INTRODUCTION

According to the constitution of 1973, article 25

1. All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law.
2. There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone.
3. Nothing in this constitution shall present the state from making any special provision for
the protection of women and children.
For the normal and non-lawyer persons there is no relation in this article and its sub-clause
with EP but for law fraternity it has impact that might be left on whole state policy.
Especially where according to law and constitution we donot discriminate among students
and institution on the basis of sex, gender, and cast.

Justice Muhammad Nassem chuhdry in his famous commentary of constitution of

1973stated that:

Educational institution Allegation of discrimination in making of answer books by specified

papers to appear in court on fixed date of hearing along with answer book of all other
examinees marked by them .Validity leave to appeal was granted to examine whether high
court was right in summoning examines as well as the answer books to find out if they had
been corrected making.
#1996-schr-676
Reasonable classification has always been considered permissible ,provided that such
classification is based on reasonable and rational categorization .such classification must not
be arbitrary or artificial, it must be evenly applicable to all persons or goods similarly
situated or placed (justice m.naseem chuhdry 1973 const /p-89)

And the other article of constitution that cast shadow over educational policy is Article-31,
with article 31, we have one other article that is 227 that also stress on Islamic sharia
applicability over the whole system of state.

So in the process of making E-policy ,publishing E-policy, propagating E-policy, while

preparing for curriculum ,we drive not only light and guide ness from constitution generally
and objective Especially but also we take guide ness from Islamic sharia .
According to the constitution No law will be made by legislature that is contradictory and
against the Islamic ideologies so this article clearly makes link with educational policy of
state.

Pakistan is a federal Islamic cum parliamentary state by the faith of country law and
Regulation, even though researcher such As Dr.poly dada said that Pakistan is not an
Islamic state but its a state of Muslims. But majority believes that its an Islamic state.
This is the point that left lot of flaw and gap while making and implementing state
Educational policy.
Pakistani educational system has converted and splitted in class education such like. Upper
class school, upper middle school, lower middle school, lower private schools and
maddarsahs based system run by wafaq-ul madaris and tanzeem-ul-madarees.and
government yellow wall schools.
And higher education is also seems devided in same pattern, till yet 3 major educational
policies, reformation and, recommendation has been made that are coming below.
1. Policy presented by justice S.M.Shareef on the 26 August of 1959.
2. the Educational policy and reformation that was made by the Z.A.bhutto made
commission on the 15, March of 1972.
3. The educational policy made for the period of 1998 till 2010 .
Salient Features of National Education Policy 1998-2010
Aims and objectives of Education and Islamic Education
Education and training should enable the citizens of Pakistan to lead their lives according to
the teachings of Islam as laid down in the Qur'an and Sunnah and to educate and train
them as a true practicing Muslim. To evolve an integrated system of national education by
bringing Deeni Madaris and modern schools closer to each stream in curriculum and the
contents of education. Nazira Qur'an will be introduced as a compulsory component from
grade I-VIII while at secondary level translation of the selected verses from the Holy Qur'an
will be offered.
Literacy and Non-Formal Education
Eradication of illiteracy through formal and informal means for expansion of basic education
through involvement of community. The current literacy rate of about 39% will be raised to
55% during the first five years of the policy and 70% by the year 2010 Functional literacy
and income generation skills will be provided to rural women of 15 to 25 age group and
basic educational facilities will be provided to working children. Functional literacy will be
imparted to adolescents (10-14) who missed out the chance of primary education. The
existing disparities in basic education will be reduced to half by year 2010.

Elementary Education
About 90% of the children in the age group (5-9) will be enrolled in schools by year 200203. Gross enrolment ratio at primary level will be increased to 105% by year 2010 and

Compulsory Primary Education Act will be promulgated and enforced in a phased manner.
Full utilization of existing capacity at the basic level has been ensured by providing for
introduction of double shift in existing school of basics education. Quality of primary
education will be improved through revising curricula, imparting in-service training to the
teachers, raising entry qualifications for teachers from matriculation to intermediate,
revising teacher training curricula, improving management and supervision system and
reforming the existing examination and assessment system.
Integration of primary and middle level education in to elementary education (I-VIII).
Increasing participation rate from 46% to 65% by 2002-3 and 85% 2010 at middle level. At
the elementary level, a system of continuous evaluation will be adopted to ensure
attainment of minimum learning competencies for improving quality of education.
Secondary Education
One model secondary school will be set up at each district level. A definite vocation or a
career will be introduced at secondary level. It would be ensured that all the boys and girls,
desirous of entering secondary education, become enrolled in secondary schools. Curriculum
for secondary and higher secondary will be revised and multiple textbooks will be
introduced. The participation rate will be increased from 31% to 48% by 2002-03. The base
for technical and vocational education shall be broadened through introduction of a stream
of matriculation (Technical) on pilot basis and establishment of vocational high schools.
Multiple textbooks shall be introduced at secondary school level.

