u Bkshd f,dal .udkfha iudkkSh mqrjeishka f,i j;aug W;aidyd lrkjd' wo
c.;a wrdcHjdofha iqjp fiajlhl= njg udlaiajdoh m;a ;sfnkjd' c.;a
wrdcHjdofha ,snr,ajdka wo udlaiajdoh tla tla whqka lshh yels njla fmkajka
th ;u wjYH;d i|yd fhdod .kakjd' uq,a l=Kq .sh udlaiajdoh fudk whqka lsfhj;a
me;sfrkafk |la muKhs'
f ish,af,ys m%;sM,h jYfhka isxy,hka w;r u fYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaOhka w;r u ;uka jerldrhd h hk yeSu me;sfrkak mgka .;a;d' fYaIfhka u
jdudxYsl foaYmd,khg fhduq jk ;reKhka w;r f yeSu me;sreKd' tfuka u isxy,
fn!oaOhkag .erySu m%nqoaO;ajhg m;a f myiq u u.la flreKd'

 Tn l,ska lsf isxy, l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka fn!oaOhka nyq;rh nj

ms<s.kska isxy, cd;sl;ajh ;=< ;u l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl wkkH;djka /l.kska
j;a ug mqre we;s njhs' ka Tn lshkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljreka
isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh kdY flug lghq;= l< njhs' fuys mriamrhla keoao @
fuys uf.a fpkh t,a, jkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljre yd m%N+jre
fm<eka;shlg i ish fokdg u fkdfjhs' m%.;sYS,s fjia uqyqKla ne|f.k c.;a
wrdcHjdoh iu. tla isxy, cd;sl;ajh keiSug lghq;= lrkafka l fokl=hs' fudjqka
f jHdmdrh werUQfha 1956 ka miqjhs' 1956 i" fjo" .=re" f.d" llre ke.su gq
Tjqka thg reoaO j talrdYS jkak mgka .;a;d' 1962 mdi,a rchg .;a wjia:df Tjqka
iDcq j u wdKavqjg reoaO j yuqod yd fmd,sia ks,Odka u.ska l=uka;%Khla h;a l<d'
miqj Tjqka f.ka iuyrl= tys wid:l Ndjh f;are f.k iDcq j u isxy, - fn!oaO
cd;sl;ajhg reoaO fkd wf.a b|ka lk lEf m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh l<d' fn!oaOhka
iu. tl;= jev flug mgka .;af;a m%Odk jYfhka u f msihs' Tjqka w;r wjxl
lsysm fokl= o iskakg we;s' tfy;a je msi wfa b|ka lk lEjqka'
tfy;a fudjqkag ndysr j l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka f.a nyq;rh isxy, fn!oaOhka iu. iyjkfhka lghq;= flug bf.k .;a;d' isxy, - fn!oaOhkag iDcqj
fyda jl% j reoaO jQjka miqmi fkdf.dia ;u wd.l wkkH;dj /l.kska isxy,
cd;sl;ajh ;=< ls|d neiSug;a Tjqka bf.k .;a;d' jdikdjlg l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl
ne;su;=ka f.ka w;s Yd, nyq;rh jkafka fudjqka' fn!oaOhka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSu hkq
fn!oaO wdm;Hhla ms<s.ekSula fkdjk nj Tjqka jgyd f.k ;sfnkjd' fou< ckhd;a wo
l< hq;af;a f l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka wkq.ukh lrka ;u cd;sjd kdhlhka
bj; od isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.kska fmd ixialD;shla ;=< ;u wkkH;dj
/l.ekSug lghq;= fluhs'
isxy,hka f.ka widOdrKhla is fkdue;s k fou< ;reKhka ;u mrjg
;nd igka lrkafka wehs @ nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. .siqu wdh we;s jqfKa
m%Yakhla ;snQ ksid fkdf o @
ud l,skq;a f .ek l;d l<d' fou< ;reKhka mrjg ;nd igka lrkafka
B<d rdcHh kd.ekSughs' Tjqkag is;kakg mqre lr we;af;a ud l,ska i|yka l< lD;s
b;sydihg tl jhs' ;ukag ;sKs hehs is;k rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flu mquhla
fkdfjhs' woyiaj,ska ksiqka u;a lr igkg .kak tl t;r wudre fohla fkdfjhs'
fkd;snQ rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flu tla w;lska ljodj;a we;s fkdjk llre
rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flug we;euqkaj heug iudkhs' lsis fkl we;s fkdjk
llre rdcHh kue;s wx .s,a,jd ksiqka ta fjkqfjka igka flug weo ug
udlaiajdoh iu;a jQjd' udlaiajdohg jvd wx ;j;a f,dalfha ;s keye' fou< rdcHh
ms<sn| isyskh;a wx lEfuka we;sjQjla jekshs'
nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh. wd .siq we;s lr.;af;a fou< cd;sjdofha
Wml%uhg wkqjhs' ;u wruqK bgqlr .ekSu i|yd mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S
lr.ekSu ta Wml%uhhs' ud l,skq;a lshd we;s Th we;ehs lshk widOdrKhg W;=re yd
kef.kysr rg iNd we;s flu ms<shula fkdjk nj'
fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h .ek Tn lreKq rdYshla lsjd' tajd idrdxY lr lsj
yels o @
f hq.fha wdrNh ye;a;Ef oYlfha olskakg mqjka' th l=.ekajQfha 1977
ue;sjrKh;a iu. we;s jQ Pkao fjkafoaisfhkqhs' f hq.fha fou< cd;sjdoh l%shdud.
folla .kakjd' tlla tla whrlska B<d kd.ekSug lrk wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,h'
wfkl fmvr,a yryd whr follska B<d kd.ekSug uOHfhys lrk wr.,h' f
l%shdud. fol tlsfklg wkqmQrl j mj;skjd' tlla ke;s j wfklg meje;aula keye'
whr fofla l%shdud.h wkq.ukh lrkafka uOHfhys tk md,sfka;=fjys ;u Pkao

