/

\\

rt\)
*I 'bl

sor"l

FUNDAMENTALs:-

oF s.o.M /

f\,1.0

.s/ fi.a v / s.s :-

S3,l*,.,,
rf6

TExrBooXS;Timoshenko 8 (ere -r f lipkarb'corn

r) t'IN.o.M:0.M,- jli"ln

tcas tubl'she9

4./

E#

, M.',M r-

:-

5.M
"''

PoPov (t nHr)
'"*,r

g,-61

Punarnia, AshoK

v G lYncnrNE DES|( N;@ :'

l) Dlt4E l@

. o=
w

z)

t{lc

- @

3)

MIC

mxrni

M F SPOTIS

DEsqN

R . r- .

--

ruonroN

*>

,,

,,

tfor(S.6Ddtheireffects0rShuctures,machine
ENC"C': MECHANT5
IENC',C':MfcraUrSl
lsovl

'T

Mos/MolYl

l__g

@vt;tln'tJnfn'slress'5baio

Pe'arsotrs Pubiitahong

, ,, , !-- ,V. B , BHANDART (rux)

ter'

'

^,

Pubn'J

... .:

G.':'

Tdin I
:

.fisptaenent, verocity,

t'

StuclY

:@ fnf*f,ur# Branch of xierxe which cleals urith study6f forres

-estructilrbs,,mathine5&tluit]g:,:]'.-_ _liassiFicahon o$assl on Mechanicdl Eneryy
f gl fil qnnerafing :-is there in very ,marhine to generate M'E .
e

\- @
iir)convertin3

8 thert @

o,"

of

l4achino

rnechanial

.l b

enerQV

Conwr:f.ing+M,E inh
other forrn5 p.r mtrS
.

butitisrng

@+

- @ Engq. Mechanl,r- dtl,ng. -toith rigrd uJries/ non defsnrade ff;J,ll''"

ir:. it,.

l.

f.

/t ,t

. '^Ai r^

,^! r.r

fnolion 1
flW 'linkS

jj'-of ,exb., frrl,f9 8 their ef ects -o,1, npid bodtes

, ,.
.'ffii:n,,;,,''.-.u&ir,..i.,11..;;;;;.-i;.u.i."i.:ij,.,I,',.tlli....;]l,..,o'*i'."...'.,*.,'.,i'..;.;:.,

i.
c,^M'i

, ,t^^r is
i- rL
What thc oature

t+ also
krrouon

as tyerhania of Debrmable Bodies

-Sfudv of internai resrsting

forre u:hri:h are c/ue to cleformalion
;j the 661ro, of loads

ol

a body utoder-

,_t

Displarcrnen?
Lr pos,hon

Aeformatw
L>

th
,eobject+r
'-tfl change
I
td
oF

reldive posriien

thange tn dimensiong.

'::

relahve P,osthon'

o{ parlicles ,
/
^

parhc:,os

remoinssarne..4

'

o{

?arliLle5

TV :*T'--*) '4+ wtrs/rd;

(:

Dimengions ru J;;-l:*7
e, 1
.'8
^

i$ I
x$

I j

Irfi lr

'

i->

Rierd

brck

Tr-.
+l

j
Dimension s renatn se,ne
;^+-ij:'L---)
I ,3;]f f --l ---)
ty -r'li-aie,-'iJ-'';i+,;;;.-#'ni
iZe,-i;';i+u;;"#',ir'un
t,,un
Y ...
--)
''"'"'Y 'Deformahbn
|\etr

F-*-

ol'
*r-bla:k

OfPtatcrnaft

:........l.i................j..:.........,..:..:-:hnon.:..'..Nlp*aniL\...
.:.'.,'..',1gnrig.,';'tflutnnth

.' ..

L,

L-

."...'..'::i.r..'.'..-. .:'.'...-.'j... 1-.

,.'{=-.

C*
rt

E..-

sbh'cs

[namics

lorres
of rigrd lndies ,
_
Sdfiy

of

forre5
on c,Ircl bdtras whth are
Sbud

exL.

'l

V of

t_
ffi-at
V

51lqrphtr

exb,

r'i
5

.i

'+,.

-7a

'@

.., @

,e
MbF

15L

@
@
@

soM:- ai)n of thiE subject is to derive the expression5 for straing , delormahbns 3
Streswq incluted . qncJer varioug loac.lirrg conclib.ons. by uslng mahnal
properhes
.

e
:-@
..,'

Ljltirnate

oi

desigq

do

",roke

dra urinJ ---r+(iiSl'ooe

lr

,.

-6

i-l{iir;

Drrnensrcns'

+(,v)Mf9
The ultirnate a,rn
Shape

Materials

Pti,)

of

, appmprr'aLe

deslgn is

procesl

to dereiqp a drarcing i.e

rnaterra I , appmprial"t

riirnensionS . ,8

t{

,I

tcr seierL

jan

appropriate

app. rnfu delails.

.6

<--NVpe of toad should

2)Sha?e (TogeL area)
o:1'n6 (6 perm

PAxial
@

toad

lP L
LA

ffiiJ,-,

failuyg slrec,')
N

5yr
xd2

lQ-

I @ 4 Selslion of aPP' ehaY

I -:) gulefr" qf app. rnoterial

r Gq) Calculahbn o* dimerriars; -$y

o
Irt
,' rnfr p,Dcess details
@'/
u-s

frguarnnS

dryils

be knopn

5)

Mfg

prorl=r.: details.

on rnakrial

Des(n of

@rnponent should
comPonent shoulc,

perforrn its grven

v

&ilure)

bilure is

be performeel in such a uroy that

dif ferent -f rom

rr ?t'
fe,frarlure
r'('(ture

*r

funcL
'v"LL rv'
ionarittl

breakinj i1{o

the

saLrsfacforily. (

pieres

resutting m/c

i.e witttau_ uhy _

-t

Whrn i{- does

nof perforrn Satisfa ,t"rily

-t

ro

ng its funtionatity ry

u.:hich

tderghf otf i
ErL:^.'t'9 hl of

rornPonenb

tu,i^.f anc
(ol.)?pone nl
^o
cn trifuoat
frithor,
PTes,
t^--^.
ona I fo rres
lnoihlr
,
t'"'il',.,1,,if{t:i\fl]!
*,!,A4^Tr,*,
,1.,
p,
vn*,lfl
,,t::Zn";rngr
,

la ;onponenh

itia

t.

J.i

t:
Lad:ff rs defined as an, exfc_^^,
tlrlal furte
^
0': a cotiPle
ic
rs subierF
^,.i^"-, wht.le performlno

ine

,.

p;n.iiq-T":?i.1'd,p*,Ito.nrry[l*;r,P;I],or*S?iltn.Jay.r.
^Lr^g/.

F,

Forcej

4,

'tr:.

Surfare hrces

'
8,c/,y

s
Fynchm

[r*,f

of area

t r, or{tan,-e

fr,rtx

Body frirreW. r.

Wu,lhh

trWtot

Flangq

ou"

A,:.

t!:

lxaxL

ati

L::a

Bar

Sqrface forre
W2

(,tu

fudy
-7 forre
'v' e

is

is

lil(.

W,

i::

h,
D(, Wz

B
:'-'
...
\:j"

SurFare fo.re

ur,r.t bar
Classifrcafion

oF

e>-

Loads.Lr

E:

tn
ril

&

w
a
@
A

u@

t-

>-

ro

JJ

a
=

.E'
!u

,.IJ

Jn Ii,
(o

Ern

158

sc
.a)
f-xE
I
oo

-J

o
3

Qo
co
aJQ

f E et
\4- l*
L* 5s j
g,E

JJ

((Jo

'@

I "=

UB

.'E F

!.-sJ

!-O

-Pb

\q.,

6g'
r\
4..,
\n
-iJ tD
(-

-<,

L
-3
c_[

3E
L

oU

\a.

.E
Fv)
.

.E

.\,

t'

\n

w)

-s-

r,,

c
g
.\,
.trl

-E

4.,

)-

oE.

(o

s.

o
U.

I
{

-(J
r(,

q, (tr
.EE

FS

E
l-

.O

x
vt

T,

\-g
3J
|q

EU)
(oc

\.\.4

-ts ..
..!2 .9- ., '..$:','!i
.t.E'r'6
a,

:,

l)-

a S -+J

\r-

q.}

(o

-lJ

II

ri

yC

-rc
I

ie

&\)

,q
a.-

c
.-+..
-t1 t-

* a;
8 6Ebg*
-,

(rC,

-.c
(J

o
co

',8
o

).
t,.

r&

rL

cr6-0

\J1

-iJ

50\r)
9

-,
I

.Jt

Stabic Loads :- Loodg trhose

E}(i) Dead

L,oat

rnon

of d

dirD bnd magnihrcle remains.

conEhnt w.r.t time,

on a chair.

':

t-oads

f--,

, .. ^
rrrJ

,9 repreWnle

apptrul

Qracludty

ik

d bv'maxh)

foad

LooOi:_
Stahc lood

Ioad
Lrqug 8

foi

Wt

,,

drrn

iE sarne

of m/c corltponenfs
,,.gtrucfural

arhose mag 8

rlirn 'f.emd,n5 consLant

dfler p366ipg max. V6lqe

.J.
b reach max. value, tirne baken

,r

:* Wt of
pulley 8 shaft on *he

I's me,r6
,.{

,Tnr1ryF 'lpsds:t

{+

loac,s uchirh dre

d$ng on

very

Sfu:rh

spn ol time.

Stopc

ts tnore

',

Ap is more

Unre reg

reach

fh0x

rAlu,e

is

(ii

le'eS

(.

i^r
'tFf
loads

whth

Eg-tforpy

E\&

S-Izod Tesr,.
6-

are u,!h?g,
?=

r.

lwt

|*.

-P=lo*N-

interva| -.,ef.. ti
*

rr.re,-

Irnpacb

Loacts

Eo:-

--!

SprtnE

$9

used

lC ,_ryi*

todE:
t:

't:=
l.:
\li -

L"n--t
Qtradualty+,,ni

qre

ln

shcx';k

k-

Abnrber

/at}:-

ptebn

.+),

Pregvrre

of++*

(::i

gas

au,ng

power

6h
Ein

stnofefs;n a very short span

't* sgr gears ane .fqltedr,

" '9Jsra

f!Isr{:.ixi-i=iY:.

f*.ta:1.Y,.?1,W"i.f178:-4tr frffi-F?+q*Vii!:r,:r+]:-<,i,{.$r.:-':r.a--:ij:3iY:ilrt.,?:}

a
,:

f""B

F/

i-

,ry
weakest blernenc t,r L,r\

a:L

e
@

@
@

@
Dynamic Load (rrnpact Load)-? @use5

&

the

vitrrahon

' L 1 T-------'**--l.---=--.

' Z

p5

\tv

Time

r-r.lhrrh lood

Aor
@

br
is

=-r rrnPac t

lime period ot [he vrbra[,on

load

| > 3T --p st.iht loacl'

ackng

llme [-o re?rh max Value

e
.@

lf

uue frur,6,

caritaibtinguish the toocf '

@
6S

6.n
kj'

rn

u?.

-2

rase

o+

.,*
ts
6

the toad

os

any

cloubt regordtng the slaht

irnpart

&rlynanrfi loc-td

loacl berouge r'f ls the

borst

it rs betber [o

ossurne

Ioaciing condihion than the

Static loa d.

e
-,

obtalned by

using

'I.F'=

5otvl

ltlAi
. ' {4.r" - :\

herllhtfnm

tofall

rphrch

tJre load ls allooed

1 ,f h is no.t

givep

v'- tt' ,2qh

t, lh=tl
I ^eI
r_____v_

Stepsi-.

Ii)

tt)

6s66(

T.F

L> ,ldhen h

2b

&r
tir))

et

rr Ulhen h
.:
I.F

=.

-, \rtlnpt,tt =.OsiXl.F.
Redure

f.F

the lrnpact

Failure

is

i'
vcry very small

=2

{*in,)

ig

lorge
!t

large

:'

-r Desrgn the

producF by l<eeping

the impact s1ess$ oDfainer1.

trmpacb Load:Impactloacl

(t<ff

zl

Prisrnaljc bar

This irnputtoacl failen

Y-v--:Y

qn the

J/

(rosc se*iott

ts

same Oil

,:: pv.qi-'Xhe

i:

: . ,l.B'ar::i5'flgngqtecf

-.

Iength

disptvls6

6irpu.u

Irnpact

delcormahon oF

the prism?hc bar

Uniformo

i
I

rl:

-'

dr6o

knourn

6s

the

cross- secf,o, througtp

ut

the l.ngh oF .$,-r

ffrember".
d)splacernent of the roilan

Assumptiorrs

b
+
L>

made m Sorl

Memben assumed . to be
pnematfc

'l6o-

Body forres dre neglected

LoacJ

rs ossumecl to be sbahr

l+ Ivlaterial obey's
H00kES IAW

l.

Matenal ib assumetl to

be

horyngenous

intnpic

i'I

i,

Work done rePrc'cr

L> cxtcr-y6l p4.,g

in thrs

w
WL

. , + III thi: bar 5 -no6

A
A+

t atled

.
.

Eney

e r{l hr8,l
!t
.

aparrLy ol lhe rrre

&r. uuher r rl .is siait
s.E

2L

a
.. ..-'

For .na* sbes

,

quad

^2
--Y-

2L

\
X

AXL

rahc

eon
. ...-i: : ..j ..-:
t ' .:- .'

root sbou(d
la-!

be

aken fVe

oDe

.
.

Energy absorpbon :

C,
' L\irrlp

='-;(n*p)z

v.
Dbititg lo.absor6.

.. .......:9tpin etcrgg)
'+

LI
EJ

{,

'

o-imp

ragc

'\,

Vol

6= [FrL
\-'\-

-\;

tirp

#l,n

{rp =61

2h AE

l--,o

WL

(;i

I,.fr@l

-\

fi

lf

e4,

.,[

oir

i:

frrp

.,

=%r

'[,*Jr+J

,
I

.t

;.'t,:"''''''''-'\'"''
orr
'

F rl

unarr

cr<rar

rorrring

un,

,,)

properhe';

iiaeprrnrlpnt of kngth of

l.

rnaterlal

'(,,

buf
''uL

6u
impart

->

g material

clepcndenL on length

y.,.
Y

Condusrbn

>!5

ii) Friri cgtr) %r = U

DcEign Eng,nepr

setechrgir) lou:er

t, IndEalent of h&E
:

1,,)

to
,

Select the

'I

L (yottng,s mdutus)

1u,,--* f
otrp

4f Iw,Art"E,hJ

(--,.

of {bilure

Absorpho energg

{:

-P *

chanes

redure tjre

Es

tt\

#i

&

,1.F

-cr
1-:a*1'Ii:r':;;-?r:::q::T:-:

(:,".':

l'sus

.altnpact
materra,

[ir) tnore L

r., 4n (a)
ci*p

urtl,l r

::r

--1:;t':)a r+z;::' : - r. a?:

Lt

When

charxes

of

imprt

ffi

failure *

1tL

tencls to zero

h*t6

issub;ertlo 4._-:----.=.-1
'{, ..
rnust be kepb
imprt loacling.
long

IF --t 2 --+ Tmpact

---t

t+ l+ I F is too lou_r

loar]

+
Suddenly

(,

,o..

--2

\.{herr h

.,r"
:

l+

.--p U-)
Loocl

Surlrtenly fupljec/

O (is rrppy -uery Srrl.,lt)

-,

f--'*

kla

is

Loacl

applied lcat.

'

-..@

'

(hnuirc min'raltte)
.&

':
rc kla

-:

Suddpn Appl16(l

'loalr

L/' 5

-)O
- L(Dst

A.L

I
J

)[

usc

pr;xidc oD( rnor(.

5trppor

bst'-'

'1,

oi.,,p_-rf

'
@

(0rr)Beam..

' t

!.

,CAI
u:t

\-@

mv

(a
qi,

L'

-@

,i

\,
, @LP
'i 6L&

YEtrt

r)l

65;f-- LF +

6n, = (Bsr) Beam r I S") spring

ampo,,

supportocl by, ruQirl sup:ort 6erilr.Ee ihey

d fe

is supporfccl

Autornobrle

-l

by

are being sublerted to

staft ttailng

ftexible support.

fn

-l
-t
'11

(frif. of

stahc

d.mernber

is

strbJected

supported

by

tlextble

IJ

to

by rigid support::_ urhereog uuhen

impacted bending

suppr

the mernber should

defu rmohbo

'ti
E

t
.

irTffi

T-ft;::,*.1:?I:1,:u-ali::

'...:'.

be

by & the sboht

irnpact shesj
i

.,

3l

benc)ing, bearng ore iluprrrrted

-.

Fatigue Load;xg:-

A load iE said to be

fabigue

Or boHr magnitude

load either

rtg

-t direclion Lndnges
w,r.t

apphed tp,r.t trme.

rnagnitude or 'rts direclion

firne. 8

these

loacJg

are

,-

repea_dt

Pushinq

3
, ,)
pulltna
('

:l

ia),.-.ahr
ir

: ,

I '
loacl

JPPlr,"i

lirrrl

4 ;l

'--+ .t

P
F

,l

-: ':

rsed

Faliguc
-l toact5 I$!
( onty drrctiio, ,tjb,
tknges)

ri

i)t't

Ii

;l

/ tttt[i'

-".iJ
i---+ I to

--<J-

:i,!

'(. nllu.'in4ir',
r J

ttonf

. -'
-----/
n'n*l:"'.irLigt*.loaf:

.
i
,*" .'!- e
il'-rY,ifJ!
.. .
' '{'- :-inv')

...r.,'.,. ' . '.' '.

..
ii

-=--

t
'i
(d) r\ttprnate

'

t*<ica'i',
, a:i,,
i to^,:,,'n,o,'
l-+pt,)-p
--*l aro :
v;tryrr,3)

Fahgue

d-lr

"SPnu.n

---:,

s;',t:'
A

i.'t1ev1tsl.i1" Crivon

tl

j,)T,7>73> T,t
-t

0t
)l
/_/

lt:
.

.f'

rro
s.cfrapi;1i,9 {,orn
Js{
'g..l.fo'lV"'th '

o
"-'2\r\i'r' t,
"N(NriNr<N
?or''rrdazeloperl

''

9eal..

i.nfCcngina P=fa; =ccnstaDtI

i.,

corrsfa#

i_1..-.....--..-..-.--_

ro'
[." ,: l+- 'or

Lo&t.,

- (ortsL
\;.,

':i'

',

tr\
P

l-.

((!Y

x-+ EL=tooMb l

Y-*
the
.:-

E.L

--

Hryhern

conducbecJ

AFter test
---r

E.L

=2cr,tq,ea

tn"

Crna

-+ n.
"lM

(:

t.:

IooMPa -+

S-2ooMhr--r

Infi'rrite,t,fu
-:'

0:r:

'

Jnfinite

.,LiFe

life

;uDder CornpleLely
ra/e@d

stress

oitrl'be dra*en'

t:.:'.1:4:9i:.aa-Wffii:ai5r;!erJ";:?v..t.W=Xta;y.S*Zav*SF3?a:!aqzi-

(,?

6J

!:rffi";yifffir:r,Iarett:l*:a.+.

F^

tr

DArA

E.T---

--r

E.L*-+ L---\tr'L-+
LrJlq
fr-fs,T-;]
r--11--l

:_

@
T
@

ti) Normal

ii')shed!

1ey

log,oN-+
ro9roN_+

N,r.t direction of load

E,L

Loadl- -rr
-Lr to the lare
load

:-

'r

)- @

r]gr

arlrnq tl ro

{hc obrq.f

* ih*r,

Losr/
rs acltocl_l
-oq",r

;[o,rzootat

, r-,o,,.

lc-,

Tri.l,

d!:::i;;ii.:;r^,,;1r-].
rtdotf
t

zlacl Ar' t'd

''
xzl'irn: <.
11
/(
to,n,n r^ .;. Verhral
:l
it
dYti
"in- l,l
l (r''
'
t
-- t
"'
iul, t,trtjri*(ttndiori.t
=, a,'=:11\--:ftj-I^u
pianc-

l,trtf
:

)- e

to the fare.

Lccrcl ,5

('"1

';',.o'o

--frrz{?$+;r
,/-L^#)'

_l_ -

()tiodlhccrnhcrd

)-@

)-e

(_x_+ horl76p16f
cenhordat axre

((::,:^:n,
(
u.tVerhcol

p.r_ y_y_*
verhcal

)'e

ProFire ptaner-

).@
)r@

_ro;;;,";;"
z-z-->;;;J.;, r,.,hrrh ,s
crosE*serhon

)-

I'

JA

..,',''i,

',',,'

ln fo the

plar-re

ol

or

'or

'

J@

flane o[. {-s.tho,:,

knboid

.".
[ongitudi6]

j@

axiS

-'

fenhordal axes uibich are

in
the piane .9f .x*s1c

Longituctinal

Ig

-fae

(G}

)6
)@
P,
i
]@
-iep511"
A*al
<J*
)@

lr

Load
.i

.1_*._

,1?z

load5

Ect..Axidl
Tensile Load

,.',.,.i

t{-re Fate

Shcar loar]

ll to the

8 fr
fo th"Jongihlrru
K-Sodjoo

'iv

, ;

P, ,P, )

l[l

P5

-1

.tv\
f5L TsL
{+
(Verhtai R) (HoR rsg

Shear loacls.

'!

\
vt

Ecc

I5L
-4

(enlror(l lor

\
t
-t
$

iI

-,i

1
:J
-.i

v
LOAD

LoNq . Axt5

FACE/ x- s/c

-i

-Jl

Axial load

along

the

_lI

long,axl5

Ecc. Axlal

loacj

-[r:

Parallel

:., ;-- . .. .

,...

,:....,....

lo the long axis

j.1r ,$ ,paaelrg .throUgh fie

-i
,

.lr

.rI

_ _ long. axis
to ihe

ECC. T5L

llel

./

1ong.0xi5

1r(8uaroay

fmm

the

long.

axl.5

-l

Jr

ina

-ll

plane rphich
longifudinat
along the
axis

,5

a )lane:,"cDhich

rs

dcb

tt
il

_*y(

.-'d
-.*
ri#

lq
.-"6i

"-)

-->

(B
/J.

(,

Lonqlfudinal AXI6

of

member AB

'7e>
-'-/
/
{

_\i

l-or DC--r Axial lensrle load.

BC--r
AB

--

TS

L
s

Ecc..

Axial

(ornpressivr

bis

I
I

i
.L;-1

..

ri

'rf,??i:r..:i lf.r)5 rlt LO.V

(,': = Of;

Sheartoad (tS,L)
lEnEile Load.

Plrnig,.ti,b

6n.r.r_)

,. ..':-..,.

lingle

*>

:,. _- 1_'. .'. .,'t..O.

Jo ln t-

_Riveted

L'4,, ,h.

are arragged in Slngle

rot_,.

w->tsL

t+

)B

qtors.n,

B,earn is defiped os

sutryc{rc/

to

-a"'s6161sp.1

mernben

Tiansyerse Shear load

"

-5
j
-"t
Column is defi"ned aq the verhral sbuctu ra I
Glumnl-

si"tbjectbd

b an axiai. compreesive

mernben

:)

{oad.

:)

j
rFqI

\.

cl
q;

I'r

el

I r ,(ol$r
..1

,tt

. I )t'c l\!
I

n,

./

t/
l(

lR-e

t'

'l

I
j
I

^-@,

'n/

Cross-eflhon
. :-

.Yi

of t he shofh

,I

t-r
Fg

EI

EI ?
-t
I

fii

,
,

Q;t

T5L

6i

A.C.L

Ei

T5L

v
v
V

Shaft
Ecc.

fil
et
diitl

-J

dl

T5L
H:I

ci
el

:ibl

',bl
,*l
AI
\

el
-.t

v
I
I
,
I
t
,t

I
,

!r -r,
l:,t_

:<

a
F(
P7

l-^\

:lY\

hl
rr
:
"&t'

-t,

lre

lr(
;(

11

-#..
t;!:..i{.1

ff

rB

Bending

r@

ie
@

Coupte:-

Eyudt,ll Eqp bod

,t,

bu/e

Ttr:istfng Couple -

16tt

6
@
@
6
si,
@
irs
E

P,

Magnrtude

C, =

Pa Ii,

CWclrrection]

Ir to

t
I

L^=(t=Pa.

VP

.6'
@

,a

s
=.'@

_e

-@&

e2-

Qb t in anti cW df

lv pJ

@
@
@

'e

@,

'@
-@
@

,@

e
ic

uz-

q = Rctr

ln

.I

Acw dirn 1r,Hg)

t@
1,..,

e.

From

P.P

|f:,,,,

it is

R H.s

clo&tpise

dI

*r}

..
- -----+\^Oututzrd

(.r

=('
= I.d
'Y-Ls

& --+

- 6
ts

rnu.rard - G
-

Ii" HP ACWdiroJ
I

.t

r ,,

.I

l-..

lr

sr=i_
T

r:-:
v::;

',:
., T.

.;

--:

v:.-'.

. (y#= c, = J-.d,-,

Ii" H.P ctv

t-

Bending[ouple
A couqfe r's.sard to. be

i
,i

'

along

the

i.

-'

dir"l
J

'3,

bending couple' .urhen piaoe of "the

longitudinal .axl's of .#ie. membgr. . .
'l

'.'

r
when ptane
of/'

,t
the

. OA. ,

.l

"'

ts.

,\U

..,.a:'.,

..1

- ,

couple, ,is : :;
-'

..'. '' .

{j
f:

is 1r to the prane of cross- sefbn

;
oR_
U
When couple is u,h{ about a cenhoiclal
axis rrrhrcl, ,, in thel
- -/t"is usd
t x- sechbn .(rg X g y-axis)
jetermrnlv,
JT
fro,i l,^ tr
J
Norrnal shesse| ( Normal Load
f- (>
)
couple

Eri

tvvv

d tr"uistrng couple urhen plane

1r to 'the longrtudrnal ax,s oF the member

"+

th;
'

When plane of

.:

coupre

j,

ORt-

lt to the piunu

,*:,9'!
.. .,.,,-ra;,
i..*,:,,.;:.i-.,,,r1!9
;: .i j:!..i.::
,;|,.1.r, ,rl;,-',.i.;,.,.i.,,:1;,1-.-,.1
,r .
$'.l,,1
:alra
i:,..,i;:.-,ri,,4i:::i.

couple

ri

,q(_
t.':

fr
\:-

of X-sqhbn

q_

,,

Li

e
.)

t-

,J
@

plane of X- sechon

i-e longitudirnl

J,

@
@

.(

Tu:isbing Couple--+ is ach.ng atong

a
@

the potar plane (i.e in the

Z.direchon)

t,

We

e
@

1ry

Sheor Shesses ( Sneor lood)

or polar axis)

take polar rnornenb of inerha (L)

Obligue flane:-

A rnember
of couple
When

the

iE

is

to

subjeclnd

bofh bendinrt
8
J

to the longitudinal

inclrned

:a

couple is arh'ng
75Y lHorrzontdl

[r-

'

in d '

trr-,istrng (ouple

axis

*'

'

the tpha; p la

the lnembe

pM]

obtigue

plane).

X,\

,q

@'

e
@

xz

IVerhcal plooc)

@
l

*l

'*l

(Mo)^

= Cx :6os9

I
I

-,

I
I
I

.
,l

-:.'

- l.
*l
I

,-l"l

[Mu)* = Cy'=

gcosQ

e."
':'.:.'
@

e
I

-1
I

@
@

@
I

@
1

ted

I
It. @

-'
.:::

::j5*=nY

by arc of circle

r,

?uc

Bending

member

irs

:..

13

sail to

be

urnder

and opposife couplee

in
( Bend

ing

pure bendrog

a plane a/ong fhe

touples)

uuhen

.it is subiecLd to

longiLudinal axrt

-6

turc egual x*

of the mernbo. *
v_..i

;A rnem ber is sa,d

bo be uncler pure torslbn when it iE subjected hl
buo egual E opp
couples in a plane
t-r to thq longibudinal
axis of the l"ru.
/. -b." (^r,*ishng
rcuptes)
Pure lorgigp

j.:

.ft

':'

l.trtoyptq

{oimed"by
,l
too egua/, parailel &

Bending couple faloryo.iith Z-

opposite

axtt)

t,:.

(''
(Y

(/>

Pure Bending (N =ronrb 8 s.F

M*-, = Mx = Px

F:

_d

dt
Shear force in

a)

-Lr to

the

\i>
't:

I Px cD]

f.-

rt

ti-

Nofialions

{.:

{
ub :

Yro<

l-xx -

6:
'1^

Mx
Z*^.

I xx
Ymax.

.-i

is

6xis

t1.

{orrc is thae ohich

CD

is lero.,

pure'bendrry

No

a de
-4It=.
'dlz

1.-'

Normal

Stress

+ Shear ,,

Ia3 \
; 32

-"

ieE=t{g,ffi;F.=EF1r:i1yAifff;.!-5r*::,a

t::

Er

\EJ
f2.

:r.g.i.q-=r-t:I-r',

'a
@

-----.--_-----

k-

,@
@

=Pxa

e
B

T.j4=zso

e
e

AL = zero
5.1.

5FD

1 L[,

M.= M =PxCD

e
@
I

Bi'4D

,'/

If./

r)

, :@
-@

lrl

.5 igo[atvenhon -)-ve
M

@
-g

a
aTnunil. -

f^".._--_.rEW

.@
*@
_@
-@

/afW=t=PxcDI

[*,
AC
l*_--r___--?
I

Pure

Magnrtude T-*-*.=

r = pxcD

outrpam

...r
tl

..

'll6l
@
.r

15 :

@
,

-r

=Mr-z*'

=+

'i

"rl!L:ff.

6'b

| @

Zn=

L, =

dzzJfuarrrx'rygntofrne*ia

J
R

---**

"-----"

Iorsion

A.L = zerc>

t
!l

=tgSJ

(u

rm

='cDi

65

-R

Parameter

I,c

Long. Axis
Plane

T.C

Slong

lr

-lr

tt

of x-slc

(1

Lli:

a:P

-- !:

'.:

Cenhordal Axis

lies in
p'tane

the

.lies' in the
plane of Z:cenfroaa!

'o{ x trYcenhodai

dxr5

oxJg

kpreoerrbah-pn

EXa

6r

shss6,sg

arl

oI

of

=S ,,
/-x^

Mv

.Zy

:'J't
.:
v:

'

t
0r( of^elltpse ;
^

cirtteg

Tt
.

5tmr1ls5(.1'l

= 14. o.
L..

.Z?

f':

{.

Eguivalent Loads
under

\-;

Yarious loads:-

f1l

[i) n^ial loods:-

rq!+

tu-

' "(,:-'
{=-E&._
L-r
\i*

L-.

'_
@

g': It
AE

r:

wiv

'o
Eccentnt

.@

'Axral
Load

i-

dinal Axis

Loogitt

Applied load

Reachon

,.@

rFx

T=dtz

@
@

(i) &hrrnination
or renbroid oF piarre oF.
fn caEe ol

e
@

uiop =oh

1g*'4--

F+^',
Mx=P.e

x_

(
Reoction

unstlrnm etrical

obiects

&y

I
i

A;tAlt-.-

@
@
@

axts

tn

@
@
@

*l

.taenhicrty:-

Ir dstarrc b/w LOA 6{-

e
l@

frog Slorytldrol

axts.

'-t
-l

ie

Shear

lo

=i.

Pt

@..

1-9

lo
lc
'l

r
',O

Case

Pz:.,

+'l!lx : -.p:A =,Lonit: '

of Muthple Loading

. .'. Use Principle oi

Superposihon

,o
I

ro
I

Ii+"

t1) Consider only

ATf
P74
@ 0'p =o; =

,' .' -.,, -'

( g.M uri$

forrc+
.. ..,.:..2
^

"

CW ,i,-rd)'

zero

1
(li) (onside rin o
J

tensioo

BM

it

is

at

we

'-6

:-

-,*
duc

--&
v-

to comyessno

],

-.lf

'

sBott

:!
I

:.

''\l-A

.-

g:B
:

t
t

Orru^

orop

gutfB

.q.

_;

s-rnax =

+ ,M^,
Lx*.

f**
Zu= :_.-.Y-r*.

(!)
e,,

!"bdo

D.

6:

d12

?.e

r,,/y*r*
=

hd'

e;'

*z,x

{T

frrl

= Tvy

L;;

Yrnu^

ul

For

obiechve gueshons

__->

:,;&t=9b4li.9}rb.

{rif

t::'

. l{z

db'

{.
'trr-

E.:
\:v

Y.*

t."
\-

Q.t=

o
-q+ou

= -2a+3o

e
&

CR=CrrBx =:-Cn-A6

t:2o-39

:-50

g:

.l

i'

qE

\.

io sOM, m0g.

ist

being
'!.
'::.j

roniijlgd
., i I

':. : r'.:;
..:-.;...i,.:;

nob,

the ;

&,
w

r' .,
.,.J
:r.
".r.'1"'
-:..r.. ;,,:2r --

-::_-i_j-;-re1r'--.

Loads

Under TSLi

J ,/n

Vefical T5L [ iinrc itis arhng fn

y
yerlial ccnhoidal
axts)

66b

q =& = P
P8?,2

makeg

couple

'Ab'1
.:

"t

Pr +
Shear forre

is

I M, -. Px
:.-..' .

(Varrable B,M) Ccw)

_:.

:Q * Mr=0

=L') Mr=PL i
P = consL.

I ircn by'[=
!-J

const.. 5F

Bending Momrnt
5.F uaies with lhe

ts,M

-:At F;cd end

-.!

9U

.1.

-1

1
I

1'
I

-l
I

.I
t

badinaJ

.Diagrams{I

used to

Idenbfy the

'r

crih?o

X- sechq6
T
I

1.
i

tte oitsol

X: s/c

"1

'I

is

in the

rnembqr

lgr

-rE

(ro)

Mt
Zro

t4r

M*

ad3lof atz

L*f y*a*

f.f

--

v(i

TA
dA

T
dlz

v.'.";

I [-

dl2

vjj

4t
r:ri

-3

vit

pz

"rr-t
bl2 q2
$

l, Jn thig
,

r-i,

couple

is

ochrg

InLroduce p, = pz = p
P

in

horizontal ' plane

or

oipng

the

Y- axts

ii
:

I * My lin H.PJ @-w)

fi:

Pz

lr-:.f..,

frx

tt

.5,F.f

(-i

rs
\::;

o-p

My

My

Zy(

lw

lYrnax

lvla= pL

b !i;h,ut
!l+:EguivalenL

'

..Fird errd,, : , :-

,. .: *l . -. 1. . ..:...,..; ,.

Loads Under Ecc.

TSL

:I

r!

ioo'
-Ir = blz
Yrra^

t;
le

BL---+

*acret,

l*

16L

le
l@
le
le
le

Pr=P

tntpduce

PSpz+M2 -?..e, =IM

=consb.

f,.,.=P = TSL (Hon'zonta)

I
L+ variabte

ie
i,
I

.:

ie

ie
ie

B.M

8 d conEt" S,F

1e

ie
i

FB

ie

tL

1= pe'(A,cw

,3

l'g
. GBi

tn p.p ttns)

J
-rPt='P fflorironlatT5t.J

#s
w

e
e
e
e

P8

Pr

h=

+Hv = Pr

(a

s. F

o
,,

'3'.

o
3

c
e

o'
o
a

a*E os leverf

= P,a
.6r=p
TM

\*^ =

P,

Variabte B.|4)

I
f;
s
s

-t

EI
!9

-t

g
g

-t

i!
JF

:t

.1r

H
il

:I

:l

Lt
VE

Crilical et:d-+ Fixd End

fl:l

:l
T

SFD

iI

II

:l

l,l

'-i

.t

B,M=Pr-

.,

'

.j

{
{
I

I
I

I to.
t,

lrr,ds

I
I
t
I

.'

!
it'
I
I

.hE,
t

f.-:'.
\
v

AL

JP

U,

)4
t..

EAL

rP

---j-.

(onst pe

--:'

rlz

T5L

consb P

'a,=

, ' : :.',

--..1..

':--

..t

/.

!:_

Ecc

rft-

consb P

\6_

Vartable
(Max -- pl'l
,,/

'-

_(lu.u.Bunatno)

two

Eta{

Fnallel,

r
i!

;,1.!

EAL

*,

:
jPa

@nsf

const

r-

(e

")

r?:\

etg:J

@-

w
i:

iv

@t,

&-

Iuo ogual, llel

kro

opp

const = Pa

Ecc. TSL

1 7o--

(Pure Torsi6)

ABCD

AB, Bc ,

as slnwn

in

the f,g. d,4,ermine various 1oadg

CD

A.L

s.F

:P

Axial

= r/zp

'r'-q =

qnsb (px0Q

--=--91

cb =y* Bend,T-

T.t{

+P

% =f

B.M

fl,

'

Shtr Tvosfing-6s9

F-

F,;5.gr.=T.:t:..|114q-"T|.T..a':-!3:,:??.e={f;.'7.17'.#j?.:;.=1:]::']]ajIYIja;ffi:?:-i],r

a)

,A

2a

u--l--:$

.P

q. bads

TSL(Vertia)

, , tF.'

