CxTPL Upgrade Project

Oct. 31, 2001

GENERAL COMMISSIONING PROCEDURE FOR ECONOMIZERS

Prepared for:
Pacific Gas & Electric Company,
Customer Energy Management Non-Residential New Construction Program
Development of a Commissioning Test Protocol Library Project
Alyssa Newman, Project Manager
Ken Gillespie, Project Lead

Prepared by:
Pacific Gas & Electric Company,
Technical and Ecological Services, Performance Test and Analysis Unit
Richard Fromberg

The project Development of a Commissioning Test Protocol Library is funded by California

utility customers and administered by Pacific Gas & Electric Company under the auspices of the
California Utilities Commission.

Legal Notice
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) makes no warranty or representation, expressed or
implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in
this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this
report may not infringe upon privately owned rights. Nor does PG&E assume any liability with
respect to use of, or damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this procedure.

CxTPL Upgrade Project

Oct. 31, 2001

CONTENTS
General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers
FOREWORD .1
I. PROJECT / BUILDING DESCRIPTION...2
II. SEQUENCES OF OPERATION...4
III. ACCEPTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITIES...5
IV. VERIFICATION CHECKS FOR REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION AND
TRAINING.6
V. VERIFICATION NAMEPLATE DATA CHECKS..7
VI. VERIFICATION INSTALLATION CHECKLIST.10
VII. VERIFICATION CONTROLS SENSOR CALIBRATION CHECKS.....13
VIII. VERIFICATION BALANCE REPORT CHECKS. 14
IX. VERIFICATION OPERATIONAL CHECKS
1) EXERCISE DAMPERS15
2) FIRE ALARM ECONOMIZER DAMPER POSITIONS.17
3) ECONOMIZER MODE CHECKS....18
4) CONTROLS PROGRAM CHECKS.20
X. FUNCTIONAL CHECKS FORCED RESPONSE AND SEQUENCE OF
OPERATION TESTING FANS ON/OFF, MORNING COOL-DOWN OR
WARM-UP, NORMAL OPERATING MODES, FIRE/SMOKE ALARM,
FREEZE PROTECTION AS-BUILT RECORDS ..21
XI. FUNCTIONAL TESTS ECONOMIZER PERFORMANCE TEST....25
XII. FUNCTIONAL TESTS ECONOMIZER OPERATIONAL TREND TEST..26
XIII. FUNCTIONAL TESTS M&V SAVINGS CALCULATION USING
PERFORMANCE TRENDING TESTS ..27
XIV. COMMISSIONING REPORT OUTLINE29
XV. REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP THE ECONOMIZER PROTOCOL30

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

FOREWORD
This procedure provides example protocols for two fictitious buildings (one located in
Sacramento and the other in San Francisco) for steps that need to be taken to fully commission
their air handling systems economizers. Variations are provided when requirements between the
two examples differ. Each building has integrated, built-up economizers, with return, exhaust
and outside air dampers, but different sequences of operation and designs.
In commissioning an economizer, the intent is to optimize the use of outside air for cooling a
building, in order to minimize energy use, while maintaining good indoor air quality. Our
primary goal is to verify that the economizer is working as specified, while looking for
opportunities to improve upon its intended operation. This procedure was developed with the
assistance of PG&Es Commissioning Test Protocol Librarys Templates. Following is an
outline of what protocols are included here:
Project/Building Description
Description of Systems Under Test
Equipment Covered by this Protocol
Sequences of Operation
Acceptance and Responsibilities
Verification Checks
Checks for Documentation and Training
Nameplate Data Checks
Installation Checklist
Controls Sensor Calibration Checks
Balance Report Checks
Operational Checks 1) Exercise dampers
2) Fire Alarm Economizer Damper Positions
3) Economizer Mode Checks
4) Controls Program Checks
Functional Tests
Forced Response and Sequence of Operation Testing Fans On/Off, Morning Cool-down or
Warm-up, Normal Operating Modes, Fire/Smoke Alarm, Freeze Protection
Economizer Performance Test
Economizer Operational Trend Test
M&V Savings Calculation using Performance Trending Tests Outline of Procedure
References Used to Develop the Economizer Protocol
Results and Recommendations Report

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

I. PROJECT / BUILDING DESCRIPTION

BUILDING NAME and ADDRESS:
Case 1)
Sacs Service Center (SSC)

APPLICATION #: 1

4444 Perk Road, Sacramento CA 95826

and
Case 2)

Petes Excellent Cuisine (PEC)

185 Energy Street, San Francisco, CA 94102

BUILDING CONTACT PERSONS and PHONE NUMBERS:

1) Zachery Sac, 916-123-4567

2) Peter Cook, 415-123-4567

NAME & FIRM OF PERSON(S) DOING TESTS: JR Doolittle, Hotwire Commissioning Services
PLANNED DATE(S) OF TEST: December 21-23, 2001

Description of Systems Under Test:

