A cave (or cavern) is a naturally occurring area or space under the

surface of the Earth. Caves are often a system of interconnected

passageways created by the weathering of rock
A limestone cave or cavern is a natural cavity that is formed
underneath the Earths surface that can range from a few metres to
many kilometres in length and depth.
Stalactites are created by the continuous dripping of mineral rich
water, which little by little leaves mineral deposits on the ceiling as the
minerals harden.
Stalagmites are created as the mineral rich water droplets fall to the
cave floor leaving mineral deposits that grow to become pillar-like
formations.
Stalactites and stalagmites can eventually join from floor-to-ceiling,
however they grow very slowly, around an inch every 100 years.
the limestone, which is permeable and soluble, was eroded by water.
Weak carbonic acid in rainwater, reacting with the chemicals in the
rock, dissolved and eroded away the limestone as the water filtered
into the underlying depths of sediments. Large hollow solution cavities
were formed in the limestone in this way.
The study of caves is called speleology

Rain dissolves Carbon Dioxide into Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid dissolves minerals in rock
Rock is sculpted in weak spots
Water seeps through rocks and makes underground waterways
When the water level drops, the waterway exits the rock through the exiting
hole (resurgence)
Collections of water creates deep gaps in caves.
When the water level outside the cave drops, the cave empties and dries
out.
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