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    A Half Cycle PDF

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    Esperanza

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12
    AUHALF CYCLE BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY AND ITS APPLICATION T, Rerford ‘ASEA Vesteis, Sweden ANSTRACT. ‘The prircplas of new high speod bus ifferewialretay which ‘penites for an interval fae: condition within 1 to 2s and inklats tipping of cieull breakers in about 7 ms is deseribed, ‘the Tey i selFgovercd and requitesno auxiliary voltage other thas that mead for the outpet tipping and alarm fonctions. It is showa (0 Le io- sensitive to rematence and sanvetion of evuteut tauafosiners wnt fo systems faut levels nd XIR ratios {8 generaly recognized that power system eloctnea!buset are Inet protected by Ming a diferent relaying echetna, Tae sovidnest Of the high impedance differentia ray priaciple! las been deroce strated by over 25 yeas of successul application, This principle plus other suceessfutsysiems dither places stlagen! eeqairemeats on th curent raasformers, ce they ame dow in operating for faults within th: protected sore, Mogein sysiem protective requirements ate pressing Ure Unni ‘of thiee provious systems, The sensiivey, especially for physically lage and for medticirit tusis & becoming marginally adequate, Tnsroasing fait curents are beyond the capability of some lay schemes. System stubiity Is requiteg faster relay operation an prvently avaiable in come relays, In addition economy of overall design predjndices the continuation of systemsusing dedicated CT's In attempting to mutinize tres Limitations, digtet and other com lex schemes have been proposed. Such apoccactes are OL sed It dw lay tobe desorbed Rogardtes: of the technique wed, a bus differential system should action comectly in an environment wid a letge d= co ponent in the fault cirtent, and siluration in the cierant trae Formers, Tee sistem must therefor: be bese on ont oF more of the folowing eoncepts 1. The operating time of the sehiy may be deayed until The system de component tas vanished and the CT output eueent ‘an be eeied ugon 2. The teleys may be “programmed” to teongaize the desies ir foxmation in dhe CT-outpet carrents curing CP saturation, Such relay hen of the high impedance type usvally involve a Requency selectie ter to select the mos: meaningful eon porent in the distorted C7 seoondary cureens. Drs 0 342, memos an ey yh EF Poe Sten Aalayng Comet of the IEEE Powe Enginerirg Soc for presence TERE ELS Stine Nevang New Yor Mt Dnenty 27¥etrumy ty 17 Mae seipebrniaog auput 3, 19722 mae aaale¢ pinay Novi 13, 1993, JAR Cinders Conant Ctevelend, Oni 3. The relays may be supplied from current cansfoerirs vitich lo no ratarate dusiog the sao exstentg Gus yondivon, FS is usually nox a physically grastical solution, Linea coupe, Le aueeen: teasformers with nw iran in Ue cOEE, have HO suturation problems. But che sensitivity at chis type ot system is Limited by the maximum extemal fle eondition, (Calo Fequires conplers dedicated onty to differential yrocestion. 4. The zelays may be degved to respond to the ouput of ke sursenc assforme prior Co uly salecation, sad ty cic fale information vex ates situration, ‘This places vere rewire meats on the teay since with severe CT sttasation the time anilable for relay response i quite short, Gxtomsive tests hate esa mas by the author's company stil tome that & cone ventional CT will dblisor euieeat for abou: 2.0 ms even wien subjestel 1 the nest sever saturating conditices, ‘The clay 10 te describe! makes the fault determination ane vwomat prior to CT satoiacion and. properly rejects the fae ie formation from the CDs when they are saturate, & resliing fea tore of the clay is its abibily to work corey with ausiliery CT's se thar the eogin CV's need not be all Of the same tat, Ths an eatetuat fall) on 2 sinall capacity edzr wisy seve i eutrents a6 veh 3 500 tice the CT talon, High pears current tess show Bat the system will finetion cosretly during suele an extreme con- ition, even wiih the CT's preavagnatized in the Teast favourable Girection Other primary warmat vests Rrtbor conticm siplisation Simits precioted by the mathematics of the sysieu Those application lewis are completely (roe of any weed for rsateno CU chasicterisier or ratios, low feakage ceactancos