2011 4

ii

(Preface)

M :
0.3 5%
0.3

SST:supersonic transport
(
)

M = 0
M = 0 V = 0
M = 0 0

()

iii

2011 4 1

1.1
1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3
1.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5
1.6
1.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1
1
5
9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
15
15

1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
18
19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1
2.2
2.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4
2.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6
2.7
2.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
33
33

3.1

3.2
3.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4
3.5
3.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37
39
41

3.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35
35

vi
4

4.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2
4.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43
43
46
53

5.1
5.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59
59
61

5.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

67
67
68

6.1
6.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3
6.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69
70

6.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

7.1
7.2
7.3

7.4
7.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.6
7.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.1
8.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.3
8.4

8.5
8.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73
74
77
78
82
89
90
93
93
94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

(Incompressible Fluid Dynamics)

1.1

(incompressible uid) (pressure) (volume)

(density)

(1.1)

273K 999.8kg/m3 313K 992.2kg/m3 40 C

0.8% (isopicnic uid)

1.2

(governing equation) 1) 2)
3) 3

1.2.1

div v = v =

u v
w
+
+
=0
x y
z

(1.2)

v v = (u, v, w) u, v, w x, y, z

(velocity component)

v+v
y

u+u
v

1.1:

(u + u)y uy + (v + v)x vx
u
v
= (u +
x)y uy + (v +
y)x vx
x
y
(
)
u v
=
+
xy
x y

(1.3)

u v
+
=0
x y

div v = 0

(1.4)

u u

divv = 0

(1.5)

divv = 0
(1.5)

1.2.2

(Navier-Stokes equations)
(Euler equations; Euler 1757
)

u
u
u
u
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z

)
= X

p
x

(1.6)

1.2.

3
(

)
v
v
v
v
p

+u
+v
+w
= Y
t
x
y
z
y
(
)
w
w
w
w
p

+u
+v
+w
= Z
t
x
y
z
z

(1.7)
(1.8)

(X, Y, Z) (body force)

(X, Y, Z) = (gx , gy , gz )
g g = (gx , gy , gz ) 1.6) 1.8
(unsteady term) 4 (

convective terms)

1.2.3

(1/2)v 2
gh (g h

p/
ei
(internal energy)

dei = C(T ) dT

(1.9)

C(T ) (specic heat) 1kg 1K

ei = CT

(1.10)

(rst law of thermodynamics)

dQ = dei + pdv

(1.11)

dQ v () v = 1/
dv = 0

dQ = dei

(1.12)

: h

h ei +

Q
H01

(1.13)

H02
y

1.2:

H0 =

p
1 2
v + ei + + gy
2

(1.14)

H0 (total enthalpy)

H0 =

1 2
p
v + ei +
2

()

(1.15)

Q W
W < 0

Q + W = H02 H01

(1.16)

H01 H02

H02 = H01

(1.17)

= (X, Y, Z)
(conservative force) X
= grad =
X

(1.18)

1.3.

() grad =
= (/x, /y, /z)

X=

, Y =
, Z=
x
y
z

(1.19)

X = gx , Y = gy , Z = gz

= gx x + gy y + gz z

(1.20)

(1.14)

H0 =

1 2
p
v + ei +
2

(1.21)

y gy = g = gy
(1.14) (1.21)

1.3

streamline

(pathline particle path)

x
u y
v
z
w
= ,
= ,
=
(1.22)
s
V
s
V
s
V
s s
s x =

x(s), y = y(s), z = z(s) V V = u2 + v 2 + w2

x
y
z
=
=
= t
u
v
w
t

(1.23)

1.22uu/x

u
x u
=V
x
s x
x (
u

u
u
u
+v
+w
x
y
z

x u
y u
z u
+V
+V
s x
s y
s z
)
(
u x u y u z
+
+
= V
x s
y s
z s
u
= V
s

(1.24)

= V

(1.25)

ds dy
dx

1.3:

u = u(x(s), y(s), z(s))

(1.26)

(1.25)

u
u
u
u
+v
+w
=V
x
y
z
s

(1.27)

= (u, v, w) s = (x, y, z)
V

y z
u
u
u
+v
+w
x
y
z
v
v
v
u
+v
+w
x
y
z
w
w
w
+v
+w
u
x
y
z
u

u
s
v
= V
s
w
= V
s
= V

(1.28)
(1.29)
(1.30)

x, y, z

u
s
v
V
s
w
V
s
V

p
x
p
=
y
p
=
z
=

(1.31)
(1.32)
(1.33)

x, y, z

u
x =
s

p
x
x

(1.34)

1.3.

7
v
y
s
w
V
z
s
V

p
y
y
p
z
z

=
=

(1.35)
(1.36)

(1.22)

u
s
v
V
s
w
V
s
V

u
s
V
v
s
V
w
s
V

1 p
x
x
1 p
=
y
y
1 p
=
z
z
=

(1.37)
(1.38)
(1.39)

u2
v2
w2
+
+
2
2
2

)
s =

1 p
s
s

(1.40)

)
u2 + v 2 + w2
1 p

s =
s +
s
2
s
s

(1.41)

V2
+
2

dp

)
=0

(1.42)

(barotropic uid)

()

p = p()
F (p)
p
dp
F (p) =
(p)

(1.43)

(1.44)

F (p) s

F
p
1 p
F
=

=
s
p
s
s
1.44

1 p
dp
=
(p)
s

(1.45)

(1.46)

8
()

(1.42) (Bernoullis

equation; 1738 )
1 2 p
V + =
2

(1.47)

= gy

(1.48)

(1.47)

()

1
1
2
p + V
= p + V 2
(1.49)
2
2

p0

1
1
2
p + V
= p + V 2 = p0
2
2

(1.50)

Cp =

p p
2
(1/2) V

(1.51)

p p
Cp =
=1
2
(1/2) V

V
V

)2
(1.52)

Cp 1
Q W = 0)
1.16

= H02 H01
(
)
(
)
1 2
p
1 2
p
=
v + ei +
v + ei +
2

2
1
(
)
(
)
1 2 p
1 2 p
= ei2 ei1 +
v +
v +
2

2
1

(1.53)

1.4.

1.47

Q = ei2 ei1 = C(T2 T1 )

(1.54)

(calorically perfect gas)

1.4

source vr < 0 (sink)

(diusion)

(potential ow)

Vr

Vr
r
O

Vr
1.4:

= rot u = u

(1.55)

= (, , )
=

u w
v
u
w v

, =

, =

y
z
z
x
x y

(1.56)

10
0

w v
u w
v
u

= 0,

= 0,

=0
y
z
z
x
x y

(1.57)

, v
, w
x
y
z

(1.58)

= grad ,
V

= (u, v, w)
V

(1.59)

= 4r2 vr

(1.60)

4r2

(1.61)

(1.62)

vr =

vr =

=
r
4r2

(1.63)

4r

(1.64)

(sink)
P

w
u v
+
+
x y
z

(1.65)

[] (1.65)
P S Gauss ()

div v dV =
n v dS

(1.66)

1.4.

11

(1.65) = div v (1.66)

dV =
n v dS

(1.67)

[]

1.58

2 2 2
+ 2 + 2
x2
y
z

(1.68)

2 =

(1.69)

P = 0

2 = 0

(1.70)

((, , ))

(x, y, z)

1
(, , )
ddd
4
r

1
(, , )

=
ddd
2
4
(x ) + (y )2 + (z )2

(1.71)

(x, y, z) (, , )

[]
)

(M < 1) x M
2
(1 M
)

2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
x2
y
z

(1.72)

2
1 M
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
x2
y
z

(1.73)

12
y = y,

z = z
1.64

2
4 x + y2 + z2

(1.74)

=
2
2
2
2
2
2 )(y 2 + z 2 )
4 x + (y + z )
4 x + (1 M

(1.75)

=
y, z

x
/4

)2
+

)2

(
+

/4

)2
=1

/4

(1.76)

= const = const

(M > 1) x M
2
(M
1)

2 2 2
2 2 =0
x2
y
z

(1.77)

2 1
M
2 2 2
2 2 =0
x2
y
z

y = y,

(1.78)

z = z i
2
2
2
+
+
=0
x2
(iy)2
(iz)2

(1.79)

1.64

=
2
2
2
2
4 x + (iy) + (iz)
4 x 2 (y 2 + z 2 )

(1.80)

x
/4

)2

y
/4

)2

z
/4

)2
=1

(1.81)

= const = const

1.5.