1) The SSC has three air handler units (AHUs) #1, #2 and #3, which serve the north, south, and southeast sections of the
main building. Supply and return fans are VFD controlled. A DDC system controls separate actuators on the outside
air, return air and exhaust air dampers. AHU#1 and AHU#2 are roof mounted; AHU#3 is floor mounted at the east
end of the building.
The air handlers are designed to provide hot and cold duct air flows that will maintain 0.25 wg supply air duct static
pressures and a supply air temperature set point of 55F. Minimum supply air rate is limited to 25% of the total
capacity. The sequence of operation for each AHU is the same, except for scheduling differences. The environment is
a hot/dry central valley climate with seasonal temperatures ranging from 15F -105F and the cooling load is ~75 tons
@ 40,000 cfm per AHU.
2) The PEC has one air handler unit, AHU-1, which serves a multi-zone, single duct, reheat system that conditions the
whole building. AHU-1 is a central station, pull-thru type, roof mounted air handling unit complete with economizer
(return, outside, exhaust) damper section, filter section, chilled water cooling coil section and fan section with variable
frequency drive (VFD) control of the supply fan motor. Exhaust fans are propeller type fans within the air handler
exhaust section.
The air handler is designed to provide conditioned air at the temperature and pressure required by the variable volume
(VAV) terminal units and outside air as required for (IAQ) ventilation. It also provides exhaust air as required to
maintain a slight building positive pressure during economizer operation. The environment is a coastal climate with
typically mild temperatures ranging from 35F to 95F and the cooling load is ~60 tons max @ 32,000 cfm.
The air handler is designed to provide air flow that will maintain between 1 and 2wg supply air duct static pressure
and supply air temperature set point between 65 and 55F.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Equipment Covered by this Protocol: Economizers of AHUs 1, 2, and 3 at the SSC and AHU-1 at the PEC.
General Notes:
1. This commissioning procedure addresses verification checks and functional testing of moderately sized packaged or
built-up air handlers.
2. In all test sections, circle or highlight any results that indicate deficiencies (i.e. responses that dont meet the criteria
for acceptance). Acceptance requires correction and retest of all deficiencies, as defined in each test section under
Criteria for Acceptance or Acceptance. Attach all retest data sheets.
3. This Commissioning Procedure does not comprehensively address fire and life safety or basic equipment safety
controls.
4. To ensure that this Commissioning Procedure will not damage any equipment or affect any equipment warranties, have
the equipment manufacturers representative(s) review all test procedures prior to execution, and be present if possible.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

ii. Sequences of Operation

Case #1 - The economizer air dampers (outside, return and exhaust) shall be modulated by an analog output from the DDC
system to maintain the desired cold deck temperature set point. A minimum of 45F mixed air temperature will be maintained at
all times.
Cooling supply air temperature shall be maintained by first modulating the outdoor air damper open via the economizer mode
and then secondly modulating the chilled water valve open. When the outdoor air temperature is within 2F (adjustable) below
the warmest zone space temperature, the outside air damper shall go to the minimum position setting and the return damper
shall open to maximum position. The heating supply air temperature shall be reset downwards to the return air temperature as
required to maintain a zone temperature of 70F(adjustable) in the coldest room.
A photoelectric duct smoke detector shall be installed in the supply duct and shall provide a digital input to the DDC system.
When smoke is detected by the smoke detector, the air handler supply fan shall be de-energized via its variable frequency drive,
the return fan shall be de-energized via its VFD, and the outside air damper shall be fully closed.
All damper actuators shall be programmed to achieve full range adjustability (closed to 100% open) in 60 seconds (adjustable).
Case #2 AHU-1 is programmed to operate (on/off) on a predetermined building occupancy schedule (adjustable).
When the supply fan is de-energized, the outside damper shall close and the cooling coil chilled water control valve TCV-1 shall
open to the full bypass position.
The supply fan is energized one hour (adjustable) prior to scheduled occupancy to provide a warm-up cycle. The outside air
damper shall remain closed and the cooling coil chilled water control valve shall remain open to the full bypass position during
the warm-up. The warm-up cycle shall be terminated when return air temperature TS-4 reaches 70F.
The supply air temperature TS-3 shall be controlled by modulating the economizer dampers and then the cooling coil chilled
water control valve TCV-1 in sequence to maintain the supply air temperature at set point. Outside air via the economizer
dampers shall be the primary source of cooling when outside air temperature TS-1 is below 72F and less than the return air
temperatureTS-4, otherwise cooling shall be provided by chilled water via TCV-1. No chilled water shall be supplied to
TCV-1 when outside air temperature TS-1 is below 61F. Supply Air Temperature TS-3 setpoint shall be reset by greatest
cooling demand from 55F to 65F. When outside air temperature TS-1 is greater than 72F or greater than the return air
temperature TS-4 the economizer dampers shall be positioned to provide the minimum design outside air CFM.
Building static pressure DPX-1 shall be maintain at 0.03wg for economizer operating mode only. No set point control is
required for minimum outside air operating mode. Supply Air Duct Static Pressure DPX-2 setpoint shall be reset via AHU-1
supply fan VFD by greatest cooling demand from 1.0 wg to 2.0 wg.