n,hg b;d je jkdlula ,ndf.k wdhqO ikakoaO jHdmdrfha ,a,d fmkajka uOHia:
iajrEmhla wdrEV lr .kska" ;u wruqK lrd hEug mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka
Wmfhda.S lr .kakjd' f l%shdud. folg msgqmiska rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" l,am
mqj;am;a" ird" flaka" wdh;k we;e l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljreka yd m%N+jrhka"
c.;a wrdcHjdoh yd cd;Hka;r ixOdk l%shd;aul fjkjd' fou< cd;sjdofha
mqfrdays;hka jQ fudjqka o m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,d msila" isxy,hka jerlrejka lrka"
isxy,hka u ,ecdjg lreKla njg m;a lrka" isxy, cd;sl;ajh ke;s flu i|yd
udlaiajdoh o Wmfhda.S lr .kakjd' f miq j lS ixOdk" flaka" wdh;k wdfhys
wdrNh fou< cd;sjdofhys fojeks hq.h lrd j hkjd' c.;a wrdcHjdoh
inkaOfhka .;a l, tys mQj.dhd jQ ;dks wrdcHjdoh fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq
jeks hq.fha ;a th msgqmi ishd'
w;,sx.,d yd m%Ndlrka,d wkqmQrl ixOdk hehs lshkafk flfia o @ fld
ixOdkh w;,sx.,d we;= fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa kdhlhka urd
uQf keoao @
we;a;' kuq;a fld ixOdkh iska urd oukq ,enqf w;,sx. muKla fkdf'
jOrdcd fmreud,a" Wud ufyaIajrka wdka iu. o Tjqka .egqKd' th fld ixOdkh
ms<sfj;hs' Tjqka is;kafka Tjqka fou< ck;dj f.a tl u ksfhda;hka njhs' Tjqka wfkla
ixOdk ish,a, ke;s flug W;aidy .kakjd' tfy;a h fyhlska ta ish ixOdk ke;s
l<fyd;a fld ixOdkhg o meje;aula keye' m%Ndlrka th k.;a;;a ke;;a" Tyq
l=uk ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh l<;a wfkla ixOdk fkdue;s j Tyqg meje;aula keye'
wfkla ixOdk fkdue;s k fld ixOdkh yuqod l%shdud.hlska mrdch flu
b;du;a myiqhs' fld ixOdk imQKfhka u mrdch flug hk g wfkla ixOdk
reoaO fjkjd' f ixOdk fkdjkak fld ixOdkh imQKfhka u mrdch flu
myiq lghq;a;la fjkjd' fld ixOdkfha meje;aug wfkla ixOdk o wjYH hs'
tfy;a m%Ndlrka f.ka fou< ck;dj kd.; yelafla wfkla ixOdkj,g fkdf o @
wfkla ixOdk l%shd lrkafka fld ixOdkfha meje;aug tfrys j fkdf o @
wo jk g fld ixOdkh yefrkakg wfkla fndfyda ixOdk kdl j fyda
fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,k l%shdud.hg wj;SK fj,d ;sfnkjd' v.a,ia
foajdkkao mjd uOHfhys tk md,sfka;=fjys n,h yiqrkjd' fudjqka f.a jEhu W;=re
yd kef.kysr m<d;a ;u ;ukag kd .ekSug' tk m<uq whr tys fmvr,a m%dka;hka
we;slr .ekSug' fudjqka fld ixOdkhg reoaO nj;a we;a;' fld ixOdkfhka
fou< ckhd kd.ekSu hkq wka lsisjla fkdj m<uq whf u B<d msysgqu fjkqjg
m<uq whf fmvr,a ,ndf.k fojeks whf B<d msysgqug ck;dj kd.ekSuhs' f
ixOdk j,g fou< ck;dj kd.ekSu hkq fmvr,a fld ixOdkh merouhs' tk
fjk;a ixOdkhlg fyda ixOdkj,g fmvr,aug yuqodj mqod fld ixOdkh
mrdch fluhs'
wfkla w;g f ixOdkj,g uOHfhys n,h f whqka yeisrug yels
we;af;a isxy, Pkaoj, jkdlu xj u ksid fuka u fld ixOdkh l%shd;aul u o
ksidhs' fld ixOdkh ke;s jqjfyd;a wfkla fou< cd;sjd mlaIj, Bkshd uOHia:
nj;a Yla;sh;a ke;s hkjd' tg fmvr,a kd.ekSug neye' f ixOdk ta nj
fkdokakjd fkdf' Tjqka lsisjl=;a fmvr,a kd.ekSug fmr fld ixOdkh yuqod
l%shdud.hlska imQKfhka u mrdch lrkq olskakg wleue;s tnekqhs' tfuka u
fmvr,a kdf.k fld ixOdkh mrdch fkdl<fyd;a Tjqka fld ixOdkh w;ska
kdY hkjd' fld ixOdkh hkq fou< cd;sjdohg we;s j;a ne ke;s j;a ne
idOlhla'
wfkla fou< mlaI fld ixOdkh imQKfhka mrdch flug wleue;s k
hqoaOh mQK ch.%yKhlska ksu flu olajd Tjqka wdKavqjg iydh foa o @

