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I . A reversal of this notion is possible for purposes of parody, as in the letters of

Usbek and Rica in Montesquieu's Lcltres persaws (Paris, 1721 ), where two
travellers from the East write home their observations of Europe.
2. Nicholas Ziadeh, Al-Jughrafya wal Rahalat fnd al'Arab (Beirut, 1962)
pp. 1 6 1 5 .
3. Regis BlachZre and Henri Darmann, Extraits des Principaux Giographes Arabes
du Moym Age (Paris, 1957) p. 11.
4. G. R. Tibbetts, A Study of t h Arabic Texts containing Material on Soud-East Asia
(London, 1979) p. 2.
5. Ibid., p. viii.
6. BlachZre and Darmann, Giographs Arabes, p. 95.
7. T h Book of t h Marvels of India, translated by Peter Quennel (London, 1928)
p. 164.
8. Ibid., p. 165.
9. Tibbetts, South-East Asia, p. 176.
10. Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's Voyage (A Narrative Account of the First
Navigation), translated and edited by R. A. Skelton (London, 1969) p. 85.
1 I . W. Arens, T h Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy (New York,
1979) p. 49.
12. Louise K. Barnett, T h Ignoble Savage: American Literav Racism, 1790-1890
(Connecticut, 1975) p. 5.
13. Theodore Roosevelt, T h Winning of t h West (New York, 1896) p. 90.
14. James Fennimore Cooper, T h h t of t h Mohicans (London, 1826;3 vols) vol.
I, pp. 134-5.
15. Arens, T h Max-Eating Myth, p. 95.
16. Women and Coloniration: Anthropological Pmpectives, Mona Etienne and
Eleanor Leacock (eds) (New York, 1980) p. 175.
17. For a full study of this subject, see Allen MacFarlane, Witchcrafi in Tudor and
Stuart England (London, 1970).
18. V. G. Kiernan, T h Lor& of Human Kind: European Attitudes tou~ardsthe Outside
World in the Impenai A,qe (London, 1969) p. 6.
19. O n 22,July. 1920, after the battle of Maysalun.
20. Charles Batten, Pleasurable Instruction: Form and (Jonumtion in EighteenthC m t u ~Trauel Literature (Berkeley, 1978) p. 15.
21. Ilestrr Stanhope, Jane Dighy, Isabel Burton, 1,ucie DUNGordon, Emily
Eden, Amelia Edwards, Mary Kingsley, Gertrudr Bell and Freya Stark
among them.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Brian V. Street, The Savage in Literature (London, 1975) p. 13.

Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire (Edinburgh, 1966) p. 53.
Alexander Kinglake, Eothen (London, 1898) p. 54.
Kinglake, Eothen, p. 126.
Ibid., p. 215.
Richard F. Burton, Sindh and the Races that inhabit the Vallty of the Induc
(London, 1851; 1973) p. 284.
Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind, p. 316.
Edward W. Said, Orienhlism (London, 1978). I am indebted to Professor
Said's definition of Orientalism as a method of cataloguing the Orient that
was inextricably linked to the imperialistic world-view.
Francois-RenC de Chateaubriand, Itiniraire de Paris aJirusalnn (Paris, 1811)
p. 128.
As quoted in James Ballantine, The Life of David Roberts, R.A., Compiledfrom
hit Journals and Other Sources (Edinburgh, 1866) pp. 104-5.

I . See F. M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981).

2. J. B. Friedman, The Monrtrouc Races in Medieval Art and Thought (Cambridge,
Mass., 1981) p. 65.
3. Ibid.; p. 67.
4. Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960)
p. 270.
5. Ibid., p. 102.
6. Ibid., p. 270.
7. R. W. Southern, Western Viewsof Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.,

9. For a study of this narrative, see S. Tonguc, The Saroccnr in the Middle English
Charlemagnc Romances (London, 1958), and B. White, Saraccnr and Crusaders:
From Fact to Allegory (London, 1969).
10. In the same manner that pioneer romances ofAmerica used the Indian as an
occasion for white-man heroics; Barnett, The Ignoble Sauage.
11. Dorothee Metlitzki, The Matter of A r a b in Medieval Entland (New Haven,
12. Ibid., p. 161.
I f . Beuis of Hampton, MS 175Caius College Library, Cambridge; L. A. Hibbard
(ed.) Sir Aeuis of Hampton (London, 19 1 1 ).
14- Metlitzki, The Matter of Amby, p. 168.
15. M. D. Taseer, India and the Near East in En~glishLiteraturefrom the Earliest Times

e 1924 (Cambridge PhD thesis 1936) p. 51.