AL

tuT*"
DC

':l 'l

BC
I

Eaenhic . A.rL

" B,l'1 . ' ''

t,

..,

,'

,l

:j

@nst

EP

iaht{

Varioble{Pxa)

o'

Erbb*e+t@

.AB

Tlr1

,.

'

...)^
-. .-

Variable

coffiI

ao

lexF)'

r \.

ii)v/\t'']
(r
E.T.5 L (e

o)

E.T.5.L

(e=a)

(:

. Q. uaas

AL

Dc

5F

roost P

rM

8.M

Q;'

Yarabk

Gtix rxcol
r|

(r xa)
-

BC

r-:

\:r _

'i'.

tr_
@_
@

ronst,p

w
Varlabk
w

0h, the loaiirg ds shorrrn

in the

6ig, dderrnrne

varibus loack ochng

on rod 4f**

111-_
/

lf

same foneS
actsin diff.
pta
Then take

the

resuflanl5

Pythagoras

Theorern
':'

!
Eguivalenl
(t) Under

Loods

p:.-

Eq. hads

-A..L,

:"' 8.r4" '-:''T.F1

lerrer

OO

(n.r.l)
Rod

(T.s.t-)

jPa

Max,

Lue166t^11
b
'

'r..ra.:

''
Lever

(rsg

2Qa
=\pa

Q=ZP

Rod

(r'a

I r)

{u=4'

Q=?p
tl

.,

Q.e
=4Pa

(H0 [ acw)

:'J

T'

l*q
I Under P8q

A.L
P

I
Lever
III *"'
I

s.F
2P

f noa
I

2P

i
I
I

-6

B.M
')" t
qpA

rM
rrlr;

Hp)

_.1$

ts
1,pa_3pa
= pa

-@

(Acw)
HP

_;e

-r:i
<=

lrP

Ii

A.t- '

:'

s'F

8;M

'oi

: ir.M

.U
aE shoCIn m 1l,re frg. ti"tu,nine
varioLl roads achry
^ossernbly
on gear :'*n
g
footh shaft.

.U;l

t'lt.::t

lV=Fr=Fssin6

q,T

'-FN

q,

.Y

(:'
tf

i/\d=
l,/k-

:i-*
.0rt,ry
i-'u

y .-=+ x_ slc
of
IFR
J','

straft

A
\a

fD

r+;i.

,lt
@

H:-

Qurvalent loads under

A.L

5.F

11>

T.M

B.M

@
varlable

q,r( rsL)

F1(tonst)

I H.P)

shafb I ra.rsl)

f-t (ronst)

&"9

Variable

Fsx

R(ons)

Max-r Frx L
[H.e)

-@

Fixh (max)

Urrrffit

Lorr

T (A:C,'

tts

under

,y

:-

-h

.J

a
?

shart

I rsl)

'o
FR

variabte

(xg

tv,e;

a
w
@

%o.* =t*

a
g

- o

-c:
a
-

-o
c

-=lB
irr::.

=-%1tu)*,

b)BLL

Max Srress-*

CrihcJl --r

c8
g

=QIf

.*J

@'

-,o

gr_.i

a)Ag

-:e)
TJ

[#,"
!r

L Kdz
.:.:r1r

#]

adt

-.-..--

dtz.

olra'

ed .. 8L t6
*. " 66P.

Q)For

the loadirl

Stregs

developed

as shourn in
ab

the'

the fig, d*ernine trrhrdr ol $C 'fullouring repraents. the

'bottorn

fibras

-E

? --i;

t00

sY.l:'
:;

{'.:

,:

,g

L'.::
.*-r.

t-'

t;,
(.,

\-.

{r

frBorropr

:-,

= -0n f o-g

: -P

MU

A'ztx

>-

P.ex5o
e"

. (r'

F
;
V-'
F--:a

KT:

-.,..i

rt

@ Qr)tu6
e
e
e

F-7r

,,*_42-___)^<__Ll)_____)

'7'lg-

'A-

rE;"@

asofuH

= o-A-o-g

e
@

Orop

= 0mar = on t

(c-rur)*,

frB

= s-n tu-g '='-.'l

f t

..y*
$

@.=p*.pe

b,d bt/2\;
2
"=' ip' '- p.d1t,,
""" 1d-''" 'b-a7z.l
'

&

i" "

rqp

e'

. I"-

2!-6?

@
@
@

Q)fupeat the

abve

ie

tnembers

t.v

o| lhe mfddle

fueshon For, .the. Fnax

shess

orop

dl4 =e

.r

axis

'.';'.:'..', -'.'... '. ,',.:, .:.':-'

211

= fx;t

ymax

omax =cqlcg

= aJ,
t2

,-e'

;:;.

fhe longitudina I

',@

rs along

in the first 8 th,rd

qh ro-g

agorron

:t:1.,

induted

meffiber.

le

_o
_e

AP

.bd

if the ijne of achbn of the loacj

lc
,lj@e...'........

-a

=''

bd'T;

d/z
0-A

t trg

ip

P.e

!.dt
P.

{ *' g j

7t" ;;'

= b{2 7/
-'a

lz^il
6'

*t
H
a

PJP

Mr

zbd

ix

.:

:J
q

.A

IL

rl
r-1

Zbd

:i

:i
il
:.1

$ oro, the
,jii Porn IA'
,:i
,.1

loa<i tng

,.

AE

sh ourn
:

..

'

in the fig.
''7':

'j

' rl'

detter rnlne
:':l

mal

Io

..

f"K:+?

ii
5
H

J
:I

:l

1
1

tP'
--!l

1
t

1.

oa

r%

',
I{

__-__J

lt

II

+-j . L-r-:-:-:j; {.

...: -f'il

ii

rE+=
lllTsr-

qA- aq

J
,t

1..
.it. -.
..
J

f*h:t*
lYlzl@

d
it

indurcd ab

,"nC shesg

-1--+'--x

(
{,

y yrnax

=d
l+-za+l
A!A
fiR=sR

,,-i

DisLarue rneaSurecl

driS

from

to the s^hrng

cenhoidal

*ibr

t
c=

%nax

= %t(.s)yy

Zyy

(v

= Ivr

(:

Y.nu^

\.

. #tzp)rrrrf

.=I

*u'

6l

c,l

'i
=

Q''

Jiat 'ttt(L-a)
-7.tr,il'"

u*,[r+'P/

,.@

i@

1w

B
l@

all.) n-tf

Workbool<

is
:

,*S
\$z
@
E.$

= +t-P-- Mu
A .7.

.-

l L
- Ja'x
j

.@

Sf

rensite)

e
'@
o

Q) Dehrrnine

the

frgure

only

the rnax. value of ea-entrkthl" for the shorb column as shotpn

such

that

alt

(ornpresoiye shesseo

the

fibres

ol the

colurnn 'dre su bjectpd

.,p

Ifonlrcgtly

@,
@

rr-

tro

.rnm.value..

,'
.f>'.(l

rnax

.--_c)lz

=-t-ntlqlrl

can be-ye

9'

.//,

+\/l9

c
e"
,-.

coRE/

KERNEL

N-

oFA I*

5/c

irfe)$

.]9,tutmn are rnadi of

cr8ntUe
[4oterials

_]sr.rng

inrornp.

weahrn tensio4

il{

xt

(c

it

ildl

= P. (const) =
A\'/6Jt

a
qP

-q
E

$
I

[rr)n =

:1

Mvv
7

ndt3t

CYY

-:

32?e

Pe

xdJ

it
1

o;:

il
:i

-o-A

(ro)ry

, o +[%)", :

rA.

ve

-+

(q)n (

u-n.

'

('r

'

r"

-rn t(ra)yr < o

t.

t-

(Y
-

e B%- 1 d_r.
y'd, Tr
',-i

IU

..(\-Y.

L
t6"
\

t4aifyiog ihe above

gueshbn

' strh that

Urere is no tensile

slress

'

indud in
a-

rl.

e(-{
,,FB

ttf

.:-

colurn'6

q.
.

'1

,(}h

qi:"

@
@

@
A

E'f

ll'

,,@

[ore
,@
@

or l(ernel

X- stc represents the porhbn

withtn r-phich tte

{fie

induced i"n

oF

should

loarl

on

i.e

colurnn

rompraslve , shesses

ly)

of

the

1?,

x-s/c

of o rolurnn

ach su(h EhaF there is no tenslle shzu

oll

o{ +he fiures oI rolumn are

sub;erfed

@
A

9{3.

Ford solid, circular

... : ::

.,

'-,

@
@

'

circular

The

,. X-slc colurnn ,.., the'shape of the

of *haF cor

area

':'

Ihe

maxim

urn

@
@

-'I

yalus of ercenhicibv
-/

l4iddle

rs

Rule

:.. @}.-

@
@
Y

oior

= ornaf

-(h - (%)r* '= -VC

dlz

''x

e
i""''

2
,

,,.!h9rnbu5,

jra

b";#.=]% n,(o;)r,,

rrraah rute

b/2
'J7

o
D
\

..@ :'.

!,

b/z

-'
ri;

r's

also a

of thl acfual

times

,6

:-

{th

is

core

given oy

.Fo

:E

[so)-,

-1s,

M*l

<-:l

Z**

il

'-7

T
Lxx - Jx{

bd.

rmax

-.,,

= *nal
lL

3
/-.t

:.

,
j

dlt
,\

fr.:
I

= bd'
6,

*ti

'+ lF lrne of

oc

is on

hon

the

r-dxrs.

(:;

(u-a)

iV',

l"lvv

Z,\

P.e

7q,

&r=

q*+,

=fi(sa)
ac

t tol

716
,-[

Mitdle nle

alz

-xf
I

dlz

4,= ,)l

1
:

ls
t

I
i

Ac=frtal

-il[
P.e

a;=

f=

)P

\-1

aa
a,

<, 3

6 (a,_a,1

ttfr- x')

,)
l- K t1
t.,

where

K =-d
D

-q

'Yira*

z=

=D
z

.i

-A\i,

32. Drl,'or]

a
.....,#
5

v.:,

i\
J*
j

1-

.,'l {

t?

&
Si
'

A:1"

fr
.'c:

[o])rv \< trA

G
6r

l',lrv.

(%

zyT

t:

(:

Pe

,1

,'tt-ttS

t o'(' K:)

(.

ts-

( .:

e=

:
=

#r,rr')

".-

#[,*t*)"]

-.

0.+ dr

ts

dD

fi
g
.Ye
rr-;!

i@

,,!
@

,.@
6

corners

column as slmurn

redangular X-slc

Q)lor the

in fu. Dtermine the

s lress

'711
inidur.J at

Argrc 8 D"
Y

@
B

.o

lor*,
t__#-.--..a.-..
i

61
@

?G^

+[oi,)u

P-+ Ayral

(-cs)rr

6mp Loil

6
6

@::
@

trc

-%

- (o-B).,, + [o?),.*

o-D = -(rA r(%)^* t[o-s)vv

@
@

fimax = rB

e
I

ig

I
I

bd.

1o
l

.1, @

.t,,9*: ,ele,,:,

t'.,'

l-e
3
I

o
3

I
12

(%)n

e
a

P.x

rry/T.r^

e*
---=
P.

r- -r3
uu

Yrrax

P.e*

btt

*o*
,.

[ -r
- ''' L6a*

cma, = nB =F-)

db.

-
qs

0)

=2r<N

b=

-,

loomm

-dE

=!00 rnrn

tr;

x = 50mm

-tr5

y =25rnrn.
?(ij

07i,.=

ll:

2wxtoo

t
j

l(

P-70
. -t

i
l
i

tr^^ = + ,200
tln,

a'

(;

\v=fB00tl*,

AtAre=

qt
(,.

-rn t (ro)yy

(u-o)r^

- tt00 t B@_tL@

t='

vTop-urnax

Q)Workbook

to {oa)r*

t3

T
Ymar =5mm
'l
-*

^*

tv

\'

k---

-2olnr
Y t+u

vgolhn=qlfg)r*

, >l

L:-

fi\
I:;:l

\cf'

&
E

o
@

6
@

%=#

lo00
20xto

06=&:

= 5MPa

P.ev

Zva

"

Ioo0xix 12
qw1,

Zxx.

fler
T
Zya -* rXX
yrnax

{irrax,= otof

oA

=
dq-b),,^
d.

,
J

Vlnax_ B _.t(

sa - 5An!-

6o

t +i*

..

..'
-.

Y.

e
:__g_

-o
-e

*o'
o

-o
-o
-B
q, -..

,j xzox ro3
5

= 3MPa.,

9ooo

-rz=
..

6
6
S

5tress

4
t5*

cy

Defrnition.Stress

is defined as the

trnduced) dL

on

the

inbnsty (magnifude)

'trY
of int"rna I

force clevetopd -

resrsting

against the deformation ;61used clue

po,nt

member.

..
|

II

. R=P

l:l
I

{.-.-.--

I
I

bar

,/'

to

loads

-"i"'

atiog

_:ii

Stgn

-j

Convenhon

/\
-1

@\

tL/l

Total detq tdcer pare tn rtghy,

t-

doe 'l-p fixid.?nd

Nodebrmahofi

It

<---t

uJil, a,so a

normol load.

AFz

srnall

oosg-set]hortal dreo

{:::

Fl

tr..

d.a

v-)F

P (Normat

toad)

t..:

Total IRF

develolrd

at

ts

X-src

Irrfinrte

i9:

m alpoir,ts
6s

!1ljl,'.PtrtayJ.orr.

11

trri:

sarniie.,p1sl;;".,-.bur: apposife:

.r.r-jirechon

'

\,

F, -->

Fn

=>

(.Y

IRF develqted af
varfous

F
t :-\7 ',-,..
loral fr RF
devetoped

pints

on tfie

F = F,tFrt
:=-f

t.

/ offered

Frv

oi/.,,6y

Y- slc

the

E-v

x- s/L,

(:

t:'
H

nn ["'l=E=-...=Fn)
E= F.

(.--

tu

E:

u>)

4;

w-

;:.
,.ri.-

v-

Ft=Fz =

11q'

=F,

,-)

__1__+

Totdl IRF

..

.: '-:-F t;
=

@
@

darclop

x-t/,

df

the

.,,.,

&

Another Definibbn.-

0-

=Lt

AA=O

Pr'urrrr,

ME of ex[. forre
apflied at a
pmf

AF
AA

e
{

@
Shess iE. alcuays

.'.

Limrf

defrnerl
is there

fir a poinf

'1

-,

Asurnphon._

F = Jvda
I

i@
-i
i

i!

-i
-I

js aishrbuterl
uniformly

t,
o-JdA
= s-A

ie)
I

v-A

I a.

iv,

ie

':
Ihey are numerically
Eual.
FnP.'

.-t @.

Le_*-

l@
le
l@

1e

lc
I.

IO

..@
Ft,*

FBD

_? Str6E is
alpays shotoi
ur.r.b forre applied

y
A

FtP{---

Toi ,)---zx
./
t/

.:x
l0a
\

ii
Stress

'

-=)

alrpdvs a variable

:. : .'

depends on

the

cxternal

folre

appl,ed

''

..

,$

dr-L
f
I

Fn = Frnax
-----+ & --------> \-_---^.-,/

t'j;
a:.1.

v
h4ax.

Limrt of fRF

('-:

+
Strengbh

Y,
:

(";

1--

t,

Fracture

K
|;+v

occuts

bUnib of

C
W

5trB55:-

t;:

&.
Ei;_

lPa = I N/mL

e
F-.-

qv

or

tMh = lo6h

!-ind =

100

1gr_-

106

ru

7rz

or

N/rnrnz

= loo x 106 Nl-'

Mh

= loo N/mm2
| 6rPa

lOq

E*, = 2OO

or lol M Pa

Pa

CnPa

= ZaOx tO- N/rnl

:'l
=

kgf/.rt =

0.1

x t03 N/ mml

2oo
M

( ltst

at a port.

itet

L+ alurays

dcts norrnal

to the surfare

I, Hag. of pressure at a poln! in

fhe direrhbns rernains sarne

all

be

I+ uo
measuring devrtes.
( Strain

fr i, a

to
'jiil.
.::;,i-:.,-

...r4 1:r:,:r

can

t!:
:

t. i

be meaSured)'-

tensor gvanl;\

L^
'Y(rf6we can'fu.
".

unhg' daics.

lb

bv
I

meas-

L,

drn to sfrdin, sttes%

are

t>

developed

b/henevef there
Bub

Important
L>

r5

rf the

Points

strain

sharn

there b)i,l not alu:d?b

is

restricted

l-

be shess

t there will be slress

.\

st*un arc deveioped .tphen the shain

de{orm atian is reshched
l]ie?ryahll
Cornplefel,T

ar Nrfially.

Hence

ghaln

the couse of

is

shess

etLher

(,

-(

',W!g..rhu...rttefitmahontf,1..,..:..,,...
'" Z

fl , the stras

th9--Et!L is zb.o. beci

i^-*auset
cieforrnalrn
StrcngE5:- ( Failurr

;..

ltrpg)

-(:

tnduced in

aga,nsr

'

-i

una,

?[. terriOn. , trgt .. .;.

..

v!ti

llbe

'It.iE..delrneda5the]]-u,..;;;;'";i;,o,,.,inu,arnaterroi..un
withstand u:ithout

Fo.a rnaberiai

' ' ta Let t

an

Y'

(o

rr

y failure or fracbure

':

Syr =

ot

:
;

'

= 2oo M Pa ---r rb can

defirm

wttho$ yr.erdinq

Permdnen} deforrnabn

---3

..."

l8l?f{h'--) fb
sheEs

eQna

clod

2cn

Mpa

SJao upa

l'e 5 to)

t.i'>-

^--r No y,etd,ry

(i'" s"9 ---l

No

/ No Wryanent.
defn
;-._

fracture.

g-

*
G

Eoduranrc Limit
',i;,r ,{.,.; n
Foligue .t-oed,r,g

'

:-a,tIia::,a_i.

,,(ondih'oo

6A
\Yzl

@_

Ir

@ Sqalar Quanbrty -------+ only

(zen oder Tenir)

@
@

Yecbor
lualtity
(FireLorder

rensor Quanhty

--------r
Tensor)
------1

18/magnrfude

both rragJ

ft

,g

bag more

direchbn

than

one dirertictn

@
Shess

'l

(r = p l'tatnr ( its direchon) "

@ +lr:l a
.

i;

E Shatn ----+

it

(Ltsdirechr")--l

tt

@r

_@
A
v

gue plane

\9

!r

e Lb A -' A,na of prane oi x- ,t,

praneof out,gue prarp
, d -Area or thet-,#,
e + o is the angle rnade by the oa,,qun
the ptane ofx-glc
il*(O_q}
/

''
o

Pn

=P

Ps =Q

oAt

Ce

A.
A'=
t-

co50.

P"P
AA
(X),:

-o

, =T

-t

Stress

achng on

<f

obfuctrue plane

%=
D-.

-6i'a

pru:lEl

pcos

v(!: ii

tqo_l:o) = pstng

tv

n,)z-z

= Oh :

vf;

L-.-+Str6j

is

d tensor quanhi,
tl

'5
-i

rr
-4:

f*,

r-.

Vl,-r: E :

A'

a'1

Pstn 0

Ps

'Ai,ttwa

1.S

l:"

E:_t

ft = s-sing. coso

v
f-'
v

x3

x.
-/>

Ts

1 .1;

[' srnzo

6v
t!

,.....r--.-:.

B),, u5,.ng

the dbve hrn

eguahbns

tI,) 8

ure con rieterntne rrormal

any obtigue plare passtrg Hr,ryh
a potnt

on
cuhich ts under uni -axla I sbteot sl-res
,f
plarn oF x-{c
is rr**['.
Shrss

shear

slrcss

t4

trcrrnfl shees acling

on

the

vir[::.

l.'
gri:

w;

,frorn '0) S 6U;

ure can Conclude lhat

sfuss

F".,I

,?i
g--?

@,

#,..

1gL

on a plane
the axis of 'an axially loadd rnember.

normal 8 shear shess develop

tphich

inclirred ab an angl

:.

qN

-./fs =

o-cos,g

,e

sin

= ]o.
1\

Wtcll =

(o_cos.:o)

f,o
flane

Plane

of

.,i
Cross-_

slc

fp = J fo-r,l'+

['J

il'

)'

( f4'

: gJl,
,t

Stresq-- VertorQuanhb

*or

@
_

,*

):h'-

)tress ,s a vechr

guanfity r.u.r.t

given plane

but

a giuen point.

., .1

rO

i e gtress Ten191 ,- ,

stressc acting
. No.of
.'a
'. :' -'.' -' {.
.' :. .'-.1'.t
"

-l g. 4' rs use_d to define the state of stress

|:
l@
i

through
\'

"

q rhab

poinb

of

Stress

Represerrtah:on
-

"

urhrch is under

|@'t

[@
[@
H'@

dirn of ,the !oad

,.,i@

: .l

-;1:a;:1?"':na-lffi.=

a giyen p,aDe

it is a tengor guantity af

Srrrss reguires

Forc.

tt^o atphabets because stress i5

1J [t'Y d tensor guantfty.

*--l

I
L-+

rJirecl^;on

\fatr./ xZ

of the load

ptane

-{
v(

-f-

X'fae/ yZ

x'
.j

-a

plane

.a

r
'_."c

--------)

Y',/.,
a

Z'tac.qrr,XY:ptane

Ar =

0-.b

-(

Az = !-.t

1"'.

achrg on tu-l,o muLuallyJr clirnrE

{raphical Repvesenlahbn

'r>

strsg (,.,are go)

Complimentary

,A'

f,
@

vj
a>'

X-face

\i:

6*

t-

Fig- Tri -dxial

Stress

:N ormal
t,

Stress Tensor

potnt

plans

tnsor:-

at

l,ij,* -ill3D

-r_

t-

\t_

Sresses

c*,
Sciirg

'C6

"

t,

F
E

on X- fare.

-jr

Y-Fa,e

{:, *

.-::: :

::

:T ta ; 7

a- :. - :."- -a -a
:

p
@

Lantpl e m e

ntary .,sheor sfrcsges

,@

are

Eual in' magnitude

cry

_@

in 6;rn.

tzx
I

T'

but opp.

Lyx

Lv7

7gs

_r

'Yz

LzY

tn

@'

'

@.,

rn.

Cr.

bi-axial

stress s/rh

,{)
t

/l

I
J

@ dny

one

dre thCIe pmbtems

in

of the mutual perpendrtular

ogumed to be uro

U=7.* = Cq=O

.@

I
,l

dirDrs dre

=
r i.'/-

T*,

Tr, - o

-"

StressEason
+- ,fr-l
ox
e
f
!
=
J2D
lo ata poinb
Iryr'^
in 2D,
ie
L
,@

"'.", '' '.: ".

|,@ ,.=-.-

11
7* t-xy

xl lq

rs l=IiJ;l
le lTr.ol

urhich sfrcsseg athng in

l,-

Y-fae,

o
:

.\
I

.,

tQ,

= c'oct6xse

L yx

,Qx=.='IxY
.:.r,'

",,:t $r;,

anFclahr.,is

q)Which

ol

the follotoing

reprwnts

bi-axia

I staLe ol sfress at a potnt

c)

>H

rv ro

-t\

zM =o

gi

(b)

fH

Ji

=O

zv =o
>M

r9

'!

rj

fo

ZH=o.

,
I

ZV.O
zM

ro

e,

q)

- t .EH=0
'zv'='o
;" j:'

q-

zM

tr{j;
:-!

"ri

:g

:
(

(.

Note
Sy

i-

mm*ry of the

sbess

Linsr

\:i+

is

obtained by uslng rnoment

Euilibrium

'eq,nls.

| .:.'

6
1v
t:i

kr
'(-.
'-)
E

E-

(qy)

.a:

rA

c*r dy

,4r

E
E

#
\r,r

*o
'7

&tt

ZH=O

zv--0

,@
@

ZM :Q

@
@

tL = Frxdy = Cr^dx tdy)

6
@

,0

a.

complemenbry shear
srresses

are

cguar

g opp ir, c,irylhon

3
'@
@

(oNcLusl6N---l --G, I I
= lc*tcrJn
=
T-

j [q -rv ] cos20 + Gr s inz 0

e to.determine (Y l'brrnal
Stress dcting on a.ffi
noffnal I shear
@ sbress acti6t
on

:
?

ilq..

rhr**

a polnb ohich js urrlen Ui-aralstab

of $ress.
:
;
rf

"anY oblrrye

obfgue' ptane pagging

'.

':

.::

passing througb

-.+..j

s&ess ure shouid koow

Stresses

on

po,ht: :u:hth
[o

rnutual

lr

urder b-axier slah

ptaDe

oF

*, passiDg $,,wgh

lhe

point. [i.e

tt Iht

g'
b rh,

, vy, Trr)

Fr

of stress cohponenk in a sfus s Lensor fora

t3Normal shrssa, 6 shear strasesl
no.

no.

of

g6mp.in

sfress

a polnl in 3D

are6

slress

tensor

t 3 Norrnal 81

poflt in

3D are

of shess 0f

? the . no. of

L-'

sbress 'cornpon:,en4
in

are\l
.t

Z.Norrnat

t-

l.'
:2
The no. of
shess

5hear

d
5

stregs

tressesJ

stress

'dt-...a

state of

pornt
:.

Strain

l*

Tensor

is used b. defrne tfie stale of

stroin on thrce
passing throuoh a po,n6

Qr.9

H-"'\
-

[.],

--.

c
?

[Normal Shain)
L-.vt.r,"tg--,r21

..Y,

.(

:..:

Y.,,
2

I
rl

I*,

Yr.

L',
ZI

-T

Y;
T'E

Shear ,5tr4in]

h2

,,zl

mutu?l 1r plan{

T^,

'=- Yr*

T*. = -Yr^ l-1

Complementary

Tr. = -'rn J

-,

Shea
Shains

are egtol in
nEnifude
bubopp.

in clirr)

t:

I
I

1,,,
For br-axral

.h(,

strain

l-

I u**.rJn
Norrnail

shain ori

-bisnal-gEa.-of

5tnln analysis at

;Frn*,,.

.:..:...-..i ....... ..

a poir* is similar b

nornral sfnain

sinzo

a obtgue prane irassing through a poinl

fo gel the shain

analysls
Corr.

j f q Ef cns?n- +

'8

Ens,

SfrAr

normal

'.,.

]. ,,r,,.,,,.

shws analysis

shess

shpqs tns h

hA harf of the shear shain.

"has
b,e

At ?pornf

i.e

to,:-fu reptaced by

rqolacecl

by correspordrno

Types

(i)

of Stressui-

Direrhon of shess
Stresses
I

lr

to

t-

X- slL

No.rnal

StrcsE

vx,cy

rq)

Shear

p oa=tr-=-----1

Axial Strea.l*s

SbWeS

E.A. L

E,A. L

T.S.L

'Iorsronal

''

(rr, (r*)
"\

Sbieair

gStresses

.TsL
E.T5L

i+
t,

E T.5, L
Pure Bcndino

r-T
ts-7

'l

Tensile

(Tr, ,

{,

Direct:lheai

StresE

llel to X-slc

t- t %=ty
Strwsts

A.L

Gvq=

".

hmpressive

Ea.15L 8

Pure 'Tors ioo

Valugs

'-A,

gtK,

'. ...1i.

%rw =3z

5ties5

True

Stress

klual

(_

(
by using irUtantoncous

dhe*io"

detemtned
>

o-r=%[ trEJ
E

= Lf-Lo

1'
tl'.\
[:'

experi

menht ty

A
t-i'

;
*,

= -tve/' ve,L+Gmprerrion

.l

",',

o-1

) rg --)

Under Tensile Loading fondilioos

'lfL.
.

9r=*ve.
(' + >r")
g-r

s-.E.

---)

Under (ornpressive
lnr/ling
L __ _Ve

Conclihions

-E

('.'t,

< LJ

%rr,

xrli

iI-heodtxaly

if ran be' cJeternttneC,i

l

%or, :

D.

I1

-=
Ai

friStantaneous Load

rI

Unkootern

relahons

l
True

Straid-

f-=
( r,),
-{
\-ro
Lor
-,

( er),+ [ eu): r

tL, F L:L, ' -I-

Lz

?,

t
_t._

i
ill

nI

tt!
la

.Lo
.t..1
'+

-(

tt

*1.

: il tr-Jt
'
Il

t.

V/

IL,

D1'n

fr

rrl i\i

l-

':--T-r

'

I ':'
Y

P2
q

Lo

L,,
.Z

AXI,AL

SIRTSS

:-

{.

*J

(
I

'T:

I
I

IP

Y.
\,,

4'f,l l

I rt uj,l b crni{ormly

lfE
-t
\!i

dishibuted
locrd.

(*
C

-.-.._

(t'

t,

a-nr Stress

f-',,

the

is

r,,.rhicfr arc far

Day

q;

;E

q9h *ateml dhrenr- ' e_

@

t,

['
lx

i6
i:
ia
i6

ffi
-+#i
A4:,1.

197

l!._,
(1.

r-

'

, ,:,, ftlJ

,Gn"

tne plane of
J

I
Z.

[omyessive Sl'req

&'Pd

ru
I

loo;"_>l

'

/\

..v

,'

@ .- ., . . _/. ..
@ - Linnrly uuiyinq
-)

@
@

some hbres

tru.orrn*

--* .or-orx$st\,t

'i..
\''

:;Ora,b1 g--,

& *rne are lpnslls

--lr o
CI:aur ten51!s
'
shesse,

@
e

li.
I -'

Suu

thu

direthbn

o'

bending couple

of exl

ltterea

ln

B.M

U.,, plane

ClockuJise drro

Mr
+
I'lornenf

t'

raw oPP

L>are mor elon!?il

Resisbing

11

of

R"sistanre-

9.ne
.. .
' ' .':.'

couple

ri ochry

Di[erence-

Axial

rernal,u cory;tanf

l+ nlt fibres

(orDpression

Stress

rp

ore either
6Y

in

,h

hnsion.

'

t,

Bending
i .

arith

-+O

1.'.

I
'V.',

,,

&_rc cenhoula

dxis u.:here thz

exfernal B.M achr

-'

gome are in

Shrss

ft urilt0at,^rW acl
t. in thts rare
il.e

Some fibres dre in

tension

J'-...:
. '.-1t. . :.. ..

Axis is k/a A
,Neuhal axis

Bercling 6lrcss

l" Lineady y6rieg.

X-axrE.'

corttprpssion
.

1'

'a. ..

AXIAL
x

LOADIN6:_
tag x Mr
l+otg-->| a*

ffrop = (st{-B
VIqP-

C16p=iVg

<-]

<__{
-t

s-l
<_
+-l
<-l
<---:

<-+
<-!
A

x.

'l

qbn

=)

qer=?n

n,

o-aorror',1 =

%lou

'A,

ilir.

vh-tB

f,^"

CAsE

%o.rtont
as

)%

''

L>

-Ve

cf

atl

bercming

% =-q

Bllowtry

In

case

bncJus

of

bns (an be

made

i-

Eu. A L.

Neuhal axig ,urill

'!ith

the

renhoidal

or exheme

--Und-ei

ATL:Er'the" alt ge {ibres

arp sublecEed

subietel

fibres

Ecc.

both tensite,I,

t(

b,

hosile strpsssg

cornptussiye 6heses.

r$

or

Fibres are

...

vr-ce- Versa

\_

(:

C
drs

@_
EL1')

^w
i:l'l'

l{:.-

Direct

Shear

Stress D istrr.bufion :-

'7W
(

rDiratbn oi,

$
tr.tii.t mi

Shearstress

t:e TT
'-;p

Yrofl= d

ibi
EI i^
r-u*

NA

Yq=

Shear Stro:

is

I
I

in

Clir66po,

. ll to the
Plu"

'

'

.l

P8%

Let C
drstanre

lrorn

. 'ilarici,.

{'

I
,

($)

tfie shear shess

-t___+r
der,etoN

,.g

)parabolui

Mx ? pL (,
cw)

= p = sF

ab a

phich is

the @

beated ab

-q
{ -+ Area of X- r/c

A_- h.

Y-'

r,.rhlch

,s lvinn
lying :k^..^.,
abvef beroar the sel,ion
L

[.]_r]

Oisuance oF

{6e ccotmid of

i,

hafd:ed

Y=l+f{a.t,t,' ''':
1

";

,.. ;,,,.,;,,

.,r!|ffi*,:i:'l-,^,,
.:i-.6wew,E4r;;a.xr@

ir.f,,-rd,f,

ah$
ilxup

'
Y

@
,.

i:.

AY-*

First mornenL

of area r..rhich

sal-ron tll..r:.t.
,

Nn

l- .n.

,...

the

NA

b->

gf9ry-b,*

futow

theffi

. ..

.mlrrient,ofr

#ba3

Arp4

is aboye

Ineihl.a oF Hl"
enhre

I In rertangll if,,is rgrrst,

X- slc abart

) Sonelimes it cJ,angerr-b
,uLh the A.

width of x-slc urhere

'T'

k- h-+i

is to be dqtermined

--

(9
(
ed

(Y

*I

By uslng the above egn

Shear

shes

developed

t*w

'aL any point

on

by substiLrrhng correspondrng vElue of

y.

the ..,lungriu,- x-sh d&r*),iiinpl

,:
f

t_

Yt:,

(:

T+

t-

rp

@
rt

f(Y.)

Gi:= i*

'7L
AT N.A

,IE( Z . ayg

G'g

I,

=fJ

&treme Fihes

l
s

, Y= i+ Tr.i = o

Ar*

,5 rero..

'i

NA

-.

Bending Slws

8 Shor Shpal

Dbh,buh'oo

'

e
@

At N.A , 8.5 is zea.

ip-

o
a
.a
1':i:

\)

pO,V,D

Under'Symrnetrical

,.\ A!.NAlr
1)
i.
ln

rase

-u*

N-srcs

( anforU iS

oiu^. ' ;;;O**

of A 8 Tsectiom it

ah N.A.
'\

--l

is not

.;..,

5l'rear

B'

St'es Disuiuution:-

C+

fma. = 31.ny rnore

Tr.,ar,

oF eovg

5oZ rnore

oF (avg

K=!
2

Jn

LoSe

'F6

/ bd
, (ii)Sgua*,.': ..'
Crnax = 3-, p

-. : .

ttir;[ircle
2.^ ;,
..:..,j.,..,..Cmar={-*"':^!.*?,.....

--)

aluaVs

e'
'.clrlciaet"ith*nhorri

'

NA ruill

r': l
' + Jn ra5 oi ,{
be.ar rE
. rrr6y
Irno< u.;rfl
u,rfl be.31
fi

,x fit
q"

5Y

Ihtz

t-

2n
3

tr,

l
*st

hlz

Clu =

-L

J= 5f tgl'- tY)'J
66t L
T^* ) 4I
aY

"+

f,x

f.*
{"

f ^i 'c";

c*=jxra's

A.

ri'

c\.

=a
i,:;;

\=NL

e.

For a'trtangle
Crnax =

i,P-an-

i^

a'-;:

\di

6
u

1It
@
@

l,

@
@

@
@
@

. -a,. :'.= Z

Trnax

,@

J,I

,m,D

Ro

--?

:-D

'2Ri = d

,$
,

Gra,

Gnln

& -d DI-k
Ri

=#

.@

.,

+ *- 3,,
SfRAtN.A body rs sod

due

to

loads

to

stfaird u>hen frE relative

pmihon o* the porhcles
athog on #te mernber.

is cl^nngcd

Stratn

ormal Stmin under

v-r,r

Shearsmin

,,lW'ff^#"

g tongitudinal

c 'r*

gves shain in a

l!,ln
-,-

, i. 1

| :\a.ij-

^:

':
drm.
\

Stmin

ar
Trailre*e

Ivr,v",

Uurrrhny'
Dilatahon
Strain
i

ffiff5$l?iTi:',ii

"..i

Urder T,shape

Y;'J flr'{:,-;

w
,s

tlt

@
,,

,t

Iensile Sl'mln

\S)

Gmpressive

--l

Shain
J,'

Every loogitudinal stnain

totdl 9 Slmins

Jqading

shofhS)

',

is

asaciatecJ

are devetryJ

with

hn tatenl sbalns ,

tn the, rnember ( 3 bryifurlina

t
':

Longihrd/nal

','
lamol strajr,s dr,

.;

lhne under hi-axial

'

g5

laleral

,1

't
I

dluays

opp. in rafure.

a>.

-t Superfrcrat
I

r:
t. ''

Origtnal area

)(r ':

{.'., '
(.

.'.

d
(,

k_r

tso

[:._:.

(-r
(,:-

".'(-.

L[-..

.f^

trZ

- bI -- tnt.

(_
= _4

Ad
do

_
_
,E
,F \d

'7ql

'f = p,AY

le
le

lno'b

f o( 4f

l@
i@

ie

l"
ie

lF

/e
l@
j@

Cd

constanb

AT

L\

l@ 'fn

le

b is

case

(fn rar oi A)
/

(Jn

rase

of CrEtr,)

AY r; rnax d+ NA

symrnehr'ca,l' x?ir/c\.--

',

'" - '

-r'

L b rnax t-uhere AY is tnax.