wo wdKavqf meje;au r|d mj;skafka fou< mlaI u;hs' tneka ta mlaI lshk
fohg weyqlka ug wdKavqjg isoaO fjkjd' ta ksid hqoaOh mQK ch.%yKhlska tk
fld ixOdkh imQKfhka u mrdch lr ksu flug wdKavqjg we;s yelshdj b;d
wvqhs' tfy;a yuqodj fuys flfia l%shd lrkafka o hkak m%Yakhla' hqoaOh mQK
ch.%yKhlska fl<jr l< yelslula ;sh " fYaIfhka u yuqod Nghka oyia .Kkla
h f.dia we;s gl hqoaOh ch.%yKfhka f;dr j k;r flu yuqodjg m%Yakhla fjkjd'
pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah lshd we;af;a fld ixOdkh mrdch lr foaYmd,k
fhdackdj,sh iu; lrk nj fkdf o @ fld ixOdkh mrdch lr fmvr,a h
fkdyels hehs Tn lshkafka flfia o @
pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah u;jd j fmvr,a ug wemlem iskjd' f' wd'
chjOk uy;d fuka fkdj weh u;jd j fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla is we;s nj
ms<s.kakjd' 1994 ckdm;s wfmalaIsldj f,i cd;sl n,f. iska weh bm;a lf<a;a
tnekqhs' isudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sksh mfilg ,d weh t;ekg f.kdf l,am
mqj;am;a" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" cd;Hka;r ixOdk we;e l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl
mQcljre wd cd;sl n,f. iskqhs' u;jd j fou< cd;sjdoh me;af;a isk m%:u
cd;sl kdhlhd fyda kdhsldj wehhs' we;=,;auqo,s yd fm%auodi uy;=ka ;nd .dKS
idkdhl uy;dj;a u;jd j tjeks ia:djrhl isfha keye' Tjqka f.a >d;kj,g;a th
n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yelshs'
pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh iu. wehs
fyd|hsl mj;ajkjd' wehg wo wjYH m<uq whf u B<d kd .ekSug igka lrk
fld mrojd m<uq whf fmvr,a i|yd lghq;= lrk kS,ka ;srefp,aj we;= m%Ndlrka
f.a uiaiskd,d fldgig fmvr,a ,ndughs' weh uq, is;d isfha fld iu. idlPd
lr fld ixOdkhg fmvr,a ,nd miq j Pkaofhka fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK
W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, n,hg m;a flughs'
uf.a ;lafiarej fld ixOdkh imQKfhka u mrdch lr wehg wjYH foa l<
fkdyels njhs' mqod igka lr fld mrojd fjk;a whl=g fmvr,a ug hEf
yuqodj flfia l%shd lrd o @ tfuka u tfia fmvr,a ug k isxy, cku;h b;d oreKq
f,i uokh flug wehg isoaO f' iq fk jHdmdrh msysgqjd we;af;a ta i|ydhs'
th fldf;la id:l fjhs o hkak wkd.;fha n,d.; yelshs'
fld ixOdkh imQKfhka u mrdch lr fmvr,a iula fok ;eklg isxy,
cku;h ilia lrkak b;d wudrehs' th l< yelafla uokhlska muKhs'
we;a;g u pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah ckdm;s wfmalaIsldj njg m;a lsf
cd;sl n,f. tla;rd ;lafiarejl ishd' fmvr,a rdcHhla ,nd.; yelafla t' cd' m'
rchlska fkdj Y%S' ,' ks' m' rchlska nj Tjqka f.a woyi jQjd' Y%S' ,' ks' m' rchla
fmvr,a f isxy, cku;h fYaIfhka u fn!oaO cku;h thg reoaO j fkdhdh
hk ;lafiarej Tjqka ;=< ;snqKd' tfy;a th ksjer fkdjk nj ka fmkS f.dia ;sfnkjd'
lsysm kula yereKq g" NslaIQka jykafia,d fmvr,a fhdackdj,shg reoaOhs' wdKavqjg
Wka jykafia,d mlaI lrjd .ekSug ;ekska ;ek hEug is ;sfnkjd'
isxy, cku;h f Yaf,aIK lsisjla fkdue;s j f;are .kakd fohla ;uhs
fmvr,a hkq B<f m<uq whr nj' ta nj Tjqka jgyd .kafka bfjka' 1949 ys jQ ;uka
okakd fmvr,a mlaIh fouf<ka ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh hk kka yekajqKq nj okafka
Tjqka f.ka iq msila h yelshs' tfy;a ,xldf fmvr,a hkq B<ug ;j;a kula nj
isxy,hka f.ka w;s Yd, nyq;rh okakjd' isxy,hka B<ug mlaI jkafka keye'
Tn lshkafka pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah ckdm;s wfmalaIsldj f,i m;a lr .;af;a
fmvr,a u i|yd nj o @

T ck;dj wehg Pkaoh kafka fmvr,a u i|yd fkdfjhs' tfy;a weh ckdm;s
wfmalaIsldj jQfha cd;sl n,f.j, wjYH;dj mhs' Tjqka f.a ;lafiarej jQfha
fmvr,a ,nd.; yelafla Y%S' ,' ks' m' m%uqL wdKavqjlska nj;a tys wdKavqf kdhl;ajh
u;jd j Tjqka iu. tlg is pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ahg ys h hq;= nj;a h' wehg
cd;sl n,f. iska yslr we;s tl u ldhNdrh fmvr,a ,nd u muKhs' fmvr,a
,nd ug fkdyels jqjfyd;a Tjqka weh ckdm;s OQrfha t;r l,a ;nd .kak tlla
keye' wfkla w;g h hlska fmvr,a ,nd kafkd;a bka miq j cd;sl n,f. j,g
wef.ka jevla keye' tneka fmvr,a ,nd kak;a weh bj;a flug cd;sl n,f.
bm;a f'
bm;a lr we;s foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh f m%Yakhg iula fkdf o @
Tn f m%Yakh hkqfjka ykajkafka l=ula o @
W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, we;s ;sfnk m%Yakh'
m%Yakh ta m%Yakh l=ula hs jgyd .ekSuhs' fuys ud ia;r flf<a miq.sh
ishjfia w. isg fou< cd;sjdoh ldYkh we;s whqrehs' wm ms<s;=re fih hq;af;a ta
m%Yakhghs' fou< cd;sjdoh iska fmkajk Bkshd widOdrKj,g fkdfjhs' thg fya;=j
fou< ckhdg fou< u ksid u muKla is we;s widOdrKhla fkdue;s neka'
fou< cd;sjdoh ka fhdackdj,shla wdKavqj ,jd bm;a lr ;sfnkjd' f
fhdackd fndfyda lreKqj,ska 1985 fou< tlai;a uqla;s fmruqK rd .dka uy;dg
bm;a l< fhdackdj,g iudkhs' we;e lreKqj, bka tydg o f.dia ;sfnkjd'
;ukag we;ehs lshk widOdrKhg ms<sh f,ihs f fhdackd bm;a lr we;af;a' wo jk
g fou< ckhdf.ka 50] lg jvd j;a jkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj,ska msg' Th
lshk widOdrKl ;sf k tajd wfkla m<d;aj, isk fou< ckhdg;a ;sh hq;=hs'
tfy;a bm;a lr we;s Bkshd ij,ska tu m<d;aj, fou< ckhd f.a we;ehs lshk
m%Yakj,g i ,efnkafka keye' bka meye,s jkafka tjeks widOdrKhla fkdue;s
nj;a Tjqka iula bm;a lr we;af;a fjk;a m%Yakhlg nj;a h' ta fjk;a m%Yakh wka
lsisjla fkdj fjk u fou< rdcHhla we;s lr.ekSf wjYH;djhs' fjk u fou<
rdcHhlg whr follska hEug W;aidy lrk m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f.a yd wo jk g
fndfyda uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh fmvr,a rdcHhla b,a,d ;sfnkjd' wm th uqukska u
m%;slafIam l< hq;=hs'
ta foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh ixfYdaOkh flug Tn tl fkdjkafka uka o @ Tng
iduh wkjYH o @
ug iduh wjYHhs' ud fuhg reoaO ug tla m%Odk fya;=jla jkafka;a ug iduh
wjYH uhs' f i l%shd;aul l<d hhs is;uq' tg iduh we;s jkjd o @ keye' thg
fya;=j fou< cd;sjdoh f ifuka iEySulg m;a fkdjk ksid' Tjqkag wjYH fou<
rdcHhla" ;,a B<ula' f ifuka ;,a B<ug mdr lefmkq i ;,a B<u tljr u
,efnkafka keye' fld ixOdkh fuhg reoaO tnekqhs' fld ixOdkh h fyhlska
hqoaOfhka mrdch jqj;a n,hg m;afjk fjk;a lKavdhula jqj;a fmvr,a rdcHhlska
iEySulg m;a jkafka keye' Tjqk bka miq fojk whr wdrN lrd' wmg fou<
cd;sjdoh ldYkh we;s wdldrfhka meye,s jkafka thhs' ta fojk whf we;s jk
hqoaOh fuhg jvd oreKq jk nj wuq;=fjka lshkak kE fohla fkfjhs'
fojkq j fou< cd;sjdoh ;u kscN+h;a" ;,a B<u;a f,i i,lkafka W;=re yd
kef.kysr m<d;a muKla fkdfjhs' th y,dj; isg l=Uqlalka Th olajd fjk m%foaYhla'
fou< cd;sjdka 1799 ,xldjg meKs yshq laf,.afydaka kue;s ;dks hg;a ;
f,aljrhd f.a jd;djla je/hg f.k wE; w;S;fha isg f m%foaYfha fou< rdcHhla

