Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry: A: Sulphuric Acid

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010
CHAPTER 9
Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry
: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
A : SULPHURIC ACID
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
list uses of sulphuric acid
explain industrial process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid
explain that sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.
Activity 1 : SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the .Process
.
2. Contact Process consists of three stages:
(Complete the table below)
Stage 1
Preparation of (a) gas

Chemical equation
: S + O2
SO2
Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

Stage 2
Chemical equation
: (b). + ..
Catalyst
: (c)..
Temperature
: (d).. oC
Pressure
: (e).. atm
Production of sulphuric acid

Stage 3
3.
Chemical equation
: (f) + H2SO4
..
(g). + H2O
State six uses of sulphuric acid.

i)..
ii)..
iii).. ..
iv).
v)
vi). ..
4.
.gas from the burning of product manufactured

1
from sulphuric acid can cause disease and rain.

5.
Figure 1 below shows the waste product from a factory which affect the quality of the
environment.
Figure 1
a) By referring to the Figure 1 above, state the following,
i)
Types of waste products and their sources.
ii)
How acid rain is formed and its effect.
Formation of acid rain:.
Effects on environment:..
iii)
How does the toxic waste affect the environment and its effect
..
B : AMMONIA
Learning Outcomes

list uses of ammonia
state the properties of ammonia
explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia
design an activity to prepare ammonium fertilizer.
Activity 2 : AMMONIA
1.
Ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process by combining

gas and .gas.
2.
(i). The reaction can be represented by the chemical equation
(ii)
State the condition necessary to produce ammonia.

Catalyst
: (a) ..
Temperature : (b) .
Pressure
: (c)
Ratio N2 :H2 : (d)

3. The following statements refer to the uses of ammonia. Fill in the blank with the correct words.
(a) To manufacture .. such as ammonium sulphate and
ammonium
nitrate. The chemical equation for producing ammonium sulphate is given by

..
(b) Ammonia is used as raw material to produce . in the Ostwald Process.
(c) Ammonia is also used as an alkali to prevent the of latex.
4.
Listed below are three properties of ammonia. Fill in the blank according to the aspect given.
(a) Colour: Ammonia is a.. gas.
(b) Solubility: Ammonia is veryin water.
(a) Smell : Ammonia has a smell.
(b) Ammonia dissolves in water to produce an . solution.
5.
Ammonium fertiliser can be prepared in the laboratory by adding ammonia solution and
certain acids as shown in the table below.
Neutralisation reactions
Alkali
Acid
Name of ammonium salt (fertiliser)
Aqueous
ammonia
Aqueous
ammonia
Aqueous
ammonia
(i)
Phosphoric
Ammonium phosphate
acid
(a)
Nitric
Ammonium nitrate
acid
(b)
Sulphuric
acid
Formula:..
Formula:..
Ammonium sulphate
(c )
Formula:.
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen found in each of the ammonium fertilisers.

[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; P = 31; S = 32]
(ii) From the calculations in (b)(ii), deduce the type of ammonium compound that is most
suitable for use as a nitrogenous fertiliser. Give reasons for your answer.
C : ALLOY
Learning Outcomes
relate the arrangement of atoms in metals to their ductile and malleable properties
state the meaning of alloy
state the aim of making alloys
list examples of alloys
list compositions and properties of alloys
relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness
relate properties of alloys to their uses.
Activity 4: ALLOY
1.
What is alloy?
Alloy is a .......................of a pure metal with...................................in......................quantities
Figure 2
2.
A pure metals contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and orderly
manner. Pure metal are .. and .
because the layers of atomwhen external force is
applied on them.
3.
In an alloy, the foreign metal atoms . ...arrangement of metal

atoms and the layers of metal atoms are prevented from ......over each other easily.
4.
Complete the sequences by drawing the arrangement of atoms in the box below.
+
Pure metal
5.
Another pure
metal
alloy
Three aims of alloying a pure metal are :

