Cu 12: Cho s b bin i D/A dng thang in tr R-2R.

M t nguyn l hot
ng ca mch? Li ra V0 c gi tr bng bao nhiu?

B bin i D/A (Digital analog converting)

Mch s dng ch s dng 2 loi in tr c tr s l R v 2R mc theo hnh thang vi
chuyn mch ( kha in) (mi chuyn mch i din cho mt bit) v ngun in p
chun V ref.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch :
Khi mt bt no ca tn hiu iu khin l "0" th ngha l kha tng ng b gn mch
qua kha xung t. Ngc li nu tn hiu iu khin l 1 th c ngha l kha c
ni vi Vref dn ti u vo ca b khuch i qua mng in tr.
Trong mch trn th B5 ni vi ngun Vref cn cc kha cn li ni t. Nh vy B5
chnh l 1.
in th ti B5 =

gi tr bng

Vref
2n

Vref
25

, qua mi B1, B2, B3, B4 th in th gim i mt na v c

trong n l nt B 1,2,3,4 tng ng, cn nhng v tr nt lin k B

c in th bng 0 do c tnh ca b khuch i thut ton.

in p ti B4 qua tr n li vo khng o ca K vi in p vo:

B
B B
Vin Vref 1 22 ... 55
2
2 2

Vi Bn l gi tr ca tn hiu iu khin : bng 0 hoc 1 .

Tn hiu li ra ng pha vi tn hiu li vo v t l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u
vo:
B
B B
Vout Vin Vref 1 22 ... 55
2
2 2

Tng qut : i vi mch c k hiu nh trn th in p li ra tng ng :

B
B B
Vout Vref 1 22 ... NN
2
2 2

Vi Bn l gi tr ca tn hiu iu khin: bng 0 hoc 1.

Cu 13: Trnh by cc thng s v c trng ca b bin i D/A?
1. phn gii l i lng c xc nh bi s bit ca t nh phn a ti li vo.
VD:
-

8
Mt b bin i c li no 8 nh phn c th to ra 2 hay 256 mc in p ra,

do c phn gii l 1/256.

12
-Mt b bin i 12 bit c phn gii l 1/( 2 hay 1/4069 .

phn gii cn c biu din theo phn trm. phn gii ca b bin i

D/A 8 bit nu biu din theo phn trm s l (1/256)*100% = 0,39%

2. in p ton thang FS (full scale) l in p cc i ng vi trng hp tt c
cc bit li vo bng 1. Gi tr in p ra cc i ca mt b bin i lun nh hn
gi tr danh nh t nht l bit t ngha nht.
VD:

Mt b bin i D/A 12 bit, in p ra ton thang l 10V th gi tr ca 1 bit LSB

12
l 10V/( 2

hay 2,44mV. in p ra ln nht ca b bin i ny nu c

iu chnh ng s phi l (10,0000 0,0024)V hay 9,9976V.

3. chnh xc ca b bin i D/A l s sai lch gia gi tr li ra thc t v gi
tr li ra mong mun. Thng c xc nh theo s phn trm ca in p ton
thang 10V v sai s l 0,2%.
VD:
-

in p ton thang 10V v sai s l 0,2% th sai s ln nht i vi bt k gi tr

ra vo no cng s l 0,00210V hay 20mV. Trong rng hp l tng, sai s ln

nht khng vt qu gi tr 1/2 bit LSB.

4. tuyn tnh l s o lch ca li ra so vi ng thng ni im chuyn i
t trng thi 000 (khng c chuyn mch no c ng) cho ti trng thi
111 (mi chuyn mch u c ng). Trong trng hp l tng, lch ca
li ra so vi gi tr trn ng thng khng c vt qu gi tr 1/2 bit LSB
nhm duy tr chnh xc ton cc.
5. Thi gian xc lp l thi gian b bin i t c gi tr trong khong 1/2
bit LSB so vi gi tr xc lp cui cng. Trong thc t c th c nhiu loi m cho
cc s li vo trn nhng b bin i D/A nh m nh phn thun, m BCD, m
nh phn dch.
Cu 14: Nu cc ng dng ca b bin i D/A?
-

Khi c ghp ni vi my vi tnh: Cc li vo trong s bin i D/A c th

c ghp ni trc tip vi cc chn tn hiu trong mt cng ra i vi my vi tnh
=> Bng chng trnh phn mm c th to ra bt k dng in p no mong
mun trn li ra ca b bin i D/A bng cch sut cc s ra cng theo mt quy
lut thch hp. Ngoi ra cn c th dng in p li ra bin i ny iu khin

dng cp cho cc motor in nhm iu khin tc quay ca motor.