;snQ nj lshkjd' laf,.afydaka jd;dj mok jQfha ,kafoais mmd,k yd wlrK m%foaY
u;' ,kafoaiSka uqyqnv m<d;a mmd,kh i|yd l,dm yhlg;a" wlrK lghq;= i|yd
l,dm ;=klg;a fnjd' wlrK lghq;= i|yd fnok ,o tla l,dmhla y,dj; isg
l=Uqlalka Th olajd ys .shd' th wvq u ;rka mmd,kh i|yd j;a l< fnula
fkdfjhs' fou< cd;sjdka t,a,S we;af;a fuu tla wlrK l,dmhlhs' Tjqka ta ,kafoais
wlrK l,dmh fou< rdcOdksh f,i ykajkjd' Tjqka f.a Bkshd kscN+h thhs' f
kscN+ :Hdj fy<sor lrka wkS;s{ .dKS Bhf.d,a, uy;d b;d jeo.;a ,sms
lsysmhla u ,shd ;sfnkjd' ta jf.a u merKs b;sydih .ek;a ta uy;d ,shd ;sfnkjd' thg
wu;rj kscN+ ixl,amh .ek fmardfoKsh YajoHd,fha uydpdhh ' t' mSia
uy;d;a b;sydih ms<sn|j uydpdh u, fiQh" uydpdh ux., b,x.isxy"
uydpdh fla' tka' ' Ouodi" uydpdh wNh wdhisxy" t' ' pd,aia wd uy;=kq;a
lreKq bm;a lr ;sfnkjd'
kscN+h :Hdjla jqj;a fou< cd;sjdka ;ukag wjYH m%foaYh ;,a B<u njg
m;a lr.kakd f;la igk wjika lrkafka keye' u;l ;nd.kak' fuh Bkshd
widOdrKl ms<sn| j lrk igkla fkdj ;u jrm%ido iy n,h wdrlaId lr .ekSu
i|yd isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug yd b;sydih ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wleue;a;lska mek
ke.s igkla nj' fou< cd;sjdka th fl<jr lrkq we;af;a ud l,ska lS m%foaY muKla
fkdj lkao Wvrg o ;,a B<ug wh;a lr .ekSfuka' fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hka
m<d;a iNd iu. iduh we;sjk nj lSjd' tfy;a we;s jQ iduhla keye' fujr;a tfia uhs'
f;dkavuka uy;d m%Ndlrka f.a .=K .hkafka;a m%Ndlrkag wjqre 5 lg j;a W;=re yd
kef.kysr m<d;a md,kh Ndrh hq;= hhs lshkafka;a fyd|lg fkdfjhs' f;dkavuka uy;d
miq .sh wjqre 18 l muK ld,h ;=< weu;sjrhl= jYfhka iska lr we;s foa yd lrk
foa .ek wu;l lrkak tmd'
fou< cd;sjdoh f ish m<d;a tl;= lr ;,a B<ula msysgqjk f;la igk
w;aykafka keye' Tjqka f.a b;sydifha ldYkh wkqj Tjqkag fjk wruqKla keye' m<d;a
iNdj,ska Tjqka iEySug m;a jQfha keye' fmvr,a ifukq;a Tjqka iEySug m;a jkafk
keye' Tjqka Bkshd widOdrKl .ek l;d lrkafka f wruqK jika flughs' tfia k
foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh l%shd;aul flfuka iduhla we;s fkdjk nj meye,shs' iduh
fjkqjg ;j ;j;a hqoaO we;s f' fou< cd;sjdofha wjidk wruqK bgqlr .kakd f;la u
wm ch fkd.;fyd;a wmg hqoaO flug isfjkjd' fuh fl<jr l< yelafla fld
ixOdkh yuqod l%shdud.hlska mrdch flfuka muKla fkdj iuia; fou< cd;sjdoh
u kHdhd;aul j yd foaYmd,ksl j mrdch flfuka muKs'
f fhdackdj,sh ixfYdaOkh flug Tn tl fkdjkafka fuhska iduh we;s fkdjk
neka muKla o @
keye' iduh we;s fkdjkjd muKla fkdfjhs' fuh widOdrK iula' fou<
cd;sjdohg wjYH jkafka fou< rdcHhla ;,a B<ula' f fhdackdj,sfhka wdKavqj thg
Wo fjkjd' th mksk <jqkag bksux neula' f fhdackd ixfYdaOkh flu hkq
bKsuf.a ysKsfm;a;la folla lvd u muKhs' thska bKsu. whska flfrkafka keye'
m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d yeuodu;a l%shd l< l%uhla ;sfnkjd' Tjqka
;u wruqK" tk fmvr,a rdcHh yd ;,a B<u ,nd .kakd f;la ta ta wjia:df
foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka Wmfhda.S lr.kska fhdackd bm;a lrkjd' bkamiq thg isxy,
nyq;rh reoaO jQ g Tjqka th ixfYdaOkh lrkjd' isxy,hka o bka iEySulg m;a
fjkjd' B< jgfha fou< cd;sjdka b,a,S bm;a lrkafka Tjqka l,ska jgfha
kej;=Kq ;ekska' tk l,ska j;df ixfYdaOkh lr we;s lr.;a tl;djla mok lr
.kska w;a jgfha b,a,S bosm;a lr miq j tajd ixfYdaOkh lr B< jgh i|yd
mokula oud .kakjd' Tjqka lsis fgl;a B<u;a" tys m<uq whr jQ fmvr,a rdcHh;a
wu;l lrkafka keye'

