EC - 1 - Labmanual PDF

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com
EINSTEIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sir.C.V.Raman Nagar, Tirunelveli-12
Department of Electronics and communication

Engg.
Subject Code: EC 38
Electronic Circuits - I Lab
Name
Reg No
Branch
Year & Semester
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Sub Code: EC38 EC-I Lab
INDEX
Exp.
No.
DATE
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
FIXED BIAS AMPLIFIER
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH

AND WITHOUT FEEDBACK
COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER
BOOTSTRAPPED SOURCE
FOLLOWER
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY CLASS

B PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
10
PAGE
NO.
MARKS
STAFF
INITIAL
DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER
Einstein College of Engineering

Page 2 of 51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LOAD LINE:

Page 3 of 51
Ex.No : 1
Date :
AIM:
To design a fixed bias amplifier using BJT and to determine the gain
bandwidth product from its frequency response curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Resistor (2)
2. Transistor (1) BC 107
3. Capacitor (2)
4. RPS (1) (0-30)V
5. AFO(1)
6. CRO
7. Bread board
8. Connecting wires
DESIGN:

Page 4 of 51
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Vin =
Frequency (HZ) Output voltage ( Volt)
Gain=Vo/Vin
Gain in
dB=20log(Vo/Vi)

Page 5 of 51
THEORY:
To use a transistor in any application, it is necessary to provide external DC
voltages to operate it in the active region. This process is known as Biasing.
The biasing circuit should be designed to fix the operating point at the center
of the active region. The circuit design should provide a degree of temperature
stability.
In this fixed bias amplifier a high resistance RB is connected between the base
and positive end of supply. The value of RB can be directly found by applying KVL
to the input and output loop. For this reason, this method is called fixed bias method.
This fixed biasing circuit is very simple and biasing conditions can easily be
set and also the calculations are very simple. But it provides very poor stabilization.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input and apply the input signal from the FG and observe the
output.
3. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz and the output amplitude is
noted.
4. Calculate the gain and draw the frequency response curve.
5. Note the gain bandwidth product.
RESULT:
Thus the fixed bias amplifier was designed and the gain bandwidth product
was determined from the frequency response curve.
Gain =
Bandwidth=
Gain Bandwidth product =

Page 6 of 51
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FEEDBACK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CE Amplifier with feedback
CE Amplifier without feedback

Page 7 of 51
Ex.No : 2
Date :
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FEEDBACK
AIM:
To design a CE amplifier under voltage divider bias with and without
feedback and to determine the gain bandwidth product from its frequency response
curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
1.
Apparatus
Resistor
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Transistor
capacitor
RPS
AFO
CRO
Bread board
Connecting wires
Range
BC 547
(0-30)V
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
few
DESIGN:

Page 8 of 51
LOAD LINE:
MODEL GRAPH:

Page 9 of 51
THEORY:
A CE amplifier is a circuit it can be used to increase the magnitude of the
input voltage at the output by means of energy drawn from an external source.
The CE amplifier construct with voltage divider biasing circuit. Biasing circuit
sets the proper operating point for the CE amplifier. The input coupling capacitor
couples the input signal to the base of the transistor. It blocks any dc component
present in the signal and passes only ac signal. Because of this, biasing conditions are
maintained constant. The output coupling capacitor couples the output of the amplifier
to the load. It blocks dc and passes only ac part of the amplified signal. An emitter
bypass capacitor is connected in parallel with the emitter resistance, to provide a low
reactance path to the amplified ac signal.
The input signal is applied to the base of the transistor through the coupling
capacitor .During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the transistor is forward
biased, and hence the collector current increases and collector voltage goes in
negative direction. During the negative half cycle, transistor becomes reverse biased;
it reduces the collector current and increases the collector voltage. Therefore, we can
say that there is an 180o phase shift between input and output voltages for a CE
amplifier. A CE amplifier with unbypassed resistance RE (with feedback) gives higher
bandwidth than the CE amplifier without feedback.