a. to increase the . and .. of metal.
b. to prevent or rusting.
c. to improve the . of metal surface.
6.
Examples of alloy.
(Complete the table below)
Alloy
Composition
(i)
99% Iron
1% (ii)..
(iii)
97% (iv)
3% lead and
antimony
Properties
Hard
Uses
Bridges, vehicles,
heavy machinery
framework
Hard and shiny
Decorative
ornaments,
souvenirs
90% (v)
Bronze
Hard and shiny
10% tin
Decorative
ornaments ,
art crafts
Brass
70% Copper
Hard and shiny
30% (vi)
Decorative
ornaments,
musical instrument
Magnalium
70% Aluminium
Hard and light
30% (vii)
(viii)
D : POLYMERS
Learning Outcomes
state the meaning of polymers
list naturally occurring polymers
list synthetic polymers and their uses
identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers
justify uses of synthetic polymers in daily life.
Activity 5: POLYMERS
Fill in the blanks below.
1.
Polymers are .... made up of many smaller and
identical separating unit called ..
2.
is the process by which the monomers are

joined together to form a big molecule known as the polymer.
3.
Give at least two examples of:naturally occurring polymers and at least two examples of
synthetic polymers.
Naturally occurring polymers
Synthetic polymers
4.
Match the synthetic polymers with their respective monomer
Monomer
Synthetic Polymer
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyvinylchloride
Polystyrene
Phenylethene
Chloroethene
Ethene
Propene
Perspex
Teflon
Tetrafluoroethene
Methylmethacrylate
6. Complete the table.

Uses
Synthetic Polymer
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyvinylchloride
Polystyrene
Perspex
Teflon
E : GLASS AND CERAMICS

Learning Outcomes
list uses of glass
list uses of ceramics

list types of glass and their properties
state properties of ceramics.
Activity 6: GLASS AND CERAMIC

Fill in the blanks below.
1.
Main composition of glass is , (SiO2).
2.
Complete the table below.

Type of glass
Chemical
composition
(a)
Silica 99%
Properties
Very high softening point
(1700oC).
Transparent to ultra violet and
7
Examples
of uses
Mirrors,
Lenses,
(b)
Boron oxide
1%
Silica 70%
Sodium
oxide 15%
Calcium
oxide 10%
Others 5%
infra red light.

Difficult to be made into different
shapes.
Does not crack with sudden
temperature change.
Very resistant to chemical attack.
Low softening point (700oC).
Breaks easily.
Cracks easily with sudden
temperature changes.
Less resistant to chemical attack.
Easy to make into different
shapes.
Laboratory
glass
wares.
Bottles,
Window,
Light bulb,
Bowl
Silica 80%
High softening points(800oC).
Laboratory
Boron oxide
Does not crack easily with
apparatus,
15%
sudden temperature change.
Cooking
Sodium
Transparent to ultra violet light.
utensils,
. oxide 3%
Very resistant to chemical attack. Electrical
Aluminium
tubes.
oxide 1%
(d)
Silica 55%
Low softening point (600oC).
Decorative
Lead oxide
High density.
items,
30%
High refractive index.
Crystal
Potassium
Reflects light rays and appears
glass
.. oxide 10%
shiny.
wares,
Sodium
Lens,
oxide 3%
Prisms
Alimunium
Chandeliers
oxide 2%
3. are made from clay that is dried and then baked in a kiln at high
(c)
temperatures.
4. The main constituent of clay is .. . (aluminium oxide
and silicon dioxide).
5
6.
... ...consists of hydrated aluminosilicate crystals. (High quality

white clay)
Complete the table.
Composition
Properties
Examples of uses
Construction materials,
Aluminosilicate
(i) very hard and strong but brittle
Tableware,
(aluminium oxide
and silicon dioxide)
(ii).
Insulators in electric
equipments,
(iii).
(iv).
(v)..
Refractories.
Flowerpots
Activity 7
1.
Compare and contrast between glass and ceramic.