wdKavqf fhdackdj,sh fudk w:fhka .%y l<;a fmvr,a rdcHhla i|yd jQ

fhdackd l%uhla' th B<ula i|yd ;,a lrk fhdackd l%uhla' fuu fhdackd ixfYdaOkh
flu hkq B<u yd fmvr,a wyl ula fkdfjhs' th ;yjqre flula muKhs'
ixfYdaOkh lr iu; flfrk fhdackdj,sh B< jgfha whr fofla fou<
cd;sjdkag ysKs fm;a;la fjkjd' Tjqka B< jgh mgka .kakjd we;af;a t;ekskqhs' f
fhdackdj,sh f.k tk iuia; rduqj u je/hs' wdKavqf iu fmvr,a yd ;,a B<d
b,lal lrf.k f.fkk fhdackdj,shla' th imQKfhka u m%;slafIam l< hq;=hs'
wfkla w;g f fhdackdj,sh mok we;af;a miq.sh jgfha fou< cd;sjdka
kd.;a b,a,S u;hs' miq.sh jgfha Tjqka bkah n,mE o we;sj oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd kd.;a;d' f fhdackdj,sh bka Tng hkjd' f fhdackdj,sh
wkqu; flu fyda ixfYdaOkh flu hkq oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a
iNd wkqu; flula' th tfia fkdf hehs lSug lsisjl=g;a neye' ug f;are .kak ne
oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg yd m<d;a iNdj,g reoaO jQ Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIfha
uka;%Sjreka fuu fhdackdj,shg leu;s jkafka flfia o hkakhs' oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkhg yd m<d;a iNdj,g reoaO jQ lsisu NslaIQka jykafia kulg fyda .syshl=g
fuu fhdackdj,sfha we,ms,a,lgj;a tl jkak neye'
Y%S' ,' ks' m' ;u m%;sm;a;s fjkia lr keoao @
keye' ud Y%S' ,' ks' mlaI uka;%Sjreka f.ka yd idudlhka f.ka wykjd tu mlaIh
m<d;a iNd yd oy;=kajeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s fjkia flf<a
ljod o lshd' ta i|yd if,khla meje;ajQjd o @ Y%S' ,' ks' m' m<uq m<d;a iNd
ue;sjrKh jckh l<d' fujr;a Tjqka m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKhg bm;a jQfha m<d;a iNd
wfydais flf mokkqhs' Tjqka lshd isfha m<d;a iNd wfydais flu i|yd ;ukag
Pkaoh fok f,ihs'
Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIfha m%;sm;a;sh fjkia flf<a pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ahhs' weh
b;du;a taldm;s wdldrhlska mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s fjkia lr ;sfnkjd' weh k to;a wo;a
m<d;a iNdj,g mlaIhs' is we;af;a pkasld l=udr;=x. uy;ah f.a m%;sm;a;shg Y%S' ,'
ks' mlaIh tl we;s njla l=uka;%Kld j fmkauhs' fuys pkasld l=udr;=x.
uy;ah msgqmi l,am mqj;am;a" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" foaYSh wdh;k we;= il,O
cd;sl n,f. fm< .eiS iskjd'
Tn fhdackdj,shg l,amhla bm;a lrkafka o @
l,amhla bm;a l< hq;af;a m%Yakhlg we;s iu je/ hhs is;kafka k
muKhs' tfy;a fuys m%Yakh jkqfha" m%Yakh u je/ uhs' fou< ckhdg fou< u
ksid u widOdrKhla is keye' tneka fu;ek wdKavqj lshk wdldrfha m%Yakhla
keye' wdKavqj lshk wdldrfha m%Yakhla ke;ak l,amhla ;nd lsis u iula wjYH
jkafka keye' tneka l,am i bm;a flf wjYH;djhla flfia j;a mek
k.skafka kE'
wdKavqj lsis u fgl;a iuia; m%Yakh ixhqla; j bm;a lr f iu ksid f
f fldgia ixhqla; j fufia if|kafka hehs meye,s lr keye' wdKavqj iska
m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a Th lshk widOdrKl fudkjd hs meye,s j" ixhqla; j" tlska
tl ia;r fluhs' bkamiq ta ta widOdrKh f f wdldrfhka if|k nj fhdackdj,sh
wdY%fhka fmkajd uhs' tfy;a wdKavqj tfia lrkafka keye' wdKavqj ;nd Tjqka jf isk
mKa;hkaj;a th lrkafka keye' thg fya;=j Tjqkag tfia l< fkdyels uhs' tfia l<
fkdyelafla tjeks m%Yakhla fkdue;s u ksihs'
fyd|hs" Tn olsk wdldrhg widOdrKl ke;s jqj;a fjk;a m%Yakhla ;sfnkjd' ta rg
fnf m%Yakhhs' thgj;a iula bm;a lrkafka keoao @

rg fnf m%Yakh ud fmkakq flf<a fou< cd;sjdoh ksid we;sjQjla nj' th miq
.sh ishjfia isg wo olajd ldYh we;s whqre tk m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d f.a isg
ndmam,d yryd uiaiskd,d olajd ldYh we;s wdldrh ud l,ska lshd we;s' thg iula
;sfnkjd'
m<uq j m%Ndlrka f.a fld ixOdkh fldkafoais rys; j yuqod l%shdud.hlska
uqukska u mrdch l< hq;=hs' ta i|yd yuqodjg wjYH foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ,nd h
hq;=hs'
fojkq j fou< cd;sjdoh kHdhd;aul j yd foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l< hq;=hs' ud
ys;kafka kHdhd;aulj fou< cd;sjdoh ka miq nei ;sfnkjd' th h;ka fyda mj;ajd
f.k hkq ,nkafka rdcH fkdjk wdh;k yrydhs' je l,a fkdf.dia ta lla ke;sf'
foaYmd,ksl j fou< cd;sjdoh mrdch flug isxy,hka tlai;a h hq;=hs' t' cd'
mlaIhg fyda j;auka Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIhg fyda th l< yels fohla fkdfjhs' cd;sl
jHdmdrhla f.dv ke.Su u.ska isxy,hkag fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l<
yelshs'
fou< cd;sjdohg ;sfnk m%Yakh jrm%ido yd n,h /l.ekSu i|yd isxy,hka
nyq;rh nj yd b;sydih ms<s.ekSug we;s wlue;a; hs' isxy,hka fn isk ;dla yd
isxy,hka wdl j j, isk ;dla isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fou< cd;sjdka
ms<s.kafka keye' tneka wdl jYfhka Yla;su;a tlai;a fou< cd;sjdoh
foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l< hq;=hs'
wo wdKavqf fou< ck;djg n,hla we;af;a keye' Tjqka f.ka m;a jQ tl u
weu;sjrhl=j;a wdKavqf keye fka o @
wo wdKavqf Pkaofhka f;a m;a jQ W;=re yd kef.kysr fou< weu;sjreka ke;s
tl we;a;' thg fya;=j mlaI foaYmd,kh;a" fou< kdhlhka cd;sjd f,i mlaI ys
flu;a" fou< ckhd cd;sjd j uka;%Ska f;dard .ekSu;a'
fou< cd;sjdka f.a m%pdr fya;= fldgf.k" lD;s b;sydih b.ekau wdh ksid
fou< ckhd f.a ukia IKh fj,d' wo jk g Tjqka t' cd' mlaIfhka fyda Y%S' ,' ks'
mlaIfhka uka;%Sjreka f;dard tjkafka keye' Tjqka uka;%Sjreka f;darkafka fou< cd;sjd
mlaIj,ska muKhs' fou< cd;sjd mlaI ;u uka;%Sjreka f.a Pkao md,sfka;=f ;a
fou< ckhd f.a Pkao md,sfka;=fjka msg; ;a fjkafoaisfha oukjd' Tjqka wdKavqjg
fl,ska u tl;= jkafka keye' wdKavqf W;=frka yd kef.kyska f;a m;a jQ weu;sjreka
ke;af;a tnekqhs'
tfy;a weu;sjreka ke;s jqKdg fou< cd;sjd mlaI wo b;d u n,j;a' fou<
cd;sjdofha ;=ka jeks hq.fha Tjqka m<uq jeks hq.hg;a jvd n,imkak hhs lshkak
mqjka' ud l,ska lS wdldrhg isxy, Pkao fn hEfuka tys jkdlu xj we;s g
fou< cd;sjd mlaI ;u Pkaoj,g Yd, jkdlula ,ndf.k wdKavq msyg
s qjk ;Srl
n,f. njg m;a iskjd' Tjqka wo b,a,S bgq lr.kafka fld ixOdk ,a,d
fmkajka tfia uOHfhys n,h yeisrfukqhs' kS,ka ;srefp,aj uy;d fuka u v.a,ia
foajdkkao uy;d o wo wdKavqf Yd, n,hla orkjd' tfuka u lr.du uy;d o foaY
weu;s f,i fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj, fld ixOdkh yd fou< cd;sjdoh fjkqfjka
foaYj, l:dlr ;sfnkjd' f w;r f;dkavuka uy;d o wdKavqf weu;sjrhl= f,i
isk nj wu;l lrkak tmd'
hqoaOfhka ksiqka h hkjd' .eyeKq yd <uhska wkd: fjkjd' hqoaOfhka fld
ixOdkh mrdch l< hq;= hhs Tn lshk g ta foa isjkafka keoao @