Trong my nghe nhc s dng a compact:dng b bin i D/A 14 hoc 16
bit bin i dng s liu nh phn c c ra t a bi tia laser thnh tn hiu
audio tng t .

Trong vi mch tng hp ting ni: Dng bin i s liu nh phn c lu

trong mch thnh tn hiu audio tng t

Cu 15: V s khi ghp ni b bin i D/A vi my vi tnh?

S khi ghp ni b bin i D/A vi my vi tnh

S khi bao gm cc b phn chnh: PC cng ra cht 8 bit, b DAC c cp ngun
in th chun Vref, mch khuch i thut ton A1, v b lc tn thp.
y l s phn cng n gin nht ghp ni my tnh vi mch chuyn i D/A 8 bit
trong c s dng cng ra cht 8 bit ( vi mch PPI-8255A) . S liu c truyn ti b
DAC. V cc vi mch D/A c dng li ra t l vi m s li vo nn y s dng mch
khuch i thut ton A1 lm b bin i dng in thnh hiu in th I/U, sau do
in th li ra bin i theo cc mc lng t nn mch c ni vi b lc tn thp
lm trn tn hiu.
S ghp ni ny n gin ch l ni cc li vo ca b bin i vi cc bit ca mt cng.
Ngoi ra gia b DAC v b khuch i thut ton cn c mt in tr (thng l 50 m)
iu chnh in p vo b khuch i.
Lu : Nu s bit vo ca D/A >8 (12 hoc 16 bit) th ta phi s dng n 2 cng 8255.
Trong trng hp cn iu khin nhiu b bin i D/A s dng thm cc mch cht s
liu ngoi.

Cu 16: phn gii ca b bin i A/D? Trong trng hp no s dng A/D 12 bit, 10
bit? Thng s thi gian bin i c ngha nh th no i vi mi loi A/D?
B bin i A/D l b bin i tng t -s c nhim v bin i hiu in th hoc
dng in tng t li vo thnh cc m s tng ng li ra.
phn gii ca b bin i A/D lin quan n s bit li ra . VD : B bin i 8 bit th
c phn gii l 1\256.
Trng hp s dng A/D 12 bit, 10 bit: trong nhng trng hp phn gii cao v
khng c yu cu v tc .
Thng s thi gian bin i c ngha: y l thi gian cn thit to ra m nh phn
n nh trn li ra i vi mi in p tng t c a ti li vo. Thi gian bin i
ngn ngha l tc bin i cao.
Cu 17: Cho s b bin i A/D 2 bit s dng 3 b so snh song song. Hy m t hot
ng ca mch?

B so snh song song hay cn gi l b so snh chp nhong.

B phn p bng in tr thit lp in p chun a ti cc li vo o ca b so
snh . in p ti mt in tr trn cng (Vref) quyt nh gi tr ton thang ca b bin
i. in p cn c chuyn i sang dng s c a song song ti cc li vo khng
o ca tt c cc b so snh. Li ra ca cc b so snh s cho ta biu din s ca cc
mc in p tn hiu vo.M li ra ca b so snh cha phi l m nh phn chun nhng
c th bin i thnh bt k loi m no bng mt cng logic n gin.
Vd: Vref = 4V , nu in p vo l 2,6V th li ra ca b so snh A1 v A2 s mc cao

u im: Tc chuyn i nhanh ch l thi gian tr ti cc b so snh in t

Nhc im: S lng cc b so snh cn thit thu c kt qu c phn gii chp
nhn c tng nhanh theo phn gii . B bin i c phn gii n bit th cn ti
2n -1 b so snh.

Cu 18: Cho s b bin i A/D 2 sn xung. Hy m t hot ng ca mch?

B bin i ny c th cung cp phn gii cao (tuy nhin tc chm) vi gi thnh

thp.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi u mch iu khin xa cc b m v 0 v ni li vo ca mch tch phn vi
in p vo cn chuyn i.
-

Khi in p vo dng : khi li ra mch tch phn lc ny gim dn n khi

li ra ca mch tch phn gim xung di 0 vi mV th li ra ca b so snh s
chuyn ln mc cao. Li ra ca b so snh chuyn ln mc cao cho php m cng
AND a xung nhp 1MHz ti chui cc b m nh phn. Sau mt s m nht
nh, thng l 1000 mch iu khin s chuyn li vo b tch phn xung mc
in p chun m, ng thi reset tt c cc b m v 0.