Jn cose of unsyrnrllltrirrl

X_

slrcs:_

,:

J-@
iar

LD AT is ronsb.

in f* secljen

i, (!,), = -t
T
JNA
[c,),

r#l
1

P IAY
r*L b" J

-
:

Abjunchbn points
9 fuuo sbear {orres exisl
(Cr) ,,u a

1s

(Tx)enog"

tS

dkrals greater than

Ihis is due tosuddent

I(-be ---;

G),

(c,)* = (c^)e

2 junchon

sech'on

r::,

vri;-

At a [S/cor

^*

Co

lu

rnn

-l!i

5 /C

f--1
I

In thrs guat
Afe uc,ptl

Ya,tia

point errsLs

Tma^

-+

l-

At

z junnpt

/Er
ri-r

flanges

/r:1

4i

I I I iunrhon
point_

Ll

6n.

T- Sechon-

)= (G)n

.:

;.

e**

I,:
(."
,:!f

IY

g
Shreesi-

tI

facw

LusJ

.\(-

M2"= T=P.4

L
\
.c.'

frnar

,
&
ta
rig:Reshng

Tur)sting
,ftrN),'
: :;i3r:_it::alj:i i:;

vo ri

LSy
alion of {o4ser{

shear gbregg over

,ttr

&

@
2.

#-_

7e
e
e
@

lf u1=6r= cz --

ttgdroslahd

ma

shress

Butt modulus is usecl to find

Yotumetric Stroin

[gu]

volumehic sfnein

,_-

6\/l

V^

J- tdnnot

Gv=#=q-*t ttz

e
@,

theorih'rall,/

@
,@

@
@

e
@

('i)

@
@

t' -

{i,)
.:

- .1

be deterrnined

an

.',
be dekrrnined ny t'otssoh
^. ls5

rafio,

can be deter:rnis1sfl
6y
Youngs rnodulus

,tir3

!= Lbt -tt)
6v = 60.(bL) r 6b(0r)+ 6r[r"u)-tt)
ey = 6v

5{. + 5h.r
=
(-: b I tr5t
v

1--,.
Z

:i

o,L

_ (t)
'l -

s.-(i),T

(tg

-+

fn

rase

of

pressure vese,j

Spheriral Body;--

'= 3l*' .
6V=

6v=

= xD,)
:+'

6'

[rit6D,

6Y = 3t6D\
t

6/
t..

Shmr Srrain

(.

,- ( y)

J+ is clefined as

f
t.:..

lly-. change

tohth are parailet

in

inifial

rr,9

toX

ht angle b/w

bnro line eleminb

\.-_

\--,;

e*

-t

(;..

s._

'T,

rii

0 -+ shear angle-

f>

ahnotbe --)

(nou.ln thcoriti6ffy.

t:

Y =f

e
@

r'__ri :. : :..a.'Jj::.:i;

::l.i:.::i::=i:ffi:fsffi,s

tang

lf

--+

7q>

rannot be detprrnioed theorihally

Q is srnatl

= P --

fonQ

Q can be

cleterrninecl

theoriliralty

q=

u,:ng

b9

Shear

ronst G

T,

Y-T
l-L

ti

=?

I
J

Y=Q=,

6ra
4 (E,?,

tf'e

l,'---1

,lt
l{

K)

mdtertal

v)

p- i5

..

115 @a be dder.rn r,ecl

\***

etashr

emhnh

Modulus

Moctulus

K--+ Bulk

L>Fordiff.rrahrials,

rp

of e)ubL rulnstrrnts

-- Youngi

Q-+

affi ql3rb,Se -=
il

& isolropic

no.

of

are

RqiOity

Modulus

independenb

ebht

conslant

Ind

Material

llomogenous Mlaterial

tJsorrDP,c

0rthotropic

Anrsotropic

2L

E,C

( No

of

const"

(No of const'

:-

6 said to be homogeoous wben it exhibits Earne

dL any pint .of the matr rai in a girun direhon ' (tie,dagEfa
The material

indeperTdent

of

poirrb.

,/)

properhes

'i
'E)'

>E

,'6r

I
i''

tjr:ii

]::::#

HoMcqENDUg MATERIAL

Ii
(,

.;

(.
r-,:T

Tsotropic Materlal:-

A material is ead tb

qlt

;,

be isotncpr iuten iL exhibits

- r.

H[

50rnc clastrc proper$ffi "s

t.-

(--

iqrryfiggr. ,,9t a
{.:

t,

4-

\:

v
E

&u

U To dade a
@:

rnaterial ---> Iiohopic ---+ J

dimhon
Hornogenou

materia! r's said

prop. at

pnrt)

111-

5_+ Z poinls

to be both hornogernus I

any pln{

at any

drrn. (

is

reguired

isoltopic u:hen

Ebsht PrDperltes Are

tn

e.

-"

it

exhibits

firneefash(

independent oF dirn 8

.,

eltbfic reoion
,t

@
@
@
@

@
@

6-lyery
homogem us : ry7r6r.U,
-

exhibrts direchon

depdnt

are chang* frorn

direchon

Anisotropic
rnaLeri?

. .:...'.-.-

'

C6mpriite

--f

high

rufut

tiat

stru4Lh/
/weig

raho

(rn aerospare
appticahbn

I
.

desiobte pncp can

oblained.

rthohpic

lvlateria

l-

t,.,hen

dirqlions

dt a given

it exhiU;ts

d,fF.

eleosk propthes

irr fhree orLhogonal

poinb.

l
v(,

-(
-*:
L.

'

Orthotrryi.r

Ma&rlal

. (E,6,u,p
L \ {_]f*i = 12 Indepertdent ronshnb \
L; ,i|r',"i!,,", /
(

Eb:- ffy-ood: w?od

4j.

, g1,upi:riJl'L ony b),:ered

t'
I

E = 2q(t+p)

{'

A=
t= F
2

,)ql

K=E

xl l-2tt

l*u
?-):

{r
AU

i{Y

(:'

rf Klo ,+ *ro
+ LL <_l

(-,.

Ir:

i5 rppresgrtioo
,J

u:

ffi
E

Laieral shain
Loo9. slran

3 th.

aretgpp in natuye

r*a

\,,

'lD

Q)

tf

ff

poisson's

rahb

e
e
G

is the

@) o. -{ p.( 1.,
tb) -t (&(

,@

.tl2

G) O \< u.(oo
v.4d) o ( r(
,O*. &

-]q-Ans
L

fli.,er Lrrrnts for K q

in kn;rr9 gf L

(:

t.

@l

6
i

-C

L+

C
e)

_e
e

L_,

e:

I@
T,

rc
1@

;@

. '.

-o
e

-o
c

Vatueg

of Kgq forrnetals m furms olE:--

[meralr
'J = f]oq

i-

t.

_E

--, For mebls. only.

-.,&
Eg

of Elastrc forrbanh:E :- young!, Ylodulus

flastiri! ;
/ Modulus of Elasrti!
Definition

7' usd b detprmine

L)

M,

.+qi

fong. shain

tS

-4

ltooket

lar,

upto

proporhorn

Ljrnit

Normal ShreEs o( Norrrral or

.

Longifurdina, .5hain

.,:

,
,

Norr'nal

5hcs5

= E(

Normal

.or

Longittrdinal

Strai)

Norrnal Stress

'fn

G'Pa

lqng,*inal

Shai.n

'

Sircss-strarnCurye0- 4, ,

_q
(:'PL--+a&6.
r:

' :'

!HooretLau is
valid fX P.L

t1)hrib mderial
r.lplD

.
/l$

')
e
I/:f

EtashL

Lood is

tion
\"--

Engg,Sharn.

:6=6
+

P
P,

a:t

Ao

f,lr

rl

'83

", gg

T
-:'l

'..".i.,

is

P,r-

3 E.L

verq-vervsrnall

.'. t.le an sovw

llme *7e

Itpkc tau l9
vatid for

tr

8e

Uw

&

61

?1

ry

remwcd qu-

(:

it, ,rgrrJifa,_ i.,-

,
ia

claslic (g

tegioo

Qainn

i5 \"

{,

,l-l

5.No

(::'":

_
cE-

4xYibmit, etr
@,

cj,'

eti
EA,
w

@-_
,,.@

U
@

t+f

Is obtairrd by the .tope

E is obtaine

the
EHE = 2N

#r

y5

cu,rve tr:ithirr

the

11,
E. R

bt1

@
@

l_

f+

E c.r = tooQPa

@
&1

Q?a

Ao.

br a glven shess I

pa =

Go.etq?a

Ed

d)

L
L-r

. ror!:.

iei
lc,

,
I

-l@
I

-is
I

r'1Ai-

- i. 6;

...

-ifr
i

/\
" .1"'-.i,

. [.c.(,
\"\/

{i

s
@

L) *.,

tl.g

srorot = 6u,*

=,o

( 6..,);:"
.

+.

6p,n

E"

'\

L /'

,l

-d

(Ero",)

r,

xg

<;;,

.*

Slope

is' less (deforrnahon

iE rnore

ir

L)

-,li

'r'I

t_

:J

{x
rv

Cr1:- ft4uutus of Rigidit',7

t+ s used **'y'

Shear modutus)

t.-

dehrrnine
I

,v
t

f,
@

6"r

F-

t:.
ft:

Shean Shcss

Shain
,.1

',

@
6

Et6

e'
q;

""'

t:

j'?
@

fur a given

ghearn sl^resg

,@

1q1

, Gd iL:

r
!

P.

e
@

,S K(BurrMoouru4;rondr bion

@
s

.'.

' (i'e o^ . q

&

t-

f.*\

--

as

hydroslah'c shess

'd

spherical statelof sh'ess)

Bulk rnodulus.

'

,,

,,

E/

0z = o-) ( arso kno..n

Upto p.L,

l:-s,1; '
F\.
E.j

::':

gtrarn Lrnder
I<

rphere

@
@

l@
l@

_t

-l e

-l @
'l@

': ''rf

1@

o-

-r

(B

'[?:ffi#*'"

r_r

,e-

at

'l;;#>ti.

'''
6--

.,, . :- ., . .,h

yrlrrl

;glpls^e5,'

)t

I@

e'
-a
,o
,e
,
I

"o
F#
I

K:O_
a-

'F}

OV
_Of

6V

t#r

' L*
Jn cas . of rr*npasffu

(* Ydoeg is 0g

fluidt.

-,

Kt +

ev

-)

6V+

'irt)

-{

19,

lF s=1

l2

l*

J:}

Then

K =co:- Gy = 6V = O

-ri
:t),::

Change

in volurne wilt

zero tlvn lhe rnafirr'ol is sarU b be

become

expands nor conhacts in volurne.

neither

-l
.i

l-t(Parsson Raljs) l- =

is ueecl to

Qp"

debermrne

')
- bamf sr.rn I .,
r----_l

f\

ronst.sharn
I

>

u: I-9l.
le*

Opp

tn }]ature

t*t

/"'

PI
14-Lo----?
F--LpG
ti.ra

rr:

In

&/ao
'|

, 6Lfu

tersioo teet

EL+ ron

& cbb but

6cl can't

be

det

1qg
@

o .<rr

@
@

-,

llcopx

Zera

? Ilo.4oh =

(I

O.l

@
@

ExpreEsion

LoaOrng:_.

,e:
s

e
@

e
@

e
@'

o
c
e
li;

dir" )

i.

Change

in

Ir

Volurn

Ie
le
le

. Norrnal

ie;

-.t

l6

.t-

0,5

Sx

ll rubber =

bt

3 mutuall

=+

(ttolmal loacl in

Arnerafs

for 6v under lri-Axral

'-i

Load

,
-

etong- 6y= 0i
E

Clatnral

x,,

= Q=l

Y:1i

-o

E
Y:l

p1ong

\
ri

Cx= ez=

-4si
E

--..
,3,

''lc::

I
i

r:;

6,ong = .ez =

{ -'

...

t'.!

E.

Drruchb n

5 hess

X dtr"

Y dirn'

-@

Y.

>-

dirn

.\*

qi

si

Late ra I

_tt\/

t7-

;
(-'

lun'/z
in Y-direchorr

l,
Lat. inY,drYn

rrrg glnitn .

s"-

'ff
i:':i

14- _

\T:
ie

ii
Ii@

E.- rr
i ["-u(rr ' nnd
-'J =*
L I
6r=Jt
rI-;,UY-ll[0-rr*O,]l=6b
\

i g

ez= Jl o- -u
(n-*.. r'7 - AL Il
..tt (o-r*ttU
=

ex =

i;

,l

r .r, ,*oto{r'ndthechangein
EtrY-u(ot+o.r]=f )r-+::
dirnensions,
I
-r'r'v'|rv'v,Jr

l@

'l

?L

-'- ;1"
---

i;

e
,Gr

i: L ,, \-r )('' ;AJ-a

lv= 6V= ll-zu

I
:1fl|J.

js

Whenaporh-cte

/,

r*,r,

/l

AD

'

(i eu=7) rheri jV=6

Ox

J-r.

.,

UVtun--,,-_

s
e

But.

@ L,
lf

th.

_t
2

unt.axtl!,,

bi-axial 6r.
tri- oxro
I

?oisson's r(rrr(''
rabrb (of

d.materiai is o,s then the

volumehrc
-'.

@ sbrain or change in vorume is zero under any state ol

:
- P Stre5s condirion

;- g@ L: rc fhe

a,
er-,(:', Llru
..-. of ri.iote,bi ;. t*;;a)anlurs, tlien

- C uncler
bi-axial Etri-axial
-e

:
t\.
o

I shess

L>

6v =o

\,vhep

u t) (ie

,iie.ffil.'.,-

Pa,i*oids",ratio.

- @ volumeftic sha,n oiaury" rr rolu.r*-T-eqi[i,l to

' norma

=-l,{herr
U=l

-of r.',i_o"i^t

r ' e-

e,+

+0-y *9. = O

glnraseof F4,s(u<j),u-x-r-u-yrvz=o
vxrvyrvz-'U
r.--Z/

i: e:;, L.g*
-, tn (A5e

'

,,

is equal

_to
tp

orafu.of sheo

o (r.e

, tf

thesurn

qtuy+az) * O

shoubbe

zrro. ,;::;:,
of th<

BAR' IN sERIEs
r

I Compouncl Bars 8

PARATIET

Cornposite

:- Irnp.
Ba.s

-ilg

-6

] :,_

...#

Asurn

ffn=f
A

6a=

rtion'-

L> A*;al bJd shouU be sarne

throughout the nembe r

PL

AE

(urriform x-

Prismahc

stc)

+9i
\a:i:

.'-"!'i
3

made ot

sdme rnolerral

Ji'

'+
.:

.,:

-:.Crihcol Sechon:- throu rq6out

l'
+he rnem bi,r.

ALD

:,AL is ronsh.
B
ri::

L>Prisrnahc
L>

rrnde

ol mrne rnalrriDf

Hteglechng stf - weghb.

I

non-prismahc.

Lrrg.,, caht

be

usd

l.lonTrismdlic

. rnada of cll#. ma&nalE

t:
a.

Axial toad * @Et.

(.1

n-'

(1;:

B-

"

Axial

trgn

loadiDg

,,t'.

TG
E:

Loost,
t!r-.i

cdrr

be osd I';

w
t*

gD%

in seneE if they are joinecl in guth o * u

yt,, r,
![ tii,!!, ;:';)
that one end of the ban is loined to
the other en( of
L>porallel
the bar. The bars are said to be in parollel
if surfarc ol End t9 end connecbi
one bar is
.loineci fo the surface of another ban.
L> serieg
Ser.fes :-

Bars are saH to be

Case

I :-

l+

Ext. Loadf

dent'of

is

O, r-

indeg

A' E.'

,,.1* load is.opplred I]..

'' fiee 9.4'6ti'.'; . " .
Load

=6ga

cB

to each rnernber b

t 6r.

de[orrnal;ons are.
d,ff.

\*.,
-t

L,

{ mem

-t

is given

oill be egui

Mar. def

o oill

rl-

by the any oruhe rorrou,iny;Jff:i_

1
I

.,....;.

qr p.g,O

-(-

drrFr

K*12-9
'

il

Pt=P'

{.= P:[a

.'h.E

ts-..t3--n

Pg'-

P'

6o = ,8la

" Loarl

is s?'ne'

---_--

\ = !1!_ _O

a7--

#-@

trd,'

s-rnax

0-mrn =

gt :

\p

- ri)

^dj

qp

0i)

^d,'
);1-

/'dr

,.O-rnAX

t6)

'0rnirr

'

%u [d,,u*\o-rnin =Q_a, - L A;./

,d

lf

the ltoad is achng free

8 every membet' a re
free, enl,t:;

erd

M ofr
?

lhe lmd actit$ bn' eoch

are e?Ual 6e lod atHrrg ob bhe

a1Lhe- ornpou

ri1

qYol

tl-*Y

ci

*
TJ

(
'ii
.:..-

ro

&L

the cornpound bar a5 shown in Ag t)etermine

ti) Raho oF max. B min shess indurcd in the bar,
(ii) Deformdhon at the lree e,,tC o* fte bor if the cleformahbn
bt
j u nr hbn poirf is 6

9) For

c
@

t+ (B)

6
@

:e

iil) ,

Ex

Sbress

prm

ion for | 1-,a cl i6

r^4 p

of -3ysritsi is a,

,' I flre bo r if the permissi b le

: ..
-:& rics - /th/a,V

5.

q:. '
.-'

'iI

d 6cg

i.@

TEB
'i

, At =h
= Al

J 6cB= 46na.

\l

6
@
@
@

6rn

= 6cel
==4ffi

6pr^

= !+
I
= fs

T-56'

r
..

&)p.r.

.'-'J-...

,1.

-.

....

qP

nd2

d>/
tp

P= SokN ,

fpur =V=lO?l{h.

fi.*
F',

\-d?b

)
dr =d

t5.t3 mm
-g

26mrn

dy =7d = 52 mrn

,!

c'a9e[)

For

the omp,und bar os shown in figure . dererm,l?e

the following
Acting/

.0) Loads

,on

eech .

every: t\1ember,

,.1.

(rL) lYax

/... -Lttt)

loba

cteforrnalion

i8

-t'

6inn
qgg

f.ji

t4P

"-.-

z,

',@

cl

:1

qi;

'

zti

'

ruer load achng

<-----t-

+ve'

u?

C,

-./

Y;

(-)
Rule'-'

Lhe member

.;'.,".'-.-

Neb toacl achng

tc-,i

:'

==vg

./ )

ALD

"'fi

Iounris 'irght

left -

5
B

:J

t:./

.,

5P

r:i.r

I
R=SP

I
t

of fhe bar.
I

Rarr = Rn
:- i.' :. .. .. j:

.;.

t.

F$

_';...:....

:'-

-jP+2P-qP.
Neb load,,

sP [------])

Load

arhrg on the mernber

, l.',

= -5P
=

sP(<-)

*
*:
:
(".:
E
rd-,l:

Pl

?L

=*5P*4P =-P

P3

= *3P (R.n.S)

_ :;:_. I
,i:!

r-.1

6
6
IE

-, ,e

@
@

Load och'ng

on eyery mernber is

Qu

qual,to

load aqh.ng on

fhe;;
pinf of the rnem&r, Hence
method of sechon is
to be
u', applied
urhose b*rr the
'.
ends ape ahng os
. q,:;,:i

@
@

jqnrli on potntts ,'u

0rnax

I
f,}

(".' d, E are goppg

ts

;a.', p i5

:
, t

6_rotal

.-:"

"''"t''-

4+ q f
'll
AEL,

6:

P'',

/)

'

lanP)

747x rhere g_
is also rnax

.,

PrL,

atr]

t,,, l.lE I

sPxL

r ftxll): :1xr],

er}

6)

lOPt

AE

6ro,u,

@
d\
!.-i

"

eij

Q)

6r the compaiod

tapt (,',conhachor;)

xdfE

bar,lasshourn

r3

in

the

for a foq1

.l
'.'

Lqt

,--{<---

qr

tfa

P,=P

f;.,'

P.= p-2f=-P
.{,,:
l'

q= Pr lh

A,

, :

'

';'

.-

(r:.:i,

{^-or'

-#-

-L1P

i:T

xtD)z

xD'

c]

7P
P3- *---

A1

t-v

^z-

tl
^x[3D)

t
(

2B?'. < 4q

^xgDz ^tr

5go

6cA

.'TirX! - .' ,:':2gpt "t'

: 6rst 6ro = 6r+61 :

6oq = 60.+ S.a*

6,?o

?zLz

AzEz

>'

("
/.,:

[:Pxt-) + zBP I
r, 28fL-4xfx2E
z7^D'E
ntrr .l

= 6,+6rfSE

-- 61t 62t 63 =-

4f
A,

Er

26 PL

xiF-e

PXL
E

AD"E

- 26?.L'

\.

2BPL

2t^tL

(,

(-

Pt-

64ro)'*

t-

il

=-rrfl r,
2^FE

't

t'

= ffiu*e

ffi3r-

= 63 = Ar%

.26?L
27

^tL

g*
@

(eronstion)

"h

dB :5c :60

-26Pl

2BPL

ailE

PL

ztxffE

2txt

,+

rhe
@lpoupd 6ar as
-'"- *^'
f-e ,--0 br
,,'.
i , i.].-:'i -+ shgq!:n'in frgure Deterlli,e
,

cornpund

bgr

the rnax road that

tbjte
;
f ,if the perrnrkible shgr;
.;; ;,'he strels alurnillu rn L
copper dre l2o l,ipd
,s
joot{tpa
royrpa
E
t
@rc?i
,

,-.,

_r,oi#rstan

A=300mrnl

R=6p

Z'r

ffi''''r 'Y'

CI

72Cnmnl

L--------+k-

ffi

L__>t<_1__5r

Pz =
p3 =

e)

e
e

brserorrl

Zp.

5p

For safe design

rnember.

% a (vpr,),

{o-per.

D?tz

Az

At

r@

@ 2oo ( 7o.
c f-._
@ IP ( TkNl
@

P.(

For thinC rfiember

: + (roo
oA)

e
,

6kN,

"l

J
= (_{r1

B\ffi

Psqte

= Min

of the

lF these values tr:er \-- \

t,
2kN,2,5kN, t,skN
_Y \

abore values

8
Then

=2kN.

r.g kN
Psafe

. I,q l(N

\6

ra'

*l

CrsunD:- Bar Fixed

al the bot

gndsn

MEMBER

TNDETERMINATE

\l

BAR

fNo.of rxn's >No.of usetul static

' .' e9, eqn's]

[p,
ltept) lnhoouce_
fng on

, {,)J

rxns 9l th" fxed,lndS tn a dirn opp.to th9 dirn of neL load act-,

t -'

(i;
(ti,t

the Tnember.

><

I.)

sv.fl)
5tep)
st"p9

RntRc =P
Stoa,

-O

= 6,t8z =0

Cornpa[bility

En's
Frorn egrr

ArEi
'/

+ Rox#
-t

Rn =

-(-R.)x

ZRc

2V

Qou

re

2R,+Rc

,@

=P ,

Rc=f

(*r)

,@

RA

Il
lr

2R1

i =ff

ln@
l*s

= 2Plt-7 \

rensi:ite)

lQ

"9,

l(

le@
le@a
l

4=

e
-i
.:
ci

2P

Pl

tl

. I

--'--'--:+'

fo'

d8_

o,
I

3xd2

ftt
!
e:?
h
tt
@

w
@

Rebtive movernent
oF the iunchon

B:-

Either

e
:,1

FBD

@
@p

S, ar &

l-'-6,--,
Rn=2/3

@,

&,-'i

,",

'.@..
D.-.'-'
@

e
@

K--6r*-+l

o
tB

G
@

6.:

ffiEffisslEi*a?i.t-

ri;

I-LL
ArEr

= ]Px

Lt3

= #h,. r*u::o^iifi

Tldtqetf,otl:- Jt
r)

vatid rohen

Inhodure the rxn

E
0
./

ls

I a,r, =A,E

rlherre AE -+ Axial
rigidity

_]

Surn)

6=I!

AE

i=l?o l Pr=-R. [Sarne)

QntRc = p [ 0phbnal)
Reachon

at

one

b/w

flxed end

Flexural

u.{
-EI-L

. = [P-o*'*o

Applrecl load 8

roa{ [Dirtur,
anofher fued enaJ

Torsional

Rq=

'

ll tt''r ,lircthon

{'
L

K^
H

iq rcliLT

..'

$ood-+ olrp

-_--l--__.-_
J.'.

tt-re d;.rerlion.6ri

'"

.t

o{ rxn 8. applied.

be)( irS
Lrtt

I
0"( G:r

Dstance b1w fiied ends

t-+

RigiditS

rx,r 8 appliecl load4

"'1--

5arY'o

'L-.H

(Tens'te)

.'-;

(LompresrtcrT

P'*r

*o
1l

Rc=
.e

t) (

j._)

ioL prrallcl conoe(hcrn ,

rnErrriucic

{h E
lhe -

E natt"c o[

deformahon .ousl [.ie

L-

Rc : tf

Theorihra.lIyl
fafal le! connerl - (i
.
ion'd Ue to sma rteformalx-.;.
" " L:''
'
..but rts 'not ti*

"

.-J

rlual

*1r'-P""'';;"!

or

-/?''?)n

Rc = P-Ra
2
J

=f

r*,

h= 3f I

bmp)

f
f

e
(J

e
E
E.
Ei

the ompruod bar as shoton in the igure; cleLerrnire

looc]s achng
in!'?^o )
rnoxirnurn sl"res6 inducnd
in the compun/ ban, relaLlve movernent of the, jq polnbs
For

fl

l@

,^

Eand

l@

C.

le
i

@
@
@
@

'9''

,.tt)

?)

Neb

Pi

=.RA

@
Rp

@
@

B= -RA+2p;

__

P:,=

Pr

.j,

P.

*Rst2P

Pz=

$=Rp=o

=P

@
@

-@
@

'@

-e

7)

Reahve rnoyernenr oF
8.,--

6, @ &rs,

*@

-e
o

= :!!_
A,E,

-a
._G

Relohve rrovemen[

, R,:-- (-Px2)+(2PxL)

---hr'
Re =0

R, on --Ro t2p-p = -R^ld.

t Ro = P -O

}'

_ie

p ri/
tS-__)

(-2P\2g,

load = 2p_ p.

otf

C = 4+&

ol^ &

Rp = o

',\jr

\q

ds

r---?-

-iil-;E
F62r6rt
Q)5ot:-

't
Rp

,.

k--t--->t

A-;:

-L'-)

(!)
ti.

./D

. ll.t

(.,1

."

.(.,

RotR. = P

6,16. =e

6t

-62

P,V

*Rn

fl,(al'xz;

/:
,,_

lxeA'f

c,

RA

Rc

2QA
ei
E.

4,

ru'
u

g0

8"9

R.-z
rn
e Rn + Rc : ?

f
lg
I:
l+
Il* e

l*

R6t2Qp =

'

l@.-.rn

i;

RA=

i'lo

P, =-+
P2

=2P
3

vrnar=ol:

\''
ii.,

I;

_II

3^ar tuomP )

ie
i

i*

Q) For Llre co'npound

bar

as shoron in

fi9.

dehrmin

lhe max skess in clurecl in

le
I

*i1,.@ r,-,...i.. I
!

-l

'l

lq- --+k-

@
I

Stopr)

o
I o
o xstepz)
I
e

_i

pt

=RR

f,2.lF

't

........'....,.,,... ..-.,.r.1., .,.

lry

;---,1a-

g--2j

5s iPr=Rn-P )

p3*=-RD

Rn

t-

-b

6,t6.t6r =0.

:s

) it#r f,rftl-o
t
E

'.r?ii

\
-v

{o

].

ipr
Ai

r ftr

^,

'#,=

f:-..

I
t

r+

e30-* RLt
r zn& :8
2a ' -AH
1n

<rt

l;i'i

r1."

(.-

\Rn*2P=o.

e Rn'= P
z

Y.
t-j

(:-

(*)

t
t_

'i*

[:''

vfnax=q

-!D =
=
ftr42A
P,

-e

(comp)

(
.,,,

1*
\'j

&D*^

= qT @oi

_1

A,

:P
Lx2A

.i

A,.

4.

rdi

r[.
:J

o*

--Relabive rnovernent

6,0
P,

6,

L,

t6,

nA-

eq_

B.

PxL

2x7EA

PL

Qnr

(hwarae righf support)

Bar Elongatrbn:Axial

Load
L>

is

rluivate

nl

to,n' ljars of ctilf

_ i;

Bl;-

@
a-:a

,dra

u-,hirh are

D
I

?,+ ?r+

Ps -,. ?n.
=P
+5n

Maxirnurn stress

indwd
0rna*

-r{ _jo
ltp

qP

^qi

:c

V-max

vl]i

0-rnin
-+--:

.<:-"'(

fr:%
Tl--W--l
J i<--x-j

L---* d,-d.

l*?
&,

dt

d = d.f (d,-d,

=.

'Pd't

i ,

c. .

dloLat

-fl

= I

.'i

r'

'

\?ax

frd'E
.:

ilQt)

rr)
,l

d^'
stnP

r;*t
_i,

.?

.t

nYa'rurdS+l'r

..

dr.ip
{,

:=rrn[tL

(i

\YdL

J@)7,'

\t

6ro,u,

f-

t,
FL-#I

t'

t::,

6ns

= IIL

('
@

tr
@,

&

_
d

Jqd;

+ [6)p.a = ( s),
0onclusion

RsI

j-

lF the cjla of pB
.,^,rrr to
r- the
18 isic egual
:

of an tdenhtal topred

bor

under

dla--s Q.rr (geornehir rnedrr) of the dia g

c

the

sdme.oxial,

T--

ioad.

the

'

'a

.J

2d

I'/,

y7

dr.B =

^{2d)td)E

elongahar

L6ha- (6)ps

x 100

L6) ru

= ,{'r),' (*)
e
@
@

-e
e
a

a'p
B

-B
'9,.i

--4pt

=tOy

ll.ll

<----)

fgircn

or

in the * t,

\pt
4CI,E

r*j)

elongaht

ARs Ir.t

PARALLEL

i1
(-

\H
(-r

CompsiLe Bars

r,

Srutaut'y indebrminai -Member'

s-

tu

Tqbe

"A
tr-i

Ul

**
suer 8ar

ffi_

[2]

(:::'-'

II& s'

EI

fl

I
I
)

t.:-'t

qp

lll

ornPatibi'l;ty

Eqn

rZ

,',Y+

'

--r

"

6, = 5. =

Gr'

UrJ

Q)a

(a\
\/

g, =
I

ruz -)
-

Er=\

'/

lf

Lengths.

are (3.
r_

notgiven , then'
dsgume L,. Lz

p=2

C:T

6-

(D P='./ iP,=? Pr=l

(a

bx n)
'

.i" ".'.-";'!:
Dt

When (Lt
i\

Lr)

:f-- rl both lhe Lube /F

8 bar-----,'sar.rle
mole
,.f

(J1

I
J,Shess

uced

'la-?,

P =q

t?2

A,t nr{,

. ." rF
6'-

lnd- 6'

in the *:

Itt

oz

Ll

E2

LI

9 e,thu.

more

\ar of
(

Of
,.

0-r
L\
l

f.-

'y (-

ig leEs,

lerg$1-

8ox

e
@

Bg using

the

the egns a g

toad ochng

cornposiLe

gt errnined

ban

if

P = P,IPz

= ol

on the

can

in the one bar, E

E
T:+ tfie cross s;erh;onal areas
(+:

induced

of bo{h

the bars are

f ri\.:- Rhown

teA, _A
the loads athng

ornposite bars can be- deternined

slress indurcd

(;r

-Bt

t@,

Bg usirg ugns@

be det-

At

o* .bath

itr one metnber, areas ,

in

,:

_&,

Pz

,,

![

^'&

HtE

x F,
tl

-O

P
L

-'--L

t4
^'

'

'l

By, solvrng

Plt?t
- ..,..-,

{_
(,

*i

3,E,

Pz

-@

Az Ez

(',

io
I

P,+Pr= p

-@

')

-, X

@s@, pt g pz rdn

ee

dchng on

-f)

-@
-@

e
-a
e

'a
-&
6

8y sgtlng the
obove two
egns

:9.

derar.rn,med:.

if ..'lo,adl, i

the composite bar,

Cross'-sechonal

both the

bars

area,s

= P,tPr_

h" ' 'E,'

Eof

are kncxpn.
rp

lengths

Lz

os@
. fan

bn

.:dgtetrnrned

the

. ll shess

bars are knouro

+h

on

gE

\'.q

\s
Y\

?-t3

q27)-

$.

= 3,

P,L,.
A r/
r,t./i

C-

trLt

= *tZ Il.

t
f

:-.

f-

l;

.aU '
t.

*r
{:'

!
L!

;
(11

g-l

-Lr:
c2 Lr

'j

t
,

t,
.x

l::-'::

LrToftnrt the

r , take the mornent5:

-:r

[.-:1

r:':i

'

t,'-l

g
E

l,a

e,

iv

l./

Pt

L
i

-o

P,+P2

V,M
or%

{'

;
(l-

= 2.

'ae;

.:

'l.l

\=2?2.
W=3Pz

t'
!

(4.

4
il

,.:{
L.

llt

.,', tI'--Id

t
e

Take

@
@
@
!

6
&

9t2

the mornent about 0

Wxx " ptXl.

, r(_ y*fxS
\,
Y

ffnmAa)

O-nl

. rI

'A,

-,/_--=>io..
.' :r<l_.

-j

'/

{.)
t:.,

aJ

- (J,lra!

6,'

U..

a 3o>:2 = p-

5C=

').
P-

,^,

cor

Csaei

'

'E

a glor

'

Po'

Ps+

'

e
e
'--l-_o--

'A{ I
_,
^
)
lst

@
a

(&.

e
o
a

6
(D

-/'A(

_60

r;

t-> 8rf -

N
;B6^,

-z\

3.

,)l
^

, L ir.s

Qto)5ol:*

/\

t1d

*E

o
iR

P,

=j:
'4

t'
tl

P3

tt

I
I

.< *

*-3

:l:

jt--

t.

-lr--i

I
I

t_

.-

P:

I
I

-:
/:

ra'.'.:

,
J

P = P,* Pz+ ?) -XC

trE

.dt

=&

::

plVt

-(._

)-tP,

E,tr

(_.

t?t
E-

E,

t3
i

.'... .t .:.......,.....'.....:...'=),.

:.p,,,-.-_..i,p,, ,a.-l3pl

.r .

...r.:.:.:'

(:
(
?r

T'

?3=

?,

c
C:.

t'

n+'&
'2'3 +
6?,f 3?$2P,

P,

ll "

7tt
(,

;.i :.:::.:,.:r',
--i-

,-

q
i'::.
'?^

tic

$,e

P = 2.751Cff. rN

B, =

l'

e
@ Ql,

l'6kN

---i.5__ _Vu7
-/-

61 5oll-

e
6i

-'

c2

'l

iri
I

(:',

-le,

l@

-le
=

i ,i'

--

6Y=

tt( ox +*)1 =a

'i

ry

.ifir
iG
!

-lr(q *u)

=O

I
I

le
I

' (s'
l6

Oy

tlv-t

- rz(u) = O

=)

-I

re

-1

l@
,]

E."RE*r

av(l-u) =qtl
ug,
\= l-u
....::

the

l@
i@

l
.@
o
-G

c
o
t;,,*
:i:ri\ji:dt

,- 2ut l
,-ll J

ir

-a
Q26)56t-

\ii
E
gt

trr
clong
r

' "':

-- er =

c lgteral

= r. = er -= "':'

'' ,-tl$.E

1L1=

rI _:j
F--)

\"_.

.v
t r-

,M
)r
q'gl:
v

h-:

l-

FP

*
f,,@
@

SI-Rat

rrr EN ERG'Y ,

REgrt

tENcE

rouqr-rruEss

I>Elashc
_ also knou:n dS

r*

Reroverable Enurgg

Straln EnergY

is riefined ds

e is stratnel

Resilienre

@'\LrvL!

the ..nrry" ak"rpf,"n rlpci\ of the mernber

-E* *

is

defined as the ehergy obsorpbion copacrhy

6,r rhe
elostfc region . (
Elashc
@

Recoverable Enersy)

e
@

e
e

a;;;;ff^;;"',,
'rL
I

t|

6
S

/ i
FtI=

6
e

r
v{

@
e

=w'D by

'L

prashc deForrnahon

(,,ill notresainrts

I I ! J
it___lI 'iI

rRFtF) = w.0
by #,e

be

Thebodyuncrerqoes

origrnor

p- Qraauaill Apptid toad.

,: Workdorrn= jf6
'Lp"s

bao.=

ri.

l's

''l

@,
,

*,q-A
Z--

a
=-'J
arZ

ggsih_enJ

r fivt---->
r'n

\'vhen

Buf

s't

roarl

;!,"',,^)',

r.

II

+--

,!,,_,oi at

.. enrge a6otbedtr-riii

eri.eppted

./-,

l''" 1 "1

fi,*

:r'iolfo

oil qainitio,r,ffil
,
":: , ,,toad
positi'oo

r:

Tlt-t t

q{'

it

when

ol the rnember lrr

ti dtudv

I ty

'X rL
XE

ElasticrEit

,
the shear shess is given
S.E

= J*
2(,

r:S,E

=J' X Voltrne

qxL

To reclure the

29

l$ Lwistirg rnomenb
is glven
s,E

"t voturne.l

Elastoplasti( -

_t

,f

'2t ro
(]R,

Sorne

o[

enPrgv

remaine in

{''

5 iai,n

'g 'tai*npni;op

.''E.L

E L= p.9

PL

tie ob;e**

Eoergy :

Pu,E* =

Max g.E

in the E.R + froof

Rqitiene

'

irrsr*

Resihen

te

-('

l-^ tz
D
cairrupond LU

.(,

. d; ftr',l

.6,

tt

'rlt,E

--

HD

by

load

P,

= Rqilienrc due

Proof Resih?nret- is
deftned og

in {he

the

rnax eoergy obsorphon

Elasb:c region

f=

apaity of the corn

-rtrponeot

Yl)

(-

= 116,,1),r1,e,
.,.

glvolurn

&)luo,,-u

2E

(
/- l\

Resihence

Area

of

Pv5

6 cwve tpithin the

l.i

E.L

r-1

e?