1.5

13

(vortex)

core
(Rankine ) ( ) V =

v (vr = 0) (vortex core)

solid rotation
v = r

(1.82)

(angular velocity)

z (x, y, z) (r, , z)
=

v
u
1 v r 1 vr

x y
r r
r

(1.83)

vr 0

1 v r
= 2
r r

(1.84)

2
() 0 1.84

(v r) = 0
r

v =

C
r

(1.85)

(1.86)

C
1.821.86

a =

C
a

C = a2

(1.87)

v = r

(1.88)

a2
r

(1.89)

v =

14
y
V

r=a

1.5:

( 2)
v
p
=
r
r

(1.90)

v 1.89r p

p=

2 a4 1
2 r2

(1.91)

p = 0 at r

(1.92)

2 2
r + p0
(1.93)
2
p0 r = 0r = a
p=

1.911.93p0

p0 = 2 a2

2 a2
p=
2

r2
2 2
a

(1.94)
)
(1.95)

1.6.

15

0 a

2
4

r
2

= -

-p

1.6:

1.6

circulation
I
= v ds
Stokes

=
( v ) dS =
(rot v ) dS =

dS

(1.96)

(1.97)

= rot v = v

(1.98)

lift (Kuta-Joukovski
camber 0

1.7

(Lord Kelvin)

D
D
=
(ux + vy + wz)
Dt
Dt

(1.99)

16

Dux
Du
Dx
Du
=
x + u
=
x + uu
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt

Dx
Dx
=
= u
Dt
Dt

Dy
Dz
Dx
= u,
= v,
= w
Dt
Dt
Dt

1.100

Du
D
(ux) =
x + uu =
Dt
Dt

(
X

1 p
x

(1.100)

(1.101)

(1.102)

)
x + uu

(1.103)

(x )

1 p
Du
=X
Dt
x
x, y, z
D
(ux) =
Dt
D
(vy) =
Dt
D
(wz) =
Dt

(1.104)

(
)
1 p
X
x + uu,
x
(
)
1 p
Y
y + vv,
y
(
)
1 p
Z
z + ww
z

(1.105)
(1.106)
(1.107)

D
1
u2 + v 2 + w 2
(ux + vy + wz) = Xx + Y y + Zz p +
Dt

(1.108)

X
= (X, Y, Z) =
X

,
,
x y z

)
(1.109)

1.99

1
u2 + v 2 + w2
D
= p +
Dt

2
A A
[
]A

D
dp u2 + v 2 + w2
=
+
=0
Dt

2
A

(1.110)

(1.111)

(Thomson) (Lord Kelvin) (1867)

1.8.

1.8

17

Helmholtz, 1858)
C 0
= 0

C
Q

1.7:

ndS S

18

=
2
1

1.8:

1.9

div v = v =

u v
w
+
+
=0
x y
z

(1.112)

= (, , )

w v
u w
v
u

, =

, =

y
z
z
x
x y

(1.113)

v = 0 E

v = E

(1.114)

B
= 0 A

() B
=A

(1.115)

= (E, F, G)
E

(1.116)

()

(1.114)

u=

G F

,
y
z

v=

E
G

,
z
x

w=

F
E

x
y

(1.117)

1.10.

19

1.113
(
)
E
F
G
=
+
+
2 E
x x
y
z
(
)
E
F
G
=
+
+
2 F
y x
y
z
(
)
E
F
G
=
+
+
2 G
z x
y
z

(1.118)
(1.119)
(1.120)

E
F
G
+
+
=0
x
y
z

(1.121)

1.1181.120

2 E = , 2 F = , 2 G =

(1.122)

(1.71) E, F, G

1
(x1 , y1 , z1 )
E(x, y, z) =
dx1 dy1 dz1
(1.123)
4
r

1
(x1 , y1 , z1 )
F (x, y, z) =
dx1 dy1 dz1
(1.124)
4
r

1
(x1 , y1 , z1 )
G(x, y, z) =
dx1 dy1 dz1
(1.125)
4
r
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) P (x, y, z) r

r=

(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 + (z z1 )2

(1.126)

E(x, y, z), F (x, y, z), G(x, y, z) 1.117

(x, y, z) (u, v, w)

1.10

0 noslip condition)

u = 0,

v = 0,

w=0

(1.127)

u=

dx
,
dt

v=

dy
,
dt

w=

dz
dt

(1.128)

20

(slip condition)
0

Vn = 0
n

(1.129)

VEn = 0
V

1.9:

B
V

B n = Vn
V

(1.130)

p
=
n

d2 x d2 y d2 z
,
,
dt2 dt2 dt2

)
n

(1.131)

21

(functions of a complex variable) 2

2.1

()

z = x + iy

(2.1)

1 x y
W (z) f (z)

i i =

W (z) = f (z) = + i

(2.2)

2.1.1

dW
W
f (z + z) f (z)
= lim
= lim
z0 z
z0
dz
z

(2.3)

z 0 x : y
P

2.1.2

f (z) df /dz f (z) (regular)

f (z)

dW
dz

lim

x,y0

[(x + x, y + y) (x, y)] + i[(x + x, y + y) (x, y)]

x + iy

22

Q(x+x,y+y)
y

(x,y)

2.1:

(
=

lim

x,y0

lim

x,y0

x x

i
x

y y

(
+i

x x

y y

x + iy
(
)

x +
y + i y y

x + iy

x : y
(
) (
)

+i
:
+i
=1:i
x
x
y
y

(2.4)

(2.5)

=
,
x
y

=
y
x

(2.6)

Cauchy-Riemann f (z)
f (z)

2 2
+ 2 = 0,
x2
y

2 2
+
=0
x2
y 2

(2.7)

2.7
=0

u=

,
x

v=

(2.8)

u=

,
y

v=

() 3

(2.9)

2.2.

23

() (2.8) (2.9)
v = = grad ,

v = k

(2.10)

k (x, y, z) z

()
W z z = x x

dW
=
+i
= u iv
dz
x
x

(2.11)

z = iy

dW

=
+i
= i
+
= iv + u
dz
iy
iy
y
y

(2.12)

dW
= u iv
dz

(2.13)

(conjugate velocity)
W (z) z

dW
dW
=
= u + iv
dz
d
z

(2.14)

dW dW
dW dW

= (u iv)(u + iv) = u2 + v 2
dz
dz
dz
d
z

(2.15)

2.2

(uniform ow) x y
U

W = Uz

(2.16)

(2.2) (2.1)

W = + i = U (x + iy) = U x, = U y

(2.17)

(u, v)

u=

=
= U, v =
=
=0
x
y
y
x

(2.18)

24

dW
= u iv = U cos iU sin = U (cos i sin ) = U ei
dz

(2.19)

W = U ei z

(2.20)

zei

(2.21)

U
U sin

U cos
2.2:

2.3

(source ow)
W

W =

m
ln z
2

(2.22)

z (r, )

z = rei

(2.23)

m
ln r,
2

(2.24)

(r) vr () v

vr =

1
m

=
=
,
r
r
2r

v =

=
=0
r
r

(2.25)

2.4.

25

Vr

Vr
r
O

Vr
2.3:

r =
= (2.24) =

() (r, )
v =

1 rvr
1 v

+
= 0 rvr =
, v =
r r
r

vr r d = vr 2r =
0

m
2r = m
2r

(2.26)

(2.27)

(2.22) m m
(sink)

2.4

superimpose
(
)
(m > 0)
(m < 0) (2.16) (2.22)

W = Uz +

m
ln z
2

(2.28)

m1
dW
= u iv = U +
dz
2 z

(2.29)

26

rs

b_

2.4:

z = rei

u=U+

m cos
,
2 r

v=

m sin
2 r

(2.30)

0 u = v = 0

= rs =

m
2U

( m
)
(x, y) =
, 0
2U

(2.31)

(2.32)

( 0) 0

m )
2U
()

2.5

(
(x, y) = 0,

(2.33)

x = a m x = a m

W = Wsource + Wsink =

m
m
z+a
m
ln(z + a) +
ln(z a) =
ln
2
2
2 z a

(2.34)

()
()

2.6.