and low secondary circuit resistance (alltional burdens om the sare CT's ate germisible). There aro ne practical liaits om mexinmen fault conditions, ether yatemal or extettal. Naxinure seasitvity te intel fale stay he at tote than the fll Toad eating of one peut on che brs, “the high bnpedance diffeventia| ray principle has been modi- ficd we provide a relay of only maerate impedance, ie, LOO 10 250 ahs, Tais comgares with the ustal several ousted fis of ts conventional high impecance rely. mn adition, a restrain fore: tion is provided which greatly increases the permissible resiscance of the CT secondary dreni:. Thive single phase relays ate packaged as una with type desigration RADSS. A sebematic of the RAUSS relay system is chown in Fig, 1 Tue main CT's may be of diferent ratios 2s requieed foe te indivi tual cneuit capacitis and any addition2l Luekers. Ue aexiigsy CT tatioy ace then adjusted to bring each cinuit Sato the viene overall tari, The ditferenoss in ine CT ratir ray be a8 geet 2 10 to 1 “The selay proper consists of two law diodes far each phase of ‘toh circuit: Thess provide coparate ful wave seelification of cash ceureent into the relay This total incoming oumnene (E73) develops a restrjning voltage (Us) accoss ouster RS. siny Uilfexential current uno Fe. Schematic diagram of 1-2 ms RADSS hus differentia relay, (ach as due to « CT rato eg, or ternal faut wilt flow tron. te canter tap of Rg through adjusting resistor Ray and the 1/5 A, current isolating CI Tyg. The cifferentil cureat oetpat of Ty isretified in a fll wave Bricge and applied acrost resistor Res, ‘The voltage Ugg developed by the differentialty produced ‘current acioes Ry is compared to the voltage Us. dewloged by the restrsint content accom: Rg. This is dome by mems of the telay (€) and the polwity sensing dibdes Dy end Dp. This eomparator couit will rst jn the delay operating for differential current very slightly abore that requires fer: Uys = Us a The deny is a dry reed rely with an operating time of less than 1 as. The oulpat cirouit will skin tarengh an enesgy storing RAC citeut if Grelay contacts re closed for a8 short a pesiod 38 1.1 ms, The basi circuit, im ation to the sean Teatnes, provides, through 3 ms output relays, the nesesury toipging cients, showing one phase ofa three circuit ie. Fig. 2 Type RADSS Relay — Carnpuritar cout resto and 20- larg C1"s (Pana) forthe three ceffrentil circuits Fit 2a Type RADSS tnrewphate, 12 cient relay mounted in 19° equipment frre Fig. 20 Type RADSS Relay — § creat, singlephase ode unts and? voicing aye with diodes. mat ‘Two sddltional functions are sneladol in the RADSS reley ‘An ae overcurrent alarm rely (&) is connected in the diffe ‘emia bist to rsoagnize an open CT secondary cleewit. When ‘hs operates, affer a preset tine delay, the trip ctent is de- commission, the cifforentil drosit resistors shorted anc the coaaiion sunenciatd, A supervisary, level detector relay (S) has is contacts wired in series with the dehy ovzput circuit. Its coi is comected to measure the retiied Sicferental cutest, Novally ite set owe the fall food cusret of he bagtstvtenit, Ts even if the largest sieuit CT should open, the Sey wil not operate and the A-cclay will dnc the celay system down without @ Inipout, even ff the suelay rexponds Lo the absornalty. Thee two (A and $) relays do not affeet he basic theary of te RADSS systern, aor ate they required for the secwity of the system dusing ult conditions, Physically the complete ayatem for F2 cies yppour at shown in Fig, 2 2), (0) and (©). In addition te the componerts mentioned there ae test switches, operstion indicators and alam reset fclites, “The cele 1s constrvctad an a moditay basis and assembted fax 15" cauipment (eine. It is tie reidly oxpundable to any oumnber of citeuits merely by addétion of plupin line diode units and output tripping slay PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION “This diffcemtnl selay is bowed o2 the following two funds mental principe Enteral Fault, The stcoadary caval ofa fully saturated ava CT can be reptesonted by it total de loop resistence only it without appreciable reactance, latoraal Faults, The sovordary sienit of an unlorded min CT ‘exn be weprescted by a rdadsely levee magnetizing ampodanes, rainy reactive witha large (LR) time constant, Norual Conditions With teue CT sitios contents vill omer