Page 10 of 51
TABULATION(With feedback):
Vin =
Output voltage (
Frequency (HZ)
Volt)
Vi=
Gain=Vo/Vin
Gain in
dB=20log(Vo/Vi)
TABULATION(Without feedback):
Vin =
Output voltage (
Frequency (HZ)
Volt)
Gain=Vo/Vin
Gain in
dB=20log(Vo/Vi)

Page 11 of 51
Frequency Response of CE amplifier:

The voltage gain of an amplifier varies with signal frequency. It is because
reactance of the capacitors in the circuit changes with signal frequency and hence
affects the output voltage.
The curve between voltage gain and signal frequency of an amplifier is known
as frequency response. CE amplifier gives a wideband frequency response without
peak at any frequency and hence used to cover a complete AF amplifier bands (20 HZ
-20 KHZ).
Bandwidth:
The range of frequency over which the gain is equal to or greater than
70.7% of the maximum gain is known as bandwidth. So, for any frequency lying
between FL and FH, the gain is equal to or greater than 70.7% of the maximum gain.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the input and apply the input signal from the FG and observe the output.
noted.
4. Removing the bypass capacitor, the process is repeated for CE amplifier with
feedback.
RESULT:
Thus the CE amplifier with voltage divider biasing circuit with and without
feedback was designed and Bandwidth was determined from the frequency response
curve.
With feedback
Without feedback
Gain =
Gain =
Bandwidth=
Bandwidth=

Page 12 of 51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

Page 13 of 51
Ex.No : 3
Date :
AIM:
To design a CC amplifier and to determine the gain bandwidth product from
its frequency response curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1.
Resistor
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Transistor
capacitor
RPS
AFO
CRO
Bread board
Connecting wires
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
few
BC 547
(0-30)V
DESIGN:

Page 14 of 51
TABULATION:
Vin =
Frequency (HZ)
Output voltage (
Volt)
Gain=Vo/Vin
Vi=
Gain in
dB=20log(Vo/Vi)

Page 15 of 51
THEORY:
In common collector amplifier, input is given to the base terminal and
output is taken from emitter, collector terminal is common to both the input and
output.
During the positive half cycle of the input, the transistor is forward biased
and hence the emitter current (o/p current) increases (1+) times the base current.
[IE=IB (1+)] .Hence the output voltage VE is also increases. VE=VB-VBE From this
equation we understand that increase in VB , increases the output voltage as VBE
constant. Thus the output of a common collector amplifier is as its input voltage.
The voltage gain of CC amplifier is unity, thus it is used as a buffer
amplifier and also it is used for impedance matching.
PROCEDURE:
noted.
RESULT:
Thus the CC amplifier with voltage divider biasing circuit was constructed and
the frequency response curve was plotted.
Gain =
Bandwidth=

Page 16 of 51
BOOTSTRAPPED SOURCE FOLLOWER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITH BOOTSTRAPPED:
WITHOUT BOOTSTRAPPED:

Page 17 of 51
Ex.No : 4
Date :
BOOTSTRAPPED SOURCE FOLLOWER
AIM:
To construct a source follower and to find its input & output resistance with and
without bootstrapping gate resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
10K
100K
2.2M
150K
1
1
1
1
1.
Resistor
2.
Transistor
BFW 10
3.
Capacitor
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
RPS
AFO
Multimeter
CRO
Bread board
Connecting wires
10 nf
10 pf
(0-30)V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
few
THEORY:
It is similar to Common emitter amplifier. Here Rg is used to bias the FET
.The Capacitors C1and C2 are used to couple the ac input voltage source and the
output voltage respectively, these are known as coupling capacitors. The Capacitor Cs
keeps the source of the FET effectively at a.c ground and is known as by-pass
capacitors.
The operation of the circuit may be understood from the assumption that when
a small ac signal is applied to the gate, it produces variations in the drain current. As
the gate to source voltage increases, the drain current also increases .As a result of this
the voltage across the resistor (RD) also increases. This causes the drain voltage to
decreases.