27

O
z ~

b_
2.5:

2.6

0 (
a 0 )2.34
(
)
m
z+a
m
2a
W =
ln
=
ln 1 +
2 z a
2
za

(2.35)

a 2a/(z a) << 1 (Taylor expansion)

W =

m 2a
2 z a

(2.36)

a 0 0 a
()

a(0) m()

(2.37)

a 0 2.36

1
(2.38)
z
doublet

(cos i sin )
(2.39)
W =
r

W =

cos ,
r

sin
r

(2.40)

28

2.6:

( x
x x
(counterclockwise)
W

1
(2.41)
zei
y = /2
W =

() 2

2.7

W =

i
ln z
2

(2.42)

i
(r, )

W =

ln r
2
2

(2.43)

,
2

ln r
2

(2.44)

(2.24) ln r
(2.42) i
= const r = const

2.8.

29

vr =

1
=
= 0,
r
r

v =

=
=
r
r
2r

(2.45)

v ds =

2r =
2r

(2.46)

() (polar coordinates)

(rvr ) +
v = 0
r

(2.47)

(2.48)

1
1 vr
(rv )
=0
r r
r

(2.49)

rvr =

v =

rv =

vr =

(2.50)

()
()

2.8

(corner)

W = Cz n

(2.51)

z = rei W = + i

= Crn cos n,

= Crn sin n

(2.52)

30

= = 0

sin n = 0

(2.53)

n = 0,

n =

(2.54)

c = /n

(2.55)

n c

n > 1 0 < c <

n < 1 < c

v =

1
= Cnrn1 sin n,
r

vr =

= Cnrn1 cos n
r

(2.56)

= 0 vr (z = 0)
r 0

n > 1 vr 0
n < 1 vr

p
a) n>1

b) 1>n>1/2

2.7: ()

()
() (wedge) 2.7

2.8.

31

a) (half-angle ) = c
= /2 c = /2

()

33

3.1

(r, )

2 =

2 1
1 2
+
+ 2 2 =0
2
r
r r
r

(3.1)

vr =

,
r

v =

1
r

(3.2)

3.1 (separation of variables)

= R(r)()
3.1

R d2
d2 R dR
+
+
=0
dr2
r dr
r2 d2

(3.3)

(3.4)

r dR
1 d2
r2 d2 R
+
=
= n2
(3.5)
2
R dr
R dr
d2
r
n2
n n 0 2

d2
= n2
d2

(3.6)

34

= a1 sin n + b1 cos n

(3.7)

a1 b1
3.7 + 2
n
3.3

= T (r) cos n + S(r) sin n

(3.8)

T (r) S(r) 3.5

r dR
r 2 d2 R
+
n2 = 0
R dr2
R dr

(3.9)

d2 R 1 dR n2
+
2R=0
dr2
r dr
r

(3.10)

R = rm

(3.11)

3.9

m2 = n2

R = rn

or

m = n

(3.12)

R = rn

(3.13)

(3.8) T (r) S(r)

T = An rn + Bn rn ,

S = Cn rn + Dn rn

(3.14)

n 0
3.8

{(An rn + Bn rn ) cos n + (Cn rn + Dn rn ) sin n}

(3.15)

n=0

n = 0 3.2

n = 0 n 1

{(An rn + Bn rn ) cos n + (Cn rn + Dn rn ) sin n}

n=1

(3.16)

3.2.

3.2

35

(vn )r=a = (vr )r=a = U cos

(3.17)

vn v

y
-Ucos

3.1:

0 (stationary state)

( )

= U cos ,
r r=a

)
=0

(3.18)

3.3

3.16

=
(An nrn1 Bn nrn1 ) cos n + (Cn nrn1 Dn nrn1 ) sin n
r
n=1

(3.19)

36

r /r 0 n 1 rn1 0
3.16 rn

An = 0,

Cn = 0

(3.20)

3.16

rn (Bn cos n + Dn sin n)

(3.21)

n=1

3.21 r (3.18)

)
=
r=a

an1 n(Bn cos n + Dn sin n) = U cos

(3.22)

n=1

n = 1

B1 = U a2

(3.23)

n 1

Dn = 0

(3.24)

n 2

Bn = 0

(3.25)

3.21

= U a2

cos
r

(3.26)

Cauchy-Riemann

1
=
,
r
r

=
r
r

(3.27)

() (2.4) (3.27)

= U a2

sin
r

(3.28)

W = + i = U a2

sin
U a2
U a2
U a2
cos
iU a2
=
(cos i sin ) = i =
r
r
r
re
z

(3.29)

2 2.38
U 2

3.4.

37

= 0

= 0

= 0
3.2:

2 2.38
W =

1
z

(3.30)

3.293.30

= a2 U

(3.31)

= a2 U

(3.32)

3.4

W
(3.29)

W = Uz +

a2 U
z

(3.33)

z = rei W = + i

)
(
a2
cos ,
=U r+
r

(
)
a2
=U r
sin
r

(3.34)

38

3.34 = 0

r=a

= 0,

(3.35)

(
(v )r=a =

1
r

)
= 2U sin

(3.36)

r=a

= /2
2 3/2 3

cp p p

cp

( v )2
p p

= 1 4 sin2
=1
1
2
U
U
2

(3.37)

= 0 = cp = 1 = /2 = 3/2

3

(r, , ) (

= 0

(3.38)

(
)
(
)
1
1

1
2
2
2
= = 2
r
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
r r
r
r sin

r sin 2

(
(r, ) = U

x+

a3
2r2

)
r cos

x U
)
(
a3
(r, ) = U 1 + 3 r cos
2r

vr

(3.39)

(
)

a3
= U 1 3 cos
r
r
(
)
1
a3
= U 1 + 3 sin
r
2r

(3.40)

(3.41)

(3.42)
(3.43)

3.5.

39

3
(v )r=a = U sin
2

cp = 1

(3.44)

9
sin2
4

(3.45)

Cp = 5/4 Cp = 3

() (1.64) 3 2
((x, y, z) = (a, 0, 0) (a, 0, 0)
a 0

= 0

b_

= 0

= 0

b_

= 0

= 0

- < 4aU

3.3:

3.5

)
(

z
a2
i
ln
W (z) = U z +
z
2 a

(3.46)

a 0
3.46

40

( 0 )
3.46 0

(v )r=a

= 2 sin +
=0
U
2aU

= 4aU sin

(3.47)

(3.48)

1 sin 1

0 4aU

( < 0)

(3.49)

( 0)
> 0





 C7





C7

3.4:
= 4aU
= /2 < 4aU
( 3.4 )
3.46 z 0

dW
=U
dz

(
)
a2
1
1 2 i
=0
z
2 z

(3.50)

3.6.

41

z=

i 2

2
2 2
4
2 + 4U a

(3.51)
2U
2

3.6

(the Magnus eect)

3.46
)
(
a2

=U r+
cos +

r
2

(3.52)

1
1
v =
=
r
r

(
U

a2
r+
r

sin +
2

}
(3.53)

r = a

(v )r=a = 2U sin +

2a

(3.54)

p p

[
(
)2 ]
1 2 1
1 2

2
= U (v )r=a = U 1 2 sin +
2
2
2
2aU

(3.55)

Cp

(
)2
p p

Cp =
= 1 2 sin +
(1/2)U 2
2aU

(3.56)

()
L D (Kutta-Joukovski)
(5.45)

L = U ,

D=0

(3.57)

42

3.7

W z zei
ln z/a

(
)
a2 ei
z

i
W = U ze
+
ln
i
z
2 a

(3.58)

O z0

W = U (z z0 )ei + U

a2 ei

z z0
i
ln
z z0
2
a

(3.59)

43

(conformal mapping)

z = f ()

(4.1)

z = x + iy,

= + i

(4.2)

x = x(, ),

y = y(, )

(4.3)

(4.1)

W () = + i

`
o

4.1:

4.1

f () = 0

c1
= 1 (s) = 1 (s) + i 1 (s)
s s

(4.4)

44

t1
S 0

C1

t'1

C'
1

z0

4.2:

(
t1 =

d1 (s) d1 (s)
,
ds
ds

)
(4.5)

t1 c1 s s

d12 + d12 = ds2

(4.6)

t1

d1 (s)
d1 (s)
d1 (s)
=
+i
= cos 1 (s) + i sin 1 (s) = ei1 (s)
ds
ds
ds

(4.7)

1 (s) t1 (argument)

t1

C1
1

4.3: (argument)

z = f ()

(4.8)

f z z

z = z1 (s) = f (1 (s)) = x1 (s) + i y1 (s)

(4.9)

4.1.