Glass
Ceramic
(a) Main components:
(b) Main components:
..
...
(c) 4 types of glass:
(e) 4 examples of ceramics:
..
...
..
..
(d)Improved Glass:
(f) Improved Ceramics:
......................
..
(g) 4 common Properties of glass and ceramic
(i) very hard and strong but brittle
(ii)
(iii)
(iv).
(h) 2 differences:
(i)
(ii)
F : COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Learning Outcomes
describe needs to produce new materials for specific purposes
state the meaning of composite materials
list examples of composite materials and their components
compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original
components.
Activity 8: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.
Composite material is a structural material that is formed by ..........or

different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.
2.
Give three examples of composite materials.

(i)..
(ii)
(iii).
3.
State the purpose of creating composite materials.

..
.
4.
Photochromic glass is an example of composite material.

a) Compare to a normal glass, what is added to a photochromic glass?
..
b) State the special feature of a photochromic glass.
5.
Complete the table below.
Example
Composition
Properties
(i)
Reinforced
concrete
(ii)
...
Strong but brittle,
..
...
Weak in tension
..
..
(iii)
(iv)
..
Superconductors
Uses
Conducting electricity
..
..
10
Fibre optic
Fibre glass
(v)
Low material costs,
..
High transmission capacity,

chemical stability,
..
..
Less susceptible to
interference.
(vi)
High tensile strength,
(vii)
..
Easy to colour,
..
..
Low in density,
..
..
Very strong.
(viii)
Photochromic
glass
Transmit data, voice

and image in a digital
format.
..
...
(ix)
When it is exposed to light,
silver chloride is converted
silver and darken the glass
..
..
..
..
Activity 9
1. (a) Bronze is an alloy of copper.
(i) Name the element that is added to copper to form bronze.
.
.[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why bronze is harder than pure copper.

.
..
[2 marks]
(iii) Draw and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and bronze.
Pure copper
Bronze
(b) Synthetic polymers are widely used in our daily lives.

(i) Complete the table with the correct monomers.
Polymer
Monomer
11
[2 marks]
Polyvinylchloride
Polyethene
[2 marks]
(ii) State one example of polyvinylchloride commonly used n our daily lives.
[1 mark]
(c) Glass and ceramic have similar characteristics.

(i) State one similar characteristic of glass and ceramic.
[1 mark]
(ii) What type of glass is used to make laboratory glassware?
2.
[1 mark]
Figure 3 shows the flow chart for the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid and the
production of fertilizer Z.
Sulphur
dioxide
Sulphur
Heat
Fertilizer Z
Substance
Y
V2O5, 1 atm
450oC-500 oC
Concentrated
H2SO4
Sulphuric
acid
Oleum
Figure 3
Based on Figure 3, answer the following questions.

(a)
Name the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid.
[1 mark]
(b)
Name the substance X.
[1 mark]
(b)
Substance X could react directly with water to form sulphuric acid.

12
Explain why this step is not carried out in the industrial process.
[1 mark]
(c)
Write the chemical equation when oleum reacts with water to form sulphuric acid.
..
[1 mark]
(d)
Name the substance Y and the fertilizer Z.

Substance Y:
Fertilizer Z :...
The combustion of petrol in the engines of vehicles

produce sulphur dioxide. This gas when dissolved
in rain water is corrosive.
(e)
Write a chemical equation when sulphur dioxide reacts with rain water.
.
[1 mark ]
3
A student conducts an experiment to study the hardness of two metallic plates, R and
S. He drops a steel ball on R a few times and each time, the diameter of the dent is
measured. He repeats the same procedure on the S plate. The reading of the diameter
of the dents made on each metallic plates are as follows,
Diameter of dent made (mm)
Plate
(a)
II
III
2.4
2.3
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.2
Average size
Write the average size of the dents made by R and S in the table above.
[ 2 marks]
(b)
What are the differences seen in the two types of metallic plates based on their
13
(i) properties
(ii) composition
[ 4 marks]
(c)
From the observation made in the given table above, which plate would be
made of
(i)
iron?
(ii)
steel?
[ 2 marks]
(d)
Give two uses of steel.
[ 2 marks ]
14

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Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry: A: Sulphuric Acid

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010