Page 18 of 51
CALCULATION:

Page 19 of 51
It means that the positive half cycle of the input voltages produces the
negative half cycle of the output voltages. In other words, the output voltages are 180
degree out of phase with the input voltage. This phenomenon of phase inversion is
similar to common emitter amplifier.
PROCEDURE:
3. Connect the ammeter in the circuit as shown and note the current value.
5. Calculate the input & output impedance.
RESULT:
Thus the source follower with Bootstrapped gate resistance was constructed.
Input & Output impedance with bootstrapped
= ---------Input & Output impedance without bootstrapped = ----------

Page 20 of 51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Common mode:
Differential mode:

Page 21 of 51
Ex.No : 5
Date :
AIM:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to measure CMRR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
4.7K
7.7K
5.6K
1.
Resistor
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transistor
RPS
Bread board
Multimeter
Connecting wires
2
2
1
SL 100
(0-30)V
2
2
1
1
few
FORMULA USED:
1. CMRR
= Ad/Ac
2. Ad
= Vo / (V1-V2)
3. Ac
= 2V0 / (V1+V2)
Where, Ad ----- Differential mode gain.
Ac ------ Common mode gain.
THEORY:
The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltage
signals. It uses the emitter biased circuit. The two transistors have exactly matched
characteristics. The two collector resistances RC1 and RC2 are equal and the magnitude
of +VCC and VEE are also same. There are two modes of operation in differential
amplifier. In common mode operation, same voltage with same polarity is applied to
the base of the transistors by using RPS. The output is taken across the collector
terminals of the two transistors which is zero. In difference mode operation, same
voltage with opposite polarity is applied to the base of the transistors by using

Page 22 of 51
TABULATION:
V1(V)
V1(V)
COMMON MODE
V2(V)
V0(V)
DIFFERENTIAL MODE
V2(V)
V0(V)
AC=2V0/(V1+V2)
AD= V0/(V1-V2)
CALCULATION:

Page 23 of 51
RPS. The output is taken across the collector terminals of the two transistors. The
difference output is twice as large as the input signal voltage.
APPLICATION:
1. Used in operational amplifier.
2. Used in integrated circuits.
3. Used in instrumentation system waveform generators & A/D converters
PROCEDURE:
2. For differential mode operation, apply two different voltages at the
inputs
V1 & V2 and the measure the output voltage.
3. For common mode operation, apply same voltage at the inputs
V1 & V2 and the measure the output voltage.
4 . Calculate the difference mode gain (Ad), common mode gain (Ac) using
their formula.
5. Determine the CMRR.
RESULT:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT was constructed and CMRR was
calculated.
CMRR in dB =

Page 24 of 51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

Page 25 of 51
Ex.No : 6
Date :
AIM:
To construct a class A power amplifier and to determine the efficiency from its
output wave form.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1.
Resistor
100
10
560
2
1
1
2.
Capacitor
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ammeter
Transistor
RPS
Multimeter
CRO
FG
Bread board
Connecting wires
2.2f
5 f
(0-50)mA
SL 100
(0-30)V
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
few

Page 26 of 51
TABULATION:
Voltage(V)
Time(ms)
Current(mA)
Input waveform
Output waveform
CALCULATION:

Page 27 of 51
THEORY:
Transistor power amplifiers handle large signals. If the current flows at all
times during the full cycle of the signal, the power amplifier is known as class A
amplifier.
Obviously, for this to happen the power amplifier must be biased in such a way that
no part of the signal is cut off. The efficiency of class A amplifier is only 50%. But it
provides less power dissipation. Also there is no distortion in class A power amplifier.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the input and apply the input signal from the FG and observe the
output.
3. Note down the collector current using ammeter.
4. Draw the input and output waveform.
5. By using specified formula, AC output power, DC input power and
efficiency are calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the class A amplifier was designed and constructed also its efficiency was
calculated.
Efficiency =
Page 28 of 51
COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY CLASS B PUSH PULL
AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

Page 29 of 51
Ex.No : 7
Date :
COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY CLASS B PUSH PULL
AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To construct a complementary symmetry push pull power amplifier to observe
the output waveform with crossover distortion and to determine its maximum power
output & efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
1
1.
Resistor
100
1k
2.
Capacitor
5 f
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Transistor
RPS
CRO
FG
Bread board
Connecting wires
SL 100
(0-30V)
2
2
1
1
1
few
THEORY:
In a complementary symmetry class B amplifier, a pnp-npn transistor pair
is used. When common emitter configuration is used in push pull amplifier, it
becomes difficult to match the output impedance for maximum power transfer
without an output transformer. Hence a matched pair of complementary transistors is
used in common collector configuration in this arrangement. The common collector
configuration has the lowest output impedance and hence impedance matching is
possible.