ALARM SETPOINTS:
Building Static Pressure DPX-1: 0.07 wg.
Supply Air Duct Static Pressure, High: 2.4 wg, Low: 0.06 wg
Supply Air Temperature TS-3, Low: 50F
Return Air Temperature TS-4, High: 76F, Low: 60F
Mixed Air Temperature TS-2, Low: 50F
Filter (Dirty) Differential Pressure DPS-2: 1.0 wg.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

III. acceptance and responsibilities:

We the undersigned participated in this commissioning effort, and acknowledge that the processes for which we were
responsible have been checked and all required corrections have been made.
1. Name: Joe Contractor
Company name: Installation Contractor Associates
Responsibilities:
Verification Checks: Installation quality, dampers must match position commanded by DDC
Functional Testing: Dampers must respond to DDC commands in time, reliably, and accurately.
Signature:

2. Name: John Programmer

Company name: DDC Inc.
Responsibilities:
Verification Checks: DDC must be capable of commanding dampers to the required positions based on operating
mode. Pre-operational forced response testing must be verified.
Functional Testing: DDC must be capable of commanding dampers to the required positions based on operating
mode, OAT conditions, and as specified in the sequence of operation
Signature:

3. Name: JR Doolittle
Company name: Hotwire Commissioning Services
Responsibilities:
Verification Checks: Complete the commissioning plan, ensure that all corrections are made, retest if necessary,
use best engineering judgement to achieve design intent.
Functional Testing: Complete the commissioning plan, ensure that all corrections are made, retest if necessary, use
best engineering judgement to achieve design intent.
Signature:

4. Name: Zachary Sac

Company name: Sacs Service Center
Responsibilities: The building owners representatives are to facilitate the commissioning process, to help ensure that
corrections are made, and to work with all parties to achieve an optimum product.
Verification Checks:
Functional Testing:
Signature:

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

IV. VERIFICATION - CHECKS FOR REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION AND TRAINING:

Requested documentation to be submitted. (This section to be completed by Commissioning Authority (CA).)
Documentation

Equipment

Dampers

Actuators

Control
Wiring

Programming

Actuators

Control
Wiring

Programming

Equipment manufacturers submittals, shop drawings, as-builts

Manufacturers performance sheets (i.e. flow coefficient versus
damper position)
Installation manual
Test and Balance report
Sequences of Operation
O&M manuals
Warranties

Documentation complete as per contract documents

___ YES ___ NO

Required training. (This section to be completed by CA.)

Documentation

Equipment

Dampers

Controls and equipment training

EMS training

Documentation complete as per contract documents

___ YES ___ NO

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

v. verification - NAMEPLATE DATA checkS:

Instructions: Enter information available from design specifications, submittals and installed equipment nameplates.
Criteria for Acceptance: Nameplate data must be in accordance with submittals as approved by Designer.
DESCRIPTION

Outside Air Damper

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Damper Size (_____ x _____)
Maximum Velocity (fpm)
Maximum Pressure Differential (in. Wg.)

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

DESCRIPTION

Exhaust Air Damper

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Damper Size (_____ x _____)
Maximum Velocity (fpm)
Maximum Pressure Differential (in. Wg.)

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

DESCRIPTION

Return Air Damper

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Damper Size (_____ x _____)
Maximum Velocity (fpm)
Maximum Pressure Differential (in. Wg.)

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

DESCRIPTION

Outside Air Damper Actuator

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Electrical Data (i.e. signal range)
Maximum Position
Minimum Position

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

10

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

DESCRIPTION

Exhaust Air Damper Actuator

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Electrical Data (i.e. signal range)
Maximum Position
Minimum Position

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

DESCRIPTION

Return Air Damper Actuator

As specified

As submitted

As installed

Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Electrical Data (i.e. signal range)
Maximum Position
Minimum Position

Comments on Nameplate Data Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

11

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

12

October 31, 2001

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

vi. verification - Installation CHECKlist:

Instructions: Under each unit write "Y" for yes, "N" for no, "NA" for not applicable, and a number to refer to any needed
comments. Identify responsible contractor. If issues or concerns arise, number and note in comment section below.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed economizers, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Check

SSC SSC AHU2

AHU1

SSC
AHU3

PEC
AHU1

General Installation
General appearance good, no apparent damage
Environment clean
Good access for maintenance
Access doors close tightly no leaks
Equipment labels affixed properly
Economizer installed in accordance with manufacturers specs and
drawings
The installation and location of the economizer are in a neutral
zone of the building (i.e. there are no undo pressure restrictions or
drops that hinder air movement)
Outside air intake is located away from pollutant sources and
exhaust outlets
Damper Installation
Dampers and linkages installed in accordance with drawings
Dampers are properly linked, and move in the right directions
Linkages have minimum play
Installed dampers match specifications
Dampers move freely without binding and are fully operational.
There are no unusual noises when operating.
Actuators are mounted to maximize torque available to the damper
and to maximize linearity between the blade position and the
actuator stroke.
Multiple section dampers with multiple actuators need to have
identical actuators and linkages to make each sections
characteristics consistent.
Blade lengths of 48 inches or less are desirable, to reduce flutter and
improve sealing.
Dampers close tightly
Dampers are lubricated. Vertical blades have thrust bearings.
Outside air and return air dampers mounted to promote thorough
mixing of the two airstreams prior to entering coils
Dampers are pointing in the direction that facilitates efficient air
movement
Verify that damper actuators are marked as follows: 0% position
where the damper is closed, XX% position for the damper
minimum air flow position, and 100% position where the damper is
fully open.
Ductwork

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

13

334824960

Comments

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Ductwork installed in accordance with design drawings

