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    this document is a useful text in tilting pad bearing that can help anyone who interested in rotordynamics of turbomachinery systems.

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    this document is a useful text in tilting pad bearing that can help anyone who interested in rotordynamics of turbomachinery systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    23 views16 pages

    T23179 194

    Uploaded by

    mohammadH7
    this document is a useful text in tilting pad bearing that can help anyone who interested in rotordynamics of turbomachinery systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16
    TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN by John C. Nicholas Chier ngineer Rotating Machinery Technology, Incorporated Wellsville, New York John Nicholas received his BS.A.E. de: _greefromthe UniversityofPinsburgh (1968) ‘and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Virginia(1977)inrotor and bearing dynam ; ‘cs Whileat Virginia, he authored thetiting F pad and pressure dam bearing computer Drograms that are used by many rotating ‘equipment vendors, users, and consultant Dr. Nicholas has worked in the turboma- chinery industry for the ast 17 years inthe rotor and bearing dynamics areas, includ ing five years at Ingersoll-Rand and five years as the Supervisor of the Rotordynamies Group at Dresser- Rand. Currently, Dr. Nichola is part owner and Chief Engineer for Rotating Machinery Technology, Incorporated, a company that ‘manufactures high performance tilting pad journal and thrust bear ings, sleeve bearings, and sealsfor the rotating equipment industry Jor the last six years. Dr. Nicholas, « member of ASME, STLE, and the Vibration Insitute, has authored 27 technical papers concerning tilt pad bearing dynamics, pressure dam bearings rotordynamics and sup or stfiness effects on ertical speeds. ABSTRACT ‘The basics of tilking pad bearing design are discussed 10 include limits of operation for load, speed, and metal tempera ture. Optimum temperature sensor focations are recommended for self aligning and nonaligning tilting pads. Tilting pad bear: ing geometric properties and their influence on bearing and rotordynamies are addressed including the advantages and dis- advantages of zero preloaded pads. Also, the advantages of increasing the pad axial length are shown, Example calculations are presented for the titing pad pivot film thickness which is necessary to determine if the top pads are Toaded or unloaded. Tilting pad statie shalt sink and clearance ‘measurement techniques are addressed. The equations to ealeu- Tate normal foree and break away torque are derived ineluding an ‘example calculation comparing a tilting pad bearing to a two axial groove bearing. Tilting pad bearing oil flow and tempera ture rise are ineluded along witha discussion of reduced temper- ature tilting pad designs. INTRODUCTION AAs the speeds of turbomachinery are increased in order to improve aerodynamic performance, bearing designsare siretched totheir limit and, in some eases, beyond. Itis becoming increas: ingly important forthe bearing designer to use every design tool possible to ensure that bearings will operate satisfactory for these high performance applications. To this end, many of the design considerations for high performance bearings are discussed in an effort to establish ipencral design guidelines for tilt pad bearing design. It must be 19 understood, however, that there are always exceptions to any’ rule. Therefore, the conclusions and recommendations are meant to be used as a starting point or guide for the bearing designer ing pad bearings JOURNAL BEARING LIMITS OF OPERATION A.two axial groove sleeve bearing is illustrated in Figure 1 supporting a vertically downward load with a displacement that is not directly downward, but at some attitude angle, with rotation from bottom dead center. This property of sleeve bear: ings is responsible for producing destabilizing eross coupling forces that cause oil whirl (exaetly 50 percent of synchronous speed vibration) andjor shaft whip (reexcitation of the rotor's first critical speed ata frequency that is less than 50 percent of synchronous speed). ECCENTRICITY RATIO. 