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    Hydraulics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views10 pages

    e767e43ec661ef61326775c20f420b2f

    Uploaded by

    Ashaf
    Hydraulics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The submerged hydraulic jump in an abrupt lateral expansion Le ressaut noyé dans un élargissement brusque ‘ CLIFF D. SMITH Member of IAHR, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada SUMMARY The occurrence of a submerged hydraulic jump in a low head canal regulating structure with piers is con- sidered. The problem is three-dimensional because of the abrupt lateral expansion at the end of the piers The jump dynamics is affected by this expansion, and this effect should be taken into account in calculating the hydraulics for the structure RESUME, L’étude est consaerée a l'apparition d'un ressaut noyé dans un ouvrage vanné de régulation d'un canal de basse chute avec de plus des piles dans I'écoulement. Le probléme est tridimensionnel en raison de l'élarwis- sement brusque it aval immédiat des piles. La dynamique du ressaut est influencée par cet élargissement et cet effet doit étre pris en compte dans le dimensionnement de la structure sur le plan hydraulique. Introduction ‘The submerged hydraulic jump frequently occurs at low head structures. The dynamics of such a jump was first studied by Woycicki (1934), and is also reported by Chow (1959). In both cases, only two-dimensional flow was considered. The problem becomes three-dimensional when a change in width is present, and this case is the basis for the study reported in this paper. ‘On gated canal structures with piers there is an abrupt increase in the width of the water prism at the end of the piers, Ifa free or submerged hydraulic jump occurs immediately downstream from the gate, and the pier length is shorter than the jump length, then an expansion will occur at some position between the beginning and end of the jump. This represents a case of a hydraulic jump occurring in an abrupt lateral expansion. This isa common occurrence in many canal regulating structures. An example of such a structure is shown in Fig. | In writing the momentum equation for this case, one of the forces that must be included is the force of the pier tail on the water in the control volume. This depends upon the pier thickness and the water depth at the pier tail, which in turn, depends upon the relative position of the pier tail with respect to the end of the jump. The presence of this pier tail force reduces the magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure force at the gate required to balance the momentum equation. This results in a shallower gatewater depth Revision received October 26, 1988. Open for discussion till October 31, 1989. JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 27,1989, NO.2 237 HeaowaTeR | __ - = a 7 Breast wai] h Fier TAILWATER. D, a | Radiat gate (Opee) 7 Fig. 1. Canal regulating structure - ~~ underflow breastwall check Structure de régulation du niveau dans le canal ~~~ profil de "écoulement sous le masque. than if the pier was not present, and in turn, increases the available head é across the gate. This is given by no w in which / isthe upstream head above the gatessill, including the velocity of approach, ifany, and G is the gatewater depth on the downstream side of the gate. The discharge capacity Q of the structure is given by Q=CAY2gh Q) in which C is the coefficient of discharge, 4 is the area of the opening and g is acceleration due to gravity. For a square lip opening such as shown on Fig. 1, a C value of 0.60 is appropriate, com- prised of a coefficient of contraction of 0.61 anda coellicient of velocity of 0.98. Itis evident from equations (1) and (2) that any reduction in G due to the presence of piers will allow a decrease in the size of the opening for a given H and Q. Several questions arise: 1, How is the length of the jump affected by the abrupt expansion at the end of piers? 2. How is the water depth at the pier tail affected by the pier thickness and position? 3. Is the pressure hydrostatically distributed on the pier tail? 4. How do these factors affect the discharge capacity of the structure? ‘The experimental program was set up to answer these questions. The results could have applica- tion in various ways, for example 1, Given a headwater, tailwater and gate opening size, calculate the discharge. 2. Given a gate opening size, discharge and tsilwater, calculate the required headwater, 3. Given a headwater, tailwater and discharge, calculate the required size of the opening for the gate. 258 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 27, 1989, NO.2 Theory The definition sketch for a hydraulic jump in an abrupt expansion is shown in Fig. 2. The flow condition shown is produced by discharge passing under a gate into a channel of width B, part of which is obstructed by a pier of thickness 6 and length L,. The pier length is shorter than the length of the roller L,. The depth of the roller at the back of the gate is G, representing gatewater depth, and the tailwater depth is represented by 7; The headwater depth at the face of the gate is #H, which includes the velocity of approach V/2g. The gate opening is dy, producing a jet depth at the vena contracta of d. The jet velocity at the vena contracta is Vy and the flow velocity corres- ponding to depth T is V;. The water depth at the end of the pier, called pierwater depth, is P. The jump shown is a partially submerged jump, which is typical on canal regulating structures, However, a free jump is also possible. If is increased or T decreased, the gatewater depth will decrease. In the limiting condition the submergence will be eliminated and the jet flow will be exposed (0 atmosphere. The toe of the hydraulic jump will occur downstream from the gate The momentum equation written for the control volume between the vena contracta down- stream from the gate and the tailwater, is incorrect signs for Fa Fe— Fo + Fr= O08 1 Vr — Bo) forces! (3) in which Fe is the water force due to depth G at the gate, Fy is the water force due to depth T at the tailwater, Fp is the force exerted by the pier tail on the water in the control volume, Fis the floor friction force, Q is the water discharge, o is the water density, V; is the flow velocity of the tailwater, Vg is the flow velocity of the jet, and B, and fy are the momentum correction factors for the jet and tailwater, respectively. PLAN SECTION Fig. 2. Definition sketch. Schéma de définition, JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 23.1989, NO, 2 259 Neglecting friction, letting #, = 22 = 1, and assuming pressures are hydrostatically distributed, equation (3) would reduce to (B= b)7@? 