All duct and boot connections to economizer are complete and in
good condition
Fittings in ductwork properly specified and appropriate for the
application
Ductwork complete and leak tested
Mixing
Is there enough space between the mixing section and the coils for
adequate mixing?
Are baffles installed and are damper blades rotating in the directions
that facilitate mixing?
Sensors
Outside air temperature sensor installed in correct location, out of
direct sunlight and away from economizer inlet or outlet.
Outside air sensor matches specification
Return air sensor installed in correct location
Return air sensor matches specification
Mixed air sensor installed in correct location, to ensure proper
mixing of airstream ahead of sensor, and/or enough sampling points.
Mixed air sensor matches specification
Calibrations are covered in the next section
Low limit freeze stat installed in correct location, not affected by
stratification and bypass
Low limit freeze stat matches specification
Smoke detectors installed in correct location(s)
Smoke detectors match specifications
Filter differential pressure device installed in correct location,
functional
Filter diff pressure sensor matches specification
Air Filters
Construction filters removed
Air filters are installed and clean and new
Air filters match specifications
Air filters are tight fitting
Replacement filter type and efficiency permanently affixed to AHU
housing
Electrical
Electrical connections are tight
Duct penetrations are waterproof
Power disconnects, connection boxes and conduit are watertight
Panels and boxes are properly labeled
Fuse rating is correct for electrical equipment
Power is available to panels
Shielded wiring used on electronic controls
Ductwork and penetrations
Verify that wall and floor penetrations are properly sealed
Verify that pressure relief doors are installed
Verify that duct insulation is installed

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

14

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October 31, 2001

Verify that sound attenuation sections are installed

The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade.

___ YES ___ NO

Comments on Installed Characteristics Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

15

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

VII. Verification - CONTROLS SENSOR Calibration CHECKS:

Instructions: For each sensor listed below, collect the following information:
1. Instrument description/identification
2. Manufacturers calibration requirements
3. Copy of the most recent calibration certificates
4. Date of most recent calibration and the calibration data
5. Description of the calibration procedure
Installation: Check that all sensor installations and locations are correct, in order to attain an accurate measurement of the
process. Make sure that they are installed out of direct sunlight, and in the ductwork where the process is mixed and uniform.
Sensor elements should not touch any surfaces. The outdoor air sensor should be located away from the economizer inlet or
exhaust, so that it is not affected by natural drafts when the AHU is off. If sensor location is improper, explain in comments, and
have it relocated. Verify that sensors with shielded cable, are grounded only at one end. It is not necessary to repeat any full
calibration procedure, but we recommend that through-system calibration checks be made, as follows:
Differential paired sensors. For sensor pairs that are used to determine a temperature or pressure difference, place both sensors
into a uniform temperature bath or expose them to the same pressure. Make sure that they are reading within 0.2F of each
other for temperature and within a tolerance equal to 2% (of the reading) of each other for pressure. Tolerances for critical
applications may be tighter.
Sensors. Take a reading of the process with a calibrated test instrument close to the site sensor. Verify that the readings are
within the tolerances in the table below. If not, install an offset in the BAS, recalibrate, or replace the sensor. If a second
instrument cannot be installed to take a second reading, remove the sensor and subject it to a temperature bath or pressure
source along with a calibrated sensor, and compare the readings. Record the readings in the table below.
Criteria for Acceptance: Temperature and pressure sensors should agree with the calibrated instrument within the tolerances
listed below.
CONTROL TYPE

CAL SENSOR EMS SENSOR

EMS
LOCATION LOCATION. MEASURED
IS IT OKAY?
VALUE

CALIBRATION
SENSOR VALUE

DIFFERENCE

ACCEPTABLE
DIFFERENCE

ACCEPTABLE? /
COMMENTS

SF(.5F),Sac(1F)

Outdoor air temp

Mixed air temp

1F

Return air temp

SF(.5F),Sac(2F)
0.2 inH2O

Filter Differential
Pressure

Comments on Calibration Items (add more sheets if needed):

#

COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

16

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VIII. verification - Balance Report Checks:

Instructions: Compare the maximum supply air flow (outside air damper open) documented in the TAB report with the design
flow specifications for the economizer dampers. From the TAB report, record the minimum outside air flow when the outside air
damper is at its minimum position with both the supply fan operating at full and at minimum. Compare TAB report flows with
economizer specifications and with the HVAC system design specifications.
Criteria for Acceptance: Test and balance report outside air flows must meet the following criteria: the measured flow must
be greater than the specified flow, and less than 110% of the specified flow. Also, the measured flows must be less than the
damper design maximum flows.
Check

Measured Specification and % Diff

Flow (from Damper Design
TAB)
Flows

Acceptable?

Maximum outside air flow with outside air damper full open,
100% supply air flow
Minimum outside air flow with outside air damper at minimum
and supply fan at 100%
Minimum outside air flow with outside air damper at minimum
and supply fan at minimum RPM

Test and balance report is verified to be in agreement with economizer design specifications? ___ YES ___ NO
Test and balance report is verified to be in agreement with system minimum outside air design specifications?
___ YES ___ NO

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

17

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October 31, 2001

IX. Verification - Operational Checks 1) Exercise dampers:

Instructions: These verification checks augment the manufacturers instructions. These checks are done prior to functional
testing, which are performed while the system is operating normally. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is
requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature. Identify responsible contractor.
Damper Stroke Check
This test is to verify that the dampers can operate throughout their full expected range, and that the damper position matches the
position called for in the BAS. Follow the steps in the table below for each damper and economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.

Check

Enter Y, N, NA, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.

Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments

Air handler fans are off.

Command outside air damper to 100% open.
Is outside air damper fully open?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Is exhaust air damper fully open?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Is return air damper fully closed?
Is return air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Command outside air damper to 0% open.
Is outside air damper fully closed?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Is exhaust air damper fully closed?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Is return air damper fully open?
Is return air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Command outside air damper to its minimum operating position.
Is outside air damper at 20% (as specified)?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 20%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 20% position.
Is exhaust air damper at 20% open?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 20%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 20% position.
Is return air damper at 80%?

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

18

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Is return air damper position indicator pointing to 80%.

Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 80% position.
Determine damper opening speed.
Command the outside air damper to 0%
Command the outside air damper to 100% open and record the time it takes to
fully open. Note any unusual noises or problems.
Record the time it takes for the exhaust damper to open and note any unusual
noises or problems.
Record the time it takes for the return damper to close and note any unusual
noises or problems.
Determine damper closing speed.
Command the outside air damper to 0% open and record the time it takes to
fully close. Note any unusual noises or problems.
Record the time it takes for the exhaust damper to close and note any unusual
noises or problems.
Record the time it takes for the return damper to open and note any unusual
noises or problems.
Return outside air damper to its normal position.

The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade.

___ YES ___ NO

Comments on Operational Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

19

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October 31, 2001

iX. verification - Operational Checks 2) fire alarm economizer damper positions:

Instructions: These verification checks augment the manufacturers instructions. These checks are done prior to functional
testing, which are performed while the system is operating normally. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is
requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature. Identify responsible contractor.
Check Damper Response to a Fire/Smoke Alarm
This test is to verify that the dampers respond properly to a fire or smoke alarm. Follow the steps in the table below for each
economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.

Check

Enter Y, N, NA, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.

Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments

Verify that the air handler fans are off.

Command the outside air damper to 100% open. The exhaust damper should
be full open and the return damper should be closed.
Set the fire/smoke detection system input signal to ON.
Does the outside air damper close completely?
Does the return air damper close completely?
Does the exhaust air damper close completely?
Reset the fire/smoke detector input signal to OFF.
Do all dampers return to their normal position?

The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade.

___ YES ___ NO

Comments on Operational Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

20

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October 31, 2001

IX. verification - Operational Checks 3) Economizer Mode checks

Instructions: These verification checks augment the manufacturers instructions. These checks are done prior to functional
testing, which are performed while the system is operating normally. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is
requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature. Identify responsible contractor.
Check Economizer Damper Responses in Different Operating Modes
This test is to verify that the dampers respond properly to various input conditions in different operating modes. Follow the
steps in the table below for each economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.

Check

Enter Y, N, NA, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.

Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments

Disconnect power to supply and exhaust fans to make sure that they do not
turn on throughout the following tests.
Set BAS to Unoccupied (Fan Off) Mode
Verify that outside air damper is closed.
Verify that return air damper is open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.
Set BAS to warm-up mode.
Outside and exhaust air dampers closed?
Return air damper open?
Set BAS to cool-down mode.
Set outside air temp to 65F
Outside and exhaust air dampers are full open?
Return air damper is closed?
Set outside air temp to 75F.
Outside damper is at minimum and exhaust damper is closed?
Return air damper is full open?
Set BAS to Occupied Mode
(For the SSC) Set outside air temp to 3F less than the warmest zone
temperature.
(For the PEC) Set the outside air temp to 71F or 1F less than the return air
temp, whichever is less.
Verify that outside air damper is full open.
Verify that return air damper is closed.
Verify that exhaust air damper is full open.
(For the SSC) Set outside air temp to 1.5F less than the warmest zone temp
(For the PEC) Set the outside air temperature to 73F.
Verify that outside air damper is at minimum.
Verify that return air damper is full open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

21

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October 31, 2001

(For the SSC) Check that the minimum mixed air temperature is
maintained. Set the mixed air temp to 2F less than the minimum set point
for mixed air temp of 45F.
(For the PEC) Check that the supply air temp set point can be controlled.
Set the supply air temp to supply air temp set point minus 2F.
Set the outside air temperature to 40F and the return air temperature to 70F.
Verify that outside air damper is closed.
Verify that return air damper is open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.
(For the SSC) Set the mixed air temp to 47F.
(For the PEC) Set the supply air temp to supply air temp set point plus 2F.
Verify that outside air damper is full open.
Verify that return air damper is closed.
Verify that exhaust air damper is full open.
Release the mixed, supply, and outdoor air temperature overrides and the
BAS to its normal state.

The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade.

___ YES ___ NO

Comments on Operational Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

22

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

IX. verification - Operational checks 4) Controls Program Checks

Check

Enter Y, N, NA, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.

Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments

Have flow charts and/or other documentation of the software specific to the
SSC and PEC been provided?
Check the logic diagrams for the economizers. Do they accurately model the
sequences of operation, as follows:
Shut down?
Warm-up?
Cool-down?
Occupied Mode?
Economizer Mode (free cooling)? Is the logic set up to modulate the
economizer to maintain supply air temp (PEC) or a minimum mixed air
temp (SSC)?
Minimum Outside Air Mode?
Fire/Smoke Alarm Mode?
Freeze Protection?
Check the building occupancy schedules. Is the PEC M to F 7:00A to 6:00P
and is the SSC M to F 6:30A to 5:30P, with AHU#3 24-7?
Is the warm-up or cool-down mode scheduled to begin 1 hour before
occupancy?
Are there alarms set for economizer malfunctions?
Have graphics screens of the economizer and associated temperatures and
damper positions been set up?
Are the graphics screens easy to access from other graphics screens?
Are trends set up to store economizer data?
Can 48 hours of data be retrieved and plotted conveniently from the BAS for
each economizer?
Is the % outside air to total air calculated?

The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade.

___ YES ___ NO

Comments on DDC Program Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#

COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

23

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

X. Functional Checks Forced response and sequence of operation testing - fans on/off, morning CoolDown or Warm-up, normal operating modes, Fire/smoke alarm, freeze protection
The functional tests that follow include forced response tests and sequence of operation tests. Protocols for operational
trend tests follow.
General Instructions: The following sections are a series of field tests that are intended to verify that the economizer, as
installed, operates as it was intended to operate by the designer. In general, these tests are best done with the building
unoccupied or lightly occupied. Environmental conditions will be affected. If that is not possible, the commissioning agent must
devise tests that are not intrusive. Some tests may involve trending normal operation over a long enough period to observe the
conditions and modes of operation desired.
Attach to this form all relevant field data, monitored data, graphs, trend logs, and so forth. Annotate any data and graphs so that
it is clear what the data are proving. EMS trend logs of EMS outputs, program print-outs, or schedule and setpoint print-outs
are not acceptable as proof of operation, unless the information is first verified to be accurate and documentation is attached.
Trend logs of sensor inputs to the EMS are acceptable. If you were not able to complete a test, explain in a comment.
Instructions: These functional checks augment the manufacturers instructions, and are to be performed when the system is
operational. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature.
Identify responsible contractor.
Check Economizer Damper Responses when the Fans are Turned On and Off, then during Morning Cool-down and Warmup, then during Normal Occupied Operating Modes
These tests are to verify that the dampers respond properly to various input conditions in different operating modes. Follow the
steps in the table below for each economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.

Check

Enter Y, N, NA, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.

Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments

Make sure that the AHU is ready for functional testing.

Verify stable operation of the AHU and fans before commissioning.
Set BAS to Unoccupied (Fan Off) Mode
Are the supply and exhaust fans off?
Verify that outside air damper is closed.
Verify that return air damper is open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.
Set BAS to Occupied mode to turn the fans back on.
Verify that the outside and exhaust air dampers (or the return air dampers)
are open before the fans start.
Do the fans start after the dampers are open?
Record fan speed.
Set fan speed to 100%.
Record the filter differential pressure at 100% supply air flow.
Is the differential pressure close to what was specified in the AHU design.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

24

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Set BAS to cool-down mode.

Record the return air temperature.
Set outside air temp to 2F below the RAT.
Outside and exhaust air dampers are full open?
Return air damper is closed?
Record the return air temperature again.
Set outside air temp to 2F above the RAT.
Outside damper is at minimum and exhaust damper is closed?
Return air damper is full open?
Set BAS to warm-up mode.
Record the return air temperature.
Set outside air temp to 2F below the RAT.
Outside damper is at minimum and exhaust damper is closed?
Return air damper is open?
Record the return air temperature again.
Set outside air temp to 2F above the RAT.
Outside damper and exhaust damper are open?
Return air damper is full closed?
Test the Economizers normal operating modes
Set BAS to Occupied Mode
Are the fans running?
For the PEC:
Set the supply air temperature set point to 55F.
Set the return air temperature to 73F.
Set the outside air temperature to 74F.
Is the outside air damper at minimum, the return air damper full open,
and the exhaust air damper closed?
Set the outside air temperature to 72F.
Is the outside air damper at minimum, the return air damper full open,
and the exhaust air damper closed?
Set the outside air temperature to 71F.
Are the outside and exhaust air dampers full open and return air damper
closed?
Set the supply air temperature reading to 50F (below the SA set point).
Do the outside and exhaust air dampers modulate closed, and return air
damper modulate open to try to raise the supply air temperature up to
55F?
Set the mixed air temperature reading to 35F, to check for freeze
protection.
Are the outside and exhaust air dampers fully closed, and return air
damper fully open, to protect the coil against freezing?
Set the fire/smoke detection signal to ON.
Do the fans turn off?
Do the outside air and exhaust air dampers close?

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

25

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Return the BAS and AHU to their normal operating modes, and release
the OAT, SAT, MAT, and set point overrides.
Are the fans on?
Are the dampers in their expected operating positions based on outside
air and return air temperatures? Record the OAT and RAT.
For the SSC:
Set the supply air temperature set point to 55F.
Set the return air temperature to 72F.
Set the outside air temperature to 74F.
Is the outside air damper at minimum, the return air damper full open,
and the exhaust air damper closed?
Set the outside air temperature to 70F.
Are the outside and exhaust air dampers full open and return air damper
closed?
Set the mixed air temperature reading to 43F (below the minimum mixed
air temperature set point of 45F).
Do the outside and exhaust air dampers modulate closed, and return air
damper modulate open to try to raise the mixed air temperature up to
45F?
Set the mixed air temperature reading to 35F, to check for freeze
protection.
Are the outside and exhaust air dampers fully closed, and return air
damper fully open, to protect the coil against freezing?
Set the fire/smoke detection signal to ON.
Do the fans turn off?
Do the outside air and exhaust air dampers close?
Return the BAS and AHU to their normal operating modes, and release
the OAT, SAT, MAT, and set point overrides.
Are the fans on?
Are the dampers in their expected operating positions based on outside
air and return air temperatures? Record the OAT and RAT.
Both Cases:
Set the BAS to heating mode.
Does the outside air damper go to its minimum position?
Is the exhaust damper closed and the return damper full open?
Return the BAS to its normal operating mode.