hqoaOfhka ksiqka h hk nj;a .eyeKqka" <uhska wkd: jk nj;a we;a;' th

lsisfia;a u hym;a ;;a;ajhla fkdfjhs' tfy;a ta ksid w.;a fld ixOdkh mrdch
flug hqoaO fkdlr bkak neye' isxy,hka yeu g u b;sydifha hqoaO lr we;af;a rg
/lSug i wdl%uKld j fkdf' fou< cd;sjdofha wdhqO .;a fldgiska rg /lSug hqoaO
lr tu fldgi mrdch l< hq;=hs' wo wdKavqj;a hqoaO lrkjd' /i" bmsu fufyhq
l=uk wruqKla i|yd l<;a hqoaO fufyhq i YS, jHdmdr fkdfjhs' hqoaOhg wo fl,ska
u hqla; wdldrhlska reoaO jkafka nxfldf,d;a udlaiajdka yd ,snr,ajdka lsysm fokl=
muKhs' fudjqka wo hqoaOhg reoaO u u.ska m%Ndlrka fjkqfjka jl% j fyda fmkS
iskjd'
ksiqka h hk nj lshka ys,g reoaOj hqoaO fkdlr ishd k f jk g
uq f,dalh u meisia jOld.drhla njg m;ajkak ;snqKd' tod iageka,ska jeks
fldhqksia kdhlfhd;a ys,g reoaO j hqoaO l<d muKla fkdfjhs Tjqka tys
Tjqkag y;=re jQ p,a jekakka iu.;a tl;= jQjd'
furg iuiudc kdhlhka to;a hqoaOhg reoaO jqKd fka o @
T' fg%dials f.a T,fudg, kHdh lrmskakd .;a fg%dialsjdka hqoaOhg reoaO
jqKd' fojeks f,dal hqoaOh wrdcHjd hqoaOhla f,i yekajQjd' jdikdjlg f,dalfha
wfkla lsisjl= fg%dialsjdkag ijka kafka keye' Tjqka lS foa wid hqoaO fkdl<d k
ys, uq f,dalh u w;am;a lr.kakjd' tfia w;am;a lr.;a;d k ys,
fg%dialsjdkaj;a >d;kh lrkjdg lsis u ielhla keye' wfkla wh fg%dialsjdka lS foa
fkdms<s.ekSu fg%dialsjdka f.a u jdikdjla'
m%Ndlrka n,hg m;a jqjfyd;a wo hqoaOh tmd h lshk nxfldf,d;a udlaiajdkaj;a
^Tjqka ysgmq udlaiajdka hs meye,s keye& >d;kh lrkjd' todg;a Tjqka hqoaOhg
mlaI f o @ fudjqka hqoaOhg reoaO jkafka b;d u hqla; j' Tjqka f.a ;j,g rg
cd;sh t;r jeo.;a fkdjk neka' tfy;a Tjqka f.a ;j,g ydks mefKk njla
kqkfyd;a Tjqka hqoaOhg mlaI fjkjd' wmg u;lhs f nxfldf,d;a udlaiajdka ck;d
uqla;s fmruqfKa ;ckh yuqf wdKavqf" T Okm;s t' cd' m' wdKavqf" ms<sirK
m;ka wdKavqj yd tlg tla wdhqO ,nd.kska igka l< ye' tod Tjqka hqoaOhg
reoaO jqfKa keye'
f rg nyqcd;sl rgla' tjeks rgl isxy,hka uy cd;sh u ksid fou< ckhdg
isjk widOrKh je<elah yelafla flfia o @
f rg nyqcd;sl hkqfjka Tn lshk foa meye,s keye' thska Tn lshkafka fou<
ckhd fjk u cd;shla f,i ms<s.ekSu o @ th imQKfhka u b;sydi frda" j;udk
iudc frda m%;sm;a;shla' fou< ckhd cd;shla u fjkqfjka meye,s j u imqrd,sh hq;=
fldkafoais Tjqka iska imqrd,kafka keye' f rf fou< ckhd w;S;fha cd;shla jqfKa
keye' ol=Kq bkahdfjka meKs fou< ckhd mrmrdjl isxy, ixialD;shg we;=
jQjd' hlsis wdldrhlg fjka ula is jQfha oy;=ka jeks ishjig miq jhs' tfy;a hdmkh
rdcHhla fjku iajdk rdcHhla f,i mej;s,d keye' f inkaOfhka wkS;s{ .dKS
Bhf.d,a, uy;d jeks wh ,sms ,shd ;sfnkjd'
flfia fj;;a 1619 hdmk rdcHh mD;=.SiSkag wh;a fuka miq tys b;sydih
wjika fjkjd' hdmkfha jeishka wrdcHjdkag reoaO j l< wr.,hla bka miq j
olskakg neye' we;af;ka u hdmkfha jeishka iuia;hla f,i ks;H mxlrejka f,i
bka miq j is njlaj;a lshefjkafka keye' ,kafoais hq.fha u,nd m%foaYfhka tk
ol=Kq bkahdf flar< fjr<ska f rgg f.ka jQ jyka hdmkfha mx lrkq ,enQjd' tu
jyka f.a lghq;= flreKq kS;s moaO;sh f;aij,df hkqfjka miq j tla;eka lrkq ,enQjd'
f;aij,df kS;sh hkq ;,akdvqf ck;dj f.a kS;shla fkfjhs' th u,nd uqia,s