P.R

Max 5.E

m ,E,'R

=J2 P..,6r.

or

H#

(i
,&

- *B
:- flg
fl @

P.R = Max s.E

P.R=Maxs.E
in E.R =

"rR=Hrpa

fl@

$G
?

Hrpa

Flodutus

of
of

pvs6curveupnF.L

o{ Resihenre
Resihenre trr
p.R
nJ
[rv.n
7 = p.R
,A; in
Max. 5,E
_E,R
vohm
ffi"
._

,96

I#eg

Volurne

gs
$

$s
Ee
_f;24__
$9
T

= iJ 99.6o.

$ i
$

Pst

=J
IIlM'R -2*re.6u,_

'L I c,*

fe

le

or
j

t(cer)

\ :Y I

"'
i

f:
-ie

Y,8-z i u' P:ol':l:/ tul u

mi**,ra
,
,
pR
r;'.'-.
-:
rernciins'
-> -'r 's"':' cUtlStODt
consfanir fiA.,;; ^,.^_ ;_
I ..
- j e,

si'*

is

_j ci
\_,.
_

-._
'<t'(zz

Same

rnabr)al

'e W["r ftrr

:CI
L,=l f' EJi
-E.il.,.or,
e f*L I
*i e

'

- @ =l,,Rxvo/.

P.R

)9'dilferent. {or
both the bor

*@
@

:g

lr'n)a:
0-

j
lffi

ffi

['rm.R)o=r',R)il

/ A-zrru''e"
BiETffi r...qffi?---;:-.:)12.ii?.:!i

'a^- r'

(#l
,

'

\rk
P.R =

Max

5.8 in

E,

f--

R = Y'R X Volume

\_t
B

( Volume
2E

lo t the

PR.

.* t,T, E +

, Volume

ct'

t, @ L t+

5.E

in

E.R

or

'...

tt-

o-irnpartt

t: -'

.,, L-I.nI

r.-:

,,-:

Sonre

[imrs

is

14.8.

L-r Chante

al5o kla a9

', ry{gryg ig on imp.

properby

qd

of frrrpact failure {

under frnpacL loadiny

(ondrhons
\:j,
\iil

Sudden Loading

Cond ioog.

l:

-1

(:

Shork loading

Condihbrr

f.=

t
ll2

Il is defi'ned
be{ore

jurt

o5

iL

bhe

energy dbsorphcn opacity

of

th,e

rnore lenglh

is

|lu

member

fractures.

Bucl<ling 'Isel

?
Ir

rouqhne59'

[r.c.r
.-.

r-_

.t

ll.

6;

r:

Regoin it's or'$inal Psl

urlbh

"Iis

fre

sarnc

paUr,

(,

Plastic kgion

Dcbnndlton^

I Hebt fivmlng)

[jiL.;

f:
A
E
ti.
H

s:

&;
(e) M:s
,!

E
@ For duch.le

,e

8ry

rnoferrals

@
4l
t{,

M,R

(sr..)l

--2E

'i
@

fr

f.,
I q'

Ie

-le
-I

I Mor or rhe *xFbmk? orite thiswn)

ossurndng elashg rog,on
1o
'nt,r.

.:
Fqr

brltfle

lr
materr:al

'r.;*E;aa

l"rr-"

t,.' rrI eE";'

,",
o'f* r= '/Ao
-l
i'"

- u* o{ a 'fate,", '1"rfffi,3fr1'""

?oo

-r e-'

>;@
Gll
=e
o

-;
-

I
I
I

G y.s I
*6 i?_h.L I
I

t
I

i
/Tntp1,'p..-(L--r-n.-rrue shees- stratn Dogmm

I . r, ., .. R.gm
LYeilding".-

+ L,/'2\
;4 Ly'-/---Y

For ornpresstve

[esL'P"5a]a9..

^-----------/
"igi,f@/
-/

__1.

srdQuad.

,'

;i

,,,"

For

--

. j

durhle materral

lvs6<tng:trr
(omression

M-r=ToblAreaof

cvs e

cwve

D-t

fu&en ptaslt delormaioo

ptae

A_--+
g
c

-+
->

DE
E

->
---+

bu;ifiout t

LotP Cstel

,[.-

nenl defh sya1l.

permAnent

lo.er Y.P-? yierd swenqth

ttrar"n',,

EF

--l

--+

styuthtre .harer
,Crystal
q mafurfal berornes
hirr)r, _

Utbirnote potnb.
r-eg

harder.

,!:
+ This

iorr

B,P

nerct

in

ghess

T-

a rnairral' ,un
u-,ithsland ulthout any tratfuve
tJpfo

clef

&fn-

b $trahrr
harrn,rltng

$$ Panf Pe 5hess

': .
5hr

Ptwfci!7

due

F.

Theory oF

I
I

't
(.

drl";;)
* Suddeo t in length
-* Sudden t iyr dia.

Qqs are given

by Theory of noncity.

i,

ddm

.t.

that

F.

BEound

t *urn.

. ;'-t,

Lrqrartuat defn.

PulteT

Efahc

ismay

{,.

I-----r

, hrnak poin{-(y_aris

Max. shess

r\Jl
\J

-"'

Shatn H.ordgplpg jtaclr

i,,

v-

strdden, de{n takes olare

Yietaing regror

FQ ---+ ,Necking

-l

L.Y.PJopu*,

'

L dour ouf regain ifs orig. p*h*o

ptasht aetn tares plu,r, *

EF-"-),,,:
F

r{ion

DE

E.L
u.y.

D-----+

Tn

p.L

takes \

arfu

bub

rr :

1..

".'l
I
I

LrResi

lente

/'

targhneS$ dre the

two

irnp. properhes i.e

a
rriaterlal of a component uttder irnpact loaaing ..
'irnp.

(moautus oF Resitieme

t'r'loadrs

of resilren ce (Resifit*l

mltenal of
de:tn due

8 Moduru s of

a rilc

r'.r

Toughnes)

p.pu*i a.tn*

an

cotnponent urhen

for

lt

l* we rpill take

'l

t:f":ury{.(a

'p'l .t
,'dr(.

tt rse6. I

undergoes elasbrc

:;.ta

'lo,1l'

9'rt,t

j, l',,=,4.,1,,/

ry;l;+

rn.)

r,I

6'

@
.v

rmpacb load.
n

t'hi',r

*he.

mak-

tr

;..,.,,r;.r,6

8lt
Prismatic

"fd

Bbn U nder its

SelF

l,/eght:-

Vlabiat iq
I

Same

o
t,=P

.p

L
AE

6=
'Ev;q
Oarb

-.t.A.=

6_ji

giWr,rt,
rits

toad

is

apptied|

6=

Pr-i

= Q [r=o]

: Yx4x r- [r= Lil

l

any x-slc of a bor

i5 beloa,

*he

O
@

D
rx-x
- Yx a

C$

Axr.

.t

vailel .thro,.(ghouf
*lre r_s/C ,

dt
C:of
the bar ohrch
e

Yx

P[

! Serf urerght .

F
P

js urri[tiiyi
!te.r1at).y,1
thibig:hog t'fbe

t.,; The lood

dch n9

?z_z

.l

;)

Pr_x

is

slc (

Eual

to

pr_x

-rxaxx)

Lhe ruetg

xr.--,9

Q-x
, '....'A.,

Ex-x =

ia

dr\

A-x_x

= ? *@

8s[rip

-O

"-

6strro

Tt >@

u rnax

6x,

t-

l!.
E.

( Experimenb)

../

(Theorihral)

hf of porlion

E
E

=>

6sbip

6ro*,

6roru,

fa,

ts

l^t Yr dr
)E
o

\ =,,''i?P). = !l
I 'ALi. V

= Lt'

tb Wntgr,t

ZE

Pt

I
ofotal

densib.T

in N/rnr

2AE

(,:r'

t"

Elongahon

of a pnimaht bar uncler iLs setf-r.uerghb is Euar to half of the

af^L5"a idenh'al
pninaf,c bar subjected to an dxial load u,:hrth ls
A.

r:,

f-

elongahbn

t.-

_,:

fi::1

t!:
u;

a) lf 6 is *he elongahon of a prisrnaht bar under its sef -urighf .What iE the
elongahbo

of a prisnalic barr,rrhich is made of same rnalierial I

drmensions are doubled

elongahcr

o$

An

dimensbns

prismahi bar

r,;nder

t-i

arhose

the 'prcriors aar? What is

Yhe

setf -Neight-.P

Materral is Same

L
--. \

. .-'' \ta-

a
t

ri{nt*--S
/\
\;

,-,.9{t

6,'i6,

oL

"Zv
+9

r^ -.4

'

\r

. lt-,.(,.
tu ./
I'

VY

a
I

t]
6

ft!8,

'Tot>l= ?/4Ax

E
@

(1,

! [*

: fX
.l$

baru nc)er itE setf ure,ghf o1

ti'e independent of X-slc'il dirnengion)

Elongahbn of a pri'srnaht

Repeat

\_lc)

6*
;
di
(i
o

the abve

ryn

for the sharn

I"ll

tj/
..Srr
ru

",

l*za4

2L

I II\LI
lI

L|

,,'

>ll,

(i

H
s

i] i

^lv'T'r'-*

ti

of the bar

(.

ri1
w,

I
L

ff:tru I

bnar

ercEl

8y

I^l

) tJe,ght of' the ntlar

P.! Nl/le;ot5. .,

,r.tl;-,.t, -.1t.:.,,,.
lr:

ti:i1:., :'r,iitir::li

'a
Elongahbn of a fonica

lEX

Bar Undbr rts Setf - WeQht-

=*E

-'.d

v-A
I
tr u_-l-.---)

--d*

r
Y N/m3

drI

-qi+

TI
L

6r.mr

!I

.t

':

+
t:

tlongoffon

oF a (oniral bar uncler ttS

selt-rueighf is one

ffi

of a

prsmaHc

third

"1.

,ffelongohbn

r.:.Qr

bai under iti=snrrrr",r

\1

an equal axial load egual to its

\\/

ure

ight

setf _
f:
c..

,.:

4?,

]=3E
:\,
// bx-x
=
From

p
rip

6shi

t.
:.
(Experirnenh)
t

[r) & ttiS

0striP

6ror,

tr
f

3E

rL

';l-

r dr

llheori

ncat)

- 0

tr
t=
w

k
v

'

['lechanira, sffes9,

bv-

,>

Shesscsdeueloprc{

to ert

due

appiti

to.rl

iy
(i) there should be
ternp. gnrdient-

clwelopecl clue
bo
exforn61;y applied

t+ Ihermal apr*ionf

load.

conl-rallian

ouurs:

iii; pr.

'Lhertnal

dbowe

expamon should &

feslriLLel either romnlpt-A,i

' omptetly

o ,ru"
'T=<---/

'cn4

f+ ff tf-,u,. is'a
ternp diff,:,, ,t
'hot, have thermal Stresseg

u-Th".,,iar

.'''
ri]-

An

i --2--7.1

F-t_____-___-___t

- t,2 xtO-6
almost egual ho 0

;i--_

fdrn.r-at =9. c(r., = r2x16-6

Biock is kept
on a

"(o-tn)- = (o-.n;,

flrrld,

12

eterncnl --?INVA\R ,rchose

-"'

prT,"

= * aI..0 "" ,'

L*n Avol.rini tyDdni-t'j

--{-----l
-t:

// Surnutty

{tot sur{ate

- (nn)t:e

:.

teven

Block undergoes

fmnsiol

Aeams useo

in

walts

ro
n)r = (wp),

AT=\O"C)

fre.

l'

h, ull di.I

(o-,,1,

(t

,hen

6.

tisel)-

f*.

ExpansfonJ

(sa =g

Expansioo

E,d

direch'on

ar'c

tt

one

_i

is shown

on[v
vl

-t

h= urt]

-l
-(

(6*[

= c('Ar L

Ig-n,),,
Caseq:

-t

:/'

n n)',

o.
t

nplek,ly

nes*tct;!,

trSfip

I ':'

=rJ

Rxn
^^

of

leral

Eq,uat

opp. in nator

14,

hu

" SuoooriS

'8

-,
I

o'i Lctt,e

-t

Forre

o[{:r,:4 bri ihe

(;:
(,.t,

(i."

':

*,o{{ss64 bg the supl>tt1

lS
'r(

Sni)l
I

-:l

(6rr",)

L> coP''P
fare

e(. AT L

i-

O
R=> ?e?resenling ttred

. '.r'

)nnElerled

(60) =_

rri=

m__"+
*

aq 6ac

_@

"

=u
60,=- xq-+6r,)
AE

{AtL = qTh

a.rr, (L*6ar)

d,EAT

/ L\

{Gr,,/

gtL

6ac = 6rn

i@

t@

-rn,I

l*

--v When
lhe +cmp

o(i

the sbey.e, brcmt

le

{unPressYe

[lvhr,,

0-6 = td aTE

l@

is
je

rxd6p..;1lspl

is

of cross- sah.ooa I

a funrhon ol

d.

th e

Lhe

therrnal

tc*f)

slresse

,,

bercme lensr i,.

dimenstoos

AT, L

'.

.,1

Material properh?s .

,.7

'I

AT"L

Lr q- cli{fers in both
the uctS 0Ue

q lvz

[o. hon-prisrnahc

Prrsrnahc

indepndenb

?::i

bqt

ur,-len

E,,I

Thermal

e #
..

rt*

(n"), = (o-;;

of X- s/c climercions.
the bar Is prismltic.

cornPregsir,{e

in nafure,

!",ryp 'tse dnd vice'verca

e.
@

e
@
@

CaseB):-

parhally.

reshrtted

:'.

]
F-r<,

Ll

R,'gtd

Supporf

Flexible , SuBporF

{-

c
3

ci
\ a
r&

t<-

ffi

ts-

..:

iD"i,t

L----'

,.

A* Permitted E<parrion.
&ce

Preven

bd

aparxion

k--L----Jr)+{+Etd
-l

3rh = d ATL
'_

:':

-"

r\

>

'

"i

lxpa'nsion ryerrn itted by the aqports

= Yieiding oF supprb
.

= qdP blw

6ac

= 6rr, -.tr

t'.
{.

qlr,=t (6rr ))r

L
frr'compl etn|y resbicted
case

.A

.............C..r

=J I a*) r

o-Th

= + "(dTf
ri

apanston

,-:

",rt

(T-_.

6r

i &- l.

(fe,)

l=drh

t.:
V.
x
\J

6'

\"\''

C,

nrh=t({rn-orr)r
7,{

=O

q o bar. or tensth 2m

@ bar is JOMpa ab a
e in the bar is

gty

is fixed at both the ends. ]he inihal

temp.

o{

io"C

If the

funp.

is

fonsile

nised

to

shengss

,Soc

, *.te

in tbe
sbe.*

;t

fr.
v-d,

d=

E = 2oo Q.!u

(':
\:"

t0xto-6

/.c

,.

.L = 2rn

se

...AT=,S_,0

/
,

=5o(..

vrgtat

r
(:,
'(..

e-mech

o- Thermat

l.

Io +

l_

roxto-6x

[,r-ro]

sl

x 2ooxto'J

=t0_io

orotal
Q) Raits
r,uos

of r5rn

l6t

= zero

tengLh

Phen
.

.j....

. A gap of 1.8 mrn

-.

..-.;

,At

bemp Ure mils rpill

l* the k*p is nar-sed

therr urhat

urill be the mag.

rails ?

:l.reEEEqffiry
r,it%r--..i.35*_iFr.l!15:!1Fjra*]i::a

jria+:+-::._:_;5ts...

w
F!
\*i
:

ET

Y.'

l
{

(ond

for zero Stres6

f ..i

6h

dfturral \<

(aP
t.t

t,7

) tzxto-G Irr-,qJxl5ooo = l'8.

TP =26"C

f,*
CJ
r]1

g
s3

1*-s5r-irt'l-

-Ahn melhod:"

BDTi

l6'C

T+'\loc
dThermot

= d. AT. L

= l2x to6xZsx,,Sooo
= 4'5 rnm

QeEhicted xpn

ffiherrnal

: 6rn*i

2,1 mm

(;
(:t,

exPand

Gi

1"c

i
e';

'f+
\jl
@

s.
e

-@
-@
-@

r_1,

>

-@

'-e
-@
-@

ffi

t'
.ri1'

w
I

tateral

E#effi

=6r = -u[eurg)

Y,

,E

\|:at:.?r:

t$l);tti
- -'{$
vAi+

= - rr

(-<, )

-\

lr<T

t
t

0q^

U"(

rL
f6r)*.- ud
.t
o/f

Iotal

erpansion

rJ

in x-dirQ

'i
.t

f':

+' lateral e*Pn in X-dir"on

due 'to tong- conl"ach

Free erpn tn

{ dir.

$'1'
t:r:j

in Y dirn
=

"(TL

=dTL1
A',---:ti---,

I
rl

,.rd T

i..'

t-i

ttu)

!.(rL

c'

t Ar"

,s

1:1

dE
CAI

-d+

.6

a
o

O)fr, the cornpouhd bar as slnurn

in the fgure , dehrmir"T

t)Rrre
(i)

82,

ererterl

by the supports.

Remhw rnoyement

junchon

rat3ed

o{ the

B if the ter4p is

by

1Qo"C.

.l

*.4oc_-_-_>k_:ooj
lt

AT =,qot
,

fs = 2tOQ?a
.ftBro6,

= BSgPa

:.

ols

t
=

rt

xto-6/'c

d grr, =
6/"C
Joxto

>

6i

'='-$

-O

' '''

d,) fotal defn of Brass ban.

,, Steel ban
{, ) ,'
-l
I

. .:. ......

F-(ooj-+{e6rr,i,
,_,.:.+igri.k, .. .,..

6ril=

Frw apurcion of bmss

-- dt

6u. = -&1,
A, Et

aT, L,

= 2oxto-6x IQexQ oo

i.lZ

yn

R,

l---

Xlog
^

ixtlsi

Bs x to3
t ,r,

lrl

= - 1.065x,0-6R_4,

;...

6,=

[6r,)r
I'tZ-

(6ac)r

1.065r to

6R

\d

k*,"E)

62

,{5trF
,
,

t.

. :

= lt1,6,6 X lq0 fiA

: '.

t, '' j'

f:rr

(.;

{5

A zEz

$ x tlol'x2toxlo3

II
\...j

t.t?7

x,0-6 R .

(it'
(Y

dz = (6r,).t(6ar)z

o, \62

- l,i;Jl xt01R

f.-

(:E

..(
t-

)
=)

l.D-l

.065X10-6R

67
\_

*O.tt6Z+ t.l371t0-oR

7'8.q7 kN .
ri;

(o-rr,)r

=Rr
A1

t+

6
11

?rB.{3xro3

\ ttsf

&

1,,np.)

= 162,62 t4Pa {

ts-1,h

fi

,e
,i

Hz

Relablre rnoYemsnf

6ou pa

5u

8+

( comp)

ol;unrhon t Bl

6ir
ss,
1T.
t1'-,

= 0;355- ('

(.i

'l

;;

I
I

.r

Q)For the ampound

bar

iF Ar = Bo'C t 4 = il.lxtfr/"C &

(i';:

Lou:ard5 ,tgnts,uppi,rt C)

l.

'

t
i .,

fip d&rmtig. sl.resE indurecj I in

E = Z}oq?d

in

as shapn

,:

the

'

L------->te- L---,

i t",

Rt=Rz

-; e
I

qiAr

e,
I

= urlz

qr:Ar=

9z

2A

Al

..,', '. j.:":- -'.'... '. .',:; .;.-1."ri.."1

_.:...0.

G
a\
6$
\9,

6r*62

cy=

zv,

=S

@
@

+ {<,ar,L, x

? R,L, \

\Q

,,,, 24LTL{,.,

ArEt

ro.4

t ('<raTrL,tn* jffi)

=U

both the

bans

,F.

or

= l2t.BMpa Ic"*r)

\
\

9 o'z : 2t, = zqq.6 h4pa ( cony

)
Thernnl

SLressesl-

rn

Cnmpa,ibe

Ba,s

Bars

in Parallel :arluue

p]

Cutugs5 cxpands more than the

Lnr becau* o[ npre *'

,-* -u"t'
' [u tulxe tries to pull

conhart

the (u

SteetTube

tuu.es

(a

k-''----....-.-.--.-L______*,

(^.:

r-'r

+-.:'

Fre.e

expo-rsiOr

IT

of qt B StrerTube.

.as ro-dePodttnf

merh.bris '.:.'

(.;

(i;

)=

L
F--6ca

= 6,

orr5.

L;

d-

Ba;'

E
Actuel exparisi:ir: o{ Cu cc Stes
bar ag a one member

! (6' ;

(_

BB, = (6rr,),,

d2

dTL

fl

-@

e_

(.

6..s

ti
= Actiual eryonslon of oornpoih'bar.

=Acbud of expAnsion

of

CuTub

e
@

11 flchral .expaDsioo

olsbelTube

e*

= Axial Gnhachon ol

B,Bt

A,E,

'6

\-

i,

R,Ll

BrBJ

C,L
El

9B-

Cu Tube

._o

= Axial Expons)on of Sfeel Tube

;:

:Ol

g_L

-o

6:::-;

.El

\,. r,.

{'

6.

6i

. BB,

EP

;i
1:l

BB,

..

!-'.

't
l

BBt

I 8,Bs =,,BB2tB2Bj,.-O

v:
vi

\
j\1.-

=/ l:
ltrLl

i r:,

\,
ii .r',
-l \,

I
t

-l

-i

\v

n_

t.

R,

G.

'l:

q_rAr =

v @

-t l-q:
0t:
cz
lq'-

o
-e

=Rz
.

VAz
-... ..

4,

Az I
At

A,

l-C

- @ 8y sdvln g Are abve e-D ryrs @ S O

- @ in fhe cu tube 8 sbrl
bar
wvYs !

(e

\-o
\-1g

-*t'

t-;

at = -:--:-:.-

Mfa

Loe

an

determine the. stress irdurcd

'
F

(romp)

v6"

j*rpr?.*:ri,w:+j!;#./z

E
@

Y'
k

AT = toot

,J

d. = loxlo* /'c
{s

\
\--

= lTxto^ 1"c

Ec

Es

= ZoOQ?a

a
;

tooQPa

d.,.. = l50mm

ds = f l0mm

fl

: '-

ut rT
.
looxto'

oz
'- ,
20ioX td

t
-- (.lti
xlo.6x
I

roo)

: . , .l
') I

F-*i

i'.-+

.;

ti::r

md

2o-,

tcz

.ri

E(;'

_t,-'

4xt0

z.Y

L'J:J.

(.j

)'

2a,

t.G2

M
(Y

f,

Cr
O2

fr

o;

= d,t:
d*

o,'

tsrt
ll0'

(>

= l.86,

t.y
t:y
L

a, =

l'660'2

;t
(;

}J2art

-.a2

BO
E

I
)

\il70z

:s o

c\

Q';-16.9trQ N/mrn

( Co,n,r),

c, . = 3l'57 N/ mrnr

ffe*n)

6.\i
a
-i-:ii*i

tr
II

cornposib bar

In:,
@ hUh coeff .

of

is heohcl by a

xpnsbn

is

ypnlp,

subie$ed

of

fo

aT.c,

cornpress

the bar havf ng ' lour roeff' o{ thermal

@
@ SEresseg

tl

G?

the

&rp oF o cornpoite bar

,p*n,

*"follrrurirg
";rerp.os

,rrri,,#rrr.;
thern

expansron is su bye*ed

to tensile n

b cooling than the bar

expanslon ig subiected to
tensile fherrna I
s eS
tttherns, on. the bor having
loru roef f. ol therm al exp., i5. subiettei/ tD
thermal
@

hawng high

roef$.

of thep62f

. decreasE due

sl,re

(i"1,

cornpressli'ohrrsrs

6rb

t
B

@
G)'

e
- (.li

G
i

C}

T*rp *sa
QzB)Moi,,aq

Joli-

e)
I
I

--/ --- --

--'i

I
i

ei

6 = o(.AT.L

=dXl Xl

@
l

=(

's

;'-,'

'

::.".

6v=

V+- v,

-_

@
@
@

Q3oJff

vo

(t+6)3=
l3

13

[t

+<)31t

13

= /1u'*r<'ty

_
-

{-

'':''a 3d

'

-@
.-@

-e

" = ext yt .

:{:9(n1"+e)

b-

) S= o(TE.
e g -- (.I-.

(_

(_

3x

xr

(_

= (,-rru
)

s-=

[3')

et

t
t

drE
t-Zy

qt2){w,B)

50t-

4_-

AO

+---

l-l

t)

r--1id^
.t
d=kcm

K-.L=l6pon------->t

a
fir

lO[Crn---J

ilv
j

Uz

6e
61

ns'

v:
ut

t(rm)'
3

xd-

lz'x froo)r
1aL

t2

g(M

t20

6I

70

;
;

(':.

E
I

PI,R

= AreaO

'=

j xToxtdx 0.0OY =hx tO\

F-

q
".r

l/

re

1.4.T

\rt

= Arel terea? f}rea3

t,@

le

=lrrd,ol + Tox tdxo.oo8 +

* ^o,ooax 5ox106

i@
I

= 9oxlgl

t@

Q) &termine the

mhooFshain ercrgy of th,afi.rsbbar

tatl}:tot #te serond bar
!

,2l

(a)

eE,

,(s

tb)

/(///!///y'r//./. ,/.

:I/o-lI
F.+
ILA II
i-L

Cr
1r)

@
A

yt+c
,li

(d)L

G3,)

&

T
L

i
i

r'P

'r'

s;

jfu,
,!ui' .=' j,&6
,'

L,'/4,' '.-.'

i.,.1

C:

=--------:=-...

jrlro+

61.

(:;

!
l

-l
i

.-I
I

-t

#t -*

e
G

eg

!ES-2otl

l
1

I
-r
I

l+l+-26--d

lm

Rp

Re

@'t9) l0
31
e

G
e
o

.t

(u)

+rc)

loN

3'*t.*+

20

lokhl.

SokN

t9

:2

qtf
a

Q)

$in

irr r ad

rerfanguhr sygel plabe

dtretlions.

as shorpn

Debermlne

in the - fig. undergoe

the mag.of or 8 ov .

rf

defn o.o$rnrn

g'o,ol nrn

E=Zooeh,u=o,3

]",
b&-axiol state of Sheg .

,. 0,

' :. : j

.,

'
.

"

".1

r_
L; (-

.f:.

I oi-

uoy]

g..as

loo

-uo-^l = 6b:
*tq':J':50

0,al

0i:-t23,O1Mpa.'',''

'to'
'f
:

oY = T6.Qz Mpa
Q)

:"

(:l

t.

5ol-

e
l:'tr

\s:
'$1

&-

{*
L =l5olvlPa

\-'
\e&!

a*
92=toot'lla
rp

A8= toonrn
AC;75mrn

t'.,jrnm
E

= noq,y6

t:t _

tr

&
A

u:0,3

lffi
Ii*

6i=| )-looofl
,L'-;
^;^:/
(ootoz11-.-.
fb=?
dt 1
(oorps) J

l':e
e

@
ffi

0)

I{r*n a

dia rod rs su[1s(1p6 to axiat

pull o].5oookN it utra5 fatnd that the
,:a'd,rneter changed
to 2g'Bgt rnft-t . Determfie .youngi; mdurus poisson rario
3o

rnrn

)nedr rnodulus

ii

(,i nP'

'
I
l,
rL-..-.^ I-- J_rnfo-il

shotr:n

L:-,
r-4.

_. t5i

s
!@
c+.

ts;.

e,.

1l

. Llressel

,-,*.lor^1.

lm
lm
I
I
,l
)f

: ,L

l* "1 F. i

iidured ir, .-j

\;zooQ?a = E

rF

I[u=o.BAns)
tr=nRo^r\

l. |I :,
t.
-Er;FII

'r.
',.
"

in

6:,,

1II

Fnr.*ho
rnair^^ ag
For
-rr
the to@ing

1 Dtrnnine

istOqpa

: ':

&z

err.'

BL,

"

iI

PURE BENDING:_

( Bendrng Stresses in

Beams)

--(

hrio
such

equal

to

or a beam is sod

A member

waY

tJrroughout

and

be

under Pure bending tuhen it is subjected

opposite couples in a

plane

along

the

axrs

tcr

of the member in

thal the rnagnrfude of the bencling rnoment remaing ronsbanh

the lengfh oi,*h, rnember i.e' (4,X.= .const. 8 S.F = o)

' . .'
NA

W'bth tsur. I

d ut+tg--+eile.ral s.ha r rr.

.-i.s ofln ln Dature '

*'
-c.L
!-aornon - LLEorr.

Une oS loLerer-

f,

Ltcrt b1w plane

oF

x-slc

neutral 7at;
*iare

ti,
\,-

Gnhold

Fd

franc a# x*

B'D
R?.Rad.lys of curvature ,qt
'-'-' Y-rti*run*"of ii,oo 'on

.-.

is def,nd

. : .::.

At E't-rMoreshrar,os.lness tsLbere

"'''-:"'''j'-'
th" x-gc'on thet "

correspndtng N.A

N.F

'' ",t:]tst alrr*'ir,i;5;6'::

Ly'There ahe

:'' ....

oa.,o.o{ N A frt

every f-slc

"

as the line of infersechbn b/w plane of X-slc

QFt- p;5r" Iocated

,gg O dtsbance

tlc

neufral

ffl*

{'

,.

dbove

the

NA.

e
tt--r

a
,eI

M")
ffi ,l

ffi,,,
#{ ,/
fl,s
I *1
l^t
)
ffifl

BUL

r.P(rop)

,/

,z

Neutralr.,

u*j

nF

le

i;,
ltz

tine of inbrser*t

blw plane ol xst

8 rruhal surfare

i'
i f.'.

trr.r

/
j

(B
3

.::.r
qr,i,

I :=

E ,J*

Rodiur.

P,ane ofvx'r'one.
s/c
.q* X- S/C

of gruutrre of
A.!.brg .fo.atq.l,at a ctisranre y

QH'

tE:

(""Ac=QH=rt--ao)

RO

@-

r-6gn = (J :'[onhachon
R

@,-

6s*

=O-Y
R'p

[:'

.fibres are taken above

th N.A)

L>Prismaht

fls per Hooke's Laur

q-d

tffi
,

\ oteyi Hookr's Law

4 Purrkting.

e "( "r
Rilitc offurvafure

L, Elashc

Limit-

N.A

rnax Bendhg slress

I-op--=EYl

IT,I

,+

Elashc Ben d;ng

-;

RI

o;: E/J
Bending sbegsei

%=

{)

I
J

EY,

i.o

varies linearl,l

;-gjl

(IuE

Assumphbn

YR

L>Youngs Modulus ln
Iensfon

Compresslon

ls same
I
t+

[Oroo

trop

b g*

Yrrp

-1---+

In case #
sym X-4st

Yr'

'f-r*-

rl

YB

Jn cage of
unsyrDm . Y-slt's

acLuatty iF ls

'' ,/"

casc

o[

---1 0rol
fBrxrs.q

,'t
' .)Jn

nEeot

TJ
ut--

r-,ie

eil
!w

B"y

-o
- -z-

rannot direrily deterrnine

aifinut tocahng cenhoicl

4th

/:!

iflh

*,,

E*l
t1,.,

cgoto-

(.1;

,,,i t Yi- t j
-2
. 69orro^,1 Yg .,
'

Crop'

'

9-.ioo,'

:'

i9

----r Jn

case

o-rop
::--:-:-- '

6gouom
\.- I

t>.

-j

(,,,

-i

(.)

!. !*i

e.r;-Yr

6rqng=

'r

t-

.r'l

elateral

x = x

=- tt6rqng

= tLJf.z
,I

(;:

f -un,

- Lz

E)

/,

,'L., ?

, ,.,, .'...-...

= frYr
R

Il-lE f.'r,
ol lo
e, I
'(-r]
o

l=,

'

''{..'o ':r '

o
.ttY,

a.

fe

Jr*o, =f-ru
J-o
I

LO

ol

:.J
,f=

-lrea

- l1Yr
lR"

,,,]
.

Q,

n1

Bendtng Mornent Diagnarn

i-

sag$iDg.

we &Nirtt
rJ

l---t-{
(-=-___-_ j
Z--\
\/

V-:|--l

BMD

-ve
Ben616q

lvtornent of Resistanre

the

plane ot

fMR]

$e
iu {rf,T.d,, ds
..'::

x- s;lc oF the

mLernal

frogqinq

resishng bending. couple

offered bv
I

rnern ber.
$

5qfu Oondihon

Exfernal
Couple

')

Yn --+

Yietcl

ing

uri I I o rcu

)
5fionq$l

l)6arn

Bearin havi

-' --,
I

x4
j

!,.,f

vn

ay M,'R

g ,r3iil dp 5,Cln {c,r inar.

f'/.

'

e
q

l-r,-

d
i

I
E-- b
Let' dMn
area

dA

is ffE Jnf
urhich

i9

Resistlng Bending Coupte

locafed

' af o

offerd by the ship havdng an

distante oF Y frorn the NA.

ri:

dMr

dMe

dFxY
ojbx

dA

i.'i:ii+

: :- =r

r5-:,Eru:,1S

EY
-n- x Y x d A.

olyn

tr

L,

7
Mn =

Y'dA

[r
-- JiY-dA
,

Jan*

JY'qo :

/Y'dA

Seond rnornenf ,.^

or area of ' x_.slc aOout o renf.oi-c]al
axr's
'l
,nrhrch is Ix
the plane o,f x, slc wh tch is 'ycrlrrrrdinig

a:,th NA

t.

= Arrr :Moment

Mq=

oF Xner.h'a

abouf

NlA.

[----i
t[II

Jrua

i -l

MeE
-rNA
I

Fmrn eg (rri)

"

g f rv,)

'

':

L'

..
-

-U&
= g!
rxaYR
?

For fno_>max

ttu)
.;.-

._

,l

be
hal pf .rhe. eXteme .. ..
fiB,es /at lhe fop
Area shoutd

4 t. r,T g (orumrl
sechoru are u5e,d.

er Eemoulli's

{.

Bending
I

,,I

Eg,

ij i'l:

G-l

Bendiry Eguation:-

F"r{

t:.*i

lv'

=trb

fna

Ht

l*i

Lo

L.
.'.

._

Design Criherioni

,l

(a)Skength CriLenonl- based upon permissiblef altowablef uuorking lntel destgn

(a) nrgia;ty critiHon

'o.(stinln.ss

:;

based

upon permissible tlelumahon

,.'

ftP6non)
Basic Regulrernenb

t
I

j'

fr.,

t:.'

of 4 M/C Elemenb:-

;.

F.'?

':.'

) Higrr Strength

li:,

.=

More rigidrty (no deformation)

l.rl

'.b tlotior-l
'

4)

Lou

cost

Lv

r.*i

5'ru g

t..)

;P

" 05 rornpared

u,,j

5echons.

to

sotid slcs

s)

Low weight

E
en

t:i

Factor of Safety t-

N:

Failure

f-

Critiral

5y1 8 Sut
' !u.n failure

Shess

beause beyond

Sbress

yietatog

Permissible Shesg

f, f ., cleggn

ure neecl

Jhesse:

[his v

lrocbtre oaws-

this

F.ailure Stress

= yieu, suuns*f--T "':[:;:,?#,;:r;tr#:lHij

=

UlHmah sh*Slh

ti

Endurance

l*

Stati.

'

------- Brittte nabndl or dqctile

lirnrb

vJ*

Fatigue toad.

nob

t,

lood

f.i

(*rur,uu*,*n
\o"g),.:,'

*r,

6-

(-

7;i: :::-.' .--.:.: .r' . '. : .L:-i::1: , i -:,:.1

..

: --.:a-/t

:'

beN=3
Punch

1t

Su-"

rnaterial

r
,

Failure Stress

-r

be used

ohere

-)-

'c)estgn

J,

of thg ,or*rrit.

,Sus

9ofe

clesEn

' lf

N-l

:+ rF.
, | =+ dtmensiorrs t --6&rD=(c
___/ y_)/)
= ,:,Te.t .t, ,..?

N)t.5

c
c

( qi*, Jndian biler Regulaliorr)/.

3OoMPa

N --2
@

is no safety

,'ln)O

Incaseof Pressure Vessefs

.SyE

-fhere

rr N t
N{

N=l r Tn = O
N>l

'

--+ N21

ol safecy r fi

Margin

rp

$pu. = 159 ,Mq

Reserr,e StrergLh

N=5
0-per

15o

R.5

safety

of flre

mlc is'an irnp. considerflon

tn the

c
.rY(

ltshoutd

'

': 6O.

2tn wfa.