Page 30 of 51
CALCULATION:

Page 31 of 51
PROCEDURE:
1. Sinusoidal input is given to the amplifier and output of an amplifier with
and without crossover distortion is noted
2. By using specified formula, AC output power, DC input power and
efficiency are calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the complementary symmetry push pull amplifier was constructed and
the output waveforms are drawn.
efficiency =

Page 32 of 51
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half wave rectifier with filter:
MODEL GRAPH:
Vin
(Volts)
t (ms)
Vo
(Volts)
Without Filter
t (ms)
Vo
(Volts)
With Filter
t (ms)

Page 33 of 51
Ex.No : 8
Date :
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM:
To construct a half wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter and to measure its
ripple factor from the output waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Stepdown
Transformer
Bread board
Connecting wires
CRO
1K
470 f
IN 4001
2
1
1
1
1
Few
1
THEORY:
A Half wave rectifier is a device which converts ac voltage to pulsating dc
voltage using one PN junction diode.
The ac voltage (230 V, 50 HZ) is connected to the primary of the transformer. The
transformer steps down the ac voltage. Thus, with suitable turns ratio we get desired ac
secondary voltage. The rectifier circuit converts this ac voltage in to a pulsating dc
voltage. Half wave rectifier conducts during positive half cycle and gives output in the
form of positive sinusoidal pulses. Hence the output is called pulsating dc. A pulsating
dc voltage containing large varying component called ripple in it.
The capacitor filter is used after rectifier circuit, which reduces the ripple content in
the pulsating dc. Thus filter converts pulsating dc in to pure dc.
Ripple Factor:
The output of the rectifier is of pulsating dc type. The amount of ac content in the
output can be mathematically expressed by a factor called ripple factor.

Page 34 of 51
TABULATION:
Parameter
Output with simple C filter
Vm (V)
Vrms(V)
CALCULATION:

Page 35 of 51
Ripple Factor = R.M.S Value of ac component
Average dc component
= Vrms/Vdc) 2
Where, Vrms = Vm/2 ; Vdc = Vm/
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. First without connecting the capacitive filter, note down the amplitude and time
period of the rectified waveform.
3. Now connect the capacitive filter and note down the amplitude and time
4. Connect the CRO across the load and measure the full load voltage then remove
the
load and measure the no load voltage.
5. Plot the graph and calculate the efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the half wave rectifier was constructed and input, output waveforms were
drawn.
Ripple Factor r =

Page 36 of 51
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Full wave rectifier with filter:
MODEL GRAPH:
Vin (Volts)
t (ms)
Vo
(Volts)
Without Filter
t (ms)
Vo
(Volts)
With Filter
t (ms)

Page 37 of 51
Ex.No : 9
Date :
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM:
To construct a full wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter and to measure its ripple
factor from the output waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Stepdown
Transformer
Bread board
Connecting wires
CRO
1K
100 f
IN 4001
2
1
2
5.
6.
7.
1
1
Few
1
THEORY:
A full wave rectifier is a device which converts ac voltage to pulsating dc
voltage using two PN junction diode.
The ac voltage (230 V, 50 HZ) is connected to the primary of the transformer.
The transformer steps down the ac voltage. Thus, with suitable turns ratio we get desired
ac secondary voltage. The rectifier circuit converts this ac voltage in to a pulsating dc
voltage. Full wave rectifier conducts during both positive and negative half cycle of
input ac supply. Because two diodes are used in this cir circuit .It gives output in the
form of positive sinusoidal pulses. Hence the output is called pulsating dc. A pulsating
dc voltage containing large varying component called ripple in it.
The capacitor filter is used after rectifier circuit, which reduces the ripple
content in the pulsating dc. Thus filter converts pulsating dc in to pure dc.