The checklist items are all successfully completed.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

___ YES ___ NO

26

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

Comments on Operational Checks (add more sheets if needed):

#
COMMENT

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

27

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

XI. functional tests - Economizer Performance Test

Instructions: This functional/performance test augments the manufacturers instructions, and is to be performed when the system
is operational. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature.
Identify responsible contractor.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of Y (or NA, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should adjust,
operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation, operation, and
maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could result in damage to
equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Check

Equipment->

SSC
AHU1

SSC
AHU2

SSC
AHU3

PEC
AHU1

Contractor

Mixing Box Performance Test

Perform the following stratification test in cold weather. The outside air
temperature should be below 40F and the outside air damper should be at
its minimum opening. Repeat the measurements during minimum and
maximum supply air flow rate conditions.
Measure the air temperature profile upstream of the filter. Take a
temperature measurement at the center of each square yard of filter area.
Record the mixed air temperature from the ECMS.
Determine the difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures.
Is the difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures less than
5F?
Average all of the temperatures for each profile.
Is the difference between the ECMS mixed air temperature and the average
profile temperature less than 3F?

Notes to Economizer Performance Test:

Comments, notes, deficiencies:

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

28

334824960

Value/
Comments

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

XII. functional tests - Economizer Operational Trend Test

Test Procedure: Trends are useful for verifying that the economizer is operating properly when the commissioner cannot be present (such as
evenings, weekends, or extended periods of time). Following is a test procedure that will help verify proper operation of the economizers under
normal system control. Trend graphs are produced which can be used to check that sequences of operation are followed. Economizer temperatures
will be logged for about two weeks. Plots will indicate if the AHU is scheduled correctly and if the economizer dampers are functioning properly.
Follow the steps below for each economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Items #1 - 12 require answers of Y (or NA, where relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Check
Equipment->
SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Comments
Set up EMS trends or install temperature data logging equipment for the
following measurements:
Supply Air Temperature downstream of cooling coil, where air stream is
well mixed
Mixed Air Temperature as far downstream from the mixing dampers as
possible without being too close to the cooling coils. A multipoint probe
may be useful for more accurate measurements.
Return Air Temperature upstream of the return air dampers
Outside Air Temperature place in a protected location near the outside air
grill, away from direct sunlight. If it must be placed in direct sunlight,
shield the sensor with aluminum foil, allowing air to flow around the sensor,
without touching the sensor.
Fasten the temperature sensors securely, and do not allow the sensors to
touch any surfaces.
Collect temperature data (and a timestamp) for a two-week period, while the
HVAC system is in normal use. Try to capture a period of time with a wide
swing in operating conditions, or outside air temperatures. Store
instantaneous data at 5-minute intervals.
Download all data into a spreadsheet, and line up all of the data with time.
Use a program such as PG&Es Universal Translator (UT) if you need help
lining up the data.
Plot all four temperatures versus time. Does the plot demonstrate the
following:
Hours of operation are limited to occupied building hours plus an hour or
two before building occupancy.
With the AHU is running, does the mixed air temperature track the outside
air temperature when the outside air temperature is between the supply air
temperature and the return air temperature?
When the outside air temperature is above the return air temperature, does
the mixed air temperature track the return air temperature plus a few
degrees (due to minimum outside air flow entering the air handler)?
When the outside air temperature is below the minimum supply air
temperature set point, does the mixed air temperature stay close to the
minimum supply air temperature set point.
Notes to Operational Trend Test:
1

Attach the time plots to this test form to document your test results.

Comments, notes, deficiencies:

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

29

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General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

XIII. FUNCTIONAL TESTS - M&V SAVINGS CALCULATION USING PERFORMANCE

TRENDING TESTS
Introduction: The following procedure should be used to estimate the savings due to improvements in economizer
performance. It follows ASHRAEs retrofit isolation approach for determining M&V savings. The assumption is that other
commissioning efforts do not affect the economizers performance or our estimate of savings. The improvements could come
from a commissioning effort on new or old equipment or from repair, replacement, or retrofit of existing equipment.
Measurements of pre- and post-retrofit data will be needed, in order to characterize the economizers performance
improvement as a function of outside air temperature. To determine the energy savings, a model of the fan supply air flow as
a function of outside air temperature will also be needed. The following procedure does not yet comply with ASHRAE 14P,
since an uncertainty analysis of the results has not been performed, and we do not know if the results fall within the criteria
of the guidelines.
ASHRAEs criteria for the application of the retrofit isolation approach involves the following steps:
1. Select independent variables and develop model
2. Select and document Baseline conditions
3. Select duration and frequency of monitoring for Baseline and Post Retrofit periods
4. Project Baseline usage to Post Retrofit conditions
Determine savings by: Savings = Projected Baseline (usage, demand) - Post Retrofit (usage, demand)
Test Procedure:
1. Set up and collect pre-retrofit performance trend data using the Economizer Operational Trend Test protocol
(above). Collect enough data to be able to model the economizer over as wide a range of ambient temperatures as
possible. We suggest several weeks of data collected during a transitional season, such as spring or fall. Preferred
baseline data would ideally cover a one-year period before the implementation of the ECM (energy conservation
measure), even though this is rarely achieved.