Eo.S Is used bo provide some

sbress)
,,

arnounl

EHal
of reserve shength ( = Failure stre$s- permissib ,qFY
*J
I

in the fomponent
in case of an auident (i,edue-to- in
'r--

presence

ol

unknou:n

Bri(t

I\A

rs,

loocling condiSoosf, Imperfecb u;orkmanship, urrknourn environrnental condihons,

in basic sLrengbh of rnoberial eguah'ons,

Conclihon {or safe Design wt,t 5!::::rg!!- Urt!y,-

-t
)

uhreali[y of assumptbns rnade

"]
,i.)

'a

&
r.,?

t_

f,.:\
t -:,i

T
A

Dra,obark/of Streogth
I

Crrl'e

ri on

lA I

:..i4

..tJ!

.tr)

L,'-

(z;

\P

Failure

A-dr

N.

Skess

/rr

o /"'$'-ie, i
ti

Condihion for Safe design

wr.t

desrgn Cribrion

6l
6i

(i

sot{
ry $inq

PL
AE

_.'

li

Egn's

Per, defn

6
e
E

(
:G-

C\
{:\

Bgl
4pr
xd'E

,/

-(

Per. clef n

/ssurnina

-5lt

J,

s
@

dsaFe

Larger

of the above volueg

Bending Egn:-

.,,,,,

",I&
I-n
.

5l'lmrn = 52mrn

@ =@

EI,

rnm

:F

,i

G,

f:,-

M.Y
\t

r,ra

-tNA

can be obtainect from

B.I,l,D

-l.l)

>

),

t5 tD

be cakulatetl

at tritira I
I'

[,

(i.:i

From

toillg

Jn.beamo
f_. l

+
I

{,\'

(,)

Eg[) rs used
bending

stress

determine bhe

at

urhrch

is located at

ii, rn
a

have

glven

drbtanre

uhereo-15

rnzx )

tfrbre

G
6B

to

af EF(

itis

of y from the N.A of the

crinnt x-sfc.s

@.ADE

lo be determrlerl,
rphere

t5 max.

corresponding

Y- slc.

At topfi&eE in

.E

beams.

fuo

*@

I"a

'@

Ymax

-@
@

.@

,a

rl

=M

lf

Lood achng

at ttrc

crose/sethon

lmd

tu

Gryiry

giuun

f
I

B.M

at

tlr

cross-sechbn

,th"n ,r!*

L g.t{ at criHcal x-stc

qiven

w
w-I
:

fxa

Z nra

moment of areo

Ymax ,
mm
- ff)

fa-u)ma^

Co)rr*

o(

B.

fu*\)

-d

EHi

SEt

\**
E!'i

-l
i

'
M,

(1,
'

Znt -

iE u5ecl

todetcrmine mox B;M

l
-t

F\

Zna

+
Por

Second

d grvn bending 'rnornenl

r, a cross_serhon . t,_,iIh higber serhon modului tuill have

. loru bending shesses" Cr,an,ns o{ bending ta,lrlres '-ill
,{
be less
t
,

Max. . Bending

Skes (

f-r;]

Per. Slress.

(+

,. " "' lvl 'l ,nt H;;* ," permissible

-=- (or)
Streis
ZNa \;/ Zxs
u usecl to detprrnme
rn case oF n)
the

dimensions. of

consb. BM

beom (i.e

6r

the

design.

In raseoF

varVing

---:-_-----=
. '|,.

,,*

Obtained from

\:t

--r trenqEh
. Crihr:ioo

BMD

a
.(
(:

We' ned

mrn
nd3

d!'
5

c
mrri

s;

qi
-!,ra..-

-: f,- :? :<a.-_rr. ^ :n )1 : laa f- pna-: t r;,f::r._EE

*/'

d\

M or t{rnax <

Bt?

fr";;D
W
gHn

l
+Mn d

L---r, lliqher the

seehon rnodul(,5

G'
!

a.given material

MR

EF

Mp.
I

higher

the

o-per

* ,*of +
,

jI

4 Zxa

*i

t
!

the

higher
.l

ft;

ffi:;:l;

FIn

+Chanies

ol

bending Failures *

tl

i': Ejtl')+ dre uset b cornpore giveo beamg

ur,r.t their
\ 1 (i,e to
decrde

t*4oment oF Resisfanre

a Shongen or a ureaker bearn

[oo)rr,

et ( vo) u.:}'ten

is used

Lo

is ud

dderrnlyle

i5

giren

tvl

x7

%=
Y

Cs

t'

F.
r1

--

cuhch

zna

:"v
Higha the MR ,

(:,r'

(,,' br

(il) --t to"W,"l!,,;'

E.Y

L*

E.gn

curvature is given

be

ndirn shesseg phen radiuE

J
-

,1

(".

7:7:.tY..l!.3iL:7:$?=5:{:tBr,#IzgirFr-.7n9*srE:::re***.:j"4

ti
.ir

oF

w
(o-u)rnax

EYmox

Yru^ =largerd

Y-u^

Erb are

The above
dr'sLanie

of

hom tne

of

curvofuyq

E. F

wed

N.F

[], S YsJ

ot

Y1

\
-i

Unsymmefrical X-Slcg

Yg

aeiernine

r&nirng shess', at' ot fibrc t

locafu.d

dta

NA '& rnax. beriing ra shese when raditis ol

...l

is knoLon

(::
ronharted

U
1:i

(:

rnner fibres

i t

!%12,

LB,

IIE

'D,:'
Rt= D,tb
2

(*o),

F.Yma,

R2

E*. 92

ts-b)z

= E'Yrnax

E*

.tlz

Tr;rqr

R,

E.ttz

Rr

Rt

Ei Ut

--:-----------:--

(0,+

t)2

D2*b

'ti El

Et
L

D,1L

t'

DJ

'l g,>>)F
EA

e
g
q:f

:JI

Et
q:j

-\-

-:

e;

--1l8]{t:az::a!

a3:-: r \F-i;::i::.

E:rra:ffiiri.pi:i:

:g%-

Cr".

[t*o)rrJrr,* = Laryer oF the alNvevalues.

,/'

[{*),*f

0.,,

Fr
D,

L> l[ ft is lao
srnall-{ v-gf- (harrrt o{ lailcry<
l{ rt rs'loo large- dirnension

(,H

s
g"'
d

$reture fD rret ctia oF

a {lyr.uheel
Wttr,1
C:
_D)

.\/- )

noop

f-

.e
..-:;

,)i '

-l

6i;

\$l

(.',"

!l

I
t

r-/

ii

!
rnore pve{erable
.f

!,

Ihil 8 wider beltr are

toitl [s

-l

's..

ro tes tite. J

rytore .

D,--

rourr Transmlthn
g

@
-.1

ctue

Life oi the belf.

dre
^.^

g oarrou,
-

---.
n-:slc
^-' prekrabte I -*' xnot
|

Thick

'

Capattty
--rvtteT

_lJ

@
@

Both tfr betts

Same Pou4r transrnrttinq

opocity.

@
\_
\,
-t

@J
1

have.

Gfr,IID I-

@c
t;

Area

is

same

I V-.

ffi
E#

E
S-

Mn

rxa

F*
Yt
!

R.

-i

i. .i

T=

,-9

-rNA

dimenSio

os

rnm.

Rig

E1'po'
"=

hen,R1l

iaifu

Mc'R'l

9eI*o
I

::

= MJ

,:.

[.i

^i

t!1

q:.

eerryl

(,,:

ql

Pr-3

3EI

Chanci:s

of bend faitures l

L,-

(Yru*) ila

L>

\<i

f =rnrnt (uue

P13

3EI
is used

5echon rnodulug

tphereos llexura

I
.

.rloiQ,iYY
i-11.
.
i.

cleslgn,
iE usecl
.l

of

beam basd on

in the

,. ".....' . ,' . '- .'.. '

shenglh

desrgn of q bgom

.. '. ..

" .:":.

j.'..

can

find

the dirn)

criterion

bosed

on rigidi\

'. .'.:: .:;.''..". ^

:,

Qeometrical Properties of Various Coss-sechonsi-

x- slc

ZM

--rJNA

{' Yr.^

{i

J
,fr.tIyy

ZP

=r

{i
(:
(-

f:l

.t

9vL
o =f,

iil
llj
J
k-d-------,

[oLoJ

"4 , [,_*J

\a=Ixx=I

.A:Ilpottour

Thin
(ytindrical x-s/c

------>

\ u,s
Y

shongo

k-a-_t

4o.tiv}
are

hrt-

rJ

''ll-"r, ' ' ';i

I

J
Y

l+u-+

ffi

*I3]g:?F,sa?a=.!E:irye+ffierffi

-Q

Ir-r<t1

6i DI[,-*I Ito = 11,'

O,

Yrnax

rffi

a;%

J =2I
-6rrlr-kl]

R=!

2.

zr=

f;03[r-Xr

Vg
t

vi

(''%,')o

-_____

(z.n\)

UY*)a

:;
a

Zs

LB

uSle

w
-t

=JZ
Zss

8lu)rt
Ll'l*)r,

/_M

)so

lz

)ss

=-fr

(@l[-*'asiven
let* = Jz (z)rr : t,!rq t lr,r ifi
[M*),'

lz

zso

zss

JI

matariar
f

,ir.

.= .t,

t::

t.
t,:'

.:.

(ru)re = Jz (ra]*

When

Y-

m is same-

(.,..

A quare X- slc urith

sidu

verhcal 8 horieonla

a E/uare X-slc tpith diagonals

are

I is

verl"ical

El,q7

8 horizonlal

shonger Lha

n the

tr

under bendimg.

tr

Zso is .less because

m&erial dt Lhe top frbre

is less as rcmpartQ to

T
d

1-

{-

J.

{"_

f.'
@-

Area &

ep

hE"

V_

IF
ie

=43

A1=Az

'@

(hn0r

8zs-

--Ag
t

I-

(trr"r)

L,

(': ml.d'z)

G,

i
e,

)%q

"i

(':

l*b=ttro--

f'::

ci,c'rl^rir,urhon

shea,

Y-

st.sseg

s/t'area

is

best FDr

( due to max

dt

NA) g

tt
(i
'

Z2

(..';

.1-.

f-

lo0

(,'

Rechngle is better
clue fu
more depth"

drn

trI

vci
@

(i

rG)

*lle

-l a,
I

'l s
.l

rl e

f-o-:
)

r@
t

P l'-risrnue

!-Ll

LJ -,it r,
7
9zz

better.

_{

IJ
tI

L Jn

IM

raseo{ berdirg

td

crus_s/g

,ma{ gri,q af
, i fI*
il
EF I ,i,
ai ,ia i, dr"
,.
rro.i1a.rpg

r7

bes!.

"

Lr;

'

-l e

1@

a
*

Jn taf.

oJ

axial loodingr

plays dn irnp. role

An f-sechon havino
'- "'J
more ftange th,ck,65
X less

better

r-

drb thlckness l5.

than a ordirtar!

sechoa

oot.,.:--

Area

6uf sbapr

.ln ba{irg, ahap pfor an

irp rote in deeigning

cloes

E
*t

ql)Sol:-

E!

rll
cJ
i,1

st'

l0

an.

i1

crn

-(

-(
-

Y= 6cro

i+l

!:l

ljiil

-t

!1

:d

tl
:t

locrn

r:l

:;
al

rl

K-b=lf.-.

,l

-:i

vH

-fi
kg'b)rE"

-!

'i.1..

-<

..1.

zer)'.

'l

-,.

;l
rj

t
,,1

t
q
:l

Q2)5ol-

Du

I-MetM.

t
c

YvfrA

,j.
.

x rooxzooo

2oxlo6x 6o

-* ,Bl,lPb

:,

fr
R.
v
6
tI

&u)'
(ob)ru^

Y-.r.

#
L:9

rb'

.lt

30

Et;>.
EJ,

' t)-'
tx
ti)&
V,*

Q4JSor-

EE

\;rv

trp",1

(5

C,-

edl

6_
@_

@_

@*
@,.,i_@) -

*tL8i -,

ffitl

ESFEBEffi
ffi

S--:3BrS,

i;=ffifl:f.:t:..:ir{

II

Bs,

,'
/

iffif

,ffi r/Qr3)tu1:(qi)r*

,I

r5'l

i2onpa

, 2gh my4

75

t_
25

T'

'5o

,
I

leh =1oo-!l

(9 | =

:
..3...

6x 106{ zs
'_
rna $^,o,,g,

Jyy-:

=l.q'ZMPa,

Tehsileforre:ai.tsonthehor.hndj:u.i,u.=rung^A*u].............j'.
(

= / o+wz)x sox2S
(-

(:

{lr
(':

= 8.9 kH.

fi

Q) Repeat

...

the

6rea Ab

dboye

shourn

;";:r:J

= BB.75 qyy,

-e
*@
_@
l

.,l

.;4-,

z/

.;:

{or

thq

ompve%ive

sne

aeHng

on the hatbed.

Q)br the T-sechon r determinegtotal

compresgitx

tDfotat tensile

6rre darOopd dbove the l{A of lhe bexn.

,,
,,
htour
,r .

.r, ,,

M"SkN-rn

T $'
Y,

,,.

l"-?

l+-2oo----+l

l2str-'.'

r:68'ry%-'

rF"

,,

tQrop= (oi)sx

TJi

EI
rst4

fr

.Distanre a[ renhes
the top"

-i

{ro-

l
I

/tn

l_00

f,o-

&
{-r.ii

ft:x

tor)#

t
j

=
ss
68.75 rn m
't,'.;

k,
UJ

'zzt-6d.7r = lso,zs m,
pBy Parailel AxiS Theorern = Ua)
{ t ny
'r
= x 2oo x 253
2oox r*
Ys

\o /

2oox2s

foo.r5

(rx_6&7s){

12,5)l

+-L x 25X t2oo)3+

l2

rf,uo

:'

Y*r,
'.

;..'.'

:.-

or Ja

l:--

.:'--..'...

:!

(r-

fib'= (o-o)s

!"

{3.15
156.25
(j
1

Cornp.

{orre abrr.e LI:e

NA =

(ry)

(rrr.rsxzg

ilznxns aat
(

('u)

s
si
E:;

e.q-

ffi

I Tensile

force. belou.r the NA

8s!=

(rsoasxz)

(j1?1
2/ )

P-50

fl,@ a6)
lt'/fr
qv

Shongest x- slc

5ol:*

\ Lr rnou^ be nnx.

e;,

s
.('.,;'

]:

1q-I:i'

f,
(,1

ffi
c;
:.

Ii

16
4' = d-br.

rr,\
tr'r

J,
.I

tlbu-b'f

-rci

br =

@
@

-@
-@

-e
-@
_@
(.-ii

d' = 0'-

'';..i'

t/r-

DA

.--f

= z*t.

bt

dJ2
=.

-l-

Pue To(rbn:-

,f

,.-

Iorsional Shear StressesJ

ber or a shafL is sairl

8 oppooite couptes

uuoy

to

be trncler pure

funsrbn

tphen

o-J
-+

if

i5

in a plane tr to the longitudinal axis of the

thab the rnag, of turisbing rnornenb rerndins

length of rnernber

Lcw],

consbanL

subjected

nember

to qlal
in strh

througharL the

i.e loisting mornenb = con5t')

0 = const-

.:-+J-a'-g-+_.

a,-+-a

-.'.-

.-.
-

\,

v*w
r"P.vl

on

thr

suvfar

ff4

Plane

ol x-slc

qn -7.Inifia postkon of .
t-r euir, 8 iviry.mem'.r .

of rross-s/c is in pure
torsion.
PURE TORsICN

T'C+tu,tst the X-s76 .1hu5

the p6int A isshifted
to Ay
0A,-+ 1'1s, posihon oF

radial llne.
much the
9'Dngle the rarlial llrr
is precent on
bhe
Hotr.r

I rross-serho o at the
Y free -end is get h.orstd
t

rp.Et q{

:nrigt ?
'end
of lhey-slc,
O + shar angle
a-t

O-+

0+

8g hou.l

/much angle

.tr,' e

&ie.

thelrrron
^turface
t

epeeo[s the hour much angle

thE

Frce end

the

geb hrrised
rj

Or

urhrh

on the x- slc aL

Angular defn
represenb by

6f lu he

on E+1e gurfate oF the

,.gnb

T+

Drstonte

Distance

shdff
@

Effe*of

of

a X-slc

of

f'om

the

poity'- on the

frxed end

X-t/c

frorn the cnhe

of tbe

L = I,

!3'd[rT,l':rare to cenhe.

q0 t
,asr I
7 - frQ)

l
@
Iorholly

ri
E/

'$

L=0,0.O
L = f{s)

t8r on0g

L,
/ Lro$-s/c tp y_s/c

shear crngk
rs 9,,:

f_ changc*
l'

,@

->

is iridryndmt

f1:t

iu''l'

6
e,3

.-i

0'='0 -; g 6 independ
enE of r

, Q'< g > r(

\'-e

Acc.

ot Hookei Laur

y .( f

I"(C{r

.-

e< r

Y=

6
@

R*

( Linearly varie)

,'@.

e
@

.?
"q

.R

--'@

r3=---.-t, r-------,

,c

lc------.<'F

'(9

Fg. Effecb of

--,O

=Freeend 0r) 0q i 0a
L''rr> b>r*]
t-'

oi r

do'o no{rhai:

-ie]

'

Q,

-B

Inarsl

=Q + G=l'c= lR=R,
to ( {. ( 0 o

shearforre-'rar'

reohe b
ir rf surlare
db

In

?ure Torsion

reofte
Frorn frg. U)

S(2)

tr)shear ongJe
o+

srnall{

rndx. at a

ure can

conctude that

:-

ns 5he{ shaln or shear sl-ress is dr.,sHy proprhonal,. to

,.

bub

1rarp..rrnr,l

Henre t,,re i'an conclurle

'poirol

that shear angle, 5hea, shu,n, 8'shepr^ shess )s

far au,ay from the. renhe of the shaft
(i,e on the lurfareof &be t

'.:

ii'j

ang

le

at.. .'

'the

Free

.6.I

i -

Cj
..1

d
p

end)

g [[,? nlf ?,1;l'*.u,ru sane but prnr bo pornt on fr'te ttslc

dnqle or shar Slresl f shear shain \arie5

sbeon

e
e

(:

[q) qn a given x- sic Shear anqlel

Sheor sl-ratn

Shwr

frorn

stresE

pinf 'to point

L

i
('(:

F:.

(_
<

f-

4
k'

at the
;
frec En4,i5fx.5n
Y* s1c

Tmt=Trr,
I

6r5a{t"
.

eii: "'
i'

ril

sL
0t=Oz=O3=

(^: /

Qr = Q,

=q :

0n.=

=02

0A=

'.'r:

Qn=Qa=

% =Qo

:t r=

\14\J

)Q'7q'[.

-..-.:+
:$r
torgue -)
f

*lr&
\l@

lu:isfrng

\l}

-i

\-l

hzrz)r,J

:"
resisfinr
httishng couple
:7
ausddue lp fsf31
Lhe tenhe .
rnbernal

-) ExLernal

applred Loisbing
,ou1rl,

rRF
:

.':-r

E,'

A Baat

*ivit:l
t-iE9

'!l

rrf

Iors,rn-

-i(ii

rr]

t=a,J

4$n

&r.id

f,=fr_.

is

Tang

i.fr

lf tang = 0

:j

:8L

AAr
BA

When R,I i5sarne

9"<g

:j
-q?

.'@

Shear Straln

\!6

*@
'*@
*@

' Au

p..

Ho*ellaw

'-'6

' G)'

-:@'

ri

.T

cT

This

eql

Angle

Tmox

if

tffi

T* q R0

givesl

aS f=R8

w
B#

HE

Ur)

i-i

[=l

of trPisl of x-slc i5

Above Egn

gi'PP

on the Y-qc'
a
bhe max . shear 5he55 clevetory) ab Poinl

is usd b deErmine

a:hen dngle of ttpisf o+ thaf

X-slc is knouon.
F-1
Lr"

'- '

,-'l:
i r': .'

\n/hen

[ia

R-rT
r-+ I'

\:;7

--i.,:j
I

T'=
Mornenf

of

Cr

? l!6.

res istance

it dbfined as the
T

e$n

Toryae

it

g.se{ .

t9

'
sutlar of
*. thc surbre
deterrniire, -t bebu:
! :. -.-. l-. .-,:

th.

X-s/c

BJ

I Resisting Itr:isting (oufle t I* ]

resisL,ng twisting couple of{ered

( Ta =) Safe Condihon

by *-te

plane

of

slc

&

ttr
shaPt'

q'dF* IBF arl'inq ll ro tle

surlate at a drshn (e r

,Ie
L+

bryrt

Max aPphed

dr*,

Res

i*ing T w isf; og

dTc'

rpt[hrut HremernbPr
qo'b;

hi piaocoern

or bacfure

x,

ri;

dIR,

dF

X.r

F.AF-f,ffiry',If,.ffi.ary.-B=EB:

tlli

dAx

:{t4,t.w*-?a:3ffi..r--ffi:.t

ti

b.
I.

9\o-

= fr

xdA X r

dT*

r' ,tdA.

Tq =
=

TR

tI

r'dA
II

f /rtn

{ran = secoPd morrynt

langft:(linal.axis

: rzz = f
ru

-::'*:""''

Serortl.npmenl

of

.'.

of area oF the

ared.

'i'

ptans

of X-s1c abou,l a polar or.

= Morfpohr Mof )
/

I , hrgher uiil be the, Ip

L-p Chancee of the s[aFr b

Higher the

which 0ses

From @)

the pugr

bestronger lrses
hansmissmn capacity.

(Y)
of Tri:ist'obtoined ar
a dislinre
tt*
fr..
end
on'*JrrJ;u""''
!.fo,

fne]e

ol

.
Elloroing ds,surnptions

L,'lylat

riu

x- rt,

I of snaet
oF shafF

.:

olthe snaie.
Shaf[ is ossumed

X-s/c

tenghof

tle prhbn of the

shaft rohich i5- unc]er
.
"
dre wde uhited.,.,r,#'L3'H;,

*.

b Oe horrngernrs X rsnfryi
is ossumed h be cirarlar 8 prisrnaht
t+roughou t
rs assurn(l

b be bndec

brston,[

'!t

lrhe length

rerna,in! cons{bnL

lerqth

I
9

of tho shaf t]

Mabenal obey!
Plane

Hooke

s Law

serhbns remain ,rlane even after tu:isting

Ql) deterrnme shear shress developed

at varlous points
Shaft as shorpn in the f-,jlrr.. rrrhen it ls subjeched

H.

rnax shear

sl^nss

ArB,L ontheX-slcof

of Joot4pa due to a h^lshing moment

T.

,Trrrn'looMPa

c'

f(

r.i

(':

'l

fA = f^ = frnax'-l0oMPa

ro=,t'=RJ

,.

: f' = ffna, f :

fB

|OOX

Le:
5o

k
5o MPa

r
ii

Q)

REeat

H'te dboye

gpee

lion lor

,f ,t = BOg pa
5ol

the s,hear angle devetoped

u:

af poirrts Arg8C.

r,}t

j..

.-8.Q.

..

':,,

L,

Q=

"r

=Tq

t:

Qr+

'..

..

0.u,

1:

",,

(:r'

ri -

Qn = 0t- --

t..'.

Boxlo3

tr

= t 25xCI-3 radtans.

E-,

.":

(:zi.:

tr

; .:'.1::-,r, '.'.
-'

irji:;',;.Sl:ii-'i::1.1

JE
:L-i-

H'P
Hilb
Bili

sb
s/
fl,e
gl

fl

8\L

Repeat the above

Queshon

frr the dngle of t*isb, fo1 the X- ilc as Shor.r:D. in

the frgurc u:hen if is locakd at d disLanre oF Jrn fro^ the friecl ert o{
.

the shatt.

r,is

is

s:j
t:ii

@
!

\;

.l

&

).

6t\
w

6*

(J

ei

*.'C)

rp

ffi,,ffi1W"+-.ftEjii.r,t3l:f:s,ajrla:,iijar;::;

ii-+:j.:*Gr.;-f;li{i.*.!:riij.rie.-.-Emffi

Anolysis o[

Iorsion

Equabion:-

Tr -T
JRL

Go

J.l,J(B)
(4
Case

(o

q;-

T.= I
J' : " R
C

TrR

Crna^

-I&

J
R

)'Pol'ar"sution:.Mod'Jlus".''='J'
R

.,. "''

':

."''. .'
.'.'. . .','

A\ssumphon

.' 4:ipnotva|;cl'
; ^:;..:,.,;:'/,,

p6;e

.t

se.hbgrifidl.I

t-PEg_qlLlhoshino
------L'

emax

,pt

zp

-,crnr*

fi o'['- K'J

wq+rn g of

il*:':'"'"
Chanres

fraI

t6

4r,,@

r
eNo

of

Iorsional

iro'['-

*uJ
tarP,E <__
ofsuylare 5
beiause

fn case oF

independenb of

PIT- '

",
:ll.>*:'',

'-

nobrlal

civailar s/c.

warpingil
f2,k<s

ptan

Suybte

lw

9u>
oi)
6b
v

ffi
ffi

r+1,

e
6

,
trl

-r

G=ca=Cc

(4)o = (4)a=
LB

crois- s/g

Cmax

Eq'(l)

s
gi

..'.

hh ,t+)o !

Lc

Go*Ga*G6

Bronze

7.

asiunph.oa

h=fB= Tc=7
[A f

at'ary peinf on the

(,:,

Qol4

[n4

'

xr.
-

(il)

cinulor,
fi-toclulus

-r is used to
deterrnine the shea r
circulor y- u/,
tt hen rhe rnax Shear

Eg (tr)

slress cleveloped

shess.crer.eropecr

lhe

shalf is known

J oi .h!,

ZP

lf
--lll*'

Torgue is varyla

ZP

zP)
-

7p.

at any pint on the

on the x_ stc oF
u

Iaof lmax

=---]fp"^

t'u'*

/ *,f-:,u.
(-n. 0.6r.
0f aia are rarn)

**'

d orD )

rnm

bnclition for saft,

TR,'= Zp. fper.. , ,--0,1

I

b. is urrd ouhen shaf

ts

arc

zpl?
tt*)

the

(Apadh*. ' ,^rhen

Inf .+ T 'f +

16-

(Ha
Q)'

is used to compare

tronsrnt%tott

Ewo girzen

X-

Porper

lt

al

Trans

shalts Lu,r.f fheir toryue or pourer

clrrnensrons

permtsstble Sheor skesses

mission (apacrty

cl3 Tper

=_6 D'I r- K t_] fpe.

t6

Dbtnnirie" UL'.mh o' bf '' p,1.it r

5ame r.p.rn

'

ot 'cliff rnDtetrals

g rvns'

:'

Qtttll-t

having

Sdftie

of a ;nd

dia

8 made of same mabrial.

Ps

Prl

tf t oitotr, 'iirtAti'r'rr,arr 't rhich' bra

6w1,.

i:oLahng:ab"".

.i..
::

Hfl

:*7
.3'

'

8qL

ilf '/"

,r'

l-l('r

K\f r/e"
f
tt
fr

..

fre
*

;$

6)
('. ):.,

6it
7..
(

'@,

Pu)P,

) I f,'*<rJ
t+When lwo.sy16S1u arc
. mabcrial, :ame d1a

Ts,')''IH

some rpm,

(r)tr K=)

ffii

,L,po{ 5at;c

rotanicl

at

rrrrLrlor

P.T";

n-

rH

tE

15

1.07

(x
e;

t >'' l-.K,

"'
,1,

("t'1

PsfI

tr
above

-----1'
t[ilrfr'",:'Jt":"ffi*,-,
the pT.( ,{ sotid u:rlt be l/

rhen

g/,. itboth be shafLs'arehaving

Same

..

r rhi roho K

rnor.

Pn

t6

-'

Tn

f,d /;,
..--...-.---.---

6o?'n

*'l

/,

ru

**rn the hotkt,

bub dia are.
-.'.s^

@i
Ps

l,

the P r t of iotid
slnil ig rrore Lhan the,
l^pltou shaf t j

'.'
. t .:rl

naat

: (#)['-o-] :()

E
*T
tNs

t3'

Wrl

l,:c;

,/,r, /,vr.
L--

AsVs

An

,As

b'cozof same maltria/

-d

/n

=A H.

'e fro' n.f,

* ttt-K'1

Y
I

d_
0

/*.
t

.FF

(,,)

.64
@

..:

!: .,

ls
D
'rH

=
'

;f+t,
...

t*'

(t.t9

t' f

spaie is a constfiainb
th.ar'this:case is not the
'
Sur{able.one.'.. -'. .'

'

When

L) llspare is not a ronshrainb

fhen hollorp is the best.

l( < I

one

.Jl-?'

f-.-.a

't"j

t1
>7.

E
\-,

.m]
)ps

(v

PI

++ = H =orrf,

t+K

L!

rrl

f -r

#l+

x.

+P,l
I
h

aA
w

,a

q.'

E-

\R3.

BqT
qiven dia (,.e rohen rach'al spa(e rs a conshaint) Sbhd circulor
sh'afbs
,6re beLter lJr,an hollou: circular shafts. {Assurning all other conclihons dre someJ

O\a

s/
tl

L,

'6+
|
er

hr

a given

(Assumrng

(roltou: circular shafts are betfer

than sorid circujar sha
other condih,ons are nrne)

weighL

all

(:"i ,t

$ lf lhe ondjhon

is not menhon ed

'b

(':

,u

rungih 8rprn

l"'
, .il
P,(.t'TT o(,

then

dseurt

Weight E

a ronshainb.

JPdrxotjtF'ugiven,^rJ
d1

ftl

63

a. d3, Ill
I Tra,c)3
u; I D , r [1. If tp rs not sarne
P..rrJ
Hollouc

'noi,rL, a,.
a
girun
a*a
;1
.ir,riu,;

'-'':

shafl are 'arttu,

rrnre gPafe

(.)
c)

&slry:-

"*i e) 6user)-;
t-

Cma*

(.r..,

-l

+ o, ,y;.
(zr)Tpe,

\I

r':

(r)

m)

=o
C

&s

T:-

'
9
': buborrstrr

xtergh

mpferrat
7[tW,n
L) deperl
oubr mdi'6 on\Y

on

__.

Eg

'

ttv) is used to d&ermine rnax shear

shaft when

of tLuisf

ngle

of

shpss developed

thaf

porhtulor

Y.- slc

on

,l

ffle X-slc

ig knotpn

q)

t
I

or.*la

(ru*)o

LG^),

lf

'.

(rr)u

'Qo=Qs
Op =0g

=l

x<

LA

(zp)a

(erna*)a : |

(rf Tn=ru)

(fmar)a

[fmax)o :

O.,)o

G')'

[rnax)

(rf,)

G)o

=LB.

the

d +[u,,R,08 L]

(ma*

:B
.,w

o\

G-ulo

ffi}/
ffi*r

&*t
flf/ ./'

8q,

= ,-Kq <l

(rruDs

}}eJ

15
l6

if x

=,J

ir Casell).,a'.:

t#

=@

, t1j
q,,;

Gr.
Orna^ = 0

&
.\...

-; ,e,
!i

=&!
CnT

Cvrf

=
:

I
i

TL
GT

+ Toqional Rlg[aitq::

f-=t

ir'degrees

'"

EY

I6rsional Stiffness (K or g)

T
0

1=

_Er
L

6T t

? qt

-+

0|

+ a+

t ChanceE of fiilures +

T
Qa=Q

RO

t:.

L.

Material

Q=

Rg

Qa

In

case

of if c,iff. natertal

)
{

0r_
Qa'

-L

(Ro/r) ,'.

$,ett1o -

:ff^

-fo
L6

:
-

?_Ea
0a

= ffl1ufla

'Fdti,

x!l
Lg

t';:.

&
A
.g

8qL

#.'4

Ln -r
-''

*x L,

A^

Qa = 0n =Q
a Ql9)5ol-

Q= 8oo

qv

ii:
Fd

,.
(ii):
(:.,,

..

bX0;Ol
loo

@t

-r-OOFrad. = 0 0oo5 rad

.'

ntryit

the abovegueshon {or the shearstres

s dedopdrshearongle g angie or
tr e) hDrst flqv.gloPed
,,dl the invler rodius iF shor: mdrul'as 6]

6.r

6:r
, er

*hite

Bo 9Pa

.:

L'

.! s

Boxtolxo,ooos

\ot4Pa

r.q

r;i^Y

\ F),
\

ma^

Q
e

rdt

yrrin

rri,

;^

q,

rr*

fon,

Ro

em,o

R;

.'

e-

--. Qrnil

e\
tp

Omr,

Y
I

rnjn

o.ooo3

ra'dian '

Qntin .* o.ooo3 rddpr.

'.

Crir, :
:i)l',.:r::.

9.J-in

= BoKlo'No.oW = 2\ MfP
,i\

sheqr matjal is

Qle/ 5ol

E
B

9=

I
9J-

fg

=#

D'It-KlJ

fro'M

.{:

:I

\3

:'

'#J

K-L---*--rl

\-:

= tooltlPa

0,5--'
L

(_

(:

-f,

cA-

_W
= @_
T4

@^

=l

6
-i

tfr
r.

fr
i7

CI)*na

=T

,/

Cma*

zPl I
l--r

0=

8\L

Composite Shaftsl-

J!-

GTJ

valid fo'r

of

sarne

shafb Dhich

is a cirdarr prisrnahc,mdd

mafen'al 8 under pure torsi on

Li,e

n n fl

P.

0'lr*[u,.f,IrJffif

Acw

T =consl
_]

.l

from R.H.S

f 'cw I

L forn RnsJ

[\

L=d J=[i

' [][]
.I

f,mJ

St,afts

in

Series

Gsel):-

:-

(t)

one

end

ol

is tonnected

through

fi. m LHsf

T,=I. =I-n =f

shaf

fo

othe

coupling
tn order to rnopp-a
series arraolenerl

'-s(omParnd Shaft

h{hl

tu)_

fApplied foad on

or*u, -03*92 *or

otooa =rgolOac +

gae

llr"

free end)

CW-rlyggi

lp=T I ACw fiom RHsJ

ro,fltcw B,'LP.l

Acw

-r-vff

- )F--

As per

MeLhod

ol

T, =

r"

Tz =

T'

Sudlr,n

-<

.<

Il=T

lrrhese arq. methocls used tohen

.' the loadg dre actOd al1n pornb.

('

-Iorg1:e Drbgram

/l

E
ri

(:

e.

f-a*

_T

I
L3

i6T

(r) ---r is

rl =

16T

to delermine lhe cltaneler

tr,

{.,

^d:3

Lrin

used

(i,)

^dl

'Crra,

o*r = oro

'[,i*]

a
e
f'
s
s
.,

fr
4

6:

,,,rtn"

,,'(i)

ornparrrd shaft asshou.rn

rahb

of

Cmay

fmin

{or the dias o+ the: shafr

0r) Expression

8qL

in the fig. dekrmine

rsI

if

(ii) Angle o{ Tt^'isL af the {ree end r+

per,rnfssibe Crnou., for

the angle

of

t.,rst

the sha,lirnaleri.

developd

.jtrnchbn pohL fS 0 .

,
!.

rrnax
. Trnn
(rl br

d,

l+* l, :

.:. tE,U
j

dz'

safe leslgp

(ema)ira.

Tr(c
),6T,
'':

\< T

^d;

Cii,)

ol*u, = ocA =0r+0,

ti

0*

'= Oz
1,L,

/ G,tt

(4)' .= B

:.

aL

the

toi
0

= 16

g,

0.o
,.CA

=160

o6a'llo

'

-[rz

Caserl:1cg, ryer
Lur

_.

t'
I

9rx Q

3T

.l

Method

of Sechon.

"Tl = 6T

I =6t
Tz=T

Bc

T3=3.T

Torgue diag,

Crnin

orord

03
I

qr

f0zt0r

f r3t, +

J[
Qr

3rxr

r;iiEii ,;r.. .,1',

i!,

T2L2+
t:l--r

t' L, l

tr xZL+ 6rx
l

llrl
= hT

f; = l6t

q6T

dd,,

nd3

84
,,or the cornpound

shait

as shoton rn

the

Whe

tig ., deLermine

o no. of sarbnr-arror

' .14, 4usd

-\
?
\

shear sl'reEs in;duced

1/

;1

t\t

Tmax..

TD rnetbc
:

= _lrT

lDE

- cloe =d

dmjn

Crna^ ,= LDE .- ,J6 Tr"u.

-44il

,
,

exgr

-l--

xd r.

= 6qT

;a'

-lJfr-

,- -lr_ - T I
'

d\

[:a;r
-ql

9I

B'de

= j2LxT
't!

r -t,
xnwal l
-'

!F

- ,

6v

di

-\

-1
I

"J

d,

Q)

r". th.

sh#f as shoon in fig,

if

crngle

(i) rnax s heor shess indued

at the

,a Q

ampound

Angle

of lrrist @

t.I
/ ^

L,
L,

zera

of turist @ junchon point r.5 0,

fiee

I Ytr 1-1- ut- 'i

;'

',tl g
'

tI

.and lh e

end of the shaft.---t

--

o)zo

0)o tl

fireeend

._E

determine

@)_roiTxol

{dzero

ilarfnot

ii/:i

/.

('

l:.::

'i.,./
.t
I

,...jTaa.:O..::E:,,

I
\

Ouc

\.\

= Oaa t
=

\/

There t; no brqus [:ut "

rnar shear Skess indurrE

.,..,.,.,

..

s
(

gac

o+0

-_F\A

because

hetr)

shafb

+txed

ab both fhe errds.'-

r[cwJltu;
(1

k=-r=--;+-:l--+l

8ry:
ne:t toryue .achE

on lhe cornpound.shafb

i'gtrpz)

=-ra

, T, = -IatT @ Ic

it"p,
6,i.

'

shP?

\lt
(t

('
{
t
J

, -Ta = 3Ta- jr.

Tr = T-Ta

SbepsJ

C,

&

,e

:-

I
T2

tt

= -TAtI =T
,1

,@

I q...,

-Io

.I

Cmax

l6Trr

i+..*,

I
T
Lmax

Angle

of

t2T,

Crnin
7=--\,

_l6xTr ..*,

="2
12

[rrt (B);0, orgr.

9,f,,

'9

At

-lg7L
=:xL
eqt
ffi-

[
')

]4ekhod

E
H

='qJr)

IQ,r

Y"

5u*"

2) ,,

) oprional.
Q) Reachon lorgue
ob orre fixed .

TX3L
qL

end.

=. 3I

1ra)
. ' /'

,1

(r,

r_ ra

T,

/t,

Q)

mt the

ia.,yllprnd bar os shou:n

in fE tletrrmlne rnax.shear slress tnducd

F:

angle

of

pdnts.

L3T

(:

(..

I<-L-+L*r-+k-L-->l

5ol-,

I=Te

Tz

=Ta-3T, Tj = Ia-3Tr2f

. + In_T @ _ f,

) InJTo =7.

.: r) .J-a
,

.'

$! lrrl,l.f:?r.19
?L

rD

T-1; =

T-tJ: _I
3

") r,= l-a

Ir=

la
;i..,,

:'- 'k':'
3r.

r\-'\.

l=h_T = I
3

9] ,/
,LT

lrna, = T2 = -II

.,'5)

er

3
1-

Lrnax

.i,

HI
(

"

= Tz =

IL

ndi

doT

lnil

es=0,@o,roa

'

Q,ft
t

or = 'TrL-r

t,,:,1

f',

+t_____J<,

:.

ll---ln
1

TA+TD =2T.

0,* gz + 93

) +t**#;*

]''=

L__r<_ r-.=_>l

w
r

ts*

\
Y

:
v
.

/a\

t
J

.ffi

&

rr.

(li

r'

r-Te

= Q.

Tp=ZT-Ta =

oa=0,@ g+gs
t'

= T,Lr
9 rJ,.

-1xL
qr,

r(1

tr

g
w

e
E

s)\

8s2
Tdlq

ffi
".-6Y

i)T;lax

ti)

!ru* '
fmin

3t

=(,4.- q

T
ndr
.

.{
[ii,) Rario

of Rm Togues

*
tB

=n.

-ld,

T
dz

ri--r-------------Ii

ir
li

ffi_ffiEBEq:-:..-i{::i:Eil?:jTl3-i.l.i}?iji!Iiiij.*=,:i:-j jf::i1:*H?if.rB:::==F.B::i6i,aa..r-..F-ire

k>a

E!&

ti) Tr -- Tr = Tl=
(,D

Esfr
t

=Tn = T.

t:a

-(
<

Ororu,

frnu*

= (s

=;r

-1

t6T

-i

,i

Ji

Cma*

Ta:

Crnin

Cr,

/oY= (;-b
ltru. \'
(.El
/

]:

,
,1:

n+

'fl

{:'l$

d : di f.(d,

r=
0r,r,p

.(.
I

-(-j
(

#au
32Tdr

^ot dr {arorr.J]o

\,,:

.'-

(-

orourr

g+

dl+adr+ar'
3d?di

{
(:'
[-

For

d ;:rismaht bar

g=32T1

V{

f tl

L a-iJ

&
E'

Torsion of a

l@

an

intensiLy

htsnatic kar wheo

(t)

,
i_

l
I

!
i@

'n
rA-

it is suhiecLed to

uniformty disfrbuted

N-m/m

! t t t t

is varying

Lru-m/nr

Torgue

var/.

tL

e
I

{sD
,

Dr,ag.

@
@

TLA

.?,

-.

-.l6Tmax
. _ ,6tL
._
;--- _0,.\
xd'
xd3

"

a-)
:. 'l

fa
e,;

o totut

rL

g'tnp

Tx-x = L..r

+fa[-r---]r
0*p

is lineorl
( Exarnple

distributrd

Ibrgue

= _ Txr-dr
tP,-

* :l*fl',1', * =,'.,,,.r,

appl

togue q.direX

dA

haviry

.fogue
, u:e cannd

d-

toryr

loatl

Ostrip

32trdr

ororu,

It

jZttdx

^qd "

^qd\

:i.

32t
x Gd\

[. ,*J

,5r12

o rorur

^qd\

.,

Shaf[s, in Paralleli0 will be .same L torgue, u:1ll be cumulahve

k.___L_______+t
(i)

O, --9.

(iD

Frorn Torsion Eg

1,tTz

EP

=6

rI

G,r

u,"J

8)
0.= 9,

T, Lr
= ___

==\;n
lr=-

6,Tt

ftr trre

81_

=T=f = P

T2
Q)

't

compouod shaft d5
shou:n

Aa

in lhe fig.

,'

lG-L____*+-t__,
n

I
J,

U: Utf

lJz

v.

)ro, n )rro,

=IL
=

tl

'I

# + #,1
TtLll
;;L t'"* l
r

(
{
F-,

tc

riJ

-@
-@
-@
-_@

i@

= l6ft[
nild,

r-

'i'll r,

-.--

nG4\
:

*"iJ

.'

defurmine sbain energy

of. the shalb

Springs in

Series

\:E

tamllel

tR=P
A.

?, =

?r_

-D
-l

Kl

6rotu

=6,t6,

Kz
P

P,.

ot?'
,

:)

]-*

,-

b
Kz

:.

:-

1.,
\eo.

Kl

=-B

'I

Kl

rl
(-,

I
t

,;

I
-lt<E=j (r,,

k,

Springs

t:

in Porallet.'-

coNce NTR

L u* r*

tc

spRtN

ro oDta,n

Dore

u;ithin a les radial

[, tf ore ol

,{iq

gt

forrce hh-ic-

Lhe.

fr1

ctusTER

cts

f.

NEsrED sPRlNq sJ

load carrying capadty

dama grd

eg,*pqpqf .,..is nef- .

sPriDgs dre

used.

Kz+

usd

in lorornohyes

l, Witr,in

spa(e

sprirq is

less load

space_,

load carrying capactty

the {unrliond;y3{bed.',..'tl..

Spring iE

tlrrl

the desird

of

rnore.

the

advanlage

,cendenhic spnngr: are usd. ;,

Ts

!!L
xdt

i..

ks.

#i'
=J*fitJ,-

.,/'

t.

C= D =SprtnS
db/

1*

dra -

Vahts
brreclion

$r

f-adot. E

+ o.6t;
Yqc-v
c

'ir,7'
@
@

a
e

(D

4=Sr=5

(ii1

P=P,tpy.

(qd

K,6r t

g9

K2d2.

@t

kq'6

[ K, rt(,J

el

s,
.1'

,,

at

tI

/////,,

K,rx

77V7V7

z.
beameg dwbte

s
e
$'

s
f.',")

BI^/D
G',=
'

Ks =

"Ad3

BWI *,

( used

SLvdn

e
e

Gde

BWC3n
= -G;:

e
c

6Wc3n

(Im)

@
@

Rrg

rUffy

,,

ji-

---|

tD hut d imenstoa s)

(usal lo hnd

Shength GiLeriorl

xd2

Bc'n

A spring houing
parts

a sti$nes-s K & no o[ roils r

l.

i{ it is cut into n

, the stiffnesE of each new spring t'ses by n *imes of its

Sprrng

stff{ness

eoual
I

orio ina
./

/ -

I Grbind Sttrf,ses (I-p) xxxx

| [Pri,',ripat Stresses E Stmins]
l-A point is said to be under combined sltesses when ib is
I

ihaftsaresuge6f4{f

to B.M 8

.1.

Normat

T.lvl

Shear

isuo1ectndtobothnorrnat8shiarshasiesonunyoneofl.^.,.
i )L'|uJtrLwu Lo uovr) r)orrnal a Snear slres'e' on any one o1j tr,. three mutua, '1, Faces possrng through +he poinf l:"[fut u*.rn..i]r';
|

I
I

y
:
.,
due to th.e loads , achng
on the rnember.

th,u{n betbs drives g

..

.r - .
I

pulrey. Wetght of .
Pu lleY octs ngrrnal

ia'e9r_5r,aftused,.npu,o,t,u,o*t,5M)-....,::..:.|oad

r'.,ring fon

rod.

I ffi

& welded joints

USed in the - ecrenhic loding. etc.

b Botted

joints

crankptn
?rt\

Crank

The

airn of

th/s topit'.is to deriye 'un urp for

th=:u1 Stt*.1.'. rchen-;o

.poin t.: .is, st).b1e;1id..h3',

Crltiral ponb

1^p31. norma

cornbinecf

I
ycatineFanRod

Axial loadrr{

Enar=]

=<

max :

...

,..a
{
=eompu

Wn
rrl

q.

t
f"'

[ftio
only

(Ir is max urfun

Tna)

LUI
=/----*,

craokshafL'

sl-ras

: shesEeg,,-,...,

on Lhe ehaf t(u-rr6r8

R=P

\franrshaFb.
Overhung

:t'

r..:eb

ntot, ohen

i>

toishrg

mo-

rnenb is acting
-dlone) .

@
\d9

15

@
,,

.@,rit.::r

:'rv'

Pr;ncipal SW*s-,

@.,:..
@

Stdte of Shress

v-liMajor frioc,Fl 6ftegs-) flax. Nbrrnat

.erre)>.

r/..v,, Lu,,u,,,uu,y, rJJ,')U

at?ointx

g)

6
e

Crnax .=

Fig. Bi-axiol stote of Shess 'p

&oMpa

,.

''

@l
e
i;

uy -+
|
J,

,
J

deberminter)

by using basic SoM

Egns

,:

ilhlg

?'.
C)

W.ite th,9 eg?. Ib. . s-n ,8,

stepi)

f-,

i1.te,m; .of .ox;iay 8{ ' ..LIq

./"

(* \
.. r (o'n).*
= T,
d0 = \J

do-n

w
A

(or)ri,

.=

o*z

, sbep\) .cjf.,

61

,;oi=O 9 f-u^ =?
.

3'"fffi--

,e

gffi-#.
@

*'

':;;-''=; ''

,,

el

ri

i..],
t.

.m1..
'-*'-r'Gpa. i,n),*=
I

.)

i
i,,,it-,

-.'*+i*go*

",'**,"-, *., ;,,, ,',,.,,. ,:;,*;

.

'',

. . ,

E
ffil
ffi

Epression

for 0-n 8 G acting on o

obli,rlue plane..-

iH

HI

H
ffi

Max Normalshess colll be-

+{

:,l
:c

G\
6,$

$1
NH
rlJ
H

#t
BiT

Ls

Laryrr of ux

*vy -

'rt-

lr{

:i

'tt

T,

dl

:a
;!l
,:i
n.,
-:ti

t'i
tii

.'i

'I

.j

ti

..

qi

Fig.- g*u*tu' *ab

.{,

ab a critic6l poirl

df slresg

-1t

+o-xxCDx(l)

'

:i.

r.

..

r'

'l

f,'c',

x I cD) xt

Cx.r X (

$YxtED)

Eo)x

xl

Ei

sing

ED

t:

(D

'.=

= CE

cosl =

CE
l

.. -.1

*&

dd

("

.-,
ax (cD)

C^yCto

t"-

;\6'
.f#cE

qrtE9

.trxtco)osO

(ED)cosO

c;r:xf co)

.cy(EDsinO
,-\,"i,,,.1.,:.;1;,

-,;1

@
',@
',.,,:4

l. =
,s

qNcE

,6,

C^v[ ro)cosg

-/ (rn =

- nx (co) ros$ -

At

Lxysfn0cosg

6
e

0-xco9'0

i[o^+ofi+ ) I q

Ci

6]
t_

Cs

(cr)

* e, ( ro) sln9 t

::

:r

o-x

o-v

".

tcD) sinO

, . -': :

oy ( EDs,ng) - f

o-ysinrg

x.r (

BEIZxy tosg.sin0

cos2Q

* Gr srnZ9

nv

o)(o50

cD]sinp = CI

G., (cD)

cosO = O

..:

:.

(,i
:

-u)

(,

shear shess on

63

bi-axfa I staie

e
("i.

@
6:i

e
@

e
@

s
'-r @

I
"r
I

c
@
@

{*nrtockwise

@
@

@.

,"

13

of

8 Q! be the normai 8 the shear

Leb s-n'

'shesies on

compli mentary plane

to o given oblgue plane

The

direrhon

of

I+

clocittrtise

(s

(s

Qo+O

--r Jt is consi dered

in
odlque

=f [n*n-r] * j
2
Alding tt) L

::

of q

(:

( ,! is rtockwiae)

tl:

[o, -ovJ

rcsza)

cx.r

(-sinzo)

r$

Ut)

Q+ 0v

]*

'-'.':'-". : '- ''.-....'

"'^'.'... ..
oF Llre compl tmrntary normai srress rs

bo surn

comp,limabry

tn,

C+""
sum'

plane

t.

akrays remains

conslanb

'8

is eynl

\{

S ay.

\t

= (cr)s=qo*o

= -) t*-

,['

o-y

)[-si olo) J rxv {-

-) (n, *at)sin2o *

txr

coszo)

Grrg]
tr.

Tr' = -1tr)

6..1

k;!

(st G'=6

aa

lal

r',i
ti-:

The' surrr
egua l

ol

rn

Lhe

cornplirne nLar,l

mag. but

W, in dffl-

shear shes

ze{o.

(ie

comp Shaar s

h05sr

(:,:,

w
6*w

tu
8,.

\a;

B
63

6"

A.
F-

G = -Bq

'0

6.$

*-

MPa

ggg-_
fCounten jhear

shegj s houlcj be

dlwovs

-30"

6)

be

drat^rn

the teftJ

@'

I
d

G=-3d o'r lso"

,a
.w

fs = 20 M,Po

t-'3

o-x --

s
ci
e
,
O

-Boripa

0)

Principal plarr

(ReFerente plane
sho utd be D/ooys
Xr fare
e
c'drrour

Plane ol
Tc,to gn
Plaoeof

hed

b@rut

ld be alwav5
oblgue plane
shou

Frr",G

0! :0"Y - -gCxy = o.

G:
rF

-jlo-f

-fllyirtd*

coreol.= js_

fxxK

9)

crnSG onaobligue plane u:hen a Pinb is subleched to Etol

0eberrnine

normol

shesses

on

tu:o mutual l.r

tike

gf,b

Glt{
E*
Bi

(F

'

which is zubjecled to egual

normol

tfl*;1t

&
Hlg

on any obligue plone

possing thiough a Point

8like

lH4!*

&s
&x

planes paselng thmugh the Pin!,

Princlpalplanes '

w
w

ar*

6I
e

sWess

'.6

rffiffid t'Eq

c-x=\:Q-

t*rp

0 =g
C*.t =

Dirn-- All lies ln ait

LJ

pi planc)

dirn

t:-:-!

!:

r* =;1 Ts

)Ln-o-]

sin r0

,G

()

\:

{o)ros2O

fr

,.:i_

(:

(:
6

i
AB =4

BC =3

A0=5

fx=?
vy=

-?

{
s=l20Mh.

f:7oMPo

i
I

S^'

ffi-- .r'
ffir
I
=v/
3t/
g/

,r-*ZorvlPa

IXXX)Ak o;

ffif1

A$
36'86s'

t,@
120

ft@;

=0-n=Jto-*fo-vJ

z1

tt
r(B
g

L'Iu
zqo=(
-- (0-^ to-v)

i
.

[o-x-o-v] cos(-2x36.8d.)+ o,

+ (o^ -ov) n,s[-txzo.as")

tts

t:.-l \.:-

J.

7 l0o = _cx_(

(ii

r)

'Y

C;r

@
'

'

-e
,@

-3

- t.2\ay

Mrrnal-5lreg

-@

l'2iax

: "..

ri

Pt .,pal Planes S Principol

(o*)

F,un,

(0R)

Plane

of

of

7a- Shear

w
t

Stressesi-

s'eg

\---*

MaxBM;n Normal

\*
I

Sheeses

Pure Normal ,,

ron)

t // plone
of
-b0'/

Plane

ol

Complimenbry Normal shess',

Max

Min

Norrnal

Shesse5 ..

Io locabe:a

i:

P.P
j

0Ts

=Q

0r

(i,

#or*) =
T5: -j
f

-4,

\'ii'

Tl:l
"r-

r:l

=o

E-rl

o-y] sin2o

f Cxy tosz1 = O

Y
.

t:)

(--

funZg =

0-x

--r When

Gv =o

A
-z

L-

2Cxt

TanZO

' (:-

- 6y

O.

r:

20 =0" 8lB0"
9r,Z

t:::j

v;

= O 8gO-

(:

I
X8

-l

When

q =q

='b

Y-fare will baome

Tan20

':

2e =gci ,2lo

P.P

4-

FP

v.
I

&
@

Diagonah

a)

rpill

96r-be the Bp

PP.

tw"

e
e
@

e
$

0, =i g, i

(:.}

or

qg'

o,<qo'

*t*'-)

ln

at V9d 9 t-vt

J,

rase

of

pgiffi

pure borsion 8
norma l. ShesseS

@
@

,
@

e
e

Mq nitude

of

P.

:-

(on)n=0,

l-

Lr.

+s-v]

rs

L0-x

-v-y-J ()s20,f

"s,
(501 Mh
=
,:

le
j.e
I

ie
-l
e

(on')g=e,

l6
l@
l@
I@

t@
t@
@

T'iil,

ar

=,01 *oy

MaJr Pnhcrpgl Stress

11

+ "Max. Normal ,r
? LaSier

"F lG,)u=",

(0.' '),

Gv

sin201

pure

e)

Minor principal shesg

7 Min

norrnal

Srnailer

"f

prinopat sfr.sses

t,

(oh)n,u,

I only

8 (rn)o,u,J

mry is fo be

oi -o-y

(iD

CIi-)

(o;)

s=0,

[o-r,)g=o,

(un' )e=or.:= .,atc,1

rai*

Langen

oF the aboye

vdlues = q

&-

=g;

e-

srnaller u

e*
^Undtrethoa:_

6i)
t:

EB

Q1'2

[t***)JJG-ry

("9.i

+1t

rxi J.

,@

gLt

P,
FY

I e

q_t

I*

Ie

Ig
l^
' :
ie
il

5o, -,oo Mh

r^^Nro^tc \
= tooMpa(Comp)

uv =

5o HPa

tensile)

Max Shear Stress Planes, Inplane Grn*

or
Ptanes of Gmptimenlary (n,a^

Abs.Cp1,61i-

.>

oo these planes

f is rnax but o-n

rp ts
is non*zero.
non*zero. Iniebher
[niebher iiL
..,..

qr

ni

if

ls rnin )')

. 'l
I

lat
s,

.l

-e

e
G

l-

.':.

'ffi_-f

vx-ay

Princtpot

pl.r* toration

P,P

GI

@
e

0^.

0-x

@
^e\
tg,

Cxy=O +TanZ$

oo

20 = go'gLtd
..4

o'ro
rp

= {f I

ft5".

15

fnax nor

Max

E
$q

Planes

'f

eiij

,H

.J
E,

B=q

=0-

Tan20 =o.

8 l8o"

gn, o g go'
t

9q=o:J90"

,.o,

gz

0,t td
Er = g, tq5'

O,r=gat

L) Gmpltmen l^ary Norma

5}res6

qd

dre

",
Q

nof egual )n
mag .
rnaior P.P.
u-l

V-rninorpp.

plane

(-a.
J

Plane
.

b ..[pmp,,.#f shiarj..Max

'

;|ir*

,1.

dre = in mag
,-i hbh dre frra*,

oi plane

f ma* planes dre

muhnlly

Ir

to

each

oth.r bub

.|r,ry

are inclined

Ew/
at 45"

Lo

bobh fhe prtnctpl planes,

l,m
6-.$

13+

Diagonals in XY- plaoe

$
63

(it
7'l

l,

Q fare

,:.-i

.ti

t:j

(+
s

Inplane +rm^k
(a,-furr)

G
@

e
@

Inilane

k2n*1

. ..",

s
@
@
@

@
@
@

....,

['..r

l#*r;[q

_c:)prane

Absotute

Tmdx = Laqerof Ilq-o-,

l'*l :/rylJ

Ll z l'
I

l/
)

.fn
lvAbsolute
design

|In

fra^

repreenfs

.//

plane frnax

rrni shesr shess devao4 aL a pofnf .

alculahbns d[solute,

Hence

.f1ax is to. be tonsr)r'rgd

lor all

.
f-u^ 'represents
t
rngx shear slress devel, aprd in a glven
f,uhu. tur
plane ehesg, probiem il trnax should be ,cieferrnined then the fmax shoulel
{

plane'

be asumed as inplane Tma,

Lptane

gbs

Max.Sh.ear fbess'-

tan20

-l

El
\=

-j

rt)

["

n =or qr 0,,

", ]

sin2gj

Tt-,

cns2oj

r
ltlPa

MeLhod:inplane

Inplarre

Ctna*

.OPP

(n
i'n

aae

nabre

Ei

a
4:

5;::-g:

ai:'::fy.:n t:t:i: !+e;

9 >::$#+ffi

,.1

,i

e\

ffro

qx

Normdl

Strus

(o-ri)o=g3

oro4 =

v2
\:

()

Abs.
\--

t,;1

t'.'

o-nx

t f*

sin2g3

(o-r

f-

{or)

pla.ni: .shess probtems

':'

, (q=o)

.--

(rrr = larger

"

si
('

:'
-' e

cosZ1,

layr of

(.,:;

t:.

! [r^-"r]

For br-axial

[0, to-r] *

fnplane .(rnax

Abs, fmar

21

Abs. (max

;i

86t

oo Cyny plane

'Y

Lo:- ^ -,^

ia2 so
l:t

Ab5

t-

f u_ol. q;
, -)I)

rmax

are opp.

in

narure

= lq-:gl
i-z--l

:}

.l
\-

r-u1.

ff

99Y91,'.1. mggrlifudg *1nder,ui-gtiql grpt qf qhepq, u,-heo

g, ,."1P-'-'.* ]!1
. . i:
prinopal shessg are
Qpp in--ndfu, re- g under uni-axi6l stote of shwE
;

\,c

v@

Planes

of Pure Shear i-

Plane

r.. @ Of '
flones oF hNorma :{
.., @
t1

-@

,. e

.--

of

pure Sherr

.t

Y.

(r; Value o{ C is

rrmt g rnirt
uL havtng turne
arnou nt ,:

not

Location

/r,\

^
{i7,c-n
10,

2 f*+
_[

' iia:

:l::ii.

-#.jl ;

+J

'd;

::r,:ll

1n

\-

--'

ir

''i-l''

ii

20=

=2

or,u

fg*

Shear Stress

rno = [ct)

acting

o, or 06

on
=

Plane

of Pure Shear

Lor-rv]

sin 20u

cxr

cos2g5

[r- -.-----Jn case of

= Lrnax ll

IL

of puresheor eulll exisL under bi-axiail

o
....
principol Elr*ses are opp
nature

Planes

sta,te

ol

shess

vchere

fil" snrur slabe

ol shess I

in

whcre
luere

cr,

aq

eguq, Lo

O
{-:.

Q)for the stote

.of tf'russ

, (r) Priniiiidl ,pianes

Jbt.'-

dl

Urp.I

.point ds

s.h.econ

trj

in

8 torrespondlng principai sffebs

oi plarn

P.P

Srmr'ffe6'Ezeo)

d--

(.

<-

tt;

l0oIlPrl

IY

(*
it-

(_

irUO

{'

f_

Fr);

tolj

tVhlbrprincipal
Steqs

sr = -ZOor4Pa' i

;tgj
01

= 90o

i:;?,+t:::,|'4..-

e = looMpai 0z

ltliror principl
stresg

When a

86y

0"

poinf

rs

will bqorne the

fhe

__

subjerted

to

only normal shesses

=A) Then x
I
prinopolplanes 8 the
slre55s5 achog
on thoee fareg

f'

principol shesses.

Jn Ehis caEe

\-az

ZI
't

Crna*

_*
vi--uy
- Lxy =g-

n:

2n, o

(%)-r^ = q

2srp

Abs Crnax
=

rpill

Lnplane 'rLmax

AbS.

8 Y Fares

ql

2l or

\ry, r

{_'

I)'

150 Mpa

berom

Q)In a plane shess problern

, rndx shmr sheg

(^r'
JU''
Jn a given

principal shesses are JOoMrbg 40Mpa resp. u/lnb is

the

I-l

plane , toe alu:ays inplane Trnox.

fnplane fmax

rt- az

2l

,;

= lloo-4o I

l-:z--l

=,

;\
(+

JO MPd"

El;

,.
Ab [max =
.:

yl

io,,4h

1-

It

is

66i5i4ptr4

t-uhe

ri

or croilrq
s6U
JJJ

Ia

lor thedesrgn
.purposq. ...

t ::'t

'iir
subjected
absols+

fo an axial load of 50 ru

.s

assurne

the shaft dia

and

cit

:6'9hafh, urh.en,:ft
is

a truishng momenl

is , so mm

t'1

&,
oF

5oo N-ms,

t.r.,

T= 50oN_m

;-'

->l%l*

(:

-f.

I the shess clishibuhon as shocon

turh in
irr +L^
the r,^..-^
{rgure 'u,e con @nclude
that
,a ^^ it
n.-u*.

:l:::

,:' Henre shess d harvsis

any

shoutd be carrl*l ouf

ar any poitn t

ti:

{
\
t;.

F
(

r
E

Poinh X

I@ on
be

in *he {ig

og shown
colcu

lated

ab poinL X

969

as o crifirdl poirh .

assumed

@
ev

@
6-S

E#

6:
(':

+ox =%=

lc

3!_

l6s

i@

is
j
I

9.x sox ro1

\=o

nd2

:.

C,(y

f,]'

... 1 ..-.
i

Ls

= 16T :

loisooxto3

It-''C)
i

= 25.tr7 MPa

[ s0)2

2ai1

.r'\

j[*

G
e)

+o)t

z1

1o--oj+ 4 c. rJ

e
G

16{65

L@

[q),

36. 7 65

_tt.2g

MPa

MPa

Ab6. Cmax

-@

'@
!e
-@

-c

{n

v,-o-2
--7- _

36+tt.2g
Z

case of u ni-ax ia I

* *..-l6fo

*,*r.o^

jet,pu

.ty pa

-'/'

and printipa l, shesr

H
Principal

Plane, Princi;rol

Shear Sto@
Eg:-

of

Sures5

Stresses

C,rr* ?bnes, Maxf

Shesees

Tran

Under Pure

i:'- *rfi

_l

ShaFt under pure bufon , Any polnt on the N.A of the beam

[*=oi=r][t^r=r]

fr*

:
c

planee

@
,.1

Pbnes'of

Pure

#ean.

l'-

;,

of Lero vn
,t

Pbnes

iil::r

t'::l

6
ol @@),* @

@)ro*

c2

\:.j)

@ (o-1)rnin ?r

F:.r

Lt:

[ot)mu, planc

Plane

Ar-a

IJJ

'

Q,,i
iY1

Location

of

P.p

Tan2O

= 2Cxt :@
sx_cy

Fi
.vj

20 = qo' 8zlo"

m-r

(rn)o,qs

tgo )n =r3s,

ftobl.Querlion

= s-x * q-y

':'

ffi

ffi:1

**3
w1
HP#

t"'

==,
**
a-^
L'l

W.t
s:, e

l-r

Ie

QJs-z=o-,*oy =0

ff,'tv'

l:
ls

'ln=l

ie
I;

C,.nu*

Iil
r-"1.

xx

Planes::- ' j '

'

o3.s,rqso

i:
le
'=n:
i!

.i

",..

=O

i q,:

0 tqO

{:t

i-'

=90"

et

Abs.fma,= lr-*l
a pint E

$
e

When

principal

subjecLed

rnajor Principol stegsl

,b& f

ma*

= rf
to pure ghear slah

'max,mum lnormal
of shess
slrr%/

r rDjnirnum nor-rnol {rgss l.*t.y.q.r . ...

*qy

fensile e'lress

brnp.

s4e*-, *in plane Cmax g. abs. Cmax are

er
e
@

-@

- Buf all
*@
'.

qj = q. =fnplane
Trrw
rA

bhese 'shGses

are lying

on

dif&rentp

AV,Crnat.

bnes

passing through

the

poinb.

Uni"-axial State

B
r'

ol Shessi-

lq=o- I Oy =

fx'1

_^l
- u)

t>i

L:

fo- 8a. subjecled

Beam subjected
Any

to axial

loo ding

to pure bending

point on the Extreme fi bres of

beam

.
r

:-

,t

.5

,'1::,

t.

r.,t

K,/"

,-:

ii\r.

F|'

(r.,

fii

trn

= Ocos'O

l:a
(..1

-tl,

ty

f5 --

I t"-ol

sinta

tult
l.':

(:

l'lax

8 min. vdlues of cn I

C;'-

9l =[on)*u^ -0-;0=0' 8 rso

(r'

fi

.q = (cn)rnrn =cl
T
Lrna(

ii!'a;l$r'

'i

;*o =go" 6 zro"

+ o=q5'8 135"

,;

4l

.1

rnx

Normal

86t
stress

:fr

(q)e=

[o,) =

,@

on Cmax plorrc
4s or

r3so

@
@

Wertln Shear

Neak inTengc

@'
Failure

lT*u^

e '*l)80x.-@l'

F----Pp
t---)Fe

p'lane

J+.-->*-V--"-

cupsbne

,ilurr/Cr*plunn

-@
\l

st
@

Pammeter

F"ilr*

/ f*lr*

ptane

Phne--firrrshar

uni-axial starc

- @ -l Y'at,e.
'@
-@

q5.

o'

oF

fr. or (o-;)min o.(o.)rur.

,

/ Abs. Lrnax.

Inplane

Vn
-*

:L

v'lz

Plane oF Pure Shear

MoHR's ' Li'rde:-

willexisb

TIL
toill not exisf

coincicle urifh

Lrnax plane

I Grraphical Method):l

L>Arrurary

i5 tess ( ctisaclvanLage)--z livnlggd

;+tve
I
.

to

bi-axial slress

for a given orcle

Normal (Tensile)

P(i,r)
L. t

t
,

St'l,ur Skres( Clockuri")

P{-x;

GseI).-

I
Q-Angle ofobliguity

\
\
(qi >ay)

Ftgl g;-6*;u; stare of Shess ab a

".'.'.'.-i:

Point

, :.

:' . : :uthich:'.,..1s sub{odd'.rb.'.Jikir. . .noinol.s}resrs

I

f,uning dlff

1r

tn .ry. on

two

rnqbual

planes.

6.

6.'

-.:-'

$ -+ Angte

(.

made by

;urlbgt sl'res on a dahe u:ith rnrmal shgs

I"r?-

e]

t"[

fhat

plane.

,''.'

ft

r{

6,

Mtr*l

frna^pt-CI

co

ptanelRe6. ptaoe

q'pru.,u

A(oxro)

-1.

I
J

-I

Sree-r.;.._

the

Dmu:

Drau-rthe

L>Erory tacltuS
rePrc5crlt aplan

Xgy

axes gmark

lvlark a point A
rorraponding

i.e

Mark

Io;,0;

graphrcal repregentahbn
of qiven state of shess ab a po/nb.

8 C on the (orrespond axes.

to tte state of skess on .tlB x_ farJ kordroaks
v-

represenb
sheor g

lhe,
norrnal

shs,.m thedm

point B

''
the':
:i."';'i-Y- fare
'ai=- io- i,'trpronni ' t'':'
.'

&

a plarf ullrcSe Nrm

Lhen bisects AB

stye56 ts 0-.

Shg"g

tr
.
-g

-E
P

g ,Shear

t5 zero

.m-+ i:a
represet)n-ng

redir.ls

a plan,

: .{uhose rbrmal radli,

. t50ygCiso.
tr
Every plane io ff.re
',

Mohrs circle . iEmatir

c,oub,e ol ttr acfual
,ang te,

L)4t:iDcipal

ptaoe'o re

JutN)L'

a[s-,

o)

Blv,o)

caseM)i

o
.:
,

.easeV).-

fi

1
A

Cdsefr)>

[g,t)

0<A(s, o-)
B[or*o-)

__7r
Barsubleten

elnner

b B.S I S:5

fibres

--S-l

/O-

ol Beam

-''' $$iaft'siaietril', b B*{,8r.t4''..:.',.'

&5em)

E'

;
B(vlz;r1

e
@
@
rl _

A
lr

'l _

point

as the cenhe of circle

8 rOcliUS

'

2A,=

CA=CB

0:, Q = o"

20r= fSo, O, =go"

tr l,Srplane
tr

I
L-l
1l

q -or',
,

Dia of circle

L)

CmaX = I'.=

0-n x

Lr x-coordindte
oF cenhe of tfohr!
203=

gd

29tt = zlo"
,

,='.Q4

O, ={5"

o =rt35o

-.,q

ia

Circle

B(,L

$:- .T
P'Z
vrnaF

of

t-30;?o]
.F

fi

f;p6* plane

rJ
[0, f

{
f'

plare
Planes

oF fure Sbmr

f!

(-too,

\oro;.
Lqiro)
.\

r-a

[oi,o]

\\.

\,

'(r

(-'.h

t.'^..r

-\ \*-_-

i,
ltit

[or-crJ
E

f,J)

[-lorloj

':'

ir::rl

Pnll

e/

,v-)

, .i)

\J

'[:j
lv

Tnr?x

Follooirrg Condusions can be made

Som the

L Eu.ry plane

the

is

representd

in

L, coonOlnateE
of ony potnL

8 sheor sl-rffi

n**i,.i?fl?'i,
double by its

on fhe

on the

P.P

r!

Ciecle represents normal

shess

plane

fEresen

acbuat angle.

;
fi

radii

Jr-axts

Major

Mo h

',

.t'i

'Yrinclpal planes ore repreentd by

the

l,lohr's Circle by. u radiuS

correepnding

L^

on

Mohr's Circle."-

lying

i
t
-

-+

Larger

x- mrdl,nate

B
E

ti

t"

l, uiu oF

Mohri

t, [enhe oF
Mohr-. clrcle alwoys

+ tmax planes are

parallel

to y-axis

.Inplane

Bloz

circle 6 {s aturags egual to

/[_o.l

represenLed

lying

irr

,*'

on r-axi ,

*he lvlohrrs

Circle by rorJii rphich dre

frnax is egual F6, radiuE

of fhe

Nl.ohrj

Cirtte

,
.

I
J

;)ta+aS

nr=

)A_a)

t| Norrp3l
Slress
the

on

frnax

cenhe oF fhe

ptane

Mohr3

corresp66f;pg

pirrt on the

( %*)

is given by

the x*roordinate ol

Circte (i e)

bRou,arnt sftgss onar)y phne

,

=l(n -nv)'J gri

i5

qual b

ctrde @thh

ttu teqth af the line rphrc}r.loinS

on

Lhe qrtgin

.,,].'
,

rN

Pbne o+

!.re

pass.ing,

F]re sheor
thro

ug

arc

represenhd in Mohrs

h th" yints

afiere

cir"cle

ctrcte by
inlersec& r
ld;,;,,,,j,,1,.,r;i;

-t

ff

-(
*(

.|,

-(

Shear Stress

-s

dcting

on

ptane5

,4

-\

of pure shear

-i

"-:

_4

tr

.:

of pure shear

PlaneS

ruhenq
Q) Unu,

t}e

8q

are ,poss iblq,

uu

[ien,'

fr'f

6hr - c]rcle

' inbrsecfs

vI -ax,s

$"

,:

aru'opp

in tature)

I
i

6:

lqo;,r r,,.1,
lta

.c

t-1

tr
{
".

't

I
!

Lf,

t-'

E
fr

\
c_

l^

F*,1.:.

t'

e)

ri

t-HA

'h1

r'*

i@

Princrpal Sbmtn5

Ie,,r] 8 FlaxShear

,@
[eJ

ro

sy

IYrun]

f e* Fl

&
&

Strain

tY

n'-l

G,

Leb en

G;

8 Y, are

normal strain

shear strain on dn obhgue

plane

I e* + v] + ] [,er-ey] tos\D +

t-,i'

(:

._-

(r)

L, No,ntctl 5t,arl)
oD aDv

- -r
12
f
Yr

t-t

obl io,uc . plo

lc

tu hrrl

is

possing

through

-i

Surn of

'-l

too egns norrnal

the

9.1

l@

sLrain 8

ar,

shear Shajn

on

r .'erl. ...

Slrain

.,6.r,,.1,.6Y.,

{'u)

0omplimentary Shear Slratns

'l @

yr+ Y;

"t@
Locahon

of

?.p

t.,@

or

Zen

tfi'

ar

-'(B
-...',
:.i.ir,:.