Khi in p vo m: khi li ra mch tch phn lc ny tng dn n khi li ra

b tch phn vt qu 0V, li ra b so snh chuyn xung mc thp nht, cng
AND ng v cm xung nhp chuyn vo cc b m v b m ngng m.

Cu 19: Cho s b bin i A/D kiu qut bc thang. Hy m t hot ng ca

mch?

B bin i A/D kiu qut bc thang s dng mt DAC cng cc b so snh, b m

nh phn v mch iu khin logic cho xung khi pht bin i START v xung bo
kt thc qu trnh bin i EOC.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Xung START xut hin -> b m nh phn dc xa v 0 -> li ra ca b bin i D/A:
E0 < Ein -> li ra ca b so snh bng 1 m cng cho cc xung nhp vo b m.

Tng ng vi mi xung nhp vo b m, s m li ra ca b m tng dn tng

bit mt -> iu dn ti li ra E0 ca b D/A tng dn tng mc mt theo kiu bc
thang. Khi Ein E0 li ra b so snh lt trng thi v 0 => ng mch ca, cm cc
xung nhp vo b m ng thi kch mch iu khin logic pht ra xung bo kt thc
qu trnh bin i EOC .

Gi tr khng i li ra ca b m ( cng chnh l li vo ca b D/A) chnh l gi

tr chuyn i c
Thi gian bin i khng c nh m t l thun vi ln ca in th vo Ein . Th
cng ln, thi gian bin i cng nhiu.( nhc im)
Cu 20: Cho s b bin i A/D kiu xp x lin tip. Hy m t hot ng ca mch?

B bin i A/D kiu xp x lin tip s dng mt thanh ghi c bit gi l thanh ghi
xp x lin tip (XXLT), mt b bin i DAC v mt b so snh.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Phng php ny s dng thut ton chia i dy cung khi tm nghim tim cn ca
mt ng cong. Nu DAC c N bit th qu trnh bin i cng s xy ra trong N
bc, in th vo cn bin i l E .
Bc 1: Thanh ghi XXLT xut ra s nh phn c gi tr s bng ton di, c ngha
l s bit ca MSB (c nhiu ngha nht) =1 , cc bit cn li bng 0 => th li ra
E DA

Nu

nhy ln 1 mc in th = th ton di.

E DA

> E

li ra b so snh E0 mc logic = 0 iu khin thanh ghi XXLT

xa gi tr bit MSB v t bit tip theo ca s xut ra ln 1.

Nu

E DA

< E

li ra b so snh E0 mc logic = 1 iu khin thanh ghi XXLT

gi nguyn gi tr bit MSB v t bit tip theo ca s xut ra ln 1.

Qu trnh lp i lp li cho n N ln, v gi tr cui ln chnh l gi tr chuyn i
mong mun.
Cu 21: Cho s mch iu khin tc ca motor 1 chiu s dng my o vn tc
gc. Hy m t hot ng ca s ?

Gn vi trc ca motor l mt my pht in mt chiu gi l my o vn tc gc

(tachometer), pht ra in p t l vi tc ca motor. in p li ra thng thng c
mt vi Von khi tc t ti 1000 vng/ pht.
Nguyn l hot ng :
- Mt phn in p ra ca my o vn tc gc c a tr li li vo o ca b khuch
i cng sut iu khin motor. im t l mt in p dng c a ti li vo
khng o ca b khuch i.
- in p li vo o s so snh vi in p chun cho in p li ra ca b so snh
mc cao v cp ngun cho motor, n s tng tc cho ti khi in p phn hi t my do
vn tc gc v li vo o gn bng in p chun.
- Nu ti trong motor tng ln, vn tc ca n s bt u gim xung khin cho in p
ra trn my o vn tc gc gim i lm tng in p vi sai gia cc li vo ca b khuch
i dn n vic dng iu khin motor c tng ln. Dng iu khin s tng tc
motor ln gi tr gn bng mc trc khi ti tng.

- Vng iu khin ny s gi cho tc motor kh n nh i vi nhng ng dng m

ti trong motor khng thay i qu nhiu.