Teacher Education
To increase the effectiveness of the system by institutionalizing in-service training of
teachers, teacher trainers and educational administrators through school clustering and
other techniques. To upgrade the quality of pre-service teacher training programmes by
introducing parallel programmes of longer duration at post-secondary and post-degree
levels i.e. introduction of programs of FA/FSc education and BA/BSc education . The
contents and methodology parts of teacher education curricula will be revised. Both formal
and non-formal means shall be used to provide increased opportunities of in-service training
to the working teachers, preferably at least once in five years. A special package of
incentives package shall be provided to rural females to join the teaching profession. A new
cadre of teacher educators shall be created.
Technical and Vocational Education
To develop opportunities for technical and vocational education in the country for producing
trained manpower, commensurate with the needs of industry and economic development
goals. To improve the quality of technical education so as to enhance the chances of
employment of Technical and vocational Education (TVE) graduates by moving from a static,
supply-based system to a demand-driven system. Revision and updating of curricula shall
be made a continuing activity to keep pace with changing needs of the job market and for
accommodating the new developments. Development of technical competence,

communication skills, safety and health measures and entrepreneurial skills etc. shall be
reflected in the curricula. Institution-industry linkages shall be strengthened to enhance the
relevance of training to the requirements of the job market. Emerging technologies e.g.
telecommunication, computer, electronics, automation, petroleum, garments, food
preservation, printing and graphics, textile, mining, sugar technology, etc. greatly in
demand in the job market shall be introduced in selected polytechnics. A National Council
for Technical Education shall be established to regulate technical education.
Higher Education
Access to higher education shall be expanded to at least 5% of the age group 17-23 by the
year 2010. Merit shall be the only criterion for entry into higher education. Access to higher
education, therefore, shall be based on entrance tests. Reputed degree colleges shall be
given autonomy and degree awarding status. Degree colleges shall have the option to
affiliate with any recognized Pakistani university or degree awarding institution for
examination and award of degrees. To attract highly talented qualified teachers, the
university staff will be paid at higher rates than usual grades. Local M.Phil. And Ph.D
programs shall be launched and laboratory and library facilities will be strengthened. Split
PhD programs shall be launched in collaboration with reputed foreign universities and at the
minimum, 100 scholars shall be annually trained under this arrangement. All quota/reserve
seats shall be eliminated. Students from backward areas, who clear entry tests, would
compete amongst themselves. In order to eliminate violence, all political activities on the
campus shall be banned.
Information Technology
Computers shall be introduced in secondary schools in a phased manner. School curricula
shall be revised to include recent developments in information technology, such as software
development, the Information Super Highway designing Web Pages, etc
Library and Documentation Services
School, college and university libraries shall be equipped with the latest reading
materials/services. Internet connection with computer shall be given to each library. Mobile
library services for semi-urban and remote rural areas shall be introduced.
Private Sector in Education
Encouraging private investment in education. There shall be regulatory bodies at the
national and provincial levels to regulate activities and smooth functioning of privatelymanaged schools and institutions of higher education through proper rules and regulations.
A reasonable tax rebate shall be granted on the expenditure incurred on the setting-up of
educational facilities by the private sector. Matching grants shall be provided for establishing
educational institutions by the private sector in the rural areas or poor urban areas through
Education Foundations. Existing institutions of higher learning shall be allowed to negotiate
for financial assistance with donor agencies in collaboration with the Ministry of Education.

Educational institutions to be set up in the private sector shall be provided (a) plots in
residential schemes on reserve prices, and (b) rebate on income tax, like industry. Schools
running on non-profit basis shall be exempted from all taxes. Curricula of private institutions
must conform to the principles laid down in the Federal Supervision of curricula, Textbooks
and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act, 1976. The fee structure of the privately
managed educational institutions shall be developed in consultation with the government.
Innovative Programes
The National Education Testing Service will be established to design and administer
standardized tests for admission to professional institutions. Qualifying these tests will
become a compulsory requirement for entry to professional education. This mechanism is
expected to check the incidence of malpractice in examinations. Likewise, standardized tests
shall be introduced for admission to general education in universities.
Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation
A comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system has been envisaged from grass-roots to
the highest level. The District Education Authority will be established in each district to
ensure public participation in monitoring and implementation. The education Ministers at the
Federal and Provincial levels will oversee monitoring committees, responsible for
implementation at their levels. The Prime Minister and Provincial Chief Ministers will be the
Chief of National and Provincial Education Councils respectively which will ensure
achievements of targets. Existing EMIS at Federal and Provincial levels shall be
strengthened to make them responsive to the need of Monitoring and Evaluation System
(MES).The Academy of Educational Planning and Management (AEPAM) shall be
strengthened and tuned up to meet the emerging demands of MES and its obligations at
national and provincial levels. Data collected through Provincial EMISs and collated by
AEPAM through National Education Management Information System (NEMIS) shall be
recognized as one source for planning, management, monitoring, and evaluation purposes
to avoid disparities and confusion. Databases of critical indicators on qualitative aspects of
educational growth shall be developed and maintained by AEPAM for developing sustainable
indicators of progress, based on more reliable and valid data to facilitate planning,
implementation and follow-up. A School Census Day shall be fixed for collecting data from
all over the country.
The total expenditure of the government on education will be raised from its present level of
2.2% to 4% of GNP by the year 2002-03 (p.132).
Analysis
If you will go through the Education policy of Pakistan from 1998 to 2010 you would have to
know that the policy is just consist on 15 points. And whole theme of policy move around
these 15 points.
So in the very first Aim and objective point we may find there that Education and Training
should enable the citizens of Pakistan to lead their lives according to the teaching of Islam
as laid down in the quran and sunnah and to Educate, to train them as a true plasticizing