& 7 k Sowdone of Babylone, edited anonymously (London, 1854).

b-Metlitzki, TIMMafferqf

Araby, p. 175.

T \ T

18. The King of Tars, MS Bodley 3938. Published in J. Ritson (ed.) Ancient English
Metrical Romunces (London, 1802).
19. Floris and BlauncheJur, MS Gg. 4. 27 (11), Cambridge University Library,
edited by A. B. Taylor (Oxford, 1927).
20. See P. Meyer, Alcxandre le Grand dam la Liftirahr* du Moyen Age (Paris, 1886);
and G. Cary, The Medieval Alexander (Cambridge, 1956).
21. M. C. Seymour ( 4 . ) The Travels of Sir John Mandcvillc (Oxford, 1968).
22. H. Cordier (ed.) 'hc Book ofSer Marco Polo etc. (London, 1920).
23. H. Cordier (ed.) Lcs Voyagesm Ask au XI VeSiicle du Bicnheureux Frire Odoric &
Pordmone (Paris, 1891).
24. See A. C. Wood, Historp of the Lcuant Company (London, 1964); and Sir
William Foster, England's Qucst for Eastern Tra& (Londcn, 1933).
25. Shakespeare, Macbeth, I, iii, 73-9.
26. Thomas Dallam, Diary (1599-1600) of a Voyage to Conrtanfinople in J . T. Bent
(ed.) Early Voyages and T r ~ l ins the Lcuant (London, 1893) pp. 74-5.
27. Alain Grosrichard, Stwture du serail (Paris, 1979) p. 155.
28. Sir GeorgeCourthope, Memoirs (161&1&25), ed. S. C. Lomas (London, 1907)
p 123.
29. Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and E q i r e (Edinburgh, 1966) p. 18.
30. Charles Robson, Newsfrom Ale@ (London, 1628).
31. See E. Jones, Ofhello's Counirymcn: The African in English Renaissance D r m
(London, 1965), and S. C. Chew, 'Moslems on the London Stage', The
Crescent and the Rose: Islam and Englandduring the Renaissance (New York, 1937)
pp. 469-538.
32. Antony and Cleopatra, ii, 121-2.
33. Ibid., 11, iii, 39-42.
34. Ibid., IV,viii, 25-30.
35. I shall use the term 'Arabian Nights' since it is the more popular one in
England, and since I am considering the Arabian Nishts as an English text
and more generally as a Western literary phenomenon. For a thorough
examination of the history of the Arabian Nights, see Suheir al-Qalamawi, A l j
L i l a wa Lnila (Cairo, 1959).
36. Mohamed Abdel-Halim, Antoine Galland: Sa uu et son oeuvre (Paris, 1964)
p. 299.
37. CliaMdrs, or Lc Cheual & Fust, a fantastic metrical Romance of the late
thirteenth century, written by Adenet le Roi, in which a wooden horse
carries its riders through a varied web of adventure.
38. A R m n d'Amour of the late Middle Ages, which contains details that can be
traced to oriental sources, and to the AlfLnila wa Lnila in particular. For
further elaboration on Eastern influence, see Katherine T. Butler, A Hisforp
of French Literahre (London, 1923; 2 vols) vol. I, pp. 31-3.
39. P. Rajna, Lc Fonti dcll'Or1ando Furioso (Florence, 1900) pp. 43655.
40. Maurice Bouisson, Lc Secret & SKKrezade: les sources folkloriques &s contrs
arabo-penam (Paris, 1961) p. 227.
41. Antoine Galland, Journnl (1672-3), ed. by Charles Schefer (Paris, 1881; 2
vols) vol. 1, pp. 5 6 7 .
42. For a list of these translations, see Abdel-Halim, Antoinc Calland pp. 4 7 M .
43. Exactly how ambitious dlHerbelot's erudition was can be gauged from the