45

s z C1

dz1 (s)
dx1 (s)
dy1 (s)
=
+i
ds
ds
ds

(4.10)

z = f ()
(
)
d1
dz1 (s)
df ()
=

= f (1 (s)) ei1 (s)

ds
d
ds
1 (s)

(4.11)

z = z0 (4.11) (argument)
{
}
dz1 (s)
arg
= arg {f (0 )} + 1 (s0 )
ds
z=z0

(4.12)

1 z
arg {f (0 )}
0 C2 C1

{
}
dz2 (s)
arg
= arg {f (0 )} + 2 (s0 )
ds

(4.13)

4.134.12
C2

t2

C2'

t'2

t1

C1

t'
1
C1'

4.4: ()

{
arg

dz2 (s)
ds

{
arg

dz1 (s)
ds

}
= 2 (s0 ) 1 (s0 )

(4.14)

z (C1 C2 )
(C1 C2 )

46

f (0 ) = 0 4.14
f (0 ) = 0

4.2

z = f () = +

a2

(4.15)

a (Joukovski transfor-

mation)

z 2a
( a)2
=
z + 2a
( + a)2

(4.16)

z = x + iy (z ),

= + i ( )

(4.17)

4.15

x=+

a2
,
2 + 2

y=

a2
2 + 2

(4.18)

(r, )

= r cos ,

= r sin

z
(
)
(
)
a2
a2
x = cos r +
, y = sin r
r
r

(4.19)

(4.20)

[]
4.15z = f ()

f () = 1

2 a2
a2
=
2
2

(4.21)

f () = 0

= a,

= a

(4.22)

[]

4.2.

47

A
(-a,0)

P()

r=a

B
(a,0)

y
A'

P'()

(-2a,0)

B'

(2a,0)

4.5:

4.2.1

Joukovski transformation

a
= aei

(4.23)

z
4.234.15

z = 2a cos

(4.24)

2a 4a

0 P () z P B A
2 P z A
B

4.2.2

M (0, f ) A(a, 0) B(a, 0)

48

r=b
A

(-a,0)

M
f
o

D'

2f

A'

B'

o O'

(-2a,0)

B
(a,0)

(2a,0)

4.6: z

b a

b = a2 + f 2 =

a
= a sec
cos

(4.25)

B M BM

P
a
r1 ei1
r1
=
= ei(1 2 )
(a)
r2 ei2
r2

(4.26)

1 2 = = const

(4.27)

4.164.26

( a)2
z 2a
=
=
z + 2a
( + a)2

r1
r2

)2
ei2

(4.28)

= a z = 2a,

= a z = 2a

(4.29)

z P

z 2a
1 ei1
1 i(1 2 )
1 i
=
=
e
=
e
z + 2a
2 ei2
2
2

(4.30)

4.2.

49

P()

r2

A
(-a,0)

r1
1

B
(a,0)

p'(z)

A'

(2a,0) B'

(-2a,0)

4.7:

= 1 2
4.284.30

1
=
2

r1
r2

)2
,

= 2 = const

(4.31)

P P A B

z M AM B = 2
z D A D B = 2

M OB D O B
D O
MO
MO
f
=
D O =
O B = 2a = 2f
O B
OB
OB
a

(4.32)

o z
circular arc 2f camber

1 f
1
2f
= = tan
4a
2 a
2

(4.33)

(thickness ratio) 0

50

r=b
A

M
2

fo

(-a,0)

D'

2f

B'

o O'

(-2a,0)

B
(a,0)

y
A'

(2a,0)

4.8:

4.2.3

M d B(a, 0)
c

c=a+d

(4.34)

d = a,

(4.35)

c = a + a = (1 + )a

(4.36)

= a + cei

(4.37)

z=+

a2
a2
= (cei a) + i

ce a

(4.38)

z (conjugate) z
0 ( 0) x

4.2.

51

r=c
c
L

A (-d,0)

(-a,0) M

(a,0)

zL

B'

A'

(-2a,0)

(2a,0)

4.9:

z zx

chord lengthl

l = 2a + |zL |
zL

zL = L +

a2
a
= a(1 + 2)
L
1 + 2

(4.39)

(4.40)

L = a (1 + )a = (1 + 2)a
4.40

zL 2a(1 + 22 )

(4.41)

z
dy
=0
(4.42)
d
= 2/3( )
z 1/4
tmax

tmax = 3 3a

3 3
tmax
=
1.3
=
l
4

(4.43)

(4.44)

52

= 0 x = 2a x = 0

t(x 0) 4a

(4.45)

tmax x 0 3
: (4.43) tmax
:

r=c

A N

(-a,0)

f
o

(a,0)

y
B'

A'

(-2a,0)

(2a,0)

4.10:

4.2.4

2 (the second quadrant)

BM N ( = 0

MN = d

(4.46)

N BN = c c

c=

a2 + f 2 + d =

a
+ d = a sec + d
cos

(4.47)

= 0 + cei

(4.48)

4.3.

53

N 0

0 = a c cos + ic sin

(4.49)

z = 0 + cei +

a2
0 + cei

(4.50)

f d
f d
0 (
cusp

d/a

4.3

z na
=
z + na

a
+a

)n
(4.51)

n = 2 a z na

4.3.1

A(a, 0) B(a, 0) B A Cu A

B Cl
b

b=

a
cos

(4.52)

B A P

a = r1 ei1 ,

(a) = + a = r2 ei2

(4.53)

4.51 z A B
(, )

z na = 1 ei1 ,

z + na = 2 ei2

(4.54)

1 ei1
=
2 ei2

r1 ei1
r2 ei2

)n
(4.55)

54

Cu

r2

A
(-a,0)

r1
1

B
(a,0)

p'

Cu'

A'

(na,0) B'

(-na,0)

4.11: 2 (

1
=
2

r1
r2

)n
,

1 2 = n1 n2 = n(1 2 )

(4.56)

1 2 = const

(4.57)

1 2 = const

(4.58)

4.56
z P A B
Cl Cl 4.12

(2 ) (1 ) = 2 1 = const

(4.59)

2 1 4.56)

1 2 = const

(4.60)

2 2

2 =
2 + 2

(4.61)

1 (
2 + 2) = const

(4.62)

4.3.

55

A
(-a,0)

r2 r1

A'

`2

B
(a,0)

Cl P

p'

Cl'

(na,0) B'

(-na,0)

4.12: 2 (

1
2 = const

(4.63)

P z
(double circular arc airfoil)

4.3.2

u + l =

(4.64)

2 1 = (2 ) (1 ) = l

(4.65)

1 2 = n(1 2 ) = n l

(4.66)

4.612
e

1 (
2 + 2) = n l

(4.67)

56

1
2 = 2 n l

(4.68)

1 2 = u

(4.69)

1 2 = n u

(4.70)

1
2 = 2 n l = 2 n ( u ) = 2 n + n u

(4.71)

Cu

4.684.64

(4.71) (4.70) n = 2 Cu = Cl
0) n = 2
B 2 0

(1 )u = n u

(4.72)

B
2 0

(1 )l = 2 n + n u

(4.73)

4.724.73

= (1 )l (1 )u = (2 n + n u ) n u = (2 n)

(4.74)

n = 2 = 0 0
n
4.74

4.51
n=

z
z+

2
a
2
a

(
=

a
+a

(4.75)

) 2

(Karman-Tretz transformation)

[]

(4.76)

4.3.

57

4.13:

59

5.1

(Fx , Fy ) (Fx , Fy )

p
p
Fy

Fx
p

V=(u,v)
S
p

5.1:

control surfaceS

x
I
I
u(udy vdx) = pdy Fx
S

y
I
I
v(udy vdx) =
pdx Fy
S

(5.1)

(5.2)

(udy vdx)
x uy v

60

S
dS
v
S

dy

dx

5.2:

5.15.2Fx Fy
I
I
Fx = pdy u(udy vdx)
I
I
Fy =
pdx v(udy vdx)

(5.3)
(5.4)

p V 2

1
p + V 2 = p0
(5.5)
2
= u2 + v 2 p0 (5.3) 5.4)

Fx
Fy

I
1
2
2
=
(u + v )dy + uvdx
2
I
I
1
=
(u2 v 2 )dx uvdy
2

I
p0 = 0
Fx Fy
I

Fx iFy = i
[(u2 v 2 ) i2uv]dz
2

(5.6)
(5.7)

(5.8)

(5.9)

u, v
(
)2
dW
dW
= u iv,
= u2 v 2 i2uv
dz
dz

(5.10)

5.9)

Fx iFy = i

I (

dW
dz

)2
dz

(5.11)

5.2.

61

(Blasius)

(dW/dz)2
i/2 F F

F = Fx iFy = i
2

I (

dW
dz

)2
dz

(5.12)

5.2

5.35.4x Fx y Fy

Fx

= pdy u(udy vdx)

(5.13)

Fy

= pdx v(udy vdx)

(5.14)

S
y=y

Fy

(x,y)

Fx

y-y0
M

(x0,y0)

x-x0

x=x

5.3:

M (x0 , y0 )

M = (x x0 )Fy (y y0 )Fx
5.135.14
I
I
M = (x x0 )[pdx v(udy vdx)] (y y0 )[pdy u(udy vdx)]

(5.15)

(5.16)

62

p 5.5
I
1
M = [(u2 v 2 ){(x x0 )dx (y y0 )dy} + 2uv{(y y0 )dx + (x x0 )dy}]
2

(5.17)

u, v W Blasius

(5.11)

(
)2
dW
(z z0 )dz
(5.18)
dz
z0 = x0 + iy0

dW
dz

)2
(z z0 )dz = (u iv)2 {x x0 + i(y y0 )}(dx + idy)

(5.19)

(real part, Re)

}
{(
)2
dW
(z z0 )dz = {(u2 v 2 )(xx0 )+2uv(yy0 )}dx{2uv(xx0 )+(u2 v 2 )(yy0 )}dy
Re
dz
(5.20)

(5.17) (5.17) (5.18)

{I (
}
)2
1
dW
M = Re
(z z0 )dz
(5.21)
2
dz

(Fx , Fy ) (x, y)

M = xFy yFx

(5.22)

Fx iFy

i(Fx iFy )(x + iy) = xFy yFx + i(xFx + yFy )

(5.23)

Re[i(Fx iFy )(x + iy)] = xFy yFx

(5.24)

Re M
Fx iFy Blasius
[
]
)2
I (

dW
M = Re i i
zdz
2 dz

(5.25)

5.3.

63

M = Re
2

[I (

dW
dz

)2
zdz

z0
[I (
]
)2

dW
(z z0 )dz
M = Re
2
dz

(5.26)

(5.27)

= {(x x0 ) + i(y y0 )} {Fx iFy }

M

(5.28)

= (x x0 )Fx + (y y0 )Fy + i {(x x0 )Fy + (y y0 )Fx }

M

(5.29)

5.15
M

{
}
{
}
= Re i M

M = Im M

(5.30)

F (5.12)

Fx iFy = i
2

5.3

dW
dz

)2
dz

(5.31)

(
dW/dz

dW
a1
a2
a3
= a0 +
+ 2 + 3 +
dz
z
z
z

(5.32)

() (Laurent expansion) (singular)

f (z) a

f (z) =

cn (z a)n

(5.33)

f ()
d
( 1)n+1

(5.34)

n=

cn

1
cn =
2i
()

64

(5.32) z a0

a0 = U ei

(5.35)

I
I
I
I
dW
dz = (u iv)(dx + idy) = (udx + vdy) + i (udy vdx)
dz

(5.36)

2
I
I
nds = 0
udy vdx = V
(5.37)

= (u, v) n
V

5.365.37

dW
dz =
dz

I
(udx + vdy) =

ds =
V

(5.38)

()
nds = V
(ds k)
udy vdx = V
k ()

()
Residue Theorem5.32
I
dW
dz = 2ia1
dz

(5.39)

(a1 dW/dz z = 0 )
a1

2ia1 =

a1 = i

(5.40)

5.32 Blasius
i

Fx iFy = |F | e

=i
2

I (

dW
dz

)2
dz

I (

)2
a1
a2
+ 2 + dz
z
z
(
)

i
2i(2a0 a1 ) = 2U e
i
(5.41)
2

= i
2

a0 +

Fx iFy = |F |ei = U ei(+/2)

(5.42)

5.3.

65

< 0 (Kutta-Joukovski)

Kutta() 1902 Joukovski 1906

|F |

|F | = U ,

=+

(5.43)

5.4:

|F | = U

(5.44)

L
D 0 (

L = U ,

D=0

(5.45)

() lift (drag)

dAlemberts paradox

5.5:

66

5.32 a0 , a1 5.355.40

dW
1
= U ei i
dz
2 z

(5.46)

ln z
(5.47)
2
1 2 1
W = U ei z i

(bound vortex)

67

6.1

2 stagantion point
2

b_

b_
=0

b_

b_
=
6.1:

adverse

pressure gradient

z=+

a2

(6.1)

68

a
z

u iv =

dW
d
dz
d

dW
=
dz

(6.2)

(parameter)
W ()

W () = U ( 0 )ei + U

0
a2 ei
i
ln
0
2
a

(6.3)

1 2 2 3 0
0 = 0
2

u iv =

U ei U ei a 2 i 2

a2
2

(6.4)

= a z z = 2a (
0 (singularity)
0 ( Kutta , Kutta condition )

U ei U ei i

=0
2a

(6.5)

= 4U a sin

(6.6)

(clockwise)

6.2

(trailing edge)

(6.4) 0/0 (L H opital s rule)

2U ei a2 13 +

i 1
2 2

2a2
3

(6.7)

(6.6) a

u iv = U cos

(6.8)

6.3.

69
u= U
cos
z=-2a

z=2a

6.2:

u = U cos ,

v=0

(6.9)

U cos 0

6.46.6

u=U

cos(/2 )
,
cos(/2)

x = 2a cos

(6.10)

0 2

Cp = 1

cos2 (/2 )
,
cos2 /2

x = 2a cos

(6.11)

()

6.3

5.45

L = U

(6.12)

(6.6) L

L = 4U 2 a sin

(6.13)

CL

CL

L
1
2
2 U (4a

1)

= 2 sin

(6.14)

sin

CL 2

(6.15)

70

CL (6.14)

CL

dCL
= 2 cos
d

(6.16)

CL 2

(6.17)

6.4

z = 0

M = 2

n2 1 2 2
U a sin 2
3

(6.18)

n = 2

M = 2U 2 a2 sin 2

(6.19)

() (6.18)
CM

CM

M
1
2
2
2 U (4a)

1
= sin 2
4

(6.20)

(
4a

L
U

z=-2a

xL

z=2a

6.3:

6.136.19

xL L cos = |M |

xL = a

(6.21)

6.5.

71

xL
C = 4a center of pressure

xcp =

1
C
4

(6.22)

(C) 1/4
(1/4)C aerodynamic center
(1/4)C

6.5

(at plate airfoil) (circular arc airfoil)

(camber eect) (

z=+

a2

(6.23)

w() = U ( 0 )ei + U b2

ei

0
i
ln
0
2
b

(6.24)

a b b

a = b cos

(6.25)

( 4.25 ) 0 f

0 = if

(6.26)

( 4.6 )

6.4:

= 4bU sin( + )

(6.27)

72

L = U = 4bU 2 sin( + )

(6.28)

sin 4aU 2
b/a sin 0
0 =
CL

CL =

L
= 2(b/a) sin( + ) = 2(sin + cos tan )
(1/2)U 2 (4a 1)

(6.29)

CL 2( + tan )

(6.30)

1, 1

CL 2( + )

(6.31)

(dCL /d)

dCL
b
= 2 cos( + ) = 2(cos sin tan )
d
a

dCL
2(1 tan )
d
1, 1

(6.32)

(6.33)

dCL
2(1 ) 2
(6.34)
d
2

M ()

M = 2a2 U 2 sin 2 + 4f bU 2 sin sin( + )

(6.35)

1
CM

CM =

M
sin 2 f b
=
+ 2 sin sin( + )
(1/2)U 2 (4a)2
4
2 a

(6.36)

x = 0 xL

xL =

a2
sin
sin
|M |
=

f
L cos
b sin( + )
cos

(6.37)

= 0b = a xL = a xcp = C/4

() 1, 1
)

73

7.1

2 =

2 2
+
=0
x2
y 2

(7.1)

=
V

(7.2)

V = V + q

7.1:

(x, y) = V
+ q(x, y)
V

(7.3)

q
V
U (x, y) = V cos + u(x, y),

V (x, y) = V sin + v(x, y)

(7.4)

q = ,

u(x, y) =

, v(x, y) =
x
y

(7.5)

+
= V

(7.6)

74

= (xV cos + yV sin ) +

(7.7)

7.1

2 =

7.2

2 2
+ 2 =0
x2
y

(7.8)

F = 0

(7.9)

F (x, y) = 0

(7.10)

= V

(7.11)

+ ) F = 0
(V

(7.12)

(7.13)

7.12

(V cos + u)

F
F
+ (V sin + v)
=0
x
y

(7.14)

y = u (x) : ,

y = l (x) :

(7.15)

y = (x)

(7.16)

(x) y = 0

(7.17)

F = (x) y

(7.18)

7.2.

75

F =0

(7.19)

F x y

d
F
=
,
x
dx

F
= 1
y

(7.20)

7.14y v

v = (V cos + u)

d
V sin
dx

(7.21)

u U , v U
F
F
|
||
|
x
y
V cos V , V sin V

(7.22)
(7.23)
(7.24)

F
d
=u
1
x
dx

(7.25)

v(x, (x)) = V

d
V ,
dx

0xl

(7.26)

()

()

v(x, (x)) x
y = 0

(
v(x, (x)) = v(x, 0) +

v
y

)
(x) +
x,0

(7.27)

76

v O(), O() 2 (2 )
O()

v(x, (x)) v(x, 0)

(7.28)

7.26

v(x, 0) = V

d
V
dx

(7.29)

v(x, +0) =
v(x, 0) =

du
V ()
dx
dl
V
V ()
dx
V

(7.30)
(7.31)

7.29 1 , 2
(
)
1
d
2 1 = 0;
= V
(7.32)
y x,0
dx
(
)
2
2
2 = 0;
= V
(7.33)
y x,0
7.327.33

1. A 0
2. B:

1. A
(mean camber function)

c =

1
(u + l )
2

(7.34)

(thickness function)

t =

1
(u l )
2

(7.35)

u = c + t ,

1
y
1
y

(
= V

x,+0

(
= V

x,0

l = c t

dc
dt
+
dx
dx
dc
dt

dx
dx

(7.36)

)
at y = +0

(7.37)

at y = 0

(7.38)

7.3.

77
(

1
y

(
= V

x,0

dc
dt

dx
dx

)
(7.39)

1. 0
2. camber 0
3.

2 3

1. 0
2.

superimpose
3

7.3

p
(
)
2
V2
p = p + V
1 2
2
V

(7.40)

Cp

p p
2
(1/2)V

7.40

Cp = 1

(7.41)

V2
2
V

(7.42)

+ q) (V
+ q)
V 2 = (V

(7.43)

q
V
= (V cos , V sin ),
V

q = (u, v)

(7.44)

78

2
7.43 V

V
V

)2

(
=1+2

) (
)2 (
)2
u
v
u
v
cos +
sin +
+
V
V
V
V

(7.45)

cos 1, sin ,

(7.46)

2
(u2 + v 2 )/V
2 7.45

V
V

)2

(
=1+2

u
v
+

V
V

)
1+2

u
V

(7.47)

2 7.40

p = p V u

(7.48)

Cp

Cp =

p p
u
= 2
2
(1/2)V
V

(7.49)

Cp u
(superpose
superimpose)

7.4

2 = 0

(7.50)

v(x, 0) =

dt

(x, 0) = V
y
dx

for

0xl

(7.51)

= 0

(7.52)

v(x, +0) = v(x, 0)

(7.53)

7.4.

79

x

l
1
(x, y) =
() ln[(x )2 + y 2 ]1/2 d
2 0

(7.54)

y
(x,y)

P(x,y)

r
()

( ,0 )

7.2:

x y u = /x, v = /y
l
1
x
u(x, y) =
()
d
2 0
(x )2 + y 2
l
1
y
v(x, y) =
()
d
2 0
(x )2 + y 2

(7.55)
(7.56)

() v
[
]
l
1
y
dt
v(x, 0) = lim
()
d = V
y0 2 0
(x )2 + y 2
dx

(7.57)

= x 0 = x ()
) = x

1
v = lim
y0 2

x+

()
x

y
(x)
d =
2
2
(x ) + y
2

(7.58)

dt
dx

(7.59)

7.577.58

(x) = 2v(x, +0) = 2V

80

7.547.557.56

(x, y)
u(x, y)
v(x, y)

l
0

dt
ln[(x )2 + y 2 ]1/2 d
dx

(7.60)

dt
x
d
dx (x )2 + y 2

(7.61)

dt
y
d
dx (x )2 + y 2

(7.62)

7.58

= x
x+
x+
x
y
y
y
A=
d (x)
d = 2(x)
d
()
2
2
2
2
2
2
(x ) + y
x
x (x ) + y
x (x ) + y
(7.63)

x
x
y
1
y
B=
d = 2
d
(7.64)
2 + y2
(x

)
y
1
+
{(x
)/y}2
x
x
(x )/y = t

B=

y
y2

/y

dt = tan1
2
1+t
y

7.63

A = 2(x) tan1
y 0

A = 2(x)

1
lim
y0 2

= (x)
2

(7.65)

(7.66)

(7.67)

y
(x)
d =
(x )2 + y 2
2

(7.68)

Cp (x, y) = 2

u(x, y)
V

(7.69)

Cp (x, 0) = 2

u(x, 0)
V

(7.70)

()
0

Cp

7.4.

81

7.61u(x, 0)

V
u(x, 0) =

l
0

dt
1
()
d
dx
x

(7.71)

= x singularity

l/2
x=0

x=l/2

x=l

7.3:

u(x, 0) dt /dx

x=

l
(1 + cos )
2

l
(1 + cos )
2

(7.72)

0 0 , x

x =

l
l
(cos cos ), d = sin d
2
2

7.71

u() =

dt
sin
()
d
dx
cos cos

(7.73)

(7.74)

7.74 (Poissons integral formula)

dt /dx() odd function

dt
() =
An sin n
dx
n=1

An

2 dt
An =
() sin nd
0 dx

(n = 1, 2, )

(7.75)

(7.76)

7.74u()/V
conjugate Fourier series)

u()
=
An cos n
V
n=1

(7.77)

82

dt
dx
>0
<0

7.4:

[] 7.757.74
7.1077.77
[]
u Cp

Cp =

2u()
= 2
An cos n
V
n=1

(7.78)

Cp cos

R = 2m 2

7.5

= 0

dc
v(x, 0) =
(x, 0) = V
y
dx
= 0 for |r|

(7.79)
for 0 x l

(7.80)
(7.81)

Kutta condition

u = /x, v = /y

7.5.

83

y
(x,y)

P(x,y)

r
()

( ,0 )

7.5:

(x, y) =

() tan1

1
=
x
2

u(x, y) =

()
0

1
=
y
2

v(x, y) =

y
d
x

y
d
(x )2 + y 2

()
0

x
d
(x )2 + y 2

(7.82)
(7.83)
(7.84)

Cp

Cp (x, 0) = 2
u(x, 0)

1
u(x, 0) = lim
y0 2

u(x, 0)
V

()
0

y
d
(x )2 + y 2

(7.85)

(7.86)

7.58

u(x, 0) =

(x)
2

(7.87)

7.877.85

Cp (x, 0) =

(x)
V

(7.88)

84

7.5.1

l
L=
[p(x, 0) p(x, +0)]dx

(7.89)

p Cp

2
L = V
2

[Cp (x, 0) Cp (x, +0)]dx

(7.90)

(7.88)

L = V

(x)dx

(7.91)

(x)dx =

(7.92)

L = V (x)

(7.93)

(7.91)

circulation

(7.91)

2 1
L
=
CL =
2S
(1/2)V
V l

(x)dx

(7.94)

S S = l 1 CL
(7.90)

1
l

CL =

[Cp (x, 0) Cp (x, +0)]dx

(7.95)

7.5.2

l
M =
[p(x, +0) p(x, 0)]xdx
0

1 2
V
2

(7.96)

(Cp (x, +0) Cp (x, 0))xdx

(7.97)

(x)xdx

(7.98)

= V
0

7.5.