at relay emsiral K Fig, 1) ad tesve ot L cegardliss of the instintancous ac polarities of the curents An the various CT circuits. These Incoming und out- going cuctenis are egal Thee wil te no content at Nand no coucent vl Now i the ourpst éeay. Minor CT ratio enor: will sult in ¢ small differentia! current (lg) flowing through terminal IN from the midgomt of &g. The relay bose to this curter Al ine ‘hide the high mognetizing iepedance of Tyg. This is becaute no ‘curnt cin flow out of Tigg untit its deving voliage exceeds the top asrois Kay caused by that part of restraining eusrent which flows in Rg3. We should te aowced that ene Goce Dz puts Ry eo panel wth Rg, Tae porpoce oF Dy i to reduze the efctive ren ‘of the kestesint ciecuit during aprnal service, Il is not otherwise cssentit to eke slay epesations Eves Fault, No Sarurtion For moderate fails sith ne CT saturation, condition: will be somilar to that detenbed for aoomal load cerns, The relay wil properly resin for this fault condition, The blocking diode Do ‘continues to held the total restraint burden to the mentioned lew value, m2 External Fault, With CT Seturstion For move severe, ant synumetsical extemal Pubs, which cause ET satucation on the faulted ciccot, the relationships are mere com> lex. During the iaital period of each cycle, before any CT satura ‘on, concitions as just covered for miner txternt faults il] pres wll Following this bee? periad of only a few aillsevonds after ‘each current 210, the CT vill go into saturation forthe ret of the hua eyele. Curtent ol ganna 1@ flow fn the saturated CT slut But now the situratel CT develops wo voltage internally to offset the secondary cirouit voltage drops. The resulting voltege apocers across the opereling kiffereatial erusit of the ria. Thit is conven tional theory i accordance with tie neationed trae principle and fenet unigne to the relay being derihed The magninude of the current now Hloving in the diferental corsait of che relay depends uyon the ratio of the Ingedance of is cxeuit to the impedance of Ue saturated CT eircut. For the effect of this ferential eussen tobe of signiftcance current nut flow oat (of Thyy inc the comgaricor cheat. Whee this ovewes te differential crcuit impedance (Rp) slecreser toa value whch vfleets Rys; Rar= Ran + ai? « Ras 2 sq}; Fan agusatle restr peeing Ry (0 Be Se 10 aby ala feta 100 an 250 shins. In percentage differential sday it is conventional to relate ne operating threshold oF the cifereatal vatent to cue Housn. cumnt, a the sloss (S) of the relly sharatesti. That # ot the taresnold when differential ad restraint voltages ace cqul 1a STs 6 From the Gireaitey of Fig, 1 end the appendh: Ry ngxkgs + Ref? “ 1g the current waycn lows In tbe Caubted eizeuit CT cregaut Ieee of CF sainested conten): ayotys “lat ® snd by substitring (3) ie (0) 1-B)lg A anestok ” URL x Ue effecive sauated CY seconasy etenit loop cer sistane, at thrishol (see apyendi for prooP Px Ratt @ with ng = 5} and typicl vues 86 Ry3 = 3 ohms and Rs = 20 onins and Ry 9 250 ohms: 2 ae 6 og. 1-08 0 = 1,000 otis Rox 9 “This is the maximum pemissitle footie resistance of the CT secondary circuit a3 weved from the relay. ts about a hundred ines greater than previous systems have allowed Also, of equal lmportance, there & no practical eaticion an maximum allowable ‘aut curest for propee restraint gerion cn external IAMS, ‘Thic germisihle maxima resistance is dependent oa both the slope (8) and the value of Ray. An the actual olay, the resistors can te aljested to provide any ope setting betiern 0.5 and 0.8 and Ray between 100-250 ohms ‘asneaded forthe required sensitivity and sezondary sesstance, In prostio, Rs i fact eat For the stopo (8) tothe desired sem sitiviy. Ruy i thon set to make th total reimance of the Qifar- ential cveuit (Ry? sufftient for prover restraint for an external faale on the circuit with the lees effective CT secondary eisnit de resistance, Internal Pats For intemal fats, the secondary fant content will Dow in the itmpedace {100 to 250 ohsns)sifferentie circuit and the ley veil operate. With this high «burden, CT saturation can bc expected, fn addition, any magnetizing carront requirements of CT's no! de: iverng fault atrent mast be considered, The ability of the relay 49 operate prior to CT saturation, i: fon the initial ries of the internal fault cutrene, tne been