Muslims .These lines are not a new lines lined by the policy makers, we continuously keep
on reading all these stuff for previous 60 years from the Mouth of government and policy
makers. And again the policy proved that it has been unsuccessful what are the reasons?
And what is the logic behind it? We dont have an enough time and space to discuss here
the answer may be asked to educators.
As clearly the clash between the deeni madersah students and modern school and
institutions students is going on and fight is being on in fata, and tribal Agencies, and again
the battle among the Mr. and Mullah is being fought due to un-unified, non-logic, non
centralized policy. gap and gulf between these both educational systems is clear to every
body.
Now we turn our selves to the 2nd point where our policy makers shown there dream to
achieve the 70% literacy rate from 39% till 70%.and it clearly seems us impossible ,even
though the project such as in province Punjab like parha likha Punjab didnt reach to the
zenith .Basically they need sincerity,professionalism,and hard working .in the statement of
policy makers where they displayed their concern over education through the policy that till
2010 disparities in basic education that will be reduce to half by year 2010.
Policy makers in their 3rd stage relate it to the elementary education, and here they
explained that they till the 2002-3. 90% of the age of 5-9 will be enrolled in elementary
education .they will also revise the curriculum and stress will be given to teachers training,
and improvement in the management and supervision system will be made, and same
formula will be apply to the existing examination and assessment system.

Secondary stage:
After the elementary stage we have now the secondary education, the unique stuff in the
secondary stage is that, it insisted that there shall be one model school that will be setup in
the district level and the participation level rate will be increased from 31 % to 48% by
2002-03.one sharp feature of this stage is about the Technical Education that will will be
made to the part of secondary education and curricula will be updated for particular task.
Multiple text books will be introduced at secondary school level.

One of the novel things in the policy is about training of secondary teachers through
workshops and refreshment cources.Both the formal and non means shall be used to
provide increased opportunities of in-service training to the working teachers.

The commission also gave importance to the technical and vocational education in country
for producing trained manpower. But we see that the Government has been unsuccessful
while chasing target. Reasons are several and they cant be throughly explained. Basic the
commission failed to recognized that where world is going on? and on what lines the Asian
tigers working? ,as usual ,few discipline in science and technologies were given importance.

Telecommunication progress mean the advancement in service sector of telecom . No

technology related to matter has been transferred to Pakistan and no assistance to
universities provided as compare to china, India and Malaysia ,where not only micro
processors and hardwares are being assembled but also technologies has been also
provided to these particular countries.
Even though the most progressive technical industry of Pakistan that is Automobiles have
not been provided fully assistance and technology to local market. The main CEO is
pertaining to manufacturing country. No collaboration to any technical and engineering
university has been made.
Increasing fuel prices and high rise car price stresses the manufacture to manufacture the
nano car for common man as have been done in India by Tata group. Where local
universities and foreign collaboration made it happen. I think our policy makers are not
technical they just makes policy for groups and classes and for their own sake.
Higher education stage:
Three major successful and last stages are implementation of policy about the HE and HEC,
and also they stressed the need to develop the information technology structure or the
library and documentation structure to safe Your heritage and archives.
They are claimed to be competively successful phases for the policy makers and
government all because of Dr Ata-ul-rehamn self interest. HEC a successor of university
grant commission in his guidance lead this phase in right direction. And throughout they
enhanced the standard of Higher education .That worked for producing quality scholars;
PhDs and they also worked to ban plagiarism.
This stage insist that access to the Higher Education shall be expanded to at least 5% of
the age group 17-23 by the year 2010.Merit shall be the only criterion for entry to the
higher Education .
Degree colleges shall have to affiliate with any recognized Pakistani university or degree
awarding institution for Examinination and award for degrees

The Novelty in this programme is that the split-PhD programme has been created through
this programme 100 researcher and desirous student will be sent to international university
and institutions. And annually we will have a trained upgraded researchers, scholars to
assist our Higher education system and standard will be only merit. I have confirmed this
many of The persons from HEC about it, and they accepted that HEC is the most reputable
professional institute in this country, but few complained have been received that few
eligible low status student were not selected, this is a sad thing and only God know that
How much it keeps Reality.

In information Technology stage HEC tried to make PCs common, to common people. And
used PCs were imported in country at very low price. Few year of the policy announcement
no tax was imposed on computer hardwares.networking, bandwith low rate, intranet culture
was developed here to make information easy and accessible .thats why in elementary and
secondary level computer classes were conducted, IT course was included in the
curriculum .
Policy makers in policy making stressed and took initiative that the setting up of private
institution in country will be encourage .and powers for education will flow fro central to
district level.

The Expenditure of the Government on Education will be raised from present level 2.2% to
4% of total GNP by The year 2002-03