85

CM =

M
2 1
=
2 Sl
(1/2)V
V l2

(x)xdx

(7.99)

S S = l 1
l
CM
7.97

CM =

1
l2

[Cp (x, +0) Cp (x, 0)]xdx

(7.100)

7.5.3

(x) y v
7.807.84

v(x, 0) = lim

y0

l
0

]
x
dc
()
d = V
(x )2 + y 2
dx

(7.101)

0 x l

y 0
1

()
0

1
dc
d = V
x
dx

(7.102)

Cauchy (principal value)

Kutta

(x = l) = 0

(7.103)

7.1027.103
l
d
I=
()
x
0

(7.104)

x=

l
(1 + cos ),
2

7.104

I=

()
0

l
(1 + cos )
2

sin
d
cos cos

(7.105)

(7.106)

86

cos n
sin n
d =
(n = 0, 1, 2, )
(7.107)
cos

cos

sin
0
n = 0

d
=0
cos cos

(7.108)

7.106

() =

K
,
sin

K
(x) =
2 (x/l)(1 x/l)

(7.109)

I 7.109
7.102

1 ()
sin
dc
d =
()
0 2V cos cos
dx

(7.110)

x
(7.110) /2V dc /dx
Cinjugate Fourier Series

dc /dx

dc
B0
() =
+
Bn cos n
dx
2
n=1
Bn

Bn =

dc
cos nd
dx

(n = 0, 1, 2, )

(7.111)

(7.112)

7.1117.110

()
sin
B0
d =
+
Bn cos n
2V cos cos
2
n=1

(7.113)

7.113

() = 1 () + 2 () +

K
sin

(7.114)

1 ()

1 ()
sin
d =
Bn cos n
2V cos cos
1

2 ()

1 2 ()
B0
sin
d =
0 2V cos cos
2

(7.115)

(7.116)

7.5.

87

1 ()
1 () = 2V

Bn sin n

(7.117)

n=1

1 sin n 7.115

sin n
sin
d
2V cos cos

(7.118)

1
sin n sin = (cos(n + 1) cos(n 1))
2

(7.119)

7.118
{
}

1
cos(n + 1)
cos(n 1)
d
d
4V
0 cos cos
0 cos cos
7.107
{
}
1
sin(n + 1)
sin(n 1)

4V
sin
sin
1
{sin(n + 1) sin(n 1)}
=
4V sin
1
{2 cos n sin }
=
4V sin
cos n
=
2V

(7.120)

(7.121)

1 7.117 2V Bn
7.115

7.107n = 1

cos
d = or
0 cos cos

cos
d = 1
cos cos

(7.122)

7.116

2 () = V B0

cos
sin

(7.123)

()

() = 2V

V B0
Bn sin n +
sin

K
+ cos
V B0

)
(7.124)

88

K ( = 0) = 0

K = V B0

(7.125)

(
() = 2V

B0 1 cos
+
Bn sin n
2
sin
n=1

)
(7.126)

()Bn Bn 7.112

Cp

]
[

()
B0 1 cos
+
Bn sin n
Cp () = Cp [x(), 0] =
= 2
V
2
sin
n=1

(7.127)

7.947.99

1
CL =
() sin d
V 0

1
()(1 + cos ) sin d
CM =
2V 0

(7.128)
(7.129)

7.1267.1287.129

CL
CM

= (B0 + B1 )

= B0 + B1 + B2 = (B0 + B1 ) + (B1 + B2 )
4
2
4
4
4

(7.130)
(7.131)

CM =

CL

+ (B1 + B2 )
4
4

(7.132)

1/4
B1 + B2 = 0
1/4C 2 /4 (B1 + B2 ) Cmac
Xmac = C/4 Xcp

Xcp =

B1 + B2
C

4
4 CL

(7.133)

7.6.

7.6

89

= 0

=
(x, 0) = V
y
= 0 at innity

v(x, 0)

(7.134)
(0 x l)

(7.135)
(7.136)

/x /y

(x) 7.102
v(x, 0) =

1
2

()
0

d
= V
x

(7.137)

(x = l) = 0

(7.138)

x=

l
(1 + cos )
2

(7.139)

sin
d = 2V
cos cos

(7.140)

l
(1 + cos ),
2

()
0

sin
()

d =
2V cos cos

(7.141)

(7.107)

() = 2V

1
(K + cos )
sin

(7.142)

x = l( = 0) sin = 0
0

K = 1

(7.143)

( = 0) = 0

() = 2V

cos 1
sin

(7.144)

Cp

Cp () = 2

1 cos
= 2 tan(/2)
sin

(7.145)

90

CL
CM

1
V

1
2V

() sin d = 2

CL

()(1 + cos ) sin d = =

2
4
0

(7.146)
(7.147)

1/4

xcp xac Cl Cmac

xcp = xac

Cmac
Cl

(7.148)

[]
(aerodynamic center)

(CL ) (CD )
Cmac 0
trim

7.7

d
dc
dt
=

dx
dx
dx

(7.149)

d
dc
dt
() =
()
()
dx
dx
dx

(7.150)

d
B0
() =
+
Bn cos n
An sin n
dx
2
n=1
n=1

(7.151)

An , Bn

An

Bn

2 0

2 0

d
() sin nd (n = 1, 2, )
dx
d
() cos nd (n = 0, 1, 2, )
dx

(7.152)
(7.153)

7.7.

91

[(
]
)

B0

Bn sin n
An cos n
Cp = 2
tan
2
2
n=1

(7.154)

n=1

(
)
B0 + B1
CL = 2 (B0 + B1 ) = 2
2

(7.155)

dCL
= 2
d

(7.156)

1. An
2. 0 0 0
0 =

B0 + B1
2

(7.157)

1
CL

CM = [2 (B0 + B1 )] + (B1 + B2 ) =
+ (B1 + B2 )
4
4
4
4

(7.158)

CL

1/4
1/4
CM =

(B1 + B2 )
4

(7.159)

CM

dCM
<0
d

(7.160)

7.6 CM = 0 ( = e )
> e

92

trim point

7.6:

CM < 0
< e CM > 0

CL (7.160)

CL

dCM
<0
dCL

(7.161)

: 3 (CL )
(CL = dCL /d

2 CL = 2 3 3
CL

CL =
2+
AR =

2AR
(
2 2
4 + (AR)
1+
2

tan2 max,t
2

(7.162)

1 M 2 max,t

Cl
2/

(7.163)

Cl 2 = 0.95 1.0

(CL ) 3
Cn Cn > 0

Cn < 0

93

2
3 rectangular wing
tapered wingswept wing (delta wing)
(sweep)

(Span)

(Chord length)

8.1: (MAC)

8.1

3 Aspect Ratio

b2
(8.1)
S
S b spanS = b c
AR =

b
c
c chord length
AR =

(8.2)

94

() (Bombardier) Dash8(Q400) AR=12.8

Cessna 172) AR = 7.3B747 AR = 7 F15 AR = 3
ASW-19B AR = 20.4
mean chord

c=

b
AR

(8.3)

Cr

Ct

MAC

Cr

Ct

8.2: (MAC)

(MAC:

Mean Aerodynamic Chord) ( 8.2 ) (rootchord :

Cr ) (tipchord) (Ct ) A
B AB
C C (MAC)

B747 MAC=8.3m

8.2

(nite wing theory) Prandtl(1918)

(b/2) = 0 L
(y ) y = 0

8.2.

95

trailing vortex sheet
Lanchester(189718681946)

trailing vortex sheet Prandtl

Prandtl rolling up

bound vortex sheet

(p = pu pl = 0)
free vortex sheet

(p = 0)

gqQV[

p0

p=0

gqQV[g

8.3:

a single bound vortex linelifting line

lifting line theory

q q V

V

V

96

downwash velocity, w w

R resultant velocity

R
V

R = V
+ w
V

(8.4)

(y)

w (y)
8.4:

w y

w
R
V

= w(y)

(8.5)

R (y) = V
w(y)k
= V

(8.6)

k z x
z

R
y = y (y) V

Prandtl
dy
Kutta-Joukovski

R (y) j(y)dy
F (y) = V
j y

(8.7)

8.2.