soxfizmed by primary cutrent tests. In these tests the incoming main CT sate raed in les than 2 ms, Too superisory and diferentia rly, how- ever, operated in less than 11ms. This causes an immediate teabia action by means of the impulse storing capacitor unit and he sea In circu of te auxitary relay. The offove of fault auront Mowing im parle, ile CT's sather than in the relay differentia. cieult wil! be a function of the mini- ‘mum voltage which must be apres across the relay for aperaion, and hence seress the ile CTs ithe delay required no input power to make It operat, the mliinum omen: sensitivity of the way ‘woulé then be predicted by che threshold equation (3), a very smal vante, But « viserete amount of curent is required to oause the Gaelay to pickup. Thus tre enact equation forthe relay opzration charaterotic lai= Sxir3 + K 0) Dire caret ty Sparc wa Fredo eo ° os we 18 70 Toa ining eave hy ®) Fig, 50 Type RADSS Relay ~ Characsersei for external jal vith typical seting of 08 slope where K js a constint of the computor and the required pickup current of the éreay {ste appendin), For minimum intemat fault ‘consitions 1g) wil equal 173 (neglecting for the moment any idle ‘CT snagaetizalton weds), Pas fro (40), an va ina typical dsign K = 0.13 and’§ = 08 ona) Tatorin) = oRE— = 0.65 4 aa With Ry adjustoble betweer 100 and 250-ohms, the requited voltage actos the relay to cause operation vile beracen 043 3 100 ‘hese smal voltages innpresse aero any idle nian snd amia- 1 CT's wil rat in only small exiting uent owing in these CT's inytend of te differentit ray operating cirult, Hoverer, even if bose current ate appeectable ey Nl Dave Ele eifect on the relay performance, as oxplasted in rext section on operting casacteri- ties. 8 V and 09 x 2502 162 aay OPERATING CHARACTERISIICS “Ihe operating characteristics of the RADSS can be presented 1 conventional oitferomtal reay parameters, However, to under stand the operation of the relay {fs fmportaat wo recogatze at the catput doley will rxpond to signa of ls than 1 ne deration Tins performance of the relay con only be fully explained on a0 inseentancous curren basi, Fig. 3 (5) shows the charactsistc ofthe seley to external fouls ‘when plotted to these typical iferentisl relay parameter No oo ‘tion can exist above the ine Igy = 13 since this line represents all of the Input enntens Nowngin the difereital circu, Te threst- ‘old Tine is dented by it equation: lg ~ STs. Tie will of couse vary ftom the shown postion for differnt vale of §. Ae plottad, 8. Darel caren, - oC hata Ze N poms Tan onratig cere o 05 10 18 22 ot inoning eure (8) Fg, 30 Tope RADSS Relay — Chavecteiste sewing addtional oper ating aren for internal fou when shunted by tle CT's, see fing of 2.8 slope ana Fla. 3e Test circuit to confirm charecterisie of RADSS, ‘The actus selay operating line Is identified by is equation 1g1 = Selz3 + K. Thisis plotted for $ = 08 snd K=0.13, provi Inga snledanem pide evens, Tgt(raiey oF 6S A. This figowe repwsents the basic characteristic of te relay and can be ebtained with conventional test equipment which provides currents ia phase inthe differential and xestaiat scaits Sach 3 {ition would sreval during an extemal Zant afer the CT saturate’ com cach kal (or fll eyele For internal fovts, with all CT's continuing fault ovrsn the sate opecating chancteristc of the lay 2 ia Fis, 3) will exist. using such concitions the rlay differential cxsvene wil Le on the line Ty) # Fy and adequet: operating conditions will ext even vith the wy set on dhe 80% slopeline, Por example, with a fault enmoat of 2 A into the ray. the delay tas about 7 times the pickup cunt applied toit. TF paral, but idle CT's requise any igaificent amount of mapictizing current, Pig. 3(a) is no longer aprlicable, Thes, for ine ternal faults, Fig. Xb) shows the mow generat relay operating sheracterstic, This a more sonitve characterstic thaa for ex ternal faults shown at Big. 3G). Ie renats ftom the feet that at the beginning of each haif le sufficient cusrent ows in de relay t= ferential cizeut to cause operation, before any appreciable current ows in the magactaing trash of che ganallel C's On a stexay base, chit additional sortvity to intemd fauls could be viewed a 4 gllae angle characteistic, with dhe operating current at 50° to the restruin( eursent due to the highy reactive asture of the CT rmapielizmg impedance, But sae te dvelay operates one ue secon, the more fundamental L/f time constants cf the idle CP's provide amere comect explanation, igh prbrary tost eurerss have continced the operating theory of the selay. Thay have also conSemed the feasibility of fully esting the rely systom with a secondary txt cheult shown in Fig, 310) The voluge Up3_ is any convenient rouree of vaiable voltage. 