jeishka f.a kS;shls' tu kS;sh hdmkfha jeishka w;r m%p,s; fuka lshkafka ,kafoais
hq.fha tys n,nd jyka f.a me;sula'
;dkska iska o f f;aij,df kS;sh hdmkfha ;yjqre flreKd' flda,anDla
fldiu ;u idlaIs Nd.h i|yd hdmkhg .sh g tys wdodh tl;= lrk ks,Odhd
fldiug lshd isfha hdmkfha ks;H mxlrejkag jvd idxl%uKsl jeishka we;s njhs'
idxl%uKsl jeishka iD;=fjka iD;=jg bkahdjg hka tka ishd' f;aij,df kS;sh
;jrg;a ;yjqre flfuka hdmkfha iar mxlrejka we;s flug w;d,ula uqKd'
wo hdmkfha iskafka t<dr f.ka fyda ud> f.ka fyda mej; tkakka fkdfjhs' Tjqka
b;sydifha > ld,hla ;=< mdrml wLKav ixialD;shg ysl lshkakka fkdfjhs'
fudjqka lsisfia;a u fjk u cd;shla f,i ie,lSug neye'
iuyr g Tn lshkjd we;af;a ,xldj nyqjd.sl rgla njhs' th ,xldjg
muKla iSud jQ fohla fkdfjhs' f,dalfha yeu rgla u mdfya nyqjd.sl rgj,a' tfia k
,xldjg muKla nyqjd.sl rgla hehs lshkak wjYH;djla keye'
j;auka fou< jd.hd f.a meje;au wm ms<s.kakjd' tys lsis u .egjla keye'
;dksfha" bkahdfjka .sh jeishka" isxy,hka" wm%sldkqjka wd fkdfhl=;a j.j,
ck;dj j;a fjkjd' tf,i u ,xldf fou< j.hd j;afjkjd' ;dksfha fmd
ixialD;sh wex.af,da -ielaika l%sia;shdks ixialD;shhs' tys wkkH;dj thhs' ljqrej;a
;dkSkag tu wkkH;dj ke;s lr.kak lshkafka keye' f rf isxy, - fn!oaO
ixialD;shg fu;r reoaO jkakka f.a iajdjreka ;dksfha bx.sis l%sia;shdks
ixialD;sfha wkkH;dj /l.kakjd' tys j;a jk wfkla jeishka ;u wkkH;dj /l
.kska wr fmd ixialD;sh ;=< j;a fjkjd'
,xldf fou< ckhd f.a m%Yakh we;af;a Tjqka th flug olajk wleue;a;
i isxy,hka uy cd;sh u ksid is jk widOdrKhla fkdfjhs' Tjqkag fmd
ixialD;shla ;=< j;a ;u wkkH;dj /l.ekSug wjYH keye' Tjqkag wjYH jkafka
fjk u cd;shla f,i j;a ughs' ta ;dkska f.ka ;uka ,;a jrm%ido yd n,h fya;=
fldg f.k we;s jQjla' fou< cd;sjdofha ldYkh ud fuys ia;r lr we;s'
isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yd rf b;sydih fou< ckhd ms<s.; hq;=hs' th
ms<s.ekSfuka miq j uOHfhys n,h fnod yod .ekSula .ek l;d l< hq;=hs' Tjqka tfia
fkdlf<a ;u ck wkqmd;hg fkdi,k wdldrfhka uOHfhys n,h yeisrughs' wo Tjqka
uOHfhys n,h ySklr Tjqka f.a Bkshd ksc N+hg n,h ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lrkjd'
wd ld,fha ;snQ .iNdj,ska n,h uOH.; lr fkd;sKs o @ tfia k n,h
uOH.; flf jro l=ulao @
gq.euqKq rcq iska we;s lrk ,o tlafiai;a rdcHfhys .iNd ;snqKd' tu .iNd
mKavqldNh hq.fha;a ;snQ nj uydjxYh lshkjd' f .iNd hkq fmvr,a m%dka; fkfjhs'
.iNdj,g jHjia:dodhl n,hla ;snqfKa kE' tajd md,kh jQfha wkqrdOmqrfhka fyda
fmdf,dkakrefjka fyda fjk;a w.kqjrlska' rf kS;sh ieliqfKa ta uOHia:dkfhka
muKhs' reyqKq" uhd" msys f,i rg fnod ;snqfka fmvr,a l%uhlg fkdfjhs' reyqKq"
udhd rgj, is wEmd" udmd wdka rcq f.a ksfhda;hka jqKd' Tjqka ta ta rg lrjQfha rcq
fjkqfjka' rf kS;sh wEmd" udmd wdka yryd l%shd;aul f .jeishkag n,mdk
tfkod m%Yakj, .iNd jeo.;a jqKd' .iNd ckiu;jd wdldrhlska l%shd;aul jQ
wdh;k' tfy;a tu wdh;kj,g kS;s ieliSf n,hla ;snqfKa keye' wo kS;sm;s f.a
;k;=r jeks ;k;=rla fyn jQ is;af,ak,d .ka .ug ysfha kE' uE; hq.fha ,xldf
l%shd;aul jQ iiNd merKs .iNdj,;a ;dks m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,;a ixl,khla
f,i i,lkak mqjka' tfy;a ta wdh;kj, ;dks n,mEu fnfyka je nj wu;l
fkdl< hq;=hs'