97

V
R y
V
(zero lift line)

(y) = K(y)VR (y)R (y)

(8.8)

R (y)
R (y) y = y V
K

[
]
1
1 dCL
(y) c(y) = a0 (y)c(y)
K(y) =
2 dR
2

(8.9)

c(y) a0 (y) (lift slope)

1
= 4U a sin U c = 2U c
2

(8.10)

c = 4a CL = 2

1 dCL
U c
2 d

(8.11)

R (y) = (y) i (y)

(8.12)

(y) : V
R V
induced angle of attack
i (y) : V

i = tan1

w(y)
V

(8.13)

w(y) V
i =

w(y)
V

(8.14)

R (y) = (y)

w(y)
V

(
)
w
1
(y) = a0 (y)c(y)VR (y)
2
V

Prandtl

(8.15)

(8.16)

98

w(y) (y) x

dy x y
w(y) =

1
4

b/2
b/2

()
d
y

(8.17)

2 4 ( x )
(0 x )
(y)

(y) =

d
dy

(8.18)

y d/dy < 0 (8.18) 8.17

w(y) =

1
4

b/2
b/2

d(y)
1
()
d
dy
y

(8.19)

w > 0 z w(y) (y)

(y) w(y) 8.15R (y)

11) 8.88.158.19
[

1
(y) = K(y)VR (y) (y)
4V

b/2
b/2

1
d(y)
()
d
dy
y

w(y) V VR V
[
]
b/2
1
d(y)
1
(y) K(y) V (y)
()
d
4 b/2 dy
y

]
(8.20)

(8.21)

8.9

1
a0 (y)C(y)
(8.22)
2
8.21(y) Prandtl
K(y) =

(
)
( )
b
b

=
=0
2
2

8.3

(8.23)

(aerodynamic force) 3
(Lift) (Drag)

8.3.

99

(y)

-b/2

b/2

8.5:

Di

i
VR

8.6:

L V y
D V
5
downwash VR
F VR Di (induced drag)

() (8.19) downwash
winglet
737 85% winglet
5 7%

()

100

8.3.1

L(y) =
Di (y) =

F (y) cos i F (y)

(8.24)

F (y) sin i F (y)i (y) i L(y)

(8.25)

8.7

L(y)
Di (y)

F (y) = VR dy V dy

(8.26)

(8.27)

i L = V i dy = wdy

b/2
L = V
(y)dy

Di

b/2

b/2

=
b/2

i (y)L(y) = V

b/2

b/2

i (y)(y)dy =

(8.28)

b/2

w(y)(y)dy

(8.29)

b/2

(y) L D

induced drag
downwash

8.3.2

b/2

=
M
yj (iDi + kL) = k
b/2

b/2

b/2

yDi + i

b/2

yL

(8.30)

b/2

x () rolling moment

MR =

b/2

b/2

yL = V

b/2

(y)ydy

z yawing moment
b/2
b/2
My =
yDi =
w(y)(y)ydy
b/2

(8.31)

b/2

(8.32)

b/2

(y) MR
My
(8.31) MR > 0

8.4.

101

(8.32)

body axis coordinates (x, y, z)

x (longitudinal axis)
y (lateral axis)
z vertical axis

x y x
y (pitching moment)z

wind axis coordinates(xw , yw , zw ) xw

zw yw
xw zw

8.4

(y)

(y) = 0

1 (2y/b)2

or

y2
2 (y)
+
=1
20
(b/2)2

(8.33)

w 8.19

0
w(y) = 2
b

b/2

b/2

2
b

)2 ]1/2

d
y

(8.34)

= y

y=

b
cos ,
2

b
cos
2

b/2 y b/2 = 0 8.34

0
cos
w() =
d
2b 0 cos cos

(8.35)

(8.36)

(7.107) w

w(y) =

0
= const.
2b

(8.37)

102
downwash
i

w
8.27

Di (y) = w(y)(y)dy =

0
(y)y
2b

(8.38)

Di

Di =

b/2

w(y)(y)dy =
b/2

0
2b

b/2

(y)dy

(8.39)

b/2

b/2

(y)dy

L = V

(8.40)

b/2

(8.39)

Di =

0
L
2bV

(8.41)

i = w/V

Di = i L

(8.42)

b/2

(y)dy =
b/2

b0
4

(8.43)

(8.40)

V 0 b
4

L=

(8.44)

(8.41)

Di =

L2
2 b2
(/2)V

(8.45)

L Di

Di

b/2

V 0 b
4
b/2
w
0 L

L=
= 20
V
2b V
8

L = V

dy =

(8.46)
(8.47)

8.4.

103

CL

CDi

L
b 0
=
2S
(1/2)V
2 S V
(
)2

0
1S 2
1 CL2
Di
=
=
C
=
2S
(1/2)V
4S V
b2 L
AR

(8.48)
(8.49)

AR = b2 /S S (plan form area of

wing) B747
7
CL CD polar diagram)

CL =

ARCDi

(8.50)

CD = CD0 +

CL2
eAR

(8.51)

CD0 0 e Osswald

eciency factor 0.8

[] w
0
2b

(8.52)

V 0 b
4

(8.53)

4L
2V b2

(8.54)

w=
L

L=
0

w=

4L
w
=
2 b2
V
2V

(8.55)

2
L
(1/2)V
S
4
w
=

2
2 b2
V
(1/2)V S
1
2V

(8.56)

w
S
CL
= CL 2 =
V
b
AR

(8.57)

AR AR = b2 /S

104
()

b/2 b/2

d ddy
Di =
(y)
4 b/2 b/2
d y

(8.58)

y=

b
cos
2

(8.59)

(y) = U b

An sin n

(8.60)

n=1

()

b
cos
2

() = U b
An sin n
=

(8.61)
(8.62)

n=1

d/d

d d
d
=
=
d
d d

d
d
d
d

U b

n=1 An n cos n
(b/2) sin

(8.63)

8.598.61

d = (b/2) sin d
dy = (b/2) sin d
y = (b/2)(cos cos )

(8.64)

b/2 y b/2 0
b/2 b/2 0

(8.65)
(8.66)

8.58

2 2
U
b
cos n
Di =
dd
Am sin m sin
An n
4
cos
cos
0
0
m=1

(8.67)

n=1

(7.107)

0

cos n
sin n
d = ()
cos cos
sin

(8.68)

8.5.

105

Di =

2 2
2 2
U
b
U
b
nA2n
sin2 nd =
nA2n
4 n=1
8
0
n=1

(8.69)

n = 1 8.33
8.59

(y) = 0 sin

(8.70)

n = 1 n 2 Di

() GA(Genetic Algorithm)

8.5

8.21

(y) =

1
a0 (y)C(y) [V (y) w(y)]
2

(8.71)

C(y) a0 (y) (y) (y)

(y)

(y) = 0

1 (2y/b)2 =

[
]
1
0
a0 (y)C(y) V (y)
2
2b

(8.72)

a0 (y), C(y), (y)

(geometrical angle of

attack) a0 (y), (y)

8.72C(y)

0 1 (2y/b)2
(y)
=
(8.73)
C(y) =
(1/2)a0 (y) [V (y) (0 /2b)]
(1/2)a0 (y) [V (y) (0 /2b)]

C(y) = const (y)

(8.74)

const 0 , V , , b, a0

untwisted) C(y) elliptic

wing
(
(

106

35 40%
(Hermann Glauert 1926)

8.6

(x = xw ) x :
y z
L D
K.Kusunose

K.Kusunose: A Wake Integration Method for Airplane Drag Prediction, Tohoku University Press,
2005.

8.7: (MAC)

8.6.1

w u
2
2
L = U
ydydz U
(1 M
)
dydz
U
w
w U

w
w
2
2 P
sdydz M
Hdydz + O(3 )
+M
R
w U
w U

(8.75)
(8.76)

, U y x
( = w/y v/z)u = U U w s
H

w u
2
L = U
ydydz U
dydz + O(3 )
(8.77)
w
w U U

8.6.
()

8.6.2

107

D (y z )

D=

s
P
dydz +
R
w

dydz
2

P
2

s
R

)2
dydz

(8.78)

2 2
+
=
y 2
z 2

(8.79)

x (
= rotv
(8.78) 1 (prole drag) 2 (induced drag) 3