2, sakes wo fons. For extsml faalt simulation, ic isa resistance. For Sten fault etodation, ZL should be an iow come iacuctenee with 4 reactance valve select 16 duplicate the exciting quirements of the CTsaf thesysten, CHRCK FEATURES ‘The philosophy for complete etisbilty of tus differentad schemes vaies apprekbly from one county to wether, Some power comparies permit tripping of the bus protection if a CT secondary is opencheuted, wherets other companies do aot, The method which is adopted depends often on past experience, rla- billy of CT secondary vomapaneats and whether telpping astion ean be accepted from the system service rliablity point of view. ‘There & sso @ phLosophy, aha very importa bus protection fehemes should fot be allowed to trip by the closing of one relay. somtact only. Twa separately actuated relays, with their contacts Connected in saris, are equized to operate sintltencoxsly in order te schioes tapping For the purposs of sttisfying dis requirement a simple over cuarent supervising relay (8) bas therefore been included as a stand sd ohuck Geatare the RADSS relay drsiga The Sreay fs of the famie high speed (1_ms) drvrted ryae as che comcaretor circuit oul put deelay, The Stay has 9 fixed setting, somal arranged 10 soiveige with the langest cireoi: CT pinay current rating, When he most sensitive bus protection ts desved, the supeniory cay setting is reduced to coincide with the d-eley settin, If considered unecessary, the supervisory relay contact may be hort eseaited. A high peed 1-8 mt, hoop phany andonoliagecay van so be used as the check feature ia. its contart aay be connected in serics wih the differential cutput relay (d) contact 50 that both telaysmmist operate t gre dripping. For open CT detection, sare singlephe alan celays (A) ate Inohded in se eierential crews, These are set to operate st about 25 mA. The scwal setung oF te alarm sclay WN depend on the onal small CT rao eeror enrtant ofall the nai and ansiisry CT's, A primary soting of about 5 per cunt of the Ingest cuit CT rating is normally used, Since maloperation of abus differerta. relay nay lead to @ complete system stutdewe, the open CT alarm ray ‘e tomally aranged to disconnect the main tipping velay after time delay of about 5 sesonds APPLICATION CRITERIA CT Ratios ‘The masimua contiouons cuseet inte the bus section being protected duting sora full loud cordttions shonld be limited to 4 ralay amperes, This isto prevent umteosssary huang of the come patator cxout resistors trefrring agin to Fis, )). Trg 44 asi Ing it Be required overall CT zatio: 19 ® wanximuan load tarsfer through the bos divided by 4 (16) an, FAS OLA AB IME = AX X OAK REC For example, if the maximum normal through load o1 a bus is 4,000 A, the overall CT catio should be sq = 4000/4 = 1,000 if ene of the sxpply citsuits has 1000/5 A |200/1) CT's, ee assoc. ed auxllany CT snouls nave a ve of 1000200 = 5/1 ane Wore of the cinalts has w CT ratia of only ADOS A (OULD, ts associated ansliay’ CT daoald havea satis of 3,000/80 = 12.5f1 oF 5/04 A. Miniomoe: Paul Current Sensitivity K Lateainy = 5 07 wae vinere K and $ are constants of the relay network described provi cvsls: K is not gonoally fild adjastable (azul standard K = 0.12). Minka operating Current for three typicl slope (8) voting are ven in Table 1 TABLE 1 Minimum Oneraiing Current Bor Typical Slope Sertines Slope(S} | OS 046 08 2a asa | 065 Jaden) eis seen that even ste the 0.8 slope inthe cites example, the nininum relay operating current is only 16 per cent of ue mane sum bus tranefer event. 0.95 x L000) aaa ON Open CT Proteetion The supervsory soley) is nowmdlly sez at 1 A. This mey be toed or not 35 desired 2y the application engines. In the above. Mnswation, if it is not use the seadtivity i as stated. However, if normal bus loaeing results 1 0.65 A or more loving in the celzy from aay one ccuit, then it i evident Ghat if Dat CT opens the

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