7 2 Qo(Vr - Mi) (4) in which y is the specific weight of water. If 6 =0 (no pier) and G = d (no submergence), equation (4) reduces to the classical case fora free Jump WP? 4?) ym a alva— Vi) (5) in which q is the unit discharge equal to Q/B. Through the continuity equation, equation (5) may be written as r—d’) zon eele *) (6) 7 If the jump is submerged so that the depth on the downstream side of the gate is G, then equation (6) would become HPO) 9! r} @ from which G could be solved directly, given a value for g, Tand d. Ifa pier is present, for which equation (4) applies, G cannot be solved directly because of the unknown value for the force Fy, given by byP?/2 ‘The object of the exerimental program was to establish G as a function of flow conditions and structure geometry, in e (8) f Fr Ry T in which F; is the Froude number for the tailwater (//@7), Ry is the Reynolds number (V;7/»), d/T is the ratio of the jet depth to tailwater depth, 6/B is the pier thickness ratio and Lp/Z, is the pier length/jump length ratio, The flow condition is characterized by the Froude number, Reynolds number and d/7' ratio. The structure geometry is characterized by the pier width ratio and length ratio, bjB and Ly/L,. The jump isa gravity dominated phenomenon in which boundary friction forces are insignificant compared to pressure forces and inertial forces, so the Reynolds number can be discarded as a significant variable. Equation (4) may be rearranged in the form iar HET 9) which clearly shows that G/T is an explicit function of F;, d/T and 6/B. The dependence on Ly/L, indicated in equation (8) arises from the fact that P/T is dependent upon Ly]L, Experiment A vertical sluice gate was set up in a parallel sided 0.61 m wide glass walled flume in the Hydraul- i¢s Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan (Martin, 1973) 260 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 27, 1989, NO.2 The nose for the pier extended upstream from the sluice gate, as shown in Fig. 2, to produce two-dimensional flow at the gate. The pier tail extended some distance on the downstream side of the gate, The pier was segmented so that both the length Ly and width 6 could be adjusted. The model pier is shown in Fig, 3 with 6 tail sections. The gaps appearing between sections are not present when the pier is assembled for testing. Values of 6/8 of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 could be tested, and L)/B values could be changed from zero to unity in increments of 0.167%, Fig. 3. Model of segmented pier (tail sections not connected). Modéle de pile par éléments (les sections aval ne sont pas raccordées) For various gate openings and discharges, readings of G, P, and T were taken with a point gauge as time averaged values. The roller length Z, was estimated for each test by observing the point of flow reversal on the surface further downstream. The discharge was measured using a calibrated orifice meter. Readings were taken for more than 1500 test combinations, Results Jump length The length of the roller between the gate and the point of flow reversal on the water surface down- stream is referred to for purposes of this paper as the length of the jump. It is equal to the length required for the submerged jet under the gate to expand vertically from depth d to the tailwater depth 7. The rate of expansion of a submerged jet is often estimated as being about one in six. Figs, 4, 5, and 6 show L;/(7 — d), which is the reciprocal of the expansion rate, as a function of 4/B and the downstream Froude number. In each case, the length tends to be somewhat greater at Fr =0.15 than at the limits of 0.05 or 0.25. Also, there is slight but definite trend for the jump JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 27, 1989, NO.2 261 length to increase for the larger b/B values. This last trend appears reasonable when it is con- sidered that in addition to vertical expansion, the jet must expand laterally behind the pier as well, slightly increasing the length required to achieve a full expansion Over the practical range of Froude number for canal structures (usually about 0.1 to 0.2), the values of Li/(T —d) fall between 5 and 6. It is recommended that Li/(T — d) = 6 be used for de- would be slightly conservative in most cases, sign. Thi Water depth at pier tail The maximum water depth at the pier tail occurred at the center of the pier. This depth varied with Froude number, b/B and L»/L,. Twelve plots were made showing (P ~ G)/(T — G) versus 1y|L;, The plots were made for each of the three b/B ratios and for four groups of Froude number - 0 t0 0.06, 0.06 to 0.12, 0.12 to 0.18, and greater than 0.18. A typical plot is shown in Fig. 7 for the Froude Number F; Fig. 4. Jump length ratio versus Froude number, 6/B=0.1 Longucur relative du ressaut en fonction du nombre de Froude »/8=0.1 70 39 000 ««005-=SsC«si«i ISDS Froude Number Fy Fig. 5. Jump length ratio versus Froude number, 6/8 =' 2 Longueur relative du ressaut en fonction du nombre de Froude 6/B 262 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 27, 989, NO.2 particular case of 6/B =0.2 and F; > 0.18. The major effect is due to pier position, reflected by LyiL,, The effects of different 6/B vatues of changes in Froude number were minor. Inall cases, the pierwater depth was above the level of the straight line connecting the gatewater level G and tailwater level 7. One of the reasons for this was that when the reverse flow of the surface roller impacted on the blunt pier tail, the level rose above the adjacent level of the roller. Pressure force on pier tail When the P values calculated from plots such as Fig. 7 were substituted into equation (9), it was found that the calculated G/T ratio was invariably smaller than the experimentally observed GT value for the same d/T, b/B and Fy. Part of the reason for this is undoubtedly due to the neglect of the floor friction force in equation (4). However, the results strongly indicated that the pier tail force Fp was less than 67P?/2, and that this was the principal reason for the increase in the G/T 300-«005=S:«C«TsSC«t SSDS BO Froude Number F; Fig. 6. Jump length ratio versus Froude number, b/B =0.3. Longueur relative du ressaut en fonction du nombre de Froude 4/8 =0.3. or T = | L—-— | os | o | 5 1 xs | b/eo2 F os — ri 01B=

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