8, ose S10 on ar viScOSITY 1 Figure 1. Two Axial Groove Bearing. This phenomena is most prevalent at high speeds andor light loads, For this eason, in addition toa high load design limit, a low load limit is also placed on sleeve bearings. Define the Dearing unit load as cH “ For sleeve bearings, suggested load design limits are 1, $200 psi @ 1, 2 100 pi % 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM Weally, a sleeve bearing should be designed between these limits. However, bearings with higher unit loads can operate without problems as long as care is taken to properly cool the beating, Tha is, unit loads above the design limit may require higher oil flows andor a reduced temperature design similar to those discussed in a later section "The lower load limit may be relaxed somewhat ita stabilized sleeve bearing design such as a pressure dam of multilobe bearing is used. ‘A journal surface veloeity limit should also be noted. Define the surface velocity as x) [NR (5) ( 2 ) o ‘The recommended journal surface velocity upper design limit is, U,$ 300 /5 6 Again, this limit may be exceeded, but care must be taken to properly cool the bearing, ‘Typical bearing clearances range from 1.S to 2.0 mils of digmetral clearance per inch of journal diameter. The 2.0 milfin rule is normally used at higher journal speeds (above 12,000 pm) with even higher values For very high speeds. Bearings run cooler as the clearance increases. Unfortunately, the bearings effective damping may decrease with increasing clearance caus. ing increased shaft vibration levels. This is particularly true for rotors that operate below their first bending critical speed such as gear driven double overhung twin pinion compressors used in air separation service, 'A sleeve bearings hydrodynamic circumferential pressure profile is shown in Figure 2 for a vertically downward journal Toad. Note that the maximum hydrodynamic pressure is. not located at bottom dead center (i.e. the journal load direction), bbut is clocked at some angle with rotation from vertically downward. Furthermore, the maximum film temperature is located very near the maximum pressure. Thus, embedded temperature sen- ON. Fe ¢,). Typical Rie PReLoAD=m=0 = PADRADIUS ——-Rp=Rb a OF CURVATURE ° Figure 14, Zero Preloaded Tilting Pad. es PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM preload values range from 0.2 10 0.6 (20 percent to 60 percent) ‘When a pad is preloaded, a converging film section exists and the pad will produce hydrodynamic forces even ifthe bearing load approaches zero. Figure 15, Preloaded Tilting Pad. ZERO PRELOAD ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, The biggest advantage of reducing the tilting pad preload to zero or near zero is illustrated in Figure 16 [3]. For ths tilt pad bearing example, as preload decreases, bearing damping in- ‘reases while bearing stiffness remains approximately constant. Both of these trends help in the bearing effective ing. This trend generally holds for a majority of turboma- ry applications. Effective damping isa measure of how much bearing damping Is effective in shaft vibration suppression. As effective damping increases, shat vibration decreases. Bearing stiffness has a big influence on the amount of effective damping that a bearing produces. Normally, as bearing damping increases, bearing stiffness inereases. ‘This tend can be seen from Figure 16. As bearing assembled clearance decreases fora constant preload, bearing stiffness and damping both increase. Even though bearing damping increases, the effective damping decreases because the corresponding increase in bearing slffness makes the bearing damping less effective. The increased bearing stiffness prohibits the shaft from moving in the bearing thereby reducing the effectiveness of the oil film produced damping. ‘The beneficial effect of decreasing preload for another tilting pad bearing example is illustrated in Figure 17 [4]. In this case, fas preload decreases from m = 0.6 10 m = 0.0, the bearing ‘damping increases while the bearing stiffness decreases. Again, both ofthese effects contribute to increasing effective damping. ‘The influence on rotor stability forthe bearings in Figure 17 say be seen in Figure 18 for an eight stage centrifugal compres- 0762 mm (30 i) 1016 mm (4.0 min) Fe 270mm (3.0 mi) 4 AxIAL_ compresson #1 Wes 21079 (4739 bs) Ns5800 Rem 41 PAD BETWEEN BEARINGS PRELOAD Figure 16. Tilting Pad Bearing Stiffness and Damping vs Pre- load and Bearing Clearance. Figure 17, Tilting Pad Beaving—Effect of Negative Preload and Unloaded Top Pads. sor [4]. As preload decreases from 0.6 to 0.0, the general tend is to stabilize the compressor (i., move the rotor bearing, ‘system from well within the unstable regime to well within the Stable area of large negative growth factor) Since this is typical of many rotor bearing systems, the temptation to decrease tlt pad preload to near zero to improve machine stability is strong. However, there are several major disadvantages to low preload pads, two of which can be seen in Figures 17 and 18, First, note the drastic decrease in horizontal stiffness and damping (K., and C.,) as the pad preload becomes negative in ‘TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 8s " Ptr] SF GROWTH FacroR (e 20} H 4 i i Re ve rats vosnen “or 8 STAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR We +2986 W (671 1) 513500 RPM 30 5 PAD ON BEARINGS 2 0635 mm (25 mis) Figure 18. Stability vs Preload—Effect of Top Pad Damping. Figure 1. The corresponding effect on stability can be seen ia Figure 18 where the system approaches the unstable regime for preload values less than -0.1. The problem is the tolerance range. If zero preload is desired, the tolerance range on the journal diameter, the pad radius of curvature and the assembled, bearing clearance can all contribute to producing a negative preload. ‘The second problem with light preload isthe loss of damping ‘when the top pads become unloaded (Figure 17). This condition is addressed in detail ina following section, The rotor bearing system is shown in Figure 18 reverting back into the unstable fegion after the preload is decreased sufficiently to unload the top pads, Top unloaded pads also flutter, since there does not exist a tlt angle at which the pad can seek equilibrium. Fluter- ing pads may cause rotor vibration PAD L/D RATIO Another powerful design parameter available othe tilting pad bearing designer is pad length-to-diameter ratio, LD. An exam- ple where increasing the pad L/D ratio increases bearing damp- Ing, but decreases bearing stiffness is shown in Figure 19 [3] Again, both changes contribute to the increase in effective damping, ‘OF course, itis usually more practical to increase the pad length as opposed to decreasing the journal diameter. For this reason, longer pad lengths have become more popular withthe bearing designers. The old standard pad L/D = 0.5 is often replaced by L/D ~ 0.75 or, in extreme eases, with L/D = 1.0. ‘The axial ength envelop is often restrictive, but if narrow oil i seals are designed correctly, larger pad lengths are often possible. Furthermore, as pad length increases, the pad becomes, ‘more susceptible to pad-to-shaft misalignment. Thus, a self aligning pivot should be used forthe larger L/D ratios. FE AXIAL COMPRESSOR # 1 We* 21079 N (€739 ibs) 4 r N=5500 RPM 4 PAD BETWEEN BEARINGS 4 PRELOAO Figure 19. Stiffness and Damping Vs Preload and Pad 1/D Ratio. PRELOAD AND UNLOADED PADS. In order to determine i a pad is unloaded fora given preload and eccentricity, the bearing oil film thickness atthe pad pivot ‘must be calculated. The pivot film thickness, his illustrated in Figure 20 for a single pad and Figure 21 for an assembled bearing. (=m) esing) 20) where pivor film thickness, dim ay bearing eccentricity ratio, dim a2) Tilting pads become unloaded when there no longer exists a converging film thickness between pad and shaft. This condition exists when th pivot film thickness becomes equal to or greater than the pad radial clearance. Thos, for an unloaded! pad, a ay A210 Seting = 1.0 and solving form, yields m- one «sy Tresing 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM }_ ATTITUDE ANGLE FIXED PAD Figure 20, Single Pad Pivor Film Thickness. Figure 21. Tilting Pad Bearing Pivot Film Thickness. “The preload is given in Equation 14 below which the tilting pad ‘becomes unloaded for a given bearing eccentricity rato, € Also, for f= 1.0 and for a given preload, the bearing eccentricity rao, e, can be calculated above which the tilting pad hecomes unloaded. e-o 15) Tom sing Cy Example I: Calculate the preload at which the top pads ofa five pad, load on pivot bearing become unloaded. Assume that the bearing is operating at a moderate eccentricity ratio of = 0:5, From Figure 21, fora five pad load on pivot bearing, for the top unloaded pads ne From Equation (14) O.ssinsae Tr0.5sin5e m= 029 ‘Thus, the top pads would become less than m = 0.29. loaded for preload values Example 2: Calculate the eccentricity ratioat which the top pads of a four pad, load between pivot bearing become unloaded, ‘Assume that the tilting pad preload is m = 0.3. Fora four pad load between pivot bearing, for the top unloaded pads = 135° 4s, rom Equation (15) sind c= 061 Thus, the top pads would become unloaded for bearing eccen Urcity values greater than & = 0.61 TILT PAD STATIC SHAFT SINK AND CLEARANCE MEASUREMENT For between pivot loading, the journal can sink between the pivots, due to pad tilt. The amouni of static shaft sink below the bearing center, S,, is given in (Figure 22) 8) (CENTERED JOURNAL MAXIMUM SHAFT MOVEMENT Figure 22. Tilting Pad Bearing Static Shaft Sink ‘One method of measuring clearances for tilting pad bearings is to use a mandrel with a dial indicator. After the bearing is ‘assembled around the mandrel, the bearing is pushed up against ‘one of the pads directly toward the pivot. The dial indicator is ‘zeroed and the bearing moved to between the opposite two pads, ‘The dial indicator reading willbe larger than the actual bearing, clearance due to static shaft sink, This method of clearance ‘measurement is employed for tilting pad bearings with an odd number of pads. For a four pad bearing, the clearance can be ‘TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 187 ‘measured from pad pivot to pad pivot directly without going between pads. From Figure 23, x= measured diametral clearance, in n= # of pads a x=6,0236) x= a2. «590% w® MANDREL AGAINST TOP PAD MANDREL AGAINST ——~| Figure 23. Tilting Pad Bearing Clearance Measurement NORMAL FORCE AND BREAKAWAY TORQUE ‘Two important parameters for bearing designers are normal force and breakaway torque. Normal force is the amount of the journal load thatthe babbitt actually experiences. This isimpor- tant for bearings with high unit loads and/or high operating oil temperatures. Breakaway torque, T, is the amount of torque necessary to turn the rotor after a prolonged down time. This calculation must bbe made to size turning gear motors. Define the following parameters W, = total rotor weight, Ibf W, W = 5! * W,, journal load, thf For & plain journal bearing or an axial groove bearing N,-W per bearing. as) Bw) pereaing eo) B caw) persotor en ‘The above equations may also be used for a load on pivot tilting pad bearing. However, for load between pads, the bearing, Toad is shared hy the bottom 2 pads (Figure 22). ‘Thus, w Noo apa, rival @) From Equation (19), N, 23) For 4 and 5 pad load between pivot bearings: 8, ~ 36°, N= (0.62): N,, 5 pad between en 4 pad between es) 5°, N= 0.71) -Ny, Thus, there is + 38 peroent less abit loa, five pad between + 29 percent less babbitt load, four pad between ‘compared osteeve bearings. Clearly for bearings with high unit, loads, a five pad load between pivot bearing would provide lower babbitt loads compared to sleeve bearings or load on pivot tilt pad bearings. Reducing babbitt load will decrease the ten dency of a bearing to wipe at high loads and high babbitt temperatures, “These babbitt loads are nearly exact for startup calculations forall bearings. They ate also Tairly exact for plain journal, axial groove, and zero preloaded tilting pad bearings at operating, Speeds. The problem arises for sleeve bearings like the pressure ddam oF elliptical designs since, at operating speeds, the upper half produces additional hydrodynamic Toads on the bottom loaded pad, thereby increasing the actual perceived babbitt load. ‘The same scenario holds for preloaded tilting pad bearings, From Equation (22), fr tilting pad bearing with load be- toveen pads, per bearing 26) er rotor a7) coe, en and the break-away torque is Abw, + rotor (28) eos, ae Comparing Equation (21) to Equation (28) yields T, Ts oot, per rotor 29) For 4 and 5 pad load between pivot bearings: 36,1, 5 pad between 0) 1.24)-T, 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM p= (41) T, 4 pad between ap ‘Thus, there is + 24 percent more break away torque, five pad between + 41 percent more break away torque, four pad between ‘compared to sleeve bearings. Thus, it pad bearings may require larger turning gear motors Example 3: ine 250 Ib man can breakaway an axial compressor witha 10 bar, when the rotor ran on axial groove bearings. Why cannot the same man breakaway the rotor with a 10 far after a bearing retrofit to four pad tilting pad bearings with load be- ‘ween pivots? + W, = 16,000 Ib + D=80in 6.0 mils +e) = 5.0 mils First, check the static shaft sink for the four pad bearing to ensure that the journal isnot riding on the end seals. For a four pad bearing, 0, = 45 degrees, and from Equation (16) 60 cosa = 8.5 mils Recall that S, is the static journal sink below the journals centered position, The amount thatthe journal sinks below the pivot eircle is 8, 8.25 mils But, since S'< c', the jour Now calculate the breakaway torque. 1 dovs not ride on the end seals. Coeificient of friction: + 1) =0.2steol on babbitt with thin ol film + 11" 0.44 steel on dry babbitt Babbitt foad (Equations (19) and (22) N,, = 8,000 Ibf/bearing \, = 5,657 Ibfipivor Breakaway torque for 9 = 0.44 (Equations (21) and (28)) 172387 FIbe 1, = 3.319 FbE ‘Thus, witha 10 Far, the Force necessary to breakaway the rotor F,,=235 Ib F, = 332Ib TILTING PAD BEARING OIL FLOW One type of flow configuration used with tilting pad bearings. is illustrated in Figure 24. The oil is distributed around the bearing by a circumferential inlet groove at the housing outside diameter. The inlet orifices direct the oil between exch pad. Some oil then discharged through the end seals. The majority ‘of the oil leaves the bearing through large discharge holes at the top of the bearing housing. ‘ou nact casey ec p ou bnaay cas ‘ou sust ons Figure 24. Non-Pressui vd Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design. This flow configuration results in a nonpressurized housing with the flow restricted at inlet. The advantage of this setup is that most of the ol drains through the top of the bearing, into the ‘win circumferential drain grooves and directly into the drain cavity. Very litle oil leaks through the relatively tight clearance floating end seals, keeping oil leaks to a minimum. The disad- vantage is that hot oil produced by the lower loaded pads cannot exit directly, but must travel up through the bearing to the discharge holes. The most eommon type of flow configuration used with iting pad bearings is illustrated in Figure 25. All of the oil is dis- ‘charged through end seals with elatively open clearances which ean be fixed or floating. “This flow configuration results ina pressurized housing with the flow restricted at discharge. The advantage ofthis setup is, that the hot oil produced by the lower loaded pads can exit, directly through the end seal clearance. The disadvantage is that allthe oil exits along the shaft making oi singers andoil baffles, necessary to prevent oil leaks. ‘A flow configuration that combines the advantages discussed above for Figures 24 and 25 is shown in Figure 26. Now, relatively tight end seals restrict the drain flow through the end, seals minimizing oil leaks. The majority ofthe flow leaves the bearing through twin discharge holes between each set of pads Thus, most of the oil drains directly into the drain cavity. Flow calculations for tilting pad bearingsare relatively simple since the flow is essentially speed and eccentricity independent ‘The flow depends only on inlet orifices, discharge orifices, end seal clearances and, 10 a lesser extent, ol viscosity. ‘The flows through the weep holes and cil inet holes may be calculated from the orifice equation. The flow ofan incompress- ible fluid through an orifice [5, p.3-62}, is, ‘TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 19 Prentand Zi oust one | o a ial ce _._5 “a ‘ou muct ones Figure 25. Pressurized Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design. 2ae. a VE ‘Assuming the following typical values for the density of oil nd the flow coefficient through a short tube [5], page 3-70) 6,7 061 p= 8.0% 10 Ihr s*/in* Q=25a YAP gpm @) For n circular holes of diameter d ame a) = (19.64) ng? YAP gpm os For the nonpressurized housing configuration of Figure 24 where the flow is estricted on inlet, the housing pressure, P, = 00 and aP-P,-P,~P, 2-Q, - 19.68) -,45,7P, (pm a5 Example 4. Calculate the oil flow forthe tilting pad bearing of Figure 24 (nonpressurized housing) with the following flow configuration. 4, ~ 0.1875 in nes P,,~ 20 psig P, = 000 psig From Equation (35) with Q = 119.68)(5(0.1875) 120 Q= 15.4 gpm For the pressurized housing configuration of Figures 25 and 26 where the flow is restricted on discharge, the inet flow from Equation (34) becomes ap =P, -P, Q, = 19.64) -n,45,7P,,- P, gpm) 36) from equation (34), the oil flow through the discharge 19.64) -n2VP,-P, (gpm) With the drain pressure, P, = 0.0 pis, 9, = 19.64) -na24F, (gem) en ‘The oil out the end seals may be approximated from equal 2). = @5A,1AR, (gpm 68) Figure 26, Pressurized Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design with Oil Inlet Nozzles 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM ap,=P,-P,=P, 29) Dy) (a0) AFD + Substiuting (39) and (40) into (38) yields Q, = 19.68) +n, [(D+ey- Dy] RL term) 4D Thus, the total bearing oil flow, Q. is equal tthe ialet flow, in which must Be equal tothe total drain flow, Q, The drain flow isthe sum ofthe flow out ofthe end seals, Q lus the Flow outthe discharge holes, Q Q = = Q+Q, 2) ‘The steps necessary tosize the inlet holes and calculate the oil flow for tilt pad bearing with a pressurized housing are summarized below’ + Fora given end sal clearance and discharge hole size, pick 4 housing pressure + From Equations (37), (41), and (42), calculate the drain flow, Q, + From Equation (36), size d, for Q,, = Q, Example 5, Size the oil inlet holes for a tilting pad bearing with the pressurized housing design of Figure 26. The following parameters ate specified D=40in 6, = 0.008 in di 4, = 0.125 in First, pick a housing pressure. Typically, P, = 5.0 psig From Equations (37), (41), and (42),caleulate the drain flow. Q, From Equation (37), the flow out the discharge holes is (19.64)(10)00.1257 15 = 69 gpm From equation (41), the flow out the end seal clearances is Q, = (19.64)(2)| (4.0 +0.008)' - (4.0))] 5 Q = 56 apm From equation (42), the total drain flow is Q,=69+56 Rs va “| as.6as) 0-3) 4,~ 0.18 in ‘TEMPERATURE RISE ‘The bearing temperature rise, AT, is defined as the difference between the inlet temperature and the drain temperature aT+1,-7, °F a) ngs larger than D = 2.0 in, the heat loss due to ‘conduction and radiation may be neglected [6}. With a typical value for oil of é, = 3.5 (density = 7.0 slug/gal, specific heat = * °F) for light turbine oil (ISO 32) at about ay ation (44), as the flow increases, the temperature decreases as expected. Also, as AT andjor Q increase, the power loss increases. An ideal bearing design provides just enough oil flow to cool the bearing to just below the acceptable maximum babbitt temperature. Any additional oil would lower this maxi ‘mum temperature, but would inerease the power loss. Usually, bearings are designed with a maximum temperature ‘margin. Thats, the flow is inereased slightly above the required minimum so that the bearing operates ata temperature that is slightly below the maximum, REDUCED TEMPERATURE, TILTING PAD DESIGNS, With speeds andjor loads increasing, bearings often operate near oF above the maximum babbitt temperature limit. Inereas- the oll flow to further coo! the bearing produces exponential results. That is, 10 percent inerease inflow may produce a 10 percent decrease in temperature whereas a 20 percent flow increase would only result ina 12 percent temperature decrease, ‘Another approach is to make the cool inlet oil more effective in cooling the bearing. For tilting pad bearings, a substantial percentage of the hot oil is cartied over by the shaft from the trailing edge of one pad into the leading edge of the next pad (Figure 27). This carryover is of the order of 50 to 60 percent. ‘One way to more effectively cool the bearing is to reduce this, over. The less the carryover, the cooler the oll isasitenters the leading edge of each pad. ‘One method of reducing the carryover is 10 introduce cool inet oil directly into the pad leading edge as shown in Figure 28 [7]. This effectively blocks some ofthe hot oil carryover while it introduces more cooling oil into the pad, Another method isthe spray bar illustrated in Figure 29. Here, oil is distributed across the axial length of the pad by the spray bar. Again, this il spray blocks some ofthe hot oi carryoverand Increases the flow of cool inlet oil into the pads. ‘TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN wt Figure 28, Leading Edge Feed Groove Tilt Pad Bearing Design. An additional feature ofthis design isthe open inner end seals that allow the oil to exit the bearing directly. Additional dis charge holes are located in pairs between each set of pads. This discharge configuration allows the bearing to run ina complete ly evacuated housing which Further reduces the bearing temper- ature by eliminating entrapped hot oil [8] ‘Any of these directed lube features can be successful in lowering the bearings maximum operating temperature fr bea ‘ngs that are running hot. A conservative rule of thumb is about 10 percent temperature decrease. For bearings that are not running ho, the oil flow may be decreased whieh results in a power loss savings One disadvantage of an evacuated cavity (Figure 29) is that the bearings would not be able to operate as fong as a conven- tional bearing (Figures 24, 25, and 26), if there isa sudden loss of the oil supply. However, directed lube, evacuated cavity thrust bearing designs have been in service for many years Without apparent problems associated with sudden oil supply. loss. “Test results for two steam turbine tlt pad bearings are shown in Figures 30, 31, 32, and 33 comparing pad embedded thermo- Figure 29, Evacuated Housing Spray Bar Tilt Pad Bearing Design 4 ~ PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26) ‘A SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29) g B 8 & 8 8 EMBEDDED TC TEMPERATURE (DEG F) 19000 18000 00 ‘40006000 9000 0000 12000 4000 ROTOR SPEED (RPM) Figure 30. Spray Bar Vs Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera ture Comparison—Upstream Pad, Exhaust End. couple temperature readings (vs speed) for the pressurized hous- ing design of Figure 26 to the spray bar design of Figure 29, Exhaust end bearing data is shown in Figures 30 and 31, while results for the steam end bearing ae presented in Figures 32 and, 33. Note that the reduced pad temperatures for the spray bat ‘designs are of the order of 10 percent. Specifically, from Figure 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM. (0 PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26) 1m SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29) EMBEDDED TC TEMPERATURE (DEG F) wo E Hae “4000 6000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000 16000 ROTOR SPEED (RPM) Figure 31. Spray Bar Vs Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera: ture Comparison—Downstream Pad, Exhaust End. ‘A PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26) ‘A SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29) EMBEDDED TC TEMPERATURE (oE6 F) "40006009 $000 tooo e000 14000 16000 18000, ROTOR SPEED (RPM) Figure 32. Spray Bar Vs Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera ture Comparison—Upstream Pad, Steam End, 30 (the exhaust end upstream pad), the maximum TC reading is bout 235°F for the pressurized design compared to about 200°F for the spray bar design, Similar results are evident in Figures 31, 32, and 33, CONCLUSIONS ‘The major conclusions concerning tilting pad bearing design are summarized below. These conclusions and recommenda- = PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26) = SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29) - Zee i. KY po Feat "s000 6000 8000 0000 12000 000 ROTOR SPEED (RPM) Figure 33. Spray Bar Vs Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera ture Comparison—Downstream Pad, Steam End. wuts e000 ac00| tions ate meant to be general guidelines and may not hold forall rotor-bearing systems. Recommended limits of operation. + Bearing unit loading: L, < 200 psi + Journal surface speed: U, $ 300 ffs + Maximum metal temperature: 1, $ 188°F design (analytical predietion) ne §200°F test acceptance TT, 2 230°F alarm ,,, 2 250°F Geometric properties. + Pad pivot offset. Load capacity inereases as offset increases. + Pad preload. As preload decreases, effective damping increases there by increasing forced response attenuation and improving stability. As preload decreases, the top pads become unloaded, ‘beating damping decreases and the unloaded pads flutter. Negative preload should be avoided as horizontal sti: ess and damping decrease drastically as the preload becomes negative. + Pad length-to-diameter ratio. [As LD increases, the bearing effective damping in- creases, thereby increasing forced response attenuation and improving stabil Clearance measurement. + For a five pad tilt pad bearing, measuring the jourmal ‘movement from the center of one pad to between the adjacent ‘TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 195 two pads results in overestimating the be about 10 percent. ng clearance by Babbitt load. + Compared tosleeve bearings, there is 38 percent less babi, Toad fora five pad load between pivot bear + Compared tosleove bearings, there is29 percent less babbitt, load fora four pad load between pivot bearing Break away torgue + Compared tosleve bearings, there is 24 percent more break away tongue for a five pad load between pivot bearing, + Compared tosleove bearings, there is 1 percent more break away torque for a four pad load between pivot bearing. Reduced temperature designs + Test results show about a 10 pereent maximum metal tem- perature reduction for «spray bar design with an evacuated avily, compared to conventional pressrized housing desig. NOMENCLATURE aca (in?) seal atea (in?) ‘bearing diame, radial clearance (in) lt pad beasing diameteal, radia clearance (in) pau amet, radial clearance (in) nd sel diametal, radial elearance (i specific heat (BTU/(gal"F)) flow coeticient (aim) bearing damping (btn) dimensionless bearing damping (im) ‘eating damping Aibesfiny

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