rg fnf fhdackdj,sfhka flrkafka n,h uOH.; flula fkdfjhs' uOHfhys

we;s n,h ke;s lrf.k fmvr,a m%dka;j,g mejula bka isfjkjd' jro we;af;a
t;ekhs' wo uOH.; flu hk ta jpkh jeros hg md flfrkjd' jHjia:dodhl
n,h uOH.; lrkak neye'
hqoaOh yefrkakg ixhqla; j Tn bm;a lrk foaYmd,k jev ms<sfj,la ;sf o @
rf ck;dj f.a m%Yak ;sfnkjd' isxy," fou<" uqia,s ish fokdg n,mdk m%Yak"
;reKhka f.a m%Yak ;sfnkjd' f fkdfhl=;a m%Yak ifuys ,d mmd,kh yels ;dla
uOH.; flu l< hq;= fohla' uOH.; flu hkq n,h mejula fkdjk nj
wjOdrKh l< hq;=hs' ta w;r m<d;a md,k wdh;k" m<d;a iNd fkdfjhs" ;j ;j;a
Yla;su;a l< hq;=hs' .iNd" iq k.r iNd" k.r iNd wdh Yla;su;a wdldrhlska
mqkre;a:dmkh l< hq;=hs' tys ft;sydisl .iNdj,ska .; yels mdv yels;dla rg
,nd .; hq;=hs' tfy;a thska lshefjkafka jHjia:dodhl n,h ta wdh;kj,g mejh hq;=
h hkak fkdfjhs' kS;s mekf whs;sh uOHfhys msys tla wdh;khlg muKla ys h
hq;=hs' tu wdh;kh md,sfka;=j" uka;%K iNdj fyda fjk;a kulska yekajqj o
jHjia:dodhl n,h ;sh hq;af;a tu wdh;khg muKhs' Odhl ckdm;s l%uhlg fuys
bvla keye'
tu wdh;kfhys n,h fnod yod .ekSula ;sh hq;=hs' wo fuka tla foaYmd,k
mlaIhlg ish n,;, ys jk l%uhla fkd;sh hq;=hs' wo rcfha wdh;kj, yslu
wdKavq mlaIhg muKhs' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a f rg fnf fhdackdj,sh ms<sn|
j rcfha oHq;a udOH b;d u;a mlaI.%dyS j fhdod .efkkjd' th tla WodyrKhla muKhs'
Bkshd n,h fnod yef fhdackd .ek l;d flf j;a n,h" fuys ld,h" fnod
.kafka keye' tys ;a n,h tla mlaIhlg muKhs' n,h fnod .ekSula .ek l;d lrk
fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hkaj;a lsis u fkl rg fnf fhdackdj,shg reoaO jQjkag
rcfha oHq;a udOH ,ndug lghq;= lrkafka keye'
mlaI foaYmd,kh ;=< n,h fnod yod .ekSf m%Yakhg ms<s;=rla ,efnkafka keye'
wm rf mlaI foaYmd,kh ldYh we;af;a hqfrdamfha fuka fkdfjhs' th f rgg
wd.ka;=l j n,y;aldrfhka we;s l< fohla'
n,h" jHjia:dodhl" Odhl" wlrK yd mmd,k wd f,i j. lrkak mqjka'
ud fuys jemqr u l:d lrkafka jHjia:dodhl n,h ms<sn|hs' jHjia:dodhl n,h
uOHfhys muKla ;sh hq;=hs' tfy;a uOHfhys ta n,h fnod yod .; hq;=hs' ;reKhka
jeyshka w;r tu n,h fn hd hq;=hs' isxy," fou<" uqia,s ck fldgia w;r fuka u
fkdfhl=;a jD;a;Ska w;r" fYaIfhka f rf b;d je msila jk f.dhka w;r" ta
n,h fn hd hq;=hs' tfy;a jHjia:dodhl n,h uOHfhys fnod yod .ekSf rf
b;sydihg msgq fkdmE hq;=hs' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yd rf b;sydih ms<s.ekSug we;s
wlue;a; fou< ckhd iska w;a y< hq;=hs' thska lshefjkafka isxy, wdm;Hhlg hg;a
ula fkdfjhs' fou< wkkH;djh /l.; yelafla;a fmd ixialD;shla we;s rgl
isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSfuka hehs Tjqka f;are .; hq;=hs' jHjiaOdhl iNdfjka"
rdcH uka;%K iNdfjka yd b;sydifhka mdv bf.k uOHfhys jHjia:dodhl n,h fnod
yod .ekSu ms<sn| ckiu;jd jHqyhla wmg ys lr.; yelshs'
fou< ckhd tla lreKla k.; hq;=hs' c.;a wrdcHjdoh wo Tjqkag wdOdr
lrkafka isxy, cd;sl;ajh keiSughs' tfy;a hlsis fkl isxy, cd;sl;ajh ke;s
l<fyd;a c.;a wrdcHjdoh bka miq lrkq we;af;a fou< cd;sl;ajh;a ke;s fluhs' f
rf fou< wkkH;djla /l.; yelafla isxy,hka nyq;rh nj;a rf b;sydih;a
ms<s.;fyd;a muKhs' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a wjidkfha fou< wkkH;dj o ke;s hkq
we;'
wjidk jYfhka lsj hq;af;a wo wjYH ;sfnkafka fojeks mKavqldNhlrKhla'
mKavqldNh rcq oji hlaI" kd." foaj" isxy wd f.da;% tla isxy, cd;sh f.dv ke.=Kd'

ta isxy, ixialD;sfhys m%Odk ixrplh jQfha foaYSh jdmS ixialD;shhs' isxy f.da;%slhka
taug fmr f rf je ;snQ njg idlaIs ;sfnkjd' mKavqldNhlrKhla wo ta whqka u
lrkakg ne h yelshs' tfy;a f.dv kef.k fmd ixialD;sfha m%Odk ixrplh isxy,
fn!oaO u b;sydihg tlhs' f fmd ixialD;sh ;=< fou< ckhdg;a ;u wkkH;dj
/l.; yelshs'
m%Yakj,g i fif m<uq j m%Yakh ksjer j ykd.; hq;= h' tys
l%shd;aul jk cd;sl n,f." c.;a wrdcHjdoh wdh .ek wmg ukd wjfndaOhla
;sh hq;= h' wm rf m%Yakj,g wm fih hq;af;a mQK jHjia:dodhl n,h iys;
Yla;su;a uOHhla we;a;d jQ o fou<" uqia,s wd jd.slhkg ;u wkkH;dj /l.kska
isxy, cd;sh iu. tl;= Toj;a fo;j;a cd;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug u. mdokakd jQ o"
flaka wNsid ixl,kd;aul i i" weulka rdcH fomd;fka;=f yd wfkla
wrdcHjd wdh;kj, wkq.%yh ,nk uOHh j, lr fmvr,a m%dka; we;s lr rg
fnokakd jQ o" f.dakshlg fmd,a tl;= lrkakdla fuka O ckj. tl;= flf
uqjdfjka cd;sh iqrejd yer fn,ySk lrkakd jQ o flaka wmid wjl,kd;aul i
fkdf'