6mplirne,ntary , Norrna
/

r@

Ie

any obligue plar

a poinb if state of shain at a point

fie r, et L"

l@

i"

t@

ri, .9,

cth orro

+ Et
cos2g
I

e^- , J s,'n20

kno*n)

Ot

._
Bg using the above

inclrne

d
.-:-

d0
.

iiiiry!!..iiitafi

ntF:]B?r3F:7n;l-@

I e"]

Y
15

,.

=Ys'

are

Y
' xY

lan20

L -L \,Y
LX

II Method for

63,2

:-

t
,

e,t2 = e1 tY

13

ft_

.G
..' t:
t.

F;

Ab5'Y-a" = larger"

[, @,,
\

(:

(3,r@,J

t/

Inplane,,]m6,q

t..

q.

\c

'k"

Under

I e; O
Abs. Yrnar = laier ol
U,-u^iu

I e,-erl ,

(fj

Ynna*

et,z

dre

fl,':

-t-

,,

i
,,&-

;!::

ffi.,

ffi* ,

Abs Ymax

ffi/

= i6,-6rl *

8g
C,,, dre in

opp. nature

ffi / ,,4lrr,r! Circle For Strain:-

yeiy

H,E
Y

l@
le

le
I

Ie

ls
I

I
I

t^

i(,
J

le
le
lo

.--e-'

G
g:)

!)

s
r6

Bffu, ol

s
@

s
@

D[Grf, Yma*l

r-i..

-@
-@
-@
'@
-@
,@

Z'J

[er, oJ'

I&,ol

f6.ro;

(.e''o)

w
uI-

En-

vlrnax

D;:

ls

lmr-

r e,- ,

fnphne Yru*.

el,='6^*sy

= Dia

of t\ohr's Circl

_ qtg.

f:"

t
I

a)

L:

!*

[t]

IO

,,20

6:

>
rel
strz -

t..

[-:
.

U{r 71

.E

toou

2oor 1

li"*

soo,a J

=[

ln e,,.,

e 1;21

:8

nr,,rr3:-

'l:i:ffiii

a..r*1=i

8'ts-

f'=/[tr2-rt[qttr)J

s
w
@

&
e',

&

Ft'r-l/qll-A

)-tr

A
q_J

u'-+

using

Lhe above er,ns

But'
, pri,cipol strains at a point ran be rcler*mihsa
lF prir.i
par srresses at *hat
s
.,L poilr
rot.tl or state
rr_r - r ,
of shess af a pofnL js
*

?
@

Exlressil for v!t2 in

terms
Frorn

of

e1,z:-

@,

+ 0r
o-r =
= F.r..
Ee, trrf

)g-,=

knourh

'{
E

6,

un|

tr r
:',_..
..,:;.
,.
,-.,, ,] .:]-.,.:., :
:_

!ii+ jr;ir;;.1:!-5

1,

:.::, :r:

.:'

Sirnilarly oy subshfuhng

ej,A in egn@ For q , Follourlng exp4s r,uer(1

rs
k

ob to rn ql

-o
n

pdl

the

obove tt.-ro eqn5

shains

'oh'thot

prirrcipal sheses

ponL

or

C0n

state oF shote

be

r
de

terminecl

,t

ts

at *hof poirrl is

a'-'

,I

fr>

.Et2

^\
Vl
From the shateofshess Ol a poinb

(.]

as shor-,,rn belot,.)

..t.

(i)delermine principol

shain ol-a poiht iF E=2oogh

I u'o.25.
L::

....-:'

-.-"

.-

"".-".:'."

-'-i'i.

''."'-"

.-

:".

'.-:""
:

tl

I So
LII

FX = 20O,

sl,2

tooJ

a-

[y = l0O, Tx.1 = 50

\.=

((-

= lIt*+or)t

('
.l

,:
t

6i
(,
,..;1

i-

d*
vi
(..:

i--

';E--

:ffi qffi e=ifryrIL.TlW.r,,r=

at o poi'rrf os shourn
slress of o poittb.

-- Boqfd

[E],,

loooxlo-6

E
c)

(i

'' 5 TRAIN

30ox 16-e

500x to-6

,7t.
-6Y
.,

:
ROs E

TTE

hstmin cannotr

be..
!eterrnrnecl theorrhral

...

::

Rosetfe ts c,efrnd
d5

@ guages

3oox ro-6

@ lbnoin

o\:
(2

re*

91v

belu,^)

dirn,s

wntcn
l..t

ane usec/

of o poinf.

the

'fIt

lr*Wrrrnenlalfr.
artagiemenl ol
*hree sl'rain b Normal sharnran

to measure norrna!strafns

iri three a rbiha rv

.
.!
.

ran be rneasurerl

rned5ured bLt shr

sl-rat) rannof. lg

.....:;

fh'eas'ured

t' 2 Shain (1u.ages ar<

h miasuye e,tB 1

.. 6 .thryd skain g.uoge is

qsccl

fo mezsu-r4

{ar cletermtntng

Shain

Q,=

cn*oj

e
@

-ee
'@

t6r)n =

)[r-+6vJ r 2I

f e*-cy ]

rosze

Ir sin20
,2

'@
'@
-@.
-.@
o,';l@
ti,:.i
,':;:lrl
!

[6*)no =
)lex

6yl r

) tcx'yJ (t) .+ b''stn to) = o-O

Shear

EI5
Effi

(6')s=qo

ErH
w

)Le*+6vJ tlte--6,J r-) t

"f,ty

o) ='6c

.l

G_-

'((*

EEq_(,
te")s=

(_
Yr

Y*v

)fe^+erJ
Cnt

e.r

t Yxr

r),

tl'
(.

2eB

.l
)

.Aii,
:::'

tii

6i5

9 ea

t es.t Jxr

= 2ts
f:::i

.):

l:.:.]

(y
(./
1v
L;J

,5tar5lraln

Rosebte

et

t_
Y.:,

L
t
b

tj

t
ei-'

(:

&

E:

.{';ai.:

C.--)

etL

,t

,
J

Cg--12O"

tzo"

.p

aireri:%

) Dedve an exP.fr
,

(i)Delta

tx, EY

'ez

by uriry the.shain guoge red,ngs

r,,rhich are obbin 0ro

Shrain

(ri)EA Shain
A

D5ol- I^lorkbok:-

'tl

e_
e_
q_
F:--'

t(

.,
I
)

':'
t.

',

::rJ

r:Iry

r.'l:'

.r'.

t,,)

r)
'f-

(r;J

tJ
(:
(*
Li./

#- n ., )es or rdrrure'- L t.,'f J

ro
*find the
:i':;:;'hess(' 'non,9rlk,rro
ffi ,;n Ho,, t6 frnd thedimension5 of the oo.,-ect.
dimeosims
onoblerf ie
t"6uili}r.d
# ,i "
- {'e TqeDria of farlure dre used to determine fhe safe dimensions ola rornpo
nent
' e u:hen tt is subje*ed to cornbined shesses
crue; ;;;' ,:;:n on ir
Eg-Destgn
pT.Shafr
of d
:
@v
cleterrnmc

safe

u-then

*,

Desrgn

subietLed

of dn J.t. E{ine crankshaFL

','

fgn

rod
:

Bolted

Welded .Joints

under.

5y1
SYr = 2ooMPa

=200Mh

Sur *30DMPa

Sur = 3ooMPa
Y-fae
J
&wa-sshor

f-ranticluto
C-*ClCkr,,$se.
' ;."

'a.-

'.' ... -. .r '

......,;:,:j....,..

for Safe design

ca

faibre

Shess

4P)e

Q-g

= 0-y =.

.J
d'

!r.

xdL

q;,= Or :,
:,

,.;:t

,.-

knourn

value

a..

..-",1'r. ,

Ts=

N.

nd3

P.
fi\\

P./\

Tp,

5vs

N.

A\

I6t

in

Uni-axial Slale

hlhen

lnpa

d3

o point

'<

is

:ublect-od t-D ax'a

load, the n J.oi t.

5'rt

2N.

g,,rln -lr
- +I
Ltttt

P'1

Tension

Unknou:o Value

ophona

foto-r)t
;

:.'i

5.rr

,,.
^7

-Y

=L

fI'

d
d

rnm

'

.A
g:

Abs.
(,

\-

-t

Cortdrh'on

fol

q ar

Eaiu

C111u,

or z2
.:d

design
\<

'

.'-' r:

Failure

tr

Shess

\,

Faiture Skress under.

Combined Loadlng
:v

\t,

Esbablish

relahonshlp bl\^/

FaiUre

f":

s un der torn b r-
ned .load5 conclih onr
6
Kno-n. oblain lYorn

Shel

-l.n5ion lesb,

r-i

s
Ei

r:

rx
ltr

flo

fo
IS
Ie

le
lf,
IC:
le
lc
i@

tiTheon'es of failures
ore uqgd r,n a clesrgn of
subjecterJ to cornbned

shesses clue

rornbined
loaOiry ro"d ihonS
^,

unr)er

hare

usecl

to

estob

ftsh

mlc,.rornponenf rrrhen

Various ToF
(i) Max Pr:irrcipl Shess fheory
(or)

Max Nor;qol ,,

frrf

8 pnop.orhe.s adkins

'

i e,r
.l'im
' .lr\

'i

. t"'.. '

r)

(ir,) Max. Prinopol

in
[or) 1Yu^ Norptl ,,

(o')[st.

(i9

of:

[Hai9r,

',,S:

@
@

-@

'@

-e
-@
-

ma*

heoryl

or
Sheor

Shain

.,

.or
lvot'r

- ]4l5Es 8 |lE_rucrys]
f.

,,f

o,:brh#

Mox

m.p.

,t

toLat Shoin Energy Theory r

I

Theory

venant!

6
@

Slra

fyorn

I
t

.:

inaurred under

.nSrJ

,,

fRonkirres fh"r?

stesseE

(orS

'

,,

tD the unavai taui|ity of tu'tw'

tr rrf r
')' hr,)it,uru'ror*

d relo h onsfiip hF b,M

combioed looclinj
ccntlihons

UrrrQ

s.E,

r]

t. IJ

Te,o.on

-rtsh.

w
E'IE

$
\<E

]T

fig Stote of

Stress at

Potint in

Critical

' ' ."sublected -Lo

cl

':

mlc

com

-,1

ua

0- oA 'q td!

rh:)

....
,oonenL

toh lch

is

,-.

combined: SbesE.
!
I

f;l

ffi

Condn

for

trFor

Failure

du*ile

4a

lErrifiil+ Src ) Syy') 5v5,

EJ

t:,
t-..'!

\:.i

(rn

l
cose

La,/

t,

of duchle)

t-. i

[ondn

Svt, "<,-L
!ut

for

Sdle design

AssurnPhoros

Lneg)erlerl fhe shear

'

11}

Sltee's.

L) negleclrcl khe other

principal.'Shesse-q

j r-..

LjsLim6tr' 'fdr

'.
cttir5lE "

-'a-liiiats.

ii) Unr-a"ial glale

"

:o'niy ':u:het

o{ siesr

Uniaxral Obs.

Bi-axial Slale o{
a:hen princiPal

Bional

byilftc F
rnat. are r,aq& in lrnu'$i
rnalerialE.

Tma,(

srl

2l

shess'

5he55eq

..ore

of 5}rne

not
(-

ldlure

''.

Vcor.

suilable ior rlurlile

Shear.Slre

ss

r.

tl

iE

tr4leLted.'

.a-

abs .Tfi:rrx =

7l

E!,

,7t

op,p.

naFure,:,

ib cannoL

be

ustd'

bl'9' t''c, 8

fz

are

re

ofoPP nature

g,)g-|@
*t'lhis theory is suitable fo, the safe deign ol rnlc comp. which are
rnade of
I

I *

Ie
l
|r *"

u"LC'c
brittle rY)Atot^t^t.
rndtertals

ureak

,.-.

-r
under

in tension
- '-'v"

atl loac)ing conr]ifrons because htittte rn6feriars

are
'

l.i.- t.o Assumphonsl-

i;

(,) Negrectecl the

i '
i--i

shear

st-resses

J'-\&L(,.ttc, other pnnrip?l

sl-ress

| +l"This theory is not suifabk for the safu design oF

*,tc ,or*nrrr,"l which are

li rnode
'
of duchle rnote,als berause
;
du*ile mtaltnials
u rn'
i
, "'' . *^;;.;..;
I 6r
,
Lhqry ,,r,!u,nuo,? u:
*,,,,9t1 dgusn,of n11.9o*F,:trr.hifi are
I

mad e ,,
I :tl-|':
ttp"of avilitemolerials
''
i
't)htcler uhi-ariar srarrof
- i [,'
shess a' or^uxfd irae'o,
I .,
^t
5rre55
q,rhen

|.,

prtncipal shesses
are jn sorne norzre

_l

e;

't f",. M'5.s.7 :-

-i

'-J

L>oblrci

B
ic

--

7nr f-IoF
for

_
Cond

r.. ,.,
ducfrle rndterial under

nr for ' Faiiure :-

i 6
r _
...'j.,..Fl...,.....:......:.......,..Abs.C,,u;.....>.

CI
g

'@

1-D.rhic

rno'loral

i1-:_sirrar.

" \

'{ / 7'T---------> TensiitnTest ( T.o.r

Fbn.

rrux

H#Dil \< (lu)r,

or !E N
)NT
ti

Bi-axial

State

obrlin r.,ur-"nrpr
, unor"

T'r )

'Dndn 6"L
Condn
for r^L^
Safe de5$n

@;

a1 bading condinon;
'"ttutt'utD

..

q S

fr,2 dre an Sdme

, nafure.
-1.

Under lri-dxi6l

rvrot

vt-Tz
N.

Ore

ol

opp

.,!,k

Il-"1,1"*l ,lVlJ

yl:P.5T bnrJ

r,,2

r-

rarger ol (lw

-ot , lu, -aul ,

I\

h - r, l)

urhen principa I strese

Svt

2N.

N.

for duchle moter'iala under bi-

uuill give sanoe resultg

,vt.S.S T

oxioi Etah oFshesg

oxiol

5'rr
N.

:1

sarne in nahure 8 under uni-

are

taa

slole of Ehess

$,

Eia

3) ltlu*. Principal

Stmln' Theory

;-

C..

or
A paronreter as

S,tr,)can

be

c,.:ri[kn in piare o{'sne.,

E.

per the {heory

frrnc pararrre tcr

irr the yield or utbmale. poiot

Condifion for Safe Design:.-

6r., ]

,., or Af
N.L

Fairure

g
of skee5

e3

ut.

t v, -rr[*rtq)]

..... :': -.

.'

5vr

,-

' .. r '. : .l'i-'...

..('

(_

sl -

trfor+sj) \< 5.,.

N

rSi

aj:uq

tu
N.

6@

s-

Y@

4)Totat

Iheory

s.E

for

(ondihbn

;-

g1L

Foilure

e
Tota

&
s,

ai a

Volurne

(rrhrol

p"tF-;;d..

Condihon

{-i.}

for

Safe

^) I

.t

,,

-$)

stre5,,

Drg,go

in

(s,r1urt"*") v p

Combuii:t!

&
,

5.E

Volume

( [(t*Z*rum)vr177

i@

e
c,

i&
!

c:i
c?)
l

e
e
:-$
i

Iotal. S-E/Volurne
.

=)q c, +

-s

ie

q'f

o-r'

e
e
Q

n] -zu(n,ort

atvg+

qoj) <
t
e2

..,..

For bi-axial

'%=o

r_
t3

el

@l
s

@,

[.;-..
,:*i_,i..

Syrnrrehir2l

lo

elljpse

En

: r-.-.L 4-a7.-

: :-j,-_r:

e \7-..

: -

)qe2+lajg-tt

M.D.E.T:Corln

for failure :-

-.{

r.

ft"
CondD

l v,t),r p]r,

.'(

-@

-,{

-6

for safu design:-

q{

M.D. E

uolur,e

*[,

/ Vol,rme),,I

rT.
:

Iotd

S,Ef

D.E

.i

volane

/Volume

;'(t)

Total 6Efvolume
-Vot Sf /vcturne

in

-0)

ta:

z.V (T,
Vol,

5.E/ Voiumb =

q '+ vzat
t

%e )J
l;

i x Aug.Shess
t

Vol. Shain.

t,.
f-:i
a.
Et!
e

F.i:*
ES--

..'6

_'

L,D.E/

Volrrre

= /t! )f
(t

I.:-i
,,

tb'-n'lt(o-'-','

-6

&

E:_

f-'t
E3l

Strbsfrhbe

q:

@.

SYri cz =q =O

&
Y:ia
@

F
@

[(o

tlvorunn)x

6
9

By

Eo

@ tn condrhon

Ihe lollooing -egn is

-e

subs

(t-nf

.'e

r.:
Jr, =

* (e-oi)'+

(+i)(+)'

for the safe daign os per M.D. E. p

2

)o.

\<

,2,(atf,p.r

..:
.

{or safe desr,gn @

obtaloecl-

(q-o,),

(#)

I {o.-

Foi bi-axial (6^';s1

"

-9
-@
_@

,nt1 theory

durhF
l

,,

is suilable For

moleruials .:

@
@

.s'@

&

e
@

e
@
i

s
e

-t

-l

e
e

I
I
I,

'J There exrst

gheor

fi

inup;

fari

t'otunw

.
.
1n thaPe
t-> o.e
: : :'-ltt,r.6eroine.. i;,o:'
ufien an object is
sub;erlrd

?ikes' '

Volurn.. changet, as uxil

as shape aln

lo equal 8 tike
changet

..

shesses

bll*ftee mul,ual Ir
I

ffi.

,1iii)

It c*u of Pure Shear

,,

I
5

t+
I

!=-------

,- ___-_-__1
lu' =rz .% =o-

.1'.

Volurrr does.rpt change

rp

these

't

plare.

at

three.plarc

some

shess due to

:distqrb.'an,

'

0
I

buF

bhl5 , iase D.E/vorume,

shape
,u^iEf,

changel

tn

Clirerhor

trWhen

a poinf

Jr dirD,s.

rs subj-ecfed

to egual 6 sarne'
nature of slresses

io Lhree rnufual
beraus e a1 the plane

the distqhon Energy

/ Vol. is egual to zero.
poss,ng lhrough
that point b.arne lhe
prlnclpol

plane I /.e

shearshess l s zerol*

'J

v-

rOT

IN

USED

PRAcT,CAL

APPLIUTI,N,:-

-r brittle maLnals
L))
o:""u. tnatu'iitu
----* I*::r11i-a1!r sbabe of sbe5sE b r.' #))t5 ftee disbrhorr
) r*ts:s r * :dtu:c'ite
,)

rv.p.

s.T

i9 rr.,D:E.r-z
::::+ cjwhite
y

.:
best llo.F

,,

,.l* H ffi ;;;:ff:il

,]--0versdtu ;;t;r''
.

_
forduclile

**r,uo ._

mostly Lrsed
mostly

lJ:r:;:,.:.1o,n":

tJ'::il;"i'fi;.rff
Lrv
our ut)[on{+ic)
D(Jre

ucrefiCeappuCAtbO{
orf"ri" Appliratbos_

l,f

in tnarket- t

F*,,nseiJar1ve

unetonomiGl

(5r) *,,, =

Svt

-'0.5115v.

J'

(5r,) n, *,

Fairure 5kess
.

-r Jn (Svs)ror,
rnore

C
JYT.

l-, Foilure Shes,E is

tury

ihan

dre

tr

a,O77] /,

(srr)

Iherebre

tao.

tr
n o,.-

h<

climensions

srnaller 8 eronornrral

dl
'

Failyre

t .--+ dimens +

Stres

t --1

t-

':'"D;midib-ni,

\.t__+

Cosb

---}

SaFe\

t <'Ur: ,estelbtz

t.i

dlrnensions

*r$ath/

,il

(dtrrn I

M.o.Er

L.-

I /

/ri\

\5

--

( ain)

@_

(Sts) iap61

( 5 tr)
i:i

*
M
.:;il

eriJ

F*i
+-Br

\g

6
ffi:.jr;

TOF

ffi

&

MP5T

(rn*f. I

Hore

lY.lPst.T

tunsaf)

H+.

T5ET

=a'b2

W
(safegEaoung* M,o.r.r

.'$

= o]7

e
@

srt

Eronomr:c )

BEt.

sys/

.'

(tr

(-8r
..

I..

ol
.{-

oversaFe E

ol
ol
I

M,5.5.7

0,5

s ) mrsl

tt)

M,D. T

' Best

c=sYt

S'rs

--r

ts

.obhined: by th e ..
.experiments by_+b ari
iel,y

All . 1.0

re t :rit

lrn in T.l
but r,uhy ure are not rond_

.= 5vr

urling

.,l,

2) M,D

Rqlt

_close to. M,D E. T

lension Test'-l

$i;

' . frno

t.T

Jbrsion lest ?

@
@
@

,].,..

e
e

-e
@

'@

J)

J,

uneanomic)

-l

e-

0,557

q
$
vt

3CL =

e:

(
_

:f

'F;;; , '

,' v1

;I'

.r:"

L :'

=-C

Mohr3'

V-z

C;-rcle

Crna, = T

Svi,

";'.'.

Svr

a2Svs

.fr.

1 = Svs.

'@
*@
-@

..9
= ;:Svt

#iigl$ffi#J

,a...3.,f,

9)ror

the

,dre besf

sbate

of sl'ress at thab potnb as shorpn

:-

i, fiS.

Which of the follouring T.oF H

(r

=0-Z

la)

=tr3=o-

YtPsr

(b)M55r

-l--

cdnnot be valid

when

equat

nrne

[ra]ur.e

of srress6 are ffisrc

"

fi:l

.:

i!:,

(cl) Uo*, U8c.

(e)At
Ls) Alt

)
>

oF,fl-re ab*e

aI

on all

the

planes

T=O.

Lne T.o.F

j:l

t:

q):
/'

. ':

q=q=tr:
(i)

q =

Syt

N.

(a)

[r = Jv.

M Ps1

N,

tb) Morl

q Mssr
t:

(e) Alt oF the

above

t, *d -\

(-,:

Fz

;:
(.
d

o-'

Syu

N,

e
ci

6{

FE g

uni-axrar

Loao'oHrct

rcn,on

'tt!ro,)T=*;;lJ

@ G))MpsT

'
@
:
$ t9 MDEI
Q (o)nrto{theabove
B .fr) auof #r. T.g.F

iil) o- @ q-oz

Bg?

j.

= srr r s- = svu
' N.:'

.. ;.. n-,..
tiirl si * us-z
= .Svt _{
_ = Svt ,
"-uu
e
otr

(b)M65T

.:

(tv) o-ltort-)uo,cz

(*rJ

:-r

Itrunaer
GJ

uni-axiar state of Ebess,

Bar sublected

to

axr'al bading

{: '.' , .'. .lL+,.6,

e @) Mpsr
6\
\-,
(b) ussr.

Beams subjpr/rc/

Lo

pure

under uni-axial stote of shesE

8

, a-*

s 9

d,r the r.0.F will give sarne iesurts i,el

'

.'...

t5..

too .'foqggt ih {omparison

olher Lroo prtncipal

Bending.
, +.

shesses.

,:

+.rn

,14 noer
e,
e ft) dn of the above

Alt

pure To(sioo
Test
TOF

enf

__t

qiv cJitfer.

reeult5

@ k) an of the dbor,e.

? 'dt,zc
e,h

u1"aTr:!
:{9q: ?rtle?1, 9r, if eoi qlffi.q. p{laq,pol ..,,,,
}':l.9.l"ill:':,l'.li:tt'! h

I
I

@ TOF tl:ill gaw Some resutts

@ t|
When a point 6 under
pure sheor of sn* All the T.o.F
@
.

@
@

@
@
@

:-r.',

' resulb.

ht

. .'
t D.E.T is the best
tP,':

th,s giuenslale of shess

tr:ill gile 4iferent,

'.

io.f

?It

>\

{t

s
8S

sa

\\n
-,/

c.

,JI
a+
tA 5oS

-,
*
o,
at!

&$$s

6+-.

..)

-ts,
.au
.ul
-i'

r
tJt
.a
:?

a $'."o
,E- rv h
E: . E
ts-c
,E
A

ltlt-'
------>

(4

./

-"

L,)

3-

'n
r.r "
l--

qJ

''
-bE

/".
,.-.:

f-

' 'E
rlEl
>-

6l

F
ru

*2-t,

A
t+J,

en
'(t)

ffi

ffi

q b
l-lJ

(,j

,.

\.i

!F.

fu..
if K;r

T,S,E.T:-

or'+

88e,
q' -2u q q

9rq

Semi-

e
e

ot eilipse

rnajor. oxis --r

5vt

JFu
Semi _ mtnor . axig

F"
r'
")

[ 5v,)'

')

-, ,

.,

.:

JITE

\,e

5yt

t....,
.

M, p. St.

!,@

va
\.. g

T:.r Rhornbu:
I

vS
f.\
6:t

\,0

*.O2

COMPARI5ON
Area

coNcujgtoN

@
Gi-,

bourded

.?

6j

the cuyue

5hear

i'10ff[Sys

= 5vr1

,J5/

5r,

-@
-@
\-@
:-@
r-@

r-,e

vlB
r. (8,
.?

.lq.r.ir.

(srj =srr)

'r'J 6 IU

:-

QuadranL

6*4r*, ) -&reo) HrcrE|,rcar

rdim") MDff
.. ,! a

.':7e

(aimD) ,,sr-s
'

'.

D4ss

IT

Quadrants

r-

(dirn;

5r)
I

t'4P57

5rr)

r"loer

u*t

ai- n) ,v ru,

I more_
,U.nsafe
,,u,o,,ori,_

..

Safe

geooornic

..

6*)ro, =
(sn)

'r

... .,

? XxLontinued

)CArea)

nrssr

Mrrr = 2 [Sru)*ssT ,,

... .. . .. .7:2 ..(?vrtz),

(Tabr)

lt)tlelTe egns

shoutd be

u.sd

4o', qnt shcrlU be usd

urhen

cohen the

one ddyn.

l)deslgn e1n5
Slrnple

if

can

tu

prmcrpol

{\:.fit
E
@

e_
I

w
@

'A'
{ii,)

p,*,

BuilL-in supporL

:*

-lhe bearn. is buitt

inside

the suppor:f.

ffi
w

e
q+

$uilt-

Supptt

or.

(S

Fixed Support.
@

6r

(s
(oNcuuEroN-+

) ->

No

of rxn's :at

{,}

uny support

:..'

No. of

Restr:irbed

Mohbnr by
,

.!

. .

SUPPORT

YERT,CAL

l4oTtoN

,&

,.

AXIAL

..

ROIATIO N

'....:

140IroN

ROLLER

Suppor

'l
.J:

@
@

that

Wmiiitea
Resbir:i..ed

Res

hicted

Permitted

Reslricfed

Reshicfed

\p,s of

'

Beams:-

a'

EEavs

5,s.9

(anhJeraer

Beam

0verhangtng
beam

Fxed &dnz
rp

/
&rilt. fo Sulport-

..Y

Eeams'
.,1

l.pfd
(anhlerrr
Eearn

(onhhous

karn

-=

When

the temp

F-rpanslon

iimply Supporbd BeanYsi-

vaties

-*

p.emille d

kF

No thermal Shnssr' '

=).

No'of Rxng
Ho, ol egn's

rE

=) l-zv=ol

-t

Lzm'o

rE

nf-- EtPansioni"::irrn!l:!,

[v /,w /

R* i

g-+ --LtL- ---\fiy-;"sut il **I:;

-| ,./

ry'I

Rqv

+j
ry

Rs

'rr

-?'. .;

:: . ,L)J*

^:*:.
No.o[ cr0knoLutb

r rrred
....."..."..
...

55

B is'loadecj u-,i{h Verhrat

...' i.....

No.ot eqnr =3'

\n,r,en

{here

; any 5f
,... .....-

j,

nd f
R*rlo*'*"1*",""''
"'"L't
'
-?No

+i.r'R.
z,T' ..

,,H

*'

t- R,,.*o

.>

Sb,lndet Beam dxrat turclrr){/rncl

l^
'RCV
t
"l
,.r .r? ExDansion

Y'

'\

,,{

Injhen

t)

.r'rp

sweE5es

snn.u"y delermrt'rolt

:{he tcnbirfrhon
,. .: ...

Bearn

eri

i"ltrr( ii

(x

'lJI
incl tned to;d

be

,.:.. ... " ..

Wfign a beAit.

" '

F
F

'

2lrnqr5,rppcrb
' rL:}rrir:rr i;'-'

shoutd

lD{ rl -

SuPPor l1

tnerrrro, I

rl

tf'

!i--

E
vyttvt'

'tii
i

v-

toadrd'

ncI

npd l oad
.I,

i=
:

F
E1

lRotler 8 | Hrnrri
is tlr brst romlt

Unsafe fondrtion

'.-.-, r,nrtu

lJ\ overhane

+."
ho

f
{fie

---1

shitl

Sidd' overhary
\6

Yper

r'i

6
,

6i

(1,

-dePlechbn

ddlahon ka

(
.Oc*rUle Qid

ed'Overhot n9 bearn

(
't

au:baclc

of

'Overhan9

inous bearn

noh

-> deflerhon
at

Lhe

end

tses

l-

A bean supported
with S,S,B rpjth a*leosf
only at *,he enc)E but
three

Advanlage

'c$

-+

Defterhon

at the interrnediale

al the end,
?

"

8sr
./

central.

lorohon

su

por tt

zero.

porlion

{'ses

a
l:!:.

u,tJ

f)
No,of rxns =3
No.

oi qn, = Z

:
vi

t-:

Iraat

s
e)

*,

Wall
( Frie6

suppor)

Propfxtl Supporl

A ;impte

support. uohkh'

proooed it

e
@

suiporf
j.. \,
:

'.

:'..:.j.

Ptored

tteu

at

*d

. 9t:thg,cartile,t.
bearn

DrauSu,p

ol

.&.

proppa

Rolahaoa

MolIOn is

permtllod

+,.

fo

overame llw
9ne uotlf suppu

fixeo

bpe

l5

ptarcd
ts,atCIorTs Olahial/y

..

=i

-----,

Rr =o

,^

Propped Canl-ileYer

Beam
'

No. or
Egn

(:-

.:.

rln5 '=

3;'

{Jl

:.

Z\l=O;EM:o)

='2

I
j

fri
e

tr
rt:
f,.

e:

t:

q:

Frxed Beam

CI

No. of rxn5 =

No. oF eqns = L

\pes

of

loadg

Achng

on the Beam:u 9,

load
Conrenh

Load

rah ot

Inmnsttpdr{

wt

ottd

'lJ

Load

1_

load

E::

N/m

UDM

l*-6m*5t .l+6m-9

lxnding. rno.q.relt.

6
[:
F.

k*J^
Concar,lrated

fl

Wx-*,"

6i
,

{f

^ils

inN/nr

Lva,,resty lrnealt}

e:
e-

,E

W,=fw
W=l0oX6
W

i.6ooN

toa N/m

60"
WH

fj;I

i'Ffl P

s?f

In

=U

case

of

D.

ff,

{ir)

Delermine

f ,,*
I'

[ti)

of the plane fig

the, total wetght
ol D; l_ =
the 'fotal i,.rerght
9f D L

Represent

.-(';.

2)

D:L

.'

1tu,
t_
l@

Loacl

b Cornponent

Locate its cenhoid

k-(

[i)

l)fnclincd

HE

H,
H,

K-Jrn-t

leorn-+l
2

Area

of the cqrres{ndrng

,L.,plane f,jq

through fhe .. cenlroid.

o{1 lhe plane 69
,7

I,=9*

li
I

t_

i#i

I*

i'I

k3+t

r=,

[l'

ct:
:..

iei
f,;
6tl

s
e
a) For the htbtoing beams, calculate nrni at the

6$

Supporb.. ,,

(i) W

'.).

0i)a
,

e
@

RA.

R6

@
@

2V=0.

@
@
@

in the drrn o{ apptrd

loar)

Ra

Qc

=,W

--4!

roose . B,H of

2w

'*l

'lR^--y
caEe

nitude

of

syrnmehfc

8 they dre

,F;rfl
fn

t3

=l.l.l =o

rt) ,u,,.i

' 'i'

Syrnrnellc
l-oadtnql lod
tJ

is ach'ng

aL egga, drs{ance

I (r)

the .xni at 'tlx- supports are equal in mag egual to hatf o{ the totdt toad.f nut tood achng oo il're.
loadtg ,

Fx

F':

bearn.

{,:

I
J.

a)

nI

r.J

CI=100fi,N/m

rI

t,
t:
Rs

RA

Net load

Ra

- I|

RB

Net Load

z)

= -t00 + qOO - l0O

R8
' :-- ':" --'--

= 200

(t)

ryu)
rooN

(+)
('
Q:

6-

{
f:;:

f,
6.

:-'tY{:l'

l{'i,

fitri.;i;{-31_iiri.i,1' r.,'.,.,,

'..1

:t

',

':.:
.'.l:).:..,

,
z.

:.'='1q I;':'i" 'O'

RA fp|
.

;,,.,li" ff

ffi

::.r'.-.

',
"

:le#

ZMa =q

W.a

)
)

- Rcxl- :'0,

Wa:
Rc =

Ra

R.L.
(+)

W-?

=. l^l -

i.t, Wi,
T.

TInd Me,thod.'-

el
dPI
PPl,ied
'ano
the IsUP,Pd
,.E
,Ut
0,5 tant

lw(

5tep

)
)

Ra

1)

tofi'rxl{he diln
l,Jrth .sspec6 ro bacl
Wilh ;sspe,1

opp--ttyg
Sdm --+-ve

Rc

-J-Wd
t_

(r)
beam

t5

,/*l*r+loo.-{g6
flooN/rrl
6nl =*--=-.*+K__lj,

Ll

.-

lo

anolher rxn

1 l:.:: t:j:::i t, r.t:r.:::

:.ii_,i.r1 j_4r,f;it1:i:ll::

' '.:
R6: 4 -xE,: ,o
.

,l
.1

R8

=4so-ts0

=J0oN

,il

Ra= rsoN

Ra:

{
{I

(t)

3ooN (

tJ

I
t
,; ZMfO

x
x

.; Rxn ore there

o)

Fxxtlrn p)

-:{

:
.'Y
V

)
+

Zt"lo=0

Ra=-Rc

M-R.xL=0.
Rc

"J

= M /t)

Ll..

..t

Ra
,-'

=-'Rc:-M

.':' ,...'..(,' ..
I

a stnly supprtd beah ls subla.td

.dhen
t.

bearn

, the follouring

:r:lncl,ustonl can

be

ronsL.

B.M

at

anY Phon dre

rnade

iE 'rndependent o f , loc#rorrs , of ronre ntrad) momen!)

6) Rxn ! of support dre- = in rrrag but opp inc/iro
(i) Mag .

of ryn s

4t

re
lqs

l,

s.r'D 8 B.M:D:,-<-t\

Eeam is (efinsd

l@)

i'.

B'M

lGr
I

the sbucfurar meirrber u:hich is subjected

loads Due to this TsL

l,re
t*
I

69

the

over

the

, the beams are subjecbed to variable

iengfh ol the beam. Henre to knou-r

the

type

maxirnurn vdlues

of s..p g B.rv s.F.D E B.M.D has

IIfr "', 5F0 and Br"lD davc
^ ,-_
flays an
imp role in *he' dNign of a beam
lr+
t'"'
F,:

6sU

I
t-

nrHi sheon
5,r 8 variable
tra

of

variahon 8

to be drawn

>

baEed on

strength criterrbn.

I ,'"
i(.
I

le*
I

lm
I qg;"

-F_.=+{.

(_;

(),

;(

'lry

Ij *t rBxppov;-),
are used

lo

i {',, botane the

(.;

gtven

-,
,I
-; i:;
(':

_;

lCI

*i
\r

beam

ACTUAL BEAI.4.

Ra

SIM

a4

Tt

dt

t,

.'.

ITrreal4 Axiot ,

Buitt-in-

."

are rerhited

Sup povt .

rDhich

{.he

is

'poss

Stpporfud by

hinge

These supports

end

ol the beam

*o9

or roller

The

tods are

direct ty passiog

^are placed.

rhrargf) t h

lorg. axs (r,e

throtrgh the

long. axts

No.lH

i1.{1*,
,.
Simpy5uppoi6s'S;;;'

iol-ohon..

+,
fi.)
reshrctd
'l } only robtranat
malion i5
permittrct.
@
' O b Fxo.Support.