2. After the retrofit is completed, collect the same economizer data as well as supply fan RPM data. Data collected
during a wide range of outside air temperature conditions is preferable. Collect data for at least one month, for use
as an estimate of the savings. Collect data for one year for use in determining ESCO payments or utility rebates.

3. Create a model of the mixed air temperature minus what the MAT should be versus outside air temperature, for
both pre- and post-retrofit data.

4. Using fan performance curves, estimate the fan flow (in lbs/hour) from the RPM data that was collected during the
post-retrofit period.

5. Create a model of the fan flow as a function of ambient temperature for the post-retrofit period, for when the
building was occupied.

6. If a full year of data is not available, estimate how much energy will be saved from short-term data in a normal year.
Load TMY2 data for your site into a spreadsheet, and use the models to predict MAT deviations and supply airflows
using expected ambient temperatures.

7. Filter the ambient temperature data to include only data for when the building is occupied.
8. For each hourly reading of ambient temperature, calculate the energy saved due to the economizer retrofit, using
the following formula:
Energy saved(kWh) = [(MATdevpre MATdevpost) * Supply Air Flow(lbm/hr) * 0.24 (Btu/lbm*F)] /
Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

30

334824960

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

[12,000 (Btu/hr/ton) * Nominal Chiller Efficiency (kW/ton)]

For each economizer, follow this procedure for determining annual energy and dollar savings:
Criteria for Acceptance: The calculated estimate of monthly savings meets the required minimum level and range of uncertainty.
Check
Equipment-> SSC
SSC
SSC
PEC
Contractor
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1
Sum up the hourly energy savings for the nominal weather year to
calculate the expected annual energy savings (kWh/yr).
If actual savings are to be determined for ESCO payments or utility
rebates, repeat the above calculation using actual monitored data (for one
year of the post-retrofit period) and the model from the pre-retrofit test
period applied to the post-retrofit data.
To calculate the energy dollar savings, repeat the energy savings
calculation on an hourly basis, and apply actual electrical energy rates
(either TOU or other applicable schedule). Sum up the dollar savings for
the year for an annual amount.
Calculate the uncertainty (and confidence interval) in the results using
methods outlined in ASHRAE 14P.

Comments, notes, deficiencies:

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

31

334824960

Value/
Comments

General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers

October 31, 2001

XIV. COMMISSIONING REPORT OUTLINE:

Report: The following outline should be used to prepare the commissioning report for these economizers.
Executive Summary of Test Results
Commissioning Plan Outline
List Deficiencies Found
List Corrective Actions Taken
List Deficiencies that were not Corrected
Conclusions How will remaining deficiencies be Corrected
Appendix A Completed Test Protocols
Appendix B Data Sheets
Appendix C Performance Trend Plots

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

32

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October 31, 2001

XV. REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP THE ECONOMIZER PROTOCOL:

ASHRAE Proposed Guideline 14P, Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings. Post 1st Public Review. Atlanta, Georgia. January 17,
2001.
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996, The HVAC Commissioning Process. Atlanta, Georgia. 1996.
Ellis, Rebecca and McKew, Howard. Back to Basics Series V, Topic: Central Air with Return Air System. Originally printed in July,
August, and September 1997 issues of Engineered Systems.
Katipalumula, S.; Pratt, R.G.; et. al. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Outdoor-Air Ventilation Sysems and Economizers:
Methodology and Results from Field Testing. ASHRAE Transactions 1999, V. 105, Pt. 1.
Montgomery County, Maryland. Building Commissioning Program & Contractor Quality Control Guidelines & Specifications. Paul
Tseng, Montgomery Engineering Institute, Division of Facilities and Services, Dept. of Public Works and Transportation. July 1998.
University of Washington, Commissioning Specifications, Facilities Services, Facility Design Information. Volume 2, Appendix 17C, pages 1
to 27, Check-off Sheets: Air Handling Systems. September 1995.
Austin, S.B. HVAC System Trend Analysis. ASHRAE Journal page 44. February, 1997.
National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB). Procedural Standards for Building Systems Commissioning. Gaithersburg, Maryland.
Section 6 and Appendix A pages 11.1.1 to 11.3.2. Rev 2.0, November 1999
Pacific Energy Center (Pacific Gas and Electric), Tool Lending Library, Toolbox. Assessing Economizer Performance. Website:
http://www.pge.com/003_save_energy/003c_edu_train/pec/toolbox/tll/app_notes/asses_econ.shtml. Ryan Stroupe (PEC).
Sacramento Service Center, Building A, HVAC System Renovation, Sequences of Operation, Johnson Controls, Date 7/27/99.
Pacific Energy Center, Draft Systems Manual, Sherrill Engineering (San Francisco, CA), Sections 1 and 3. April 2, 2001.

Richard Fromberg
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com

33

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