full title of his ocuure: Htbliothiqucz Orientale ou Dictionnuire Uniucrscl. contenant

giniralemcnt tout cc qui regarde la connoissame des Peuples dc /'Orient. O u r s Histoires
et T~aditions(vhitable on f a b u l m s ) . O u r s religionr, sccks ct politiqws,: b u r s
gouwmement, loix, coutumes, Mocurs, Gwrrcs, les Rivolutions de h r s Empires; h r s
Sciences et h r s Arts, h r s Tlliologic, Mythologic, Magic, Ptysiqw, Morale,
Midiciru, Mathimatiques, Histoire naturelle, Chronologie, Geographic, Observationr
Astronomiques, Grammaire, et Rithonque. Les Vies el Actions Rmarquables de leurs
saints, doctrrs, philosophes, Historim, Poetes, Capitaines & de tous ceux qui se ront
rendu illustres pannis a x , par leur Vertu, ou par l r r Sauoir; Desjugements critiques, et
des extraits de tour leurs ouurages. De leurs Traitis, Traductionr, Commmtaires,
Abrigis, Recueils de Fables, de Sentences, & Maximcr, de Prouerbes, de Contes, de bonr
Mots 6' de tour l r r s Liures icrits en Arabe, en Persan, ou en Turc, sur toutesfonnes de
Science, d'Arts, ct dc Profissions, Preface by Antoine Galland (Paris, 1697; 2
vols).
44. Galland, Journal, vol. I, pp. 41-2.
45. Jean Chardin, V y a g c dc Monsieur lc Chcualicr Chardin en Pcrse ct Autres Licux dc
/'Orient (Amsterdam, 1686; 2 vols) vol. 11, p. 279.
46. Galland, Journal, vol. 11, p. 19.
47. Chardin, Voyage, vol. I, p. 44.
48. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 17.
49. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 280.
50. Richard Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (London, 1884-6;
17 vols) 'Terminal Essay', vol. VII, p. 238.
51. Chardin, Vyagc, vol. 11, p. 281.
52. Abdel-Halim, Antoinc Galland, p. 108.
53. Ibid., p. 259.
54. Ibid., p. 193.
55. Antoine Galland, O s Milles et uru nuits (first published Paris, 1704; 1979 edn,
2 vols) vol. I , p. 46.
56. Ibid., vol. I, p. 3.
57. Abdel-Halim, Antoinc Galland, p. 135.
58. Henri Baudet, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of
Non-European Man (New Haven, 1965) pp. 38-4 1.
59. Voltaire's attitude remained tenaciously medieval, as illustrated in his play,
Lt Fanatisme ou Mahomet (Paris, 1743), where he describes the Prophet as an
imposter and an abuser of power. Voltaire uses Islam in order to attack
religion altogether, and the 'infime' hegemony of the Church to which he
was so passionately opposed.
60. Mary Wortley Montagu, The Cmnplck Otters (Oxford, 1763; 2 vols) vol. 1,
p. 385.
61. Leila Ahmed, Edward W. Loru (London, 1978) p. 130.
62. Martha Pike Conant, The Oriental Tale in England in the Ei~hteenth Gntury
(New York, 1908) p. 5.
63. Quoted in G. Audisio, Lo Vie de Haroun al-Kaschid (Paris, 1930) p. 74.
64. Quoted in Burton Feldman and Robert Richardsori, The Rise of Modem
Mythology (Bloomington, 1972) p. 313.
65. Ernest Bernbaum. Guide through the Romantic Mouement (New York, 1949)
p. 11.

66. Bernard Blackstone, The Lost Trauellcrs: A Romantic Theme with Variatiom
(London, 1962) p. 26.
67. Chateaubriand, Mimoires d'outretombe (Paris, 1817; 1949; 2 vols) vol. 1,
p. 218.
68. Alexander Pope, Correspondence (Oxford, 1956; 5 vols) vol. I, p. 368.
69. Ibid., p. 369.
70. Oliver Goldsmith, Citizen of the World (London, 1762) pp. 138-9.
71. First written in French in 1782. William Beckford, Vathek: The English
Translation by Samuel Henlcy (1783) and the Lausanne and Paris Editiom (1784).
Reprinted in 3 vols (New York, 1972).
72. These books are mentioned as Beckford's sources in Henley's English
version of Vathek.
73. J. W. Oliver, The Lifeof William Beckford (London, 1932) p. 101.
74. For a full study of this subject, see Conant, The Oriental Tale.
75. Oliver, The Life of William Beckford, p. 23.
76. L. Melville, Lifc and Letters of William Beckford (London, 1910) p. 82.
77. Oliver, The Liji of William Beckford, p. 66.
78. For a fascinating description ofthis incident, see Bernard d'Astorg, Lcs Noces
Orientales (Paris, 1980) pp. 149-52.
79. Oliver, The Llfe of William Beckford, p. 128.
80. Ibid., p. 285.
81. Ibid., p. 287.
82. Blackstone, Lost Travellers, p. 181.
83. Byron, Lctters and Journals, edited by Leslie A. Marchand (London, 1980; 12
vols) vol. 111, p. 101.
84. Victor Jacquemont, Lctters from India; describing a J o u n q during the years
1828-1831 (London, 1835; 2 vols) vol. I, p. 360.
85. Thomas Moore, Poetical Works (New York, 1854) p. 424.
86. Ibid., p. 210.
87. Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony (London, 1970) p. 11.
88. J. B. Beer, Coleridge the Visionary (London, 1959) p. 63.
89. Ibid., p. 221.
90. Geoffrey Yarlott, Coleridge and the Abyssinian Maid (London, 1967) p. 151.
91. Beer, Coleridee the Visionary, p. 108.
92. Coleridge, ~ollected~etter;,edited by E. Griggs (Oxford, 1956; 2 vols) vol. I,
p. 347.
93. ibid.

1. Richard Hole, Remarks on the Arabian Nights' Entertainment (London, 1797)

p. 10.
2. Henry Torrens, The Book of the 1001 Nights (London, 1838; 2 vols) vol. I, p. iii.
3. Edward W. Lane, The Thousandand OneNights (I,ondon, 1839-41;3 vols) vol.
3, p. 686.

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Ibid.
Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (New York, 1981) pp. 148-50.
Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. 11, p. 234.
Ibid., vol. rr, p. 234.
Ibid., vol. rv, pp. 234-5.
Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah
(London, 1855-6; 2 vols) vol. I, p. 9.
52. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. I, p. xvii.
53. Thomas Assad, Three Victorian Travellers (London, 1964) p. 51.
54. The letters of Richard Burton to Richard Monckton Milnes are at the Wren
Library, Trinity College, Cambridge.
55. In a letter of 26 April 1862.
56. A. Pope-Hennessey, Monckton Milnes: The Flight of Youth (London, 1963)
pp. 67-9.
57. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, Journal: Mimoires & la vie Litkiaire (Paris,
1878; reprinted 1956; 4 vols) vol. r, p. 1053.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 1056-7.
60. Letter from Dahomey, dated 31 May 1863.
61. Letters of A. C . Swinbum to Richard Monckton Milnes (and other correspondents)
(London, 1915) p. 124.
62. Ibid., p. 148.
63. Burton to Monckton Milnes, from Trieste, dated 15June 1875.
64. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. x, p. 234.
65. Ibid., p. 238.
66. Thousand Nights, vol. I, p. 191.
67. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. rv, p. 227.
68. E. Hellerstein, L. Hume and K. M. Offen ( 4 s ) Victorian Women (London,
1981) p. 125.
69. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. x, p. 235.
70. Ibid., p. 233.
71. Thousand Nights, vol. I, p. 125.
72. Ibid., p. 234.
73. Richard Burton, Zawibar (London, 1872; 2 vols) vol. r, p. 184.
74. The words ofDr E. W. Cushing, as quoted in B. Ehrenreich and D. English,
Complaints and Dirorhrs (London, 1974) p. 35.
75. Tala1 Asad, Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (London, 1973) pp. 13-1 5.
76. Richard Burton, A Mission to Gelele, King of D a h o q (London, 1864; 2 vols)
vol. 2, p. 198.
77. George Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution (New York, 1968) p. 126.
78. John Haller, Outcartsfrom Evolution (urban& 1971) p. 51.
79. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. vIn, p. 86.
80. Burton, The PtrJumed G a r h (London, 1886) p. 6.
81. As quoted in Byron Fanvell, Burton (New York, 1963) p. 399.
82. For a detailed analysis of these additions, see Yassin Salhani, Richard Burton
(University of Saint Andrews PhD dissertation, 1978) pp. 245-9.

46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
5 1.

1. Victor Hugo, O&s et Ballndcs, et Lcs Orientales (Paris, 1940) p. 403.

2. As quoted in Leila Ahmed, Edward W . Lane, p. 1.
3. The description is Bernard Shaw's, as quoted in Andrea Rose, Pre-Raphaelite
Portfailr (London, 1981) p. 9.
4. Oscar Wilde, Collected Works (London, 1980) p. 429.
5. For a study of different European portrayals of Salome, see Mario Praz, The
Romantic Agony, Ch. 5.
6. Gustave Flaubert, Oeuvres complites (Paris, 1951; 2 vols) vol. 2, p. 675.
7. Although the dance in European literature also has sexual undertones, the
man in it is active participant, rather than voyeur (see Madame Bovary, Anna
Karmina, Tess of the D'Urbewilles).
8. Norman Bryson, Word and Image: French Painting of the Ancim Riginu
(Cambridge, 1981) p. 92.
9. Jacques Bousquet, Lcs themes du Rive dam l a Littirature Romantique (Paris,
1964) p. 504.
10. Claude Pichois, Baullaire: ktu&s et Tmoignages (Neuchatel, 1974) p. 20.
11. Tamara Bassim, Lafemme dam l'oeuvre I Baullaire (Neuchatel, 1974) p. 20.
12. Bousquet, Lcs themes, p. 498.
13. Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance Orientale (Paris, 1950) p. 439.
14. Flaubert, Co1~cspondances(Paris, 1902; 13 vols) vol. 2, p. 119.
15. Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, Mimoires I la vie littiraire, vol. 2, p. 156.
16. Jeanne Bem, Disir et Savoir dom I'Oeuvre I Flaubert (Neuchatel, 1979) -p. 96.
17. Flaubert, Oncvrescomplltes, vol. I, p. 85.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 81.
19. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 691.
20. Goncourt, Mimoires, vol. 11, pp. 21-2.
21. V. G. Kiernan, The Lor& of Human Kind, p. 131.
22. As quoted in Bernard Delvaille, Thiophile Gautier (Paris, 1968) p. 65.
23. Article in 'La Presse', 29 September 1851. Delvaille, p. 60.
24. The Orientalist painters became highly organised as their genre chew
steadily more popular. Some of their Societies included the Sociitides Peintres
Orimtalistes Frayais, and the Sociiti &s Peintres Algirim et Orientalistes (for
those wishing to work in North Africa).
25. Article in 'La Presse', 19 March 1845. Delvaille, Thiophile Gautier, p. 93.
26. Article in 'Revue des Deux Mondes', 1July 1848. Delvaille, Thiophile Gauticr,
p. 18.
27. As quoted by Phillipe Jullian, Lcs Orientalistes (Paris, 1977) p. 72.
28. Ibid., p. 73.
29. Wilde, Collected Works, p. 425.
30. Jullian, Lcs Orientalistes, p. 40.
31. Mark Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalgy and the English Gentleman
(London, 1981) p. 225.
32. Gerard de Nerval, Oeuvres comPlites (Paris, 1961; 2 vols) vol. 2, p. 173.
33. Hugo, O&s et Ballades, p. 488.
34. Pierre Loti, Azlyadi (Paris, 1879) p. 56.
35. Nerval, Oeuvres complites, vol. 2, p. 467.

36. Williarn Makepeace Thackeray, Notes of a J o u m y j r o m Cornhill to Grand Cairo

(London, 1845) pp. 278-9.
37. Edward Lear, L a k r Letters of Edward Lear, edited by Lady Strachey (London,
191 1) p. 91.
38. Thackeray, N o k s o f a Jounuy, p. 207.
39. Ibid., p. 209.

1. Byron Farwell, Burton (New York, 1963) p. 2.

2. William Hazlitt, Table Talk (London, 1821; 1960) p. 189.
3. Ibid., p. 188.
4. Lane, Manners and Cutoms of the Modern Egyptians, p. xxv.
5. Burton, Personal Narratiueofa Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah, vol. I , p. 114.
6. Peter Brent, Far Arabia: Explorers of the Myth (London, 1977) p. 178.
7. James Silk Buckingham, Travels in Palestine (London, 1821), p. xix.
8. Ahmed, E . W . Lane, p. 95.
9. Burton, Pilgrimage, vol. I, p. 1 14.
10. T. E. Lawrence, Secret Dispatches from Arabia (London, 1939) p. 27.
I I . T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (London, 1935; 1965)
p. 29.
12. Ibid., p. 30.
13. Ibid., p. 176.
14. :[bid., p. 23.
15. Ibid., p. 28.
15. Burton, Thousand Nights, vol. I , p. 1.
17. Burton's letter to Monckton Milnes from Trieste, dated 15June 1875. Mss.
at Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge.
18. Quoted by Isabel Burton, The Lifcof C a p . Sir Richard Burton (London, 1893,2
vols) vol. 11, p. 442.
19. The Blunts collected horses, and their cross-breeding produced the Crabbet
Stud, considered a fine specimen of the pure Arab horse.
20. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt (Being a
Personal Narratiue o f Events) (London, 1895) p. 5.
21. Blunt, Idem about India (London, 1885) p. 21.
22. Ibid., p. 47.
23. Ibid., p. 3-5.
24. Ibid., p. 161.
25. Ibid., p. 167.
26. Ibid., p. 168.
27. Blunt, Secret Histosy, p. 92.
28. Lady Anne Blunt, Bedouin Tribes o f the Euphrates (New York, 1879) p. 228.
Wilfred Blunt wrote the preface, the postscript, and chapters 23 to 28 of this
book.
29. Blunt, The Future o f Islam, p. 44.

30.
31,
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.

Blunt, Secret Histosy, p. 156.

Blunt, Atrocities of Jutice under British Rule in Egypt (London, 1906) p. 4.
Ibid., p. 49.
Ibid., p. 38.
Ibid., p. 41.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 5 5 6 .
Ibid., p. 15.
Ibid., pp. 14-15.
Ibid., p. 22.
Albert Smith, A Month at Conrtantinoplc (London, 1850) p. viii.
Ibid., p. 99.
Ibid., p. 100.
Ibid., p. 108.
Ibid., p. 54.
Ibid., pp. 97-8.
Ibid., p. 51.
Ibid., p. 106.
Charles Doughty, Travels in Arabia Descrta (London, 1888; 1936;2 vols) vol. I,
p. 125.
Doughty, Arabia Dcscrh, Preface to the Third Edition.
Arabia Deserta, vol. I , p. 142.
Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire (Edinburgh, 1966) p. 246.
Arabia Dcserta, vol. I , p. 551.
Arabia Descrta, vol. 11, p. 66.
Arabia Deserta, vol. I , p. vii.
A. J. Arberry, British Orientalists (London, 1943) p. 22.
Arabia Deserta, vol. I , p. 443.
Ibid., p. 318.
Arabia Deserta, vol. 11, p. 338.
Arabia Deserta, vol. I , p. 95.
T. E. Lawrence, Introduction to Arabia Dcscrta, vol. I , p. xxix.
Ibid., pp. xxix-xxx.
Ibid., p. xxxv.
Arabia Deserta, vol. 11, p. 539.
Lawrence, Seven Pillars, p. 36.
Ibid., p. 41.
Ibid., p. 24.
Thc Lcttersof T. E . Lawrence, edited by David Garnett (London, 1938) p. 291.
Lawrence, Seven Pillars, p. 2.
Sevcn Pillars, Dedication.
Scven Pillars, p. 452.
As Desmond Stewart proves in his excellent biography of Lawrence, T . E .
Lawrcncc (London, 1977) pp. 241-3.
One thing that all Lawrence's biographers afirm is his self-confessed and
pronounced masochism.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities (New York, 1974) p. 69.

Ibid., p. 28.
Ibid., p. 86.
Wilfrid Thesiger, Arabian S a d (London, 1959; 1979) p. 11.
Ibid., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 12.
7. The term is Tidrick's, Heart-Beguiling Araby, p. 5.
8. Benjamin Disraeli, Tancred (London, 1847; 2 vols) vol. I, p. 150.
9. Thesiger, Arabian S a d , p. 15.
10. Ibid., p. 37.
11. Ibid., p. 35.
12. Ibid., p. 31.
13. Ibid., p. 39.
14. Ibid., p. 50.
15. Ibid., p. 53.
16. Ibid., p. 139.
17. Ibid., p. 135.
18. Ibid., p. 170.
19. Ibid., p. 206.
20. Ibid., p. 188.
21. Wilfrid Thesiger, 7he Marsh Arabs (London, 1964; 1980) pp. 105-7, Plates
36-7;
22. Victor Segalen, Essai sur 1'Exotisme (Paris, 1978) p. 20.
23. Elias Canetti, 7he Voices of Matrakesh (London, 1982), p. 9.
24. Ibid., pp. 1&11.
25. Ibid., p. 15.
26. Richard Burton, Sindh and the Races that Inhabit the Vallq of the In& (London,
1851; 1973) p. 11.
27. Canetti, Voices of Matrakesh, p. 88.
28. Ibid., p. 88.
29. Ibid., pp. 89-90.
30. Ibid., p. 83.
31. Ibid., pp. 27-8.
32. Ibid., p. 44.
33. Ibid., p. 20.
34. Ibid., pp. 81-2.
35. Ibid., p. 56.
36. Ibid., pp. 67-8.
37. Ibid., p.34.
38. Ibid., p. 35.
39. Ibid., p. 36.
40. Ibid., pp. 41-2.
41. Ibid., p. 100.
42. Ibid., pp. 101-2.
43. Ibid., p. 103.

V. S. Naipaul, An Area ofDarkness (London, 1964; 1981) p. 191.

Ibid., p. 190.
Ibid., p. 10.
Ibid., p. 12.
Ibid., p. 214.
Ibid., p. 188.
Gandhi's recent popularity in the Western media (the film Gandhi, for
instance) has a great deal to do with his 'Christian' qualities; he is
nonviolent, holy, forgiving, although at heart rebellious; he is the kind of
'native' that the European can tolerate, since his anger is controlled,
contained. A more violent or anarchic Indian leader would certainly not
have been viewed in as sympathetic a light, nor cast as the heroor the star of
a commercial media venture. In the same manner, Martin Luther Kinn has
been made into the token Black political figure by the American media,
precisely because he advocated non-violence and forgiveness as Gandhi had
done. His assimilation into the popular imagination has not, however, been
as complete as that of Gandhi: he is too recent a political phenomenon, and a
few shades darker too - two points which account for any continued
uneasiness concerning his status in the Western pantheon of acceptable
'natives'.
51. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, pp. 73-4.
52. Ibid., p. 112.
53. Ibid., p. 123.
54. Ibid., p. 127.
55. Ibid., p. 204.
56. Ibid., p. 213.
57. Ibid., p. 85.
58. Ibid., p. 105.
59. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Belieuers: An Islamic Joumq (London, 1981) p. 8.
60. Ibid., p. 85.
61. Ibid., p. 228.
62. Ibid., pp. 1 5 a 9 .
63. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. 269.
64. Ibid., p. 214.
65. Ibid., p. 295.
66. Ibid., p. 177.
67. Ibid., p. 177.
68. I bid., p. 177.
69. I bid., p. 177.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

I. Oliver Goldsmith, Citizen of the World (London, 1762) p. 135.

2. Ibid., p. 140.
3. G. N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892; 2 vols) vol.
p. ix.

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