' @

born

supports)

L, Hir,ge g,upport

,'* -.!i',,

is a

pron

shouU exarttv

Slrnple supports

f.:,i

Wergl.rtof

Rollersupports

(,ulhcal mohon--+
rcslrrcted)
HoriAndg robhonal
,*t_,in
*
permttttd

TsL:_

PLY

,
Represenlahon

supfnrted by Z

5imde'supprfu

of a Bearn.-

Hinge
C, repreents

Lhe X-slc aF

W is

arting

ll to Lbe x-slc

or

Roller

5uplrorls
of

@{):@,C,

boi{1'at u<
end

CD-O -

i'/ffi,l, firrroi:n;"

of

beam,

he

.,

:
?atametets-(i)

Axis *---------

Longitudinal

,.'.,

rrnaqioary

lrne ufirch is joining the cenhoicle x

(i,)5upporh@5upporhReach.ons6fgo6h;8ercryxs/c3of+hebearn

-;
0i;; Span __r. distan

re

suppo,rs,

.blw

(iv) Loaris achng on

the beam

:
.::

(r)Sirnpte,Supporbi

__<

f---:-

\ --------+(2)
HrNqE (pro

0)Rolter5upplti*$t. .
';/
L.
fl)

.)verhcal Mohon is

supporb)
.-

------.I\+atr'ng Jr to the
U
Plone

.r luPPorts
- rt:'-'':

(l) RoLLER

.: . ,

rqshictod

---\

6
(:i

xt,

f
Roter

supprhng

Supg:rb

f.

r_

the rollers

rv
\<
\a

Rolkr,

Suppo,t:

r
(ri)

Hrtg supprL

Hinge

orpn

6,

fl = JnLt ei

:-

Ry

Tang
Rxn at the

L:-

hinge supgott

Rv

73H

6i

'1

w
-i_.

i' :

ffB
i@

r-

tfi,zir magnifude

i=

Length

.A

EY
,e

Nef Mornent

Direcl"ion--r ReathonS

q)

,f

;ff;ent

_+

of the

bK>

beom

+r,e

---, -ve
Sdrne

ei
6,
g-J

(r)

t,'
\

,a\
ti,:,

\-.s

v6
\

6.\

\,,

e-tl'

\-r,

-e

* (B

=llN.(+)

RntRg.= lo l(N.

RB

9)

={-if)-

loxY'l
[+ 'to)

-|,t,

--

3l.u (D

b. s.5. B

,tO .\*
la
{o

)'

___-}"n
.RaU ,- lokN.

It

Rav =

3!
lo

'..,,'RA,1

":..,.16

= +3kN

m)

1.iri

((

Rav

Rc

3l<N

l-Gr r3r

=J6

= 3KN

6
I'

t,'

f:.:.

r1:

zt
lril

e:
-t

) :( = r*

=+

value of

til?;:tio;{;';r3.,^

rx ties btw B and D. gy

detktha.is delprrnined

S
q+'

Yc =

E:r'

+ At the

posiho-r clue

\,'

Y = Y-"* j 0=0
:'{Y=Y.mai;0;O/

b at the

'

*,dul?l
'

to fhe

the axis
origindl

roads athng

jffr,il":;;,sirri'

poslhondue #olioiads'achng,
on'
1ie dcr-;

if

jn the elaEhc ruTve is aciyrurar drc

fr'n

ffi

Ci

1n:burding

_>;;, .;";beod,ng
:lu,rar

r
- / \)ro
Ssa qrroer
under UnSymmebtc
(.f
unsymmebtc loadj
i- U)
]oading
'(;,.- .. .:' ' j lY,,
.u* .b/w.
b& ..point.ot.
l' 15 max
i,b,rtoi appiira_l of 1obd
At the suPpotts I de{techon is o a nd stopes dre uzrguol in
)1

a,

:
0

tl
..t

In

I \

Oe=o4

v=o -1

4/

+RA

e
@

oo =oA

Y =o

o
o
a

I6glr

,I'r+:a-trtxr.i

5":ri-*,:,r!rrr::y:r:r.r-'re*!^'-t-r*.t::,

.rffi;

Yma*r

,;o; ;;;

at

'Y&o-, O

at

baause

freeenct

fixed encl

ol

ras"of

rncanhteverbeam

c
Sr

Yi=

\
'l

mag nifupe

GnHlever Bearn:-

t-..\

oi u,oru-n-

supports

r,l

Deviahbn of

I the baam from its

,--.
\!.:

Bendingi

o.

ld;f 0^l
{oo>Er1 llyo;t.-sjl

lrl.:

o, g. f

veity:ol

At fixed erd
At free end

o=0 ; y= 0.

0 = Ornax
Y

=Y-u*.

i
i
t

Boundary Condih'ons

I
I
I

-''i
i'
i
f

,,Ftxe( ercis,;

".t, ,,'. 0

S.S.eod

= -0

Y:,0.

M=O

Y='0.

=o

5.F'O

I-

i'

i
i.J
I

t.

free
encl
''|'-vw!'u'
''wl,en

lYl

no foad

rs.ochnc

I..'-l
I

(5r,1. =6

I
j

t.i.

9t =o.:

(il

.:i

5'F
Zero

Non-zero

B.M
Constanb

Non-zero
' r Yr,-Lsr L', .

'!.

v
t'

{,:_

shape
[ircu lar

arc

r*
\,,.

.v+

PAr,a
I l.
bolic
fara h^

.'.;.Grcular
&ndiin (/ R=
B= EI _,-^.. i
-, (ircular l3endihq
=const.)

1-

.--"

t3/

fr

t:..

"sl

ts:

M:

!'i::

G',

lh
qs

E,
w
6
w
g

'6
@

Q)Repeat

the abve gueelirn if the

g q)beam is supportecl by

fujo hipjd . supprb dt the

ends.

'Rcs

f*.:

&v

Rav

s
ff")

@
@
@

Rou=if =3kN.(t),,

@
e
&

-rkN

{$

{})

6
@

B
&

le-Sm

--k--

'B

tokN

-@r

-,

-,
*l @'t'",l
-,

@.i1

-ng
I7.:ri.:r
-:tth:

1i

r:
RR

Ra

r,

';'

=Skru- -3.0 = 2kN[f)

;.-

,o

Sm

>r

9fur

Ure canLrte,rer,beam

,xt0x3=l5kN
l0kN

lokN/rn

t0kN

-/ ,lokN
30kN-m

-.1

Ras'loklrl.
,,

'

IOKN.

>&kN-m

+k-.-.sm.

30kw-rn

., --,+-,rr_.. __,

^i

i::

ZMa=O

(.1

(t.

Ma=*f5kN-m
--

Rarr

= -[
=

ls kN-

* ())

Uef Axiat toad arhhg on the UeamJ

- f Net verhral ,,

,t

t,

Neb

rnornenf

= lsx l_60t 30 : -lskN"rn

= EkN-rn (.))

tula = tskN_rn
NeF Verhcdl loacl

Rnv =

())

= - itkN

lSkN(f)

t5kN

{,)

. I t

NeF

Axtaf load = lo kN

9qz

l,@

- IY

Rou
Q)furthe

overhang

lokN

t*-)

beam as shorl:n

in

the frg.

@
E=

Ie

f**

ir:,
Ltre

^l

sokN

B,l

.I{'

Zv=0

20rRa_50+R._:o=0

-i e

-i,@G
re

Rsf
Rc =60kN
u

zfYs=0. 1 20x5+soxJ-Rcx6+30x,1.5=o

'l @

f
I
j

-t$
_j ;

.' rit.'

le
l&
-ie
-ift

J"),,rkN/rn

6R.=too+rso+Lzr.

5.F

I B.M

,x

--

tl\B

-6

-rG

Q5M mxN

-{8

-q=

:-t

t
I

i
i

:'

t3kN

ri
R

tn

':''
L;flrJ'

f:

l3x5-rox2 = l,sk-N-m

r 45kH+n

--

.t
'l

I
I

=4ikN-m[

))

E
r

s,F
Shearforce

<-3kN

F.

g ri7

E
L.
16

a gven slc

is a&ned ds

5.

J_ _ nb=2t

--l

the algebraic sum ol

p Convenfu-'ni-

verh,cal lorces

achng v

TffiI,
.t

('"
:t,:

,
E::i
f\
\i'

$.'@
F

Bqs

,@

,s
A
EU

=J

vtaT\
5,F =

!-r"

[g

in .tbe upqryd.

+vel
C.?

;
@

8 ,hun

tn

.,the

dpurnura

s/c I

iG

\,,

'

&

.:

ri

ul

s
@

I
I

!l

I
I

-l

I
I

*l

-:,i

I
I

*l
.,1

k
@
.@.,.,,

-r
I

't

I
I

e
@
.@

I e
I @
I
)

6l

(ol.tcAVE uPwARDs

t-

(irn

..

rd dirn

B.I,l

'

ar a

given

on the 1.H.5 of

the

dirn on the R.H.5

Cantilevep

it is ocfng in the
or coben it is ochng in *he
slc. & vice -.verso.

slc is satd to be +ve when

Beam

slc

ol th.

clockwtse diro
anh'- cfoc|.wise,

CaseI);-

-F

v,t

uL

tU L

When

=O

(s. F)B

?Mt =o'
when

r=L r{5.r)q

=N.

'''MA = -l{.L.

Heighb
.

'

I^l

of tnc.sFD

9i"iniit-Qin

'

- vl'

t'

r.

Moment ryn

.
'.:
'

heighLof

dt that

Supporb

8'v'o

pa rh'cular.

+'Height of
-7e

'(,

f.

Hwi Horiioril-al rxn

I

6
li
aCI

&

ry

v lfig coNcrugroNr!
l;F;*,
! $ S 2)
$ ;Y ptomenE ,,
:
$,

ES

o siven bvthebe,sht

,,

; ff:,"'',',, ',

or svs

gTL

atLH,5
:

,, B,tvt,D ,,

"

, ALD

zlr,:;;:r^

r* s risconsr
bs.FD;s a
llorizonhl

,,

line

wilt consists a ,rlrt ru ,,,u^;;

L, r,D
;, o
,
a
point when toac! ie Ver+Ira+l+Be
--^-":J
(
' SuctcJen change will be. ,visible or' ,ir" change
$g
trt t)etgn
Lerght irttioe d t,nt
of
'tottge in
the
ttne,)
tr )

fl ;

lurl,rnro

L>

e
.-*^-{antileverbearniss,4oiata1WahU.D.l-.
'.tl"JoLcui ' ,,..L,r.

$ t'l) taSeII).L

- r'^;ii*Yn'j

!$;

Ie

Ml'*tti
n6=_r'l'lr=$.i<J"__ll

-l@

Bn:-fr=otPrJ

1Yf5 '

qh-r

-f@

rJ.u.'L.

6'')*= urr -+

Lioeorryvaries

C^r,

fs,i...:.,':_Hi'-@-%l,H[,..:]..
f oI
(ort gt

,'

-l

*i

-i

trJ

uJx-r =.

I
!

Tn

I
l

&

presewe

,f5heor

(constant)

folre is

'B

to,tt. rr

'.'

..

,W*5-:.,wf

=(

(tr)r^

'

-j

,e
-e

-=.t

M^_^

.r, .:'.-,.'...)
12.

< x)

- when
I=O, (SF)s : O.
-'

t:.

Zdrr

toadiog..vAn 4l1sr)
'-

'@
'(B

one

BMD

*@

D.L

. ; mo{e of Loaditq fn
o
, ,r r 6i
B.M ls, one orcler
'': no@
of s r, varrahon
. 8 tr.,ro orie, morc of-

t-

-@

of

l'{g =o.

a''_

(S'F)a
'
had+;tnsitl
!*/hen d bryn
/
f
i1 d)shibu td toUtr1 l:w=4Fl-,
I otl, rl

pu*,,,liL

= Ln.L, M^
''n = -hI[
)
L

6'r,F8'M

..'..,

&r

"HJ

fromA ta 0 , 5.F +

Slop

of 6Y) from A h

w
L
ry&

C
B

dMr

?
b

d.r

dM3) dt4"7

,dMr,( cl.Mr,(,dM1

Yr

Jncreastrg slqpe {rom

l:.

tDB

Decreaslhg sloP

rfiom

AtoB

/.:.

:l

t:..

t:

ti
t..l

('i

urj.l,

Areaof

caselll)
urN/rn

"'l

tr

^=txrr:'i.r )Y'
=

BA

= [r'otoL],

ux:x
3rr-L

tr

=P

*ru(lilurin*,ry

ut

:
-

'.'.7.,

:.

tr.
.

t+A

[M),-, =-#-trr)
L2To

,Ab
Darabola

ls.F)B

=,0

a
e

draw 7

(,

parabota

Seethovdridlion

(
q
7

('

clq)o

::*;&,,l:=;.:,i.rt

'.tr

:::B

\l@^_-*,if,,---1-)'iI.'^nwntlt"1-*;.,..,B1,
it-:-=)b

Lie

-,
=)xrxrl

- iI;^

1.-.rf,,='

r'61-*--*"1^9
^MllJlllllJ,t/
'=tl

@iYt

A.

6,r
' II :

ii

(a.ra)r_x=_lryrr

.,
------<1)*r
L

tl*,u,,

I'

^(s

r)o

2 L'i

\!a

i.i
f.1-i,

;r

)r?x,Lr"=
]xr^r L
2
.i

!'i@

*l@

il

) ,

f"(B,v;r=_Jxgrxr3
6

\i0

!.@

@Y,i

-B

I M^=M.

\' @
'- @

tl

,@
* lB

I '

"

ttYo=M.

r\rl '
1
|I

;''

tM),-, =ffi {priu'auna;ry)

Beam

I
M
II

B.M.D
e\t'Y

M=coost.
..,11.

througlroutthe
ter4at

B,v.o ir

.\

s:z:::Bg:Px#ffi

6,F"o

-e

PLtrebendio!

it

a rerlangle

r,uiU"1

Casef):-.

If ndMubod:Shear Forte falculahbns

(5.P), = 6.

\r.ll'rnever

*hero ;5 3

tonrcnl'raled

[sr).

=e

hrtd

I!,1/1

out lh c (tr,:ire

{hi,B,pt

[s.F)o -- o

Beoiipg lnloment Calculahbns._

lnla =

1''ic = M

,,

Ma = M-M=O

.i

PrrrCkrdrrrfi

Cageg I )l.

...

j'

.(

Nrn/rn

EiA

l_r-o to r=tJ

,(

F)r-* = o.
MX-^

('Unear
variahon

rnx.

tr

/)

\
\,Vhen -x =O.

.\:

LgW O:
'E)u

''=-ti

{"

Wben x =L

11

(s.r)o = o
b'i,vh.n.v.,.

the

mlculated tuice

the moment

mtsrns"nf

(on(. rnornenb is ach'n$,

6ab
o,i.

then B.M iS

the' iunchon point). Firsh neglecF,

a rn

second

case

consldovlng

the

(9,F

)o = rnL

fr
@

Gncenl-rated rnonen5

9'5.F=O.
_7.

@,
lr&

s-.

F:rv

\_

l''@
m

\.

*,@

Sirnply Supporhed Beams

tosel)

S.S.g sublected Lo

steP!)

t/ rtna the ryns

B"r6)

pure

AB--

6
A
\i*/
@
A
L-,'

fi'
\it

[r=o b L]

[5,F)*,

=o

(B,t.l)r-*

e
> : ,,,*
:.

r-,.

t
,

!"@

.-.\ l
!@
'3

&
@

Case4):-

-@
@

s,s B

i.@
'-

lr

Xnd Mefluy:=

igr

5.F

i@

l@
,I,.,9
!--@

--@

Perrn

(5,r)o

M'L

(s.r),

-(B
-@
rc

'on '

-O

rcf/exure

B,U

-lYt

"''.'"L-t

l4n =0.

t,.

.t$,g

^ e.
\

= S-,M,

=I
,u2

llxns_:

= &ow.
z)5,f

.Or

Aerbnl

Height ->
3)

inflexion

nq

-'"

blwlalbnl.-

MIc'.

ilh

+tre rotihon

= ML
6Da = r!-u
LL.

-@

-o
-e

.,

Catculahong l---

(s19o = o.

%=-+

a,*=o

btoz No rxD
rriom,

0,il

2TrianEle.
,L

Simthr
--1,4
..:: .' -4
ij,:,:,ilii{

I
I

MB=+xL-M:o

I
lqrlsn*."

l:"":'

force cal]-

L/q

B'lvl

f[sr)o=o g-ffi,
-f
lpOn=y
yqyi
l' "\ L
a
,r=y
,
,1
-

Iura

{ ry

Ma=o

iNLt
a

ll-',/.

Mc=yr*.=u
' L'' 9

-y

M.-y-nr= 3{

6'rr=_Ii *vt

ronhlFrexure

Ai,r/Poirr(or a
a
L))

=o,

cat:-

=o:
'Lwttlt'

BMD'

CaseIII)l-

m}

TN

rnL

rn\ rn

TN

),S

)t---+l

N-m/rn
:

'F).* =
[tut)r-,

5FD
tf.

=.

rn

nrr-mx

BqL AB_fr=o
foL]

is fg

---1:-SloPe

ts.D,_*=p_H,_o
L,orahon
}1

max

of kro

:-

[s F)r, =

t F/

(M)** =

Mx-x =

* H,,

?!r, * ffr^:
$rrt- Hr*,

At.lr=0.
)ex)

(sF)A:6*.*t==

0l)o
,A,t

tq.L
6

=,0

l= [

(s,r)

(6seVTDt r N/rn

_t+Z$_+*_2\t_+x_t1j

1s.r.1, =

o.

llc = ltanax ='

toL

*
,2

u)L

U - \L{!tS

a
-(

-ts

-Aa

-d
-i':
via

,ErR

tDbj)

-:

Relatiorrshrpblw.w'F8[r{i-rntreph,:n((blrfiullonofeq7.rsJgT)..

,hlilr{frrcnnal ol

IF=a-dxl u)

il)

sr. qlws.ll.,irl rrrlenrriti

ilrst ot{t,o{

BVgiw

J*

j-''

I3o = [u-u,dx
18

, ,F?.-.to

-=

-,l

'.1'

... .. .. r

, I t^- FB = (B -at i (o* of toding drogom bte B 8D

|
! II
I

The fi'rst

inlrgral of Loaclrng f h g ives Lhe clii:ferenre o{

C
E:

g' F over

the serhbn

i-

fr
I

A- rB

Fgt

'

I
I

u:!'-n
6u

.r'-

z* vurL
'wL'" r

t:;
i

pL
rb- u.rl
z.- 6
-

rb

usL

,.',,I ,t
-l-7

"li

"Kg'

'.*
I
\-Yl

il

rI

.AA

U'L

Lh o7
Mo
,Ytr

=j g,,

,.

't,

Mrrar-o =

J,r.

= d tpl'

rB

Ha-Mp

=J

Fdt

(area

oF

5-F.

D b/rp

A)

(""

r::

Ihe *irsb integral of

'F/

)Mrnax=dr,,

;\"
lit

v::d

A
w
' l':^

.ffiq:.:I4.a:.ae:42-

;:,.i'11::,

9) The

B.M,D of a prhtulbr horrr'is

(i) 5,F

of slc A-A g B-g

shou:n bebto. DeL,ermin,

09

!.

50 lN
'".f'
'ir'

-rn

,0kl,tm
A

bB 16\
1*2yr1__4_q,1rY_r1

f:

',Q_I{_,.

dJ

) At@

f:

fYr- M,

-__-_-_-_-_:__i_

Xt*Xt

lo-

*-I

ro

2={

..

0 ",
I

ar6-g}l

5u6rnar/ of {.,oad
, s,F g B.yt
LOAD

variation
5.F
B.M
YAR'ATION

YARIATION

Zero,_

(b/w turo

conc.

point

. .@nst
loocls)

./

(Hqr,zontbl tine)

Linear

't

lncltnd Linie)

ftlnbatic

IuaiS
.

Lircar/y
(Uyn
t.

c
o

hrdhlic

cgbrt ?arafio1iic

lFxi)

(M-d)

lqB -

for tompuod

Beorns,'-.
B

l+ Stafcatt, deturni oX)

I
rl

t> B,M at Inl-erna/ Hjnge

=0,
L

Rg=yV

+2-

'q" E:

t o+ (onhalterure.
7 is ohqle inhrnal

Poin

,B

hinge is. provided

:

=!

Rc

.,
Lrrug of g,r'f at

o:=I

Cil

i5

hxed

WL

Z'

.....:

Ma

hrntof

{L/t
=

lvh

lxzr-w

() It ,t a sbhcally
t

(ii) Rt
inLernal htnge

(iii;

delesmined
-

beam
-!Y'r,

Compttil Boanosr-

t*

Wxj '

'(

.\>

\1i-

{"i

, artin& rxns are egual g

t:-:

opp

&e

of

a
''
I, .
ffi*&tirt.r,t.,-1,-,,.',,
H.r=r..i

be made tn,r.t

AE internal hhger
B.N = zfto:

Pcrnt

ilOr/

can

\!j

-f r$ =o
!*;1'=

conclusion

-WL
2

tolg'=,

Follourirg

(rrt)

is

potot r,,6ere irrt.

j1

frlt

hing

e is pwvided

eq#

@
+:- -

M*)* tle

e6ffi1-t\
ffiB

bui It-in-beorn

//

aE

shouo

i,

frU.

u; N/m

ffi''r/
ffirl,
ffi;

9qu

lllfiichof +he 'follouring B.M.D are

correct.
CONCLUJ'ON.'-

(i) Atuoyr'

ffi./

NI
EY
zj

fe
r

cc)

(-s

4t

t'r'
l::-'.

a) B,M.D

hr:a

d'. '

builb in:

boam s shopn

ao

\:-

in frg.

,)
rhe

Delermine

approp r

iale

SFD

..'

&
w

ta 5.f is

one.

than

v!)-

b-

G)

,.

n\.

\A

Whun

order les|

BM

[e,6p1.o rp6r.,

shoutrl change

..

,grf

G::

I-

(d)

q) fi,. flz gverhanging

Ueam

wl|r,LJr

as

str*on in fi.q

Select

the

BMD
flt

freeenc,, B.N4 O
=

@
:.-8.-e.S,,ng

= _WX2L

G)

e:.
@
@

9l

frlor.neqt'aiC

6)

: -o.swl

. ..

. :..::: :
:

f ,.shf[.
.

otcler

B. M va rra hoo

(b)

ee-

noo-

cb)

-6r
\q",

r,5

zero

'

is 2'order r[ore tha,

tii; 41 fi4ecl eocl , B.M

C,

,ei
kil

.t '

B,t'4

load varioh'on

.,1>

sr?o

..

Eeoms u.:hrh Or ;r,smSfiCS

S!5ol- Ut d,
'ttF

utt.{

rd

!_?a
2 L

:r;w- hrd-r

LrL

Bencls in the
cit(l e

_p.Pa

z 'L

Radiug

Ma =O

MB=(Y

*lzL+ru

Mr = 0.

Plr y

o{

ts conslanb

curvafurc

Max

Ill.Bl',t(Workboor)

arrof a

Q2(a)ql(dlqq(d)6st )0r1c;
Qt(,)) Qs(,r)qqtb) 0ro6a)Qr(dl Qn1c1 ott[a)arl (a)qrs(u)
Ql7(b) QrB(c) o,oiu
o.rro
e2z (4)wG) ptr(a) a2st ) 6u(O
111,)

'

qzilt

r'

i gzz)Sa-

I
t..
, t.

I"
I

iA

'c
rculararc

tie

# "'n'

belm i,e

'

'

/ET) isanst.
ci)

Then beam

bends

in the hrm o{a

cirwlar arc.

B:-

Prigmah'cbeam

lnakrial
' ..'
.' :.;.:' ;

i'.:

r;Lr=

, m&,eoframe

uchichls uoder Pure

. .:' ' ".. ' '.

-:!I'0,

Mtoo

.E2t)
A

Srn B

a,73n

Mx-x

-'-5r*B(r+z5)=
Eo.ooornl
(from he
'\

l{e5fr..

-ffi'-ffi.#

en

d)
./

itr::*

[-

le

1*--

CaseE):-

(sF)^:g

&

(sF)o =y

e
e

(s.r), = N

2.

Gr)r=

15

) ''

F)B

! _w

=-W
2

-t,l
2

t4 -t

(J'Fjg=-W,w

7 +tr:e

e;
)

&

E,9o

o.

l{c

i@

\iS

. t.

I-rrt

'.-.j.'..@'

d\

e
6

6 curg

!,i

url

le

trlL
fI

AB- f r=obt-f

_j e

sPG-*) =

-lle

*-.,r -

w4z

/r)

Lvaries linearl

1t

,l:.-l I . .@- ', . '.

.,'

i--_-'l ! a
E/

tl

;'.:..r.'-'.'..

rO
r-A
1o
T,?

rMt*. .: ;-4.x

,e

wL

_-___-->

wnr{srrr..r.A

'l @ tve to -v t
it baorne rnax.
I @

'le

,. .

= (JDL. r
=

..-. ,gr:r

f+\:.
,z)

l
u)_ ?,_a)

',.-...:,;.,

tF=

dM

dr.

F=O =? d# =O
dt
F

:O:>

=+1,4=consL.

rlrvr

#=0 +M= rnax

5'F chang* ib sigo
@ S.F = O..

vl
vi

m=M*l

..:-

5,F = eero over a pc,sihbn

of

*he beam

over

thal prhon oi Lhe

,

hbn

of Point of

(D

I/

Zero Sheaf lorce

[s,r)r,* = :,

.:

p.rax

= o.

,, ,]
;|[vi,iJ,:
,,fry
#[, ,

'{,a

(i

f4rru*'2

+(

il- ?(+)'

/ltoC

l:.
\j

'Mrra, = gll?
B

IY

Gsep
t'

s'=rl* r^

!F
:'
F-*

tr\
(.,
t:,_t

a
g

s"

qoLfq?*arF-2a_->k_a+f
Yn

o.'

ltlg-lt,a = -SPa

9 Ma = -5Fa

Mc* IYO

9 Mc = |po+MB = Zpa

7Pa

Mo- lYc =. - qPd =) lyo ---4 polyli

Vlt -folo = Zpa +

. -Zfa

l,?e = 2pa+F,la __ 0.

.i

L> Point of coirha ttexure can

bellocated

by

putting l3,M

nT,

.b zero

i"
I

-i
i

vi
I
I

-1 c$
.i.

'I

I
I

'vl
I

fr
\;/

:-'. .
:

-1 @

'1
I

e
@

Y
I

e
e

\,,.
Ir'

rt

f:o fu,pic rs b drive lheexpressions for maxm stope g

':
I ::
rhe^rnaxm

slope

max. detlech.on egns are

maximum ctdtech.ons

"

usd in the

des$n o,+ A*,*r? dalln o-lshafts undr rigidity

uiterisn, in *he determrnafion o[
r.nahtnr reguaxies
under
fiaravere vibrahons
w

&fledrbn

:-

linear

Drspraremenr

*--+=-n

1v,1 :

rJ

,',1

of

Rarlru.,

R^

fr,nr,,,-r-"*=o

-_----

;lo be

a circular orCl

n=

onsr

aur

--/

lorah. point

ol ihe tct,q ,ta1,

oi lhe slrurlvtar

ii:"
fLotunrr) under

culvalure

,-,r',.,,

t,.tr,

a!a.l corn'p )oart.trt

bearn,

=O
bendr ngl
r,

##?oili,i?#n,,-ci,rquta

rr.

'

$ ronst.

r:

.Ti,

matm de[tech:on
ot +hebeam .

- -{nrrrcurararr Yr,*1. poihon of +twb,earn 5

of y61x. ri

lF the

a,i,,
,toxr

i3ffifl,lA?:*rlR$;*J

a
-X-x =
"x-x
j^,,.*.,,- ., ,

,,,

I" r,uit
{rf:rDefrechon. culve -_-*shows

To

kvrahori

,-^-^.

atuktiitrl

L"

It
[otrm" ul)
J-

\-n j.l ,-

-:;,]r"Tl_.u

411/Z

'

H
fl
?
i

Banling

eteastic

yo

-rr"'Lsq

i:i:lr,:an

At

I
I
I

$i*:#r
';eir*.r;lgi=;be

nr*,

Lo

'.

scrppott

deftqr;oo --, o

s/opc

.[I

L_

-+ (.:Nn

+rnDx

are

+nrg @_
4
@

5'5'Biitp.rr^,X-phhon 6l-

f^

..
r?1

"e:,;i,*s*1$$5#*1.*i{:

. l pii'f X
'i:dl
@

"c'
@

5t.

Ltne

rE

,@

rcu.lar

thrrirculat

(R)bc= E1=oo

enping

bendrn\
I

@
@
@

No

n-cryrular

bending

ct)

{,j

' '(+)

f,
@'

.'.
l '
r ' , ,' tt.,

':

(R)ou--tva

@.
'

Relatiornhip between

of 6urvature

..:..dy,

T .:. .,?F, :

(-}

e;

.Raa1u.?

f--r

deflation

\- ..{l)/'

, Slope =

TanO = dy

4lt.

TJ

Slope = 0

@'

*u0

@
@

: .,.
@

d'v

dtL

= Er-&

dtl

trlt)

c
G

., B,M ,..51ope.8 Deflecffon,.-

.7

.[

(:i

ia r:

':

"

.l

s
(P.t

'

,.'.

dY

at

Noln{lru
\ bend

1"1

oz
.<

..v

DOUBTE ]NTE(yIMTION

METHOD:-

0) M*_* =
{rD Mx_*

EJ

_&
dr2.

(iir) +

E]

J U--- UO-

dehrmined by using the boundary

condilion of stcipe .

(l'

'" ,' = JiM,-* |- c,r -@- o.u*i*d by usrhg rhe fourdary

!t
.

condihon ol d,e*leclion. ;

E:

'.

tr.'

fi

F= Er 4dt3 -@
-rr., : dF = d 1trr
dr( dr( "

C-

Mx-x

ri

-EI
' &

dt,

'

{
+x*

-:-

e_

t'f

:@
E?
E/

.!
@

T>

S,gn Convenh'ml

ta)

B.

e
@

{a) 3.y

M sagging

M r,ogging

= -ve

r-

tve

sagging = tve

Vlnogging

6
e

(b) y i-

d7\

Gi

,s'

f'
m

Yupu-,ar6

'

(o; |:-

= +ve

V'

ldotnnwap! = -Y

lUpu.rar(

,..

.v

.:

/5

(c) Slope

o,,

= fve

I dournu:ard

o,r

-ve

's
e

Bqr.o,

+l

't

I
I

I
I

i1...

-ve Slop

from A

tve Slope

to

f rY J

6
@

\@

Frorn

B lo

\!@

\-@

-@
*(8
,,G
,_o
._6

t::

xt v

-ve
':
= fyg

,;

(c) gl6p61g.;:-:

tlii$

: - ve.

abuble

In@rah'on l4ehodi"

O6=Yg = Q

9o

flu*.A

'i

Ya'Yr,ux

L-------+t
A,

Mr-*

.: i
!.

EI&

.J

dxL

.t
'1

....

tJ

cltil

du

dr\
'

or
i.

Lo
/lJ

EI(o) = -4_,.n
2

ct
5ubsh*uli;1g

Cl
\l

= S-ro

[-

l.=

O irr egn O

L
f'

fl
.'"..
' .'..;:

'

s.r.'

-'. ..'!.rj-

(_
F

fir Stope

n".
\_'.-

t:'<\i:'

When

'=o,

'oa

'

6.\

\l:.

,*o-a*.

4\

RE

&-

We

!vL'l

(a,cw)

/.-1

\:,

6{\a,

...'!

qoY

tr

,@

(ACwJ

ErY=

@
@

..

,-

e,

Ys

--

0.

=' --]CU
-6-''+,
1

Er(o)

e'

L=L

#+Srr(,-O
tw,J

*$
{

cL

-3-

e
ffi

&
S*
:

I
I

6
G

-i
I
i

-t

I
I

--,t

Jt=0

=)

=Yrna, = yR .:

EJ

ymax) =

I
I

-t

I
I
I

-l

'l

)
\

''l
I

e
,q,'

-'t

->

slope

def

o
o
T
I.I 3
e
r

n .(

c
trnax

@
I

-Ur3

K = ,W '3 =
Y*^

Ert

H,rl
{u

L3i

'

i
,

Sign tonvenLion

Mx-*

(u

qrJt
Z

Ydorrrard = -ve

Yupu:od = tve

orax = q.rl:

:.

6EI
t

' Ocr, = =vd

t1

&

f'l

|\hrnenb

WL

It

M Diagram

A,'

Ai

-w!

(_

6:
(:'

^-

;
,

(#
ffiB

;ir:l

f
@

r-Theorem:- statenre,t

n'l-i:

the

*, J, ot thea,rea of BMD

ftl- [Areaof .BMD blw aenJ

L___

t' -Elt =j* L^wr]

(i

e)i

@
)

of a nyLpoints"t,l T{tr

potnts

i
I

JI

lheorern

:-

valid uJren

grr* =
- WL, or ,^,i, (cw)
zer

Ef

is con.st.

,*

Ys-Yo
'o rA

$
G

:- I a, t

MomenL

of

area,

of

gll

Bno btyt A
I

Ys- Ya

e
!

stopes

gs-oa =

'-t

of

of those

e
I

qo,

)REM.'-

tqoHR3 THEoREM;.-

*r

1-+ Distan ce of clnlroid frorn

Axl-88A.

the

non_zso.stop,

c
e
,.e

-l
I

'i

@
@
@

"l

I
I

t-),Alu:o;s

o
o

!ii.r G

slope

poinh

*t*t tlor stagtd be deterrnrd

?

J.gj,gr), 6 anot her potnttxbourd

"u
be a
"--')':

Alurays x shoulcl & measured fmrn the origin (

!l

i,

ul non-riro

potnt

slop)

..

-(

Oma*-O =

JxSxt
=-WLT
n*

E[ =onst.

EI

I t'a

Ys-Yo

Moment

of

area

const

#'g
E]

"-

diE blw B 8 A.

lnon-prisira

t.
I

r-'

6.

iLuerunon it olwap

than

ErF-R

iSti{lness=(=W

lg";

Y,,u,

slopx

o( I

jInr+rrrlronS Srope

ojR"r.L rh.

[-

one order more

'#,.?

f-I

SY,l,

.-'f.

(:.-"

- WL,

3EI

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al

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midspan

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oF

t.he beam .
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Ya =Yr =o

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tlz

. q u2.
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l
i

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i
!

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point->

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zeroslope

[n]

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i
i

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8.'

. )r-.r
t..,

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WL

"i

(,

i
I
I

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, 't

1...

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=l_EI te)(t*Y*i ** *g?l

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sc : (-)G)( s)

f',

F;:

EJ

13

qrr.
WL,

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I cw)

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{

i
J

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Yg = Yrnax

B-- L-_----l<-__,
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I
I

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(Z) *

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o)-U!
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r.ne :
.

....

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a patt

i:

sf

7g

bt

...-i

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ffit
H
q+.t

ffit

ffi
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ffi
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->
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a

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[ n ,t

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r:il
tc

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ral?

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o

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r'

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cenler.

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A^l-

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----------L

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oa=o

".

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the

dbove gueshbn

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at

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t.

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point

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For

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8 Omax.

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...

Oma

Ymax
7

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- /,

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nu

=#

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=*;r"a
fL !(Pomt
r,il)

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I

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A

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0B

Q@o

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=

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\
\
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:

("

l.-+a--+k--

o.@o

ryr4

,nL3

ZqE]

Ys

=.5

f.

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'r

3Bq Er

xxxr<

9nff

qE

b----? c

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Ys,

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',

In

prcsence

\r i6

fn

presenLe

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of

y=
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o. L

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': @
\@

loadg

o=*Iffl i Y=tt#l

:iX
:

point

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conc.

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l:

i9
\_ l@

ol

lloa'

io;,;rr'*ri canrrr.,ers 6re ,h,rrnl

in L,rhe,e $9
rV. LrErI
onr.r(r)Mox stope I
ma.der,echon in the ronhrever iru^ B

i.

cleftq.;,

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l.

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g:

llL -_ PL*L
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:'

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g max
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i'

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rir,

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Q)

6' tt',u

pyrppen cantilever

,delermine

the

arN-m/-

rxni @ supporbs l-

{s,:
E

-rF

\;..
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RB

RA

Ra # RB = L*ut

Zl'lo

=Q ?-Ma-t

uoLx!
')

.:

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:

->@

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,
i

A*
fl::

Yr, -

Yar

Ya=

- t^lLtl

6E1.

fi:

t Yaz =O

RoL3

lrr

Brr

l.:'

t::

: o'

f
(

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{-

t
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t
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ri

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t Ma = #tcrl

qrChapter- 6(P-\D

ttc),2(c),3(a),\(a),5[a),6(0,1k),8(d),qb), to(a), iltd)

t7[c),t8(c), lq4)r}otc),zt1a)ozz.;c))z?[e,l\{d)r25(c)
D

MPsr.

Gtraphiral Repre*ntalion

()

qtrSvr
N.

Assurnphon -,Du Lhle; rrrlynjal

l+

5y6'-= 5

yr '

4zo
*fz

'r>
'cz
2) r4,s,s.T

Lu'e*,o

Safe Boundary

tt2(y;7

,26()

, t5(a) ,t6tO

Otttul,?s{d),zqri]rSo1a|

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,

.)

0l'f rz'- q,% = (5yt)'.

t_
L>
H lipse

Semi-rnaJbr

axis

= J7 Sys.

Semt- minar oxis

=

.R rr,
Semr-majoraxis' .= JZ Syt

.,i

,t

I
I

I
I
I
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I
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I

'l

i
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I

. .
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i
j.
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j

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9 rs.r.r.

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Semi-rninor
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Serni- n.(]Jqf
1
I

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I.EET

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B
Y1.P.itratn Thnry

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@

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s
E:".-

t:.-:

l
\; l.

G:-i

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it E

@
@
q_i}

f::
u'i
@'

l
.lar-1.

q#r

o-Max

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f.:)
I

1l6KN

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I

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t.

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