Page 38 of 51
TABULATION:
Parameter
Output with simple C filter
Vm (V)
Vrms(V)
CALCULATION:

Page 39 of 51
Ripple Factor:
The output of the rectifier is of pulsating dc type. The amount of ac content in the
output can be mathematically expressed by a factor called ripple factor.
Ripple Factor = R.M.S Value of ac component
Average dc component
= Vrms/Vdc) 2
Where,
Vrms = Vm/2 ; Vdc = 2Vm/
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. First without connecting the capacitive filter, note down the amplitude and time
3. Now connect the capacitive filter and note down the amplitude and time
4. Connect the CRO across the load and measure the full load voltage then remove
the
load and measure the no load voltage.
5. Plot the graph and calculate the efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the full wave rectifier was constructed and input, output waveforms were drawn.
Ripple Factor with filter =

Page 40 of 51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

Page 41 of 51
Ex.No : 10
Date :
AIM:
To construct a BJT Darlington Emitter follower and plot the frequency response
curve and also to determine the gain, input & output impedances.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Resistor
Range
Quantity
100
1k
1
1
Capacitor
5 f
Transistor
RPS
CRO
FG
Mulimeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
BC 107
(0-30V)
2
2
1
1
1
1
Few

Page 42 of 51
TABULATION:
Frequency(Hz)
Voltage(mV)
Gain=V0/Vin
Gain in
dB=20log(gain)

Page 43 of 51
THEORY:
Darlington connection is used to achieve larger input impedances. This circuit
consists of two cascaded emitter followers. The main feature of this connection is that
the composite transistor acts a single unit with a current gain that is the product of the
current gains of the individual transistors. The voltage gain of Darlington circuit is
close to unity, but its deviation from unity is slightly greater than that of the emitter
follower.
The first draw back of the Darlington transistor pair is that the quiescent
current of the first stage is much smaller than that of the second. The second draw
back is that the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified buy the second, and
hence the overall leakage current may be high.
For these two reasons, a Darlington connection of three or more transistor is
usually impractical.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set Vi= 1V, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0Hz to 1Mhzin regular
steps of 10 and note down corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the frequency response: Gain(dB) Vs Frequency(Hz).
5. Find the input and output impedances.
6. Calculate the Bandwidth from the graph.
RESULT:
Thus the Darlington emitter follower was constructed and the frequency response curve
was plotted.
Gain =
Input impedance =
Output impedance =

Page 44 of 51
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS1 LAB

Viva Questions
1.Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?
2. Name the two techniques used in the stability of the q point.
3. Define current amplification factor?
4. Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?
5. What do you meant by thermal runway?

Page 45 of 51
6. When does a transistor act as a switch?
7. What is biasing?
8. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?
9. Define input bias current?
10. What are the different types of biasing circuits?
11. What is operating point?
12. What is stability factor?
13. What is d.c load line?

Page 46 of 51
14. What are the advantages of fixed bias circuit?
15. Explain about the various regions in a transistor?
16. What is the necessary of the coupling capacitor?
17. What is reverse saturation current?
18.What is an amplifier?
19. What are the basic rules of an operating amplifier?
20. What are the two techniques used to increase the input impedance?

Page 47 of 51
21. What is a darlington transistor?
22. How are amplifiers classified according to the input?
23. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?
24. What is the different analysis available to analyze a transistor?
25. What is feed back?
26. What are the types of feed back?
27. What is positive feedback?

Page 48 of 51
28. What is negative feed back?
29. which feedback increases the gain of the amplifier?
30. Which feedback decreases the gain of the amplifier?
31. What is the disadvantage of negative feed back?
32. What is an op-amp?
33. What are the DC characteristics of an op-amp?
34. What are the AC characteristics of an op-amp?

Page 49 of 51
35. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
36. What is Q factor?
37. What is the maximum efficiency of Class A & Class B amplifier?
38. What is cross over distortion?
39. What is a rectifier?
40. Define ripple factor.

Page 50 of 51

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Department of Electronics and communication

Year & Semester

FIXED BIAS AMPLIFIER

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH

COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER

COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY CLASS

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER

Einstein College of Engineering

FIXED BIAS AMPLIFIER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FEEDBACK

CE Amplifier without feedback

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Frequency Response of CE amplifier:

Einstein College of Engineering

COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

BOOTSTRAPPED SOURCE FOLLOWER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Output with simple C filter

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Output with simple C filter

Einstein College of Engineering

Vrms = Vm/2 ; Vdc = 2Vm/

Einstein College of Engineering

DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering