Professional Documents
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H CH MINH
TRUNG TM CNG NGH T
GIO N MN HC
CU TO NG C T TRONG
NGI SON:
MC TIU MN HC
CHNG 1:
CHNG 2 :
CHNG 3 :
CHNG 4 :
H THNG BI TRN
CHNG 5 :
H THNG LM MT
CHNG 6 :
CHNG 7 :
H THNG IN NG C
1.2.1 ng c :
1.2.2 H thng truyn ng :
1.2.3 H thng in :
1.3 - GII THIU KHI QUT V NG C T TRONG
1.3.1 ng c t trong (CT
1.3.2 ng c v ng c
1.3.3 Cc thut ng v khi nim
1.3.4 Phn loi v u khuyt
1.3.5 Nguyn l hot ng ca
1.3.6 So snh u khuyt im c
3
CHNG 2: C CU PHT LC
CHNG 5: H THNG LM MT
CHNG 5 : H THNG LM MT
5.1 MC CH NGHA V PHN LOI
5.1.1 Mc ch_ ngha.
5.1.2 Phn loi
5.2 H THNG LM MT BNG NC
5.2.1 H thng lm mt
bng nc kiu bc hi
5.2.2 H thng lm mt
bng nc, kiu i lu t nhin
5.2.3 H thng lm mt
bng nc kiu tun hon cng bc
5.3 KT CU MT S B PHN CHNH CA HT LM MT BNG
NC
5.3.1 Kt lm mt
5.3.2 Bm nc
5.3.3 Ao nc
5.3.4 Van hng nhit
CHNG 7: H THNG IN NG C
CHNG 7 : H THNG IN NG C
7.1 H THNG KHI NG
7.1.1 Nhim v v s
h thng khi ng tiu biu
7.1.2 My khi ng
7.1.3 H thng h tr
khi ng cho ng c diesel
7.2 H THNG CUNG CP IN TRN T
7.2.1 Nhim v v yu
cu
7.2.2 S tng qut,
s cung cp in v phn b ti
7.2.3 My pht in
7.2.4 Mch in ca
my pht in
7.3 H THNG NH LA
10
hin nay.
Herry Ford
Model T Ford
2
1.2 CU TO CHUNG V T :
1.2.1 ng c :
ng c c th hot ng
c, tt. Th ngoi nhng kt cu v
mt c kh th n c my h thng sau :
- H thng cung cp nhin liu
- H thng nh la (i vi ng c
xng)
- H thng bi trn
- H thng lm mt
i vi xe chy Xng
i vi xe chy Du
1.2.1.2 H thng nh la :
i vi ng c xng th l
h thng nh la
i vi ng c Diesel th l
h thng bm cao p, kim phun
1.2.1.4 H thng lm mt :
1.2.2.1. B ly hp :
1.2.2.2. Hp s :
10
1.2.2.4. Cu ch ng b vi sai:
11
1.2.2.5. Sn xe :
12
13
1.2.2.7. H thng li :
14
15
1.2.2.9. Bnh xe :
16
1.2.3 H thng in :
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
30
31
Eugen Langen
2
1884, Alphonse Beau de Rochas (18151893) a mo ta nguyen ly cac chu trnh cua CT.
Ong cung a ra cac ieu kien nham at hieu suat
cc ai cua ong c ot trong nh :
* The tch xy lanh toi a ng vi be mat
bien toi thieu
* Toc o lam viec ln nhat co the at
* Tang t so nen toi a
* Ap suat toi a ke t luc bat au dan n
ong c
C nang
(dan ong
may cong tac)
ong c ot trong
ong c ot ngoai
Thap ( 15%)
Cao (25300C)
Cao ( 7000C)
3-5 giay
Nhieu gi
5. Lam mat
Dung t nc
Ton nhieu nc
6. Nhien lieu
ac tien
Re tien
10
D 2
Vh
S
4
oi vi ong c nhieu xylanh,
dung tch xy lanh cua ong c bang
ixVh (i la so xy lanh trong ong c
D 2
Vh
S i
4
11
Va = Vh + Vc
12
1.3.3.11 Ty so nen() :
La ty so gia the tch toan bo
xy lanh chia cho the tch buong chay.
Ty so nen ch ro the tch xy lanh b
giam i bao nhieu lan, tc la the tch
kh trong xy lanh b ep nho bao nhieu
lan khi piston i t CD len CT. Ty
so nen ky hieu la va c tnh
bang cong thc sau :
V a Vc Vh
Vh
1
Vc
Vc
Vc
13
14
15
b. Cach bo tr xy lanh
ong c mot hang xy lanh, ong c
ch V, ong c hnh sao, ong c
piston oi nh.
16
1.3.4.4 Theo phng phap hnh thanh hoa kh (hon hp nhien lieu va khong
kh):
6 Loc gio
7 ong gop hut
8 Ong gop thoat
9 Ong po
1 Bnh xang
2 ng dan nhien lieu
3 Loc xang
4 Bm xang
5 Bo che hoa kh
17
CUNG CO
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
u
ng
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel th
ng c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
18
19
ng c hai k l ng c m trong
1 chu trnh cng tc (gm 4 qu trnh: ht,
nn, n v x) c hon thnh trong 2 hnh
trnh piston hoc trong 1 vng quay ca ct my
(3600).
ng c hai k, c mi 1 vng quay
ct my (trc khuu) s c 1 ln ha kh chy v
gin n sinh cng. Ni cch khc, trong 2 hnh
trnh ln xung ca piston th c 1 hnh trnh
sinh cng.
1.3.5.1.2 Cu to ca ng c hai k :
1. Bugi
2. Np quy-lt
3. Xy lanh
4. Cch gi ta nhit
5. L np
6. L thot
7. Bnh gim thanh,
8. Piston
9. Thanh truyn
10. Ct my
11. Bnh
12. Ct-te
13. B ch ha kh
14. Bnh lc gi
15. Kha xng
16. Thng xng
2
1.3.5.1.3 c im ca ng c hai k:
1.3.5.1.4 Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c hai k
K th nht
Ha kh b nn c p sut v nhit
cao (T 280-3000C), p sut (p 8-15
atm(kG/cm2)) gp tia la in phng ra t bugi
lp tc bc chy rt nhanh. p lc ca kh chy
(mi cht cng tc) trong xy lanh tng vt ln
30-40 atm, y piston i xung CD,
Tm tt:
Ky th nhat, piston chay xuong
- Ep hoa kh cat-te
- Thoat kh chay
Th th nht
Th th hai
5
1.3.5.2 ng c t trong 4 k :
1.3.5.2.1 nh ngha ng c t trong 4 k (ng c 4 th):
L ng c m 1 chu k hon thnh trong 4
hnh trnh. Ni cch khc, piston phi chy ln/xung 4
ln, trc khuu quay 2 vng, trc cam quay 1 vng. Nh
vy, trong ng c 4 k sau 2 vng quay trc khuu (7200)
hoc 4 hnh trnh ca piston ch c 1 hnh trnh sinh
cng.
- Trong mi chu k/chu trnh cng tc ca ng
c t trong, ta thy xy ra 4 qu trnh lin tip nhau l:
np, nn, chy - dn n sinh cng v thi. Cc qu trnh
ny c lp i lp li mt cch tun hon (cc chu k)
trong xy lanh ng c v thi gian din tin ca chng l
nh nhau. V vy, ta c th ni chng c tnh chu k.
1.3.5.2.2 Cu to ca ng c t trong 4 k :
1. Cacte trn
2. Bnh rng trc cam
3. Thn xy lanh
4. Supape ht (np)
5. Bugi
6. Supape thot (x)
7. Quy lt (Culasse, Cylinder head)
8. Piston
9. Thanh truyn (Bielle, Connecting rod)
10. Trc khuu (Crankshaft)
11. Cacte di
Kt cu ca ng c xng 4 k
8
10
11
12
13
14
STT
ong c 4 ky
ong c 2 ky
- Chu trnh cong tac c thc hien trong 4 - Chu trnh cong tac c thc hien trong 2 hanh
hanh trnh cua piston (hay 2 vong quay truc trnh cua piston (hay 1 vong quay truc khuyu) trong
khuyu) trong o co 1 hanh trnh sinh cong
o co 1 hanh trnh sinh cong
- Mo men quay truc khuyu t ong eu, yeu - Mo men quay truc khuyu ong eu, yeu cau banh
cau banh a nang hn va co kch thc a nhe hn va co kch thc nho hn
ln hn
15
STT
ong c 4 ky
3.
ong c 2 ky
Ne Mex
ML e h kW en 8/10 hanh trnh i xuong cua piston).
,
716
2 4 ky
30
2 ky
Trong o:
- Tang chu trnh cong tac trong 1 n v thi gian
Pe :Ap suat co ch trung bnh
2 lan
(MN/m2)
- Ton that the tch lam viec (cong tac) xy lanh
n : so vong quay truc khuyu
- Chat lng nap thai xau hn
(vong/phut)
I : so xy lanh ong c
Vh : the tch cong tac cua xy
lanh (lt)
16
17
18
ong c xang
ong c Diesel
Ghi chu
- Cung va Q1, chu
trnh Otto co t cao hn.
Tuy nhien /c Diesel co
cao hn nen co t
cao hn /c xang
19
- Hon hp xang va KK
hnh thanh trong suot qua
trnh nap. Dung bo che
hoa kh e tao hon hp
cong tac
- Dung bm ga e ieu
chnh lng hon hp kh
nap
- Bm cap ap va kim
phun trong ong c
Diesel oi hoi cong
nghe che tao cao. Do
o, gia thanh ac hn
so vi bo CHK cua /c
xang
20
- Ty le A/F
- /c Diesel co the
chay vi hon hp rat
loang
- Ty le khong kh nhien
lieu khong ong eu
gia cac xy lanh
- Ty le khong kh
nhien lieu ong eu
hn
- Ty so nen
21
20-32%, do ong c co ty
so nen thap
25-45%, do ong c co
ty so nen cao
10
- Tang ap
- S dung nhieu va
rat thch hp
- /c tang ap co cong
suat ln hn so vi
ong c khong tang ap
cung kch thc
11
- Nhiet o va ap
suat cua kh thai
- Thap hn v ty so
gian n ln hn
22
12
- Khi ong
- De hn
13
- Tot v c bm cao
ap ieu khien
14
15
- ay tai: 285-380
- ay tai : 220-285
- t tai : tot hn nhieu
so vi /c xang
23
16
17
- Thap, re hn
- Cao hn, ac hn
18
- Cao
- Thap
19
- Tuoi tho
- Thap hn (v n cao)
- Cao hn (v thng
lam viec che o
tai thap hn nh
mc)
20
- Cac van e ve
chay cua nhien lieu
CHNG I : NG C T TRONG
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
25
26
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.1.1.2 Vt liu
- Thn my c th bng gang c,
hp kim nhm hoc uyara. ng
c c ln c th c thn my bng
thp tm dng kt cu hn.
Thn
my c
lin khi
2.1.1.3 Kt cu
6
Thn
my
kiu
thn
xylanh
hp trc
khuu
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- i vi ng c lm mt bng
nc hay bng dung dch (cht) lm mt,
xung quanh nng xylanh c cc o nc
(bng nc) l khong trng gia vch ngoi
nng xylanh vi v thn my, c dung
dch lm mt tun hon gii nhit cho
ng c.
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Thn my ca ng c lm mt bng gi
thng l thn my ri. V mt nguyn tc c
th dng gugiong ring r hay mt gugiong
ghp np v thn xylanh vi hp trc khuu.
Xylanh c th lm lin vi thn hoc lm ri
dng ng lt ri lp vo thn .
Thn my .c lm mt bng gi
Trc khuu t
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
+ Trc khuu treo. Hp trc khuu chia lm hai na, na di l cacte du . Thn my
hay ton b ng c c lp t trn cc gi . y l kiu ph bin cho ng c t, my
ko .
+ Trc khuu t. Hp trc khuu cng chia lm hai na, na di ng thi l b my
. Trc khuu v ton b thn my cng cc chi tit lp rp c t trn b my .
+ Trc khuu lun. Hp trc khuu nguyn khi, do khi lp rp trc khuu vo ng
c phi bng cch lun.
- Theo tnh trng chu lc kh th, ngi ta cn phn bit thn my theo cc dng sau :
+ Thn xylanh hay xylanh chu lc,(xylanh lin vi thn my ). Lc kh th tc dng
ln np xylanh, qua gugiong np my truyn xung thn xylanh.
+ V thn chu lc, (xylanh lm ri dng ng lt ri lp vo thn my). Lc kh th
truyn qua gugiong xung v thn, xy lanh hon ton khng chu lc kh th.
+ Gugiong chu lc, (thn xy lanh v hp trc khuu ri ). Lc kh th hon ton do
gugiong chu.
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Thn my l chi tit rt phc tp, trn b tr cc chi tit ca c cu trc khuu thanh
truyn, c cu phi kh, h thng lm mt .. nhng quan trng nht l xylanh ca ng c.
C th chia ra mt s loi xy lanh nh sau :
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.3.2.3 Vt liu
- Np xylanh ng c diesel lm mt
bng nc u c bng gang hp kim, dng
khun ct. Cn np xylanh ca ng c lm mt
bng gi thng ch to bng hp kim nhm dng
phng php c hoc phng php rn p (v
d: np xylanh ng c my bay).
- Np xylanh ng c xng thng dng
hp kim nhm, c u im l nh, tn nhit tt,
gim c kh nng kch n. Tuy nhin sc bn c
v nhit thp hn so vi np xylanh bng gang.
10
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.3.2.4 Kt cu
* Np xylanh ng c xng c kt cu ty thuc vo
kiu bung chy, s xupap, cch b tr xupap v bugi,
kiu lm mt (bng nc hay bng gi) cng nh kiu
b tr ng np v ng thi.
11
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
12
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
* Np xylanh ng c diesel so vi np
xylanh ca ng c xng ni chung phc tp
hn. Trn np xylanh phi b tr cc ng np,
thi, cm xupap ca c cu phi kh xupap treo,
ngoi ra cn rt nhiu chi tit nh vi phun,
bung chy ph, van kh nn, van gim p, bugi
sy
- Ni chung, kt cu np xylanh ty thuc
vo tng loi ng c c th, trc ht ph thuc
vo kiu hnh thnh kh hn hp ca ng c hay
kiu bung chy ca ng c.
- iu kin lm vic ca np xylanh ng
c diesel rt nng n, c th l nhit cao, p
sut ln. V vy, i vi ng c nhiu xylanh,
np xylanh c th lm ri cho tng xylanh hoc
chung cho mt vi xylanh tng cng
vng.
13
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
* Np xylanh ng c lm mt
bng gi: chu ng sut nhit ln
nht. Cng ging nh xylanh, np
xylanh u c lm ri v lp vi
hp trc khuu bng cc gugiong.
Trn np xylanh c cc gn tn
nhit vi chiu cao khong 14 20mm. Np xylanh c ch to
bng hp kim nhm.`
14
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
15
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
16
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.4.1.3 Vt liu ch to
+ Gang
+ Thp
+ Hp kim nhm
2.4.1.4 Kt cu
- thun li phn tch kt cu, c th
chia nhng piston thnh nhng phn nh
nh, u, thn v chn piston, mi phn
u c nhim v ring v nhng c im
kt cu ring.
+ nh piston. nh piston c nhim
v cng vi xylanh, np xylanh to thnh
bung chy. V mt kt cu c cc loi
nh piston sau:
17
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
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18
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
19
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
20
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
21
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
22
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
24
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
25
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.2.3 Vt liu ch to
- Cht piston thng c ch to t thp t cacbon v thp hp
kim c cc thnh phn hp kim nh crom, mnggan vi thnh phn
cacbon thp. tng cng cho b mt tng sc bn mi cht
c thm than, xianua ha, hoc ti cao tn v c mi bng.
2.2.2.4 Kt cu v cc kiu lp ghp
- a s cc cht piston c kt cu n gin nh dng tr rng. Cc
mi ghp gia cht piston v piston, thanh truyn theo h trc
m bo lp ghp d dng. Trong thc t c ba kiu lp ghp sau :
26
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
27
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
28
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
29
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
30
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
u
ng
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel th
ng c chetao theo phng pha
p na
o sau a
y
a. Re
n
b. u
c
c. Da
p no
ng
d. Ha
n
31
32
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.3 Xecmng
2.2.3.1 Vai tr
- Xecmng kh lm nhim v bao kn trnh
lt kh cn xecmng du ngn du bi trn t
hp trc khuu sc ln bung chy.
2.2.3.2 iu kin lm vic
- Cng nh piston, xecmng chu ti trng
c hc ln, nht l xecmng u tin
- C th l p sut ca kh chy rt ln nh
trnh by phn iu kin lm vic ca piston,
ngoi ra xecmng cn chu lc qun tnh ln, c
chu k v va p. ng thi, phi k n nhit
cao, ma st ln, n mn ho hc v ng sut
un ban u khi lp rp xecmng vo rnh
piston.
1
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.3.3 Vt liu ch to
- Mt yu cu rt quan
trng i vi vt liu chta
xecmng l phi bo m
n hi nhit cao v chu
mn tt. Hu ht xecmng c
ch to bng gang xm pha hp
kim. V xecmng u tin chu
iu kin lm vic khc nghit
nht nn mt s ng c
xecmng kh u tin, c m
crm xp c chiu dy 0,03
0,06mm c th tng tui th ca
xecmng ny ln 3 n 3,5 ln.
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.3.4 Kt cu
- Xecmng kh:
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Xecmng du.
Nu ch c xecmng kh th c hin tng bm
du ln bung chy qua khe h mt u xecmng trong rnh
xecmng khi piston i chiu chuyn ng.
Du s b chy, kt mui v tiu hao nhiu du bi
trn.Xecmng du lm nhim v ngn du v ngoi ra dn
u du trn mt xylanh.
Thng thng rnh xecmng du ca piston c
rnh thot du. Kt cu tit din xecmng du c dng li
dao co gt du thng ngp trong thc t. Du gt v s
theo cc l khoan trn piston ri xung cacte du.
Kt cu xecmng du
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Xecmng du.
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CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.4.3.3 Vt liu ch to
i vi ng c tnh ti v ng c tu thy tc thp, ngi ta dng thp t cacbon hoc
thp cacbon trung bnh nh C30, C35, C45. i vi ng c t my ko v ng c tu
thy cao tc, ngi ta dng thp cacbon trung bnh nh C4, C45 hoc thp hp kim crom,
niken. Cn i vi ng c cao tc v cng ha nh ng c t du lch, xe ua ngi ta
dng thp hp kim c bit c nhiu thnh phn hp kim nh mng gan, niken, vnphram
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.4.3.4 Kt cu
Ngi ta chia kt cu thanh truyn
lm ba phn l u nho, u to v
thn thanh truyn. Sau y ta xt kt
cu tng phn c th.
+ u nh
* Khi cht piston lp t do vi u
nh thanh truyn, trn u nh
thng phi c bc lt (hnh a).
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i vi ng c t my ko thng l ng c
cao tc, u nh thng mng gim trng lng.
mt s ng c ngi ta thng lm vu li trn
u nh iu chnh trng tm thanh truyn cho
ng u gia cc xylanh (hnh b).
10
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
+ u to thanh truyn
13
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
14
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.5.3 Vt liu ch to
Bulong thanh truyn thng c ch to bng thp hp kim c cc thnh
phn crom, mnggan, niken Tc ng c cng ln, vt liu bulong thanh
truyn c hm lng kim loi qu cng nhiu.
16
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.5.4 Kt cu
Hai na u to c nh v bng mt tr ca bu
lng. u bu long c mt vt A chng xoay khi lp
rp. Cn mt vt B c tc dng lm mm phn i
din vi mt vt A phn lc hai pha trn b mt t
c ng u sao cho tng phn lc tc dng ng
trn ng tm bulong trnh cho bulong b
un.Bn knh gc ln ca cc phn chuyn tip nm
trong khong 0,2 1 mm nm gim tp trung ng
sut.
Phn ni gia thn v ren thng lm tht li tng do ca bulong . ai c
c kt cu c bit ng sut trn cc ren ng u. Ren c to thnh bng
cc phng php gia cng khng phoi nh ln, cn. Ngoi ra bulong thanh
truyn cn c ti, ram v x l b mt bng phun ct, phun bi t cng
HRC 26 - 32. Khi lp ghp phi dng c l lc k m bo m bo
mmen xit ng quy nh ca nh ch to.
17
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.6.1 Vai tr
Trc khuu nhn lc tc dng
t piston to momen quay ko cc my
cng tc v nhn nng lng ca bnh
; sau truyn cho thanh truyn v
piston thc hin qu trnh nn cng nh
trao i kh trong xylanh.
18
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
19
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
20
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
21
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.6.4 Kt cu
Kt cu trc khuu ph thuc trc ht vo loi trc khuu. Ngi ta phn
chia trc khuu thnh mt s loi sau :
* Trc khuu ghp v trc khuy nguyn.
- Trc khuu ghp l trc gm nhiu chi tit c lp vi nhau. Loi trc
khuu ny c dng nhiu trong ng c c ln, ng c ng gam v i khi
dng trong ng c c nh nh ng c xe my.
- Trc khuu nguyn l trc ch gm mt chi tit. Trc khuu nguyn c
dng trong ng c c nh v trung bnh, v d ng c t, my ko.
22
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
23
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
u trc khuu
u trc lp vu quay trc khi
cn thit hoc khi ng bng tay
quay (maniven). Trn u tc khuu
thng c then lp puli dn ng
qut gi, bm nc cho h thng lm
mt, a gim dao ng xon (nu c) v
lp bnh rng trc khuu. B truyn
bnh rng t trc khuu dn ng
trc cam phi kh v bm cao p (ca
ng c diesel) hoc b chia in nh
la (ca ng c xng ) V bm du ca
h thng bi trn.
24
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
25
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
26
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
27
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
28
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
29
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
30
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
31
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
M khuu
M khuu n gin v d gia
cng nht l c dng ch nht v
dng trn. i vi ng c c c
khuu lp bi, m khuu trn ng
thi ng vai tr c khuu. gim
trng lng, ngi ta thit k m
khuu ch nht c vt gc. m
khuu van c sc bn u hn .
trnh tp trung ng sut,
gia m v c khuu, cht khuu
thng c cc bn knh chuyn tip r
32
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
i trng.
i trng l cc khi lng gn trn trc khuu to ra lc qun tnh ly
tm nhm nhng mc ch sau :
* Cn bng lc qun tnh ly tm Pk ca trc khuu .
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
ui trc khuu
Hinh bn nu mt kt cu in hnh ca ui trc khuu, rt ph bin
ng c t, my ko. Theo kt cu ny, ui trc khuu c mt bch lp
bnh v c lm rng lp vng bi trc s cp hp s. Trn b mt
ngng trc c lp pht chn du, tip l ren hi du c chiu xon ngc
vi chiu quay ca trc khuu gt du tr li. St v c trc cui cng l
a chn du. Du c cc kt cu chn du ngn li s roi xung v theo l
thot tr v cacte du .
1. ui trc khuu c mt
bch lp bnh
2. ui trc khuu c mt cn
lp bnh
3. ui trc khuu c bnh
rng dn ng c cu ph
34
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.7 Bnh
2.2.7.1 Vai tr
Cng nh cc my mc khc, bnh ca ng c t trong c vai tr gi
cho khng ng u ca dng c nm trong gii hn cho php . Ngoi ra,
bnh cn l ni lp cc chi tit ca c cu khi ng nh vnh rng khi ng
v l ni nh du tng ng vi im cht v khc vch chia gc quay trc
khuu.
2.2.7.2 Vt liu ch to
Bnh ng c tc thp thng l gang xm,
cn ca ng c tc cao thng dng thp t
cacbon.
35
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
2.2.7.3 Kt cu
Theo kt cu, ngi ta chia bnh thnh cc loi sau:
- Bnh dng a l bnh mng c mmen qun tnh nh nn ch dng
cho ng c tc cao vrt hay gp ng c t, my ko. B mt bnh
c gia cng phng, nhn lp a ma st v a p ly hp. Ngoi ra trn
bnh thng c lp p vnh rng khi ng.
- Bnh dng vnh l bnh dy
c momen qun tnh ln. Mt s ng
c cn s dng bnh nh mt pu li
truyn cng sut ra ko cc my cng tc .
- Bnh dng chu l bnh c
dng trung gian ca hai loi trn. Bnh
loi ny c momen qun tnh v sc bn
ln, thng hay gp ng c my ko.
36
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
37
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
38
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
39
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Hp kim bacbt
Ph bin l bacbit nn thit v bacbit nn ch. V t chc kim loi, v d,
bacbit nn thic gm nhng ht ng (Cu) v hp ng thic (CuSn) cng trn nn
thic (Sn) mm. Khi lm vic, nn thic mm s mn nhanh chng v to thnh ni
cha du bi trn, cn cc ht cng s ly trc. Hp kim bacbit c u im l
c tnh do cao, d c, c tnh bm tt v d r kht vi trc. Tuy nhin p sut
tip xc cho php nh, chu nhit km v thic kh t. V vy bc lt vi hp kim
bacbit thng ch c dng trong ng c xng.
- Hp kim ng ch
T chc kim loi ca hp kim ng ch l hn hp c hc ca ng (Cu)
v ch (Pb), c th l cc tm ch mm trn nn ng cng. Hp kim ng ch c
sc bn c v nhit cao, cng ln, p sut tip xc cho php ln, dn nhit tt,
do c dng trong nhng ng c c p sut ln nh ng c diesel. Nhc
im c bn ca hp kim ng ch l d b thin tch khi c do nhit nng chy
ca ng v ch rt khc nhau. Ngoi ra khi dng hp kim ng ch, c trc phi
c nhit luyn t cng cao.
40
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
- Hp kim nhm
Hp kim nhm ng vai tr l hp kim chu mn c trng, cn v
khuch tn trn gp bc thp to bm dnh . Bc lt hp kim nhm c sc
bn c hc v cng cao, h s dn nhit ln, do ngy cng c dng rng
ri thay th cho b mn ng ch . Nhc im c bn ca hp kim nhm l
kh dnh bm trn gp bc thp v h s dn n di ln nn khe h bc trc
phi ln hn so vi khi dng hp kim ng ch.
- Hp kim gm
Hp kim gm c u im ch yu l t phi bi trn v kim loi dng
xp c th cha c du bi trn. Ngoi ra, kh nng chu nhit ca hp kim
gm rt cao. y l loi vt liu mi, gi thnh ch to cn kh cao nn cha
c s dng rng ri.
41
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
42
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
43
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
44
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
45
CHNG II : C CU PHT LC
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
u
ng
XO
A
3. Bac xe
c ma
ng l
a c mamo
t l
p cro
m da
y
a. 0,01 - 0,02 mm
b. 0,03 - 0,06 mm
c. 0,07 - 0,09 mm
d. 0,10 - 0,13 mm
46
3.1.2 Yu cu.
Cc c cu phn phi kh cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
- m bo np y v thi sch, mun vy xupap cn m sm v ng
mun ty theo kt cu ca tng loi ng c.
- m bo ng kn bung chy ca ng c trong cc k nn, n.
- ng m ng thi gian quy nh.
- m ln dng kh d lu thng.
t mn, ting ku b.
- D iu chnh v sa cha, gi thnh ch to r.
3.1.3 Phn loi.
Trong ng c t trong thng s dng cc loi:
- C cu phn phi kh kiu xupap t.
- C cu phn phi kh kiu xupap treo.
- C cu phn phi kh kiu kt hp (va t va treo).
10
11
12
13
14
3.3.1.2 Cu to
Trc cam bao gm cc b phn ch yu sau:
3.3.1.2.1 C trc v trc cam:
- C dng hnh tr cho trc cam quay trong cc gi trc. Trn c trc c
rnh xon cha du bi trn.
- Trc cam ca c cu phn phi kh dn ng gin tip thng lp trong trc
trn thn my. S trc thng l:
Z = i/2 + 1 hoc Z = i + 1, trong i l s xy lanh.
Loi ng c xng hay dng trc cam t c trc cn ng c diezel hay dng
trc cam nhiu c trc (so vi s xy lanh ca ng c).
Kch thc v kt cu ca c trc v trc cam ty thuc vo phng php
lp trc cam.
15
16
17
-Khi trc cam lp theo kiu trn, trc cam thng dng bc ng bng thp, mt
trong trng hp kim babt, hoc ng bng hp kim nhm p vo thn my. Tuy
vy i khi bc lt trc cam cng phn lm hai na ri p ln c trc. Hai na
bc lt c c nh vi nhau bng vt hoc bng vng l xo.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3.3.2 Con i.
3.3.2.1 Cng dng.
- Con i l mt chi tit my truyn lc
trung gian, ng thi con i chu ng lc
nghing do cam phi kh gy ra trong qu trnh
dn ng xupap, khin cho xupap c th hon
ton khng chu lc nghing (trong c cu phn
phi kh xupap t).
3.3.2.2 Cu to v vt liu.
- Kt cu con i gm hai phn: phn dn
hng (thn con i) v phn mt tip xc vi
cam phi kh. Thn con i u c dng hnh
tr cn phn mt tip xc thng c nhiu
dng khc nhau.
26
- Cc loi con i thng lm bng thp cacbon thnh phn cacbon thp
hoc trung bnh (thp 15 30) hoc thp hp kim 15X, 20X, 12XH3A, 18XHBA.
Mt lm vic c thm than, ti t cng HRC 52 65.
- Hin nay, con i thng lm bng gang, mt nm thng bng gang
trng hoc c khi c gn mt lp gang trng ln mt nm ca con i bng
thp.
Con ln ca con i con ln thn lm bn thp III X6, III X9 v III X15.
ti t cng HRC 58 62. khe h gia phn thn con i v l trn thn
my thng vo khong 0,01 0,08mm.
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
36
3.3.3 a y.
a y dng trong c cu xupap treo thng l mt
thanh thp nh, di, c hoc rng dng truyn lc t con
i n n by. gim nh trng lng, a y hng lm
bng ng thp rng hai u hn gn vi cc u tip xc c
mt tip xc hnh cu (u tip xc vi con i) hoc mt cu
lm (u tip xc vi vt iu chnh). i khi c hai u tip
xc ca a y u l hnh cu.
a y thng lm bng thp cacbon thnh phn trung
bnh. u tip xc lm bng thp cacbon, hn gn vi a y
ri ti t cng HRC 50 60.
3.3.5 Xupap.
3.3.5.1 Cng dng.
Cc loi xupap dng
ng m c ht v ca x
theo th t cc k lm vic
ca ng c.
3.3.5.2 Cu to.
Xupap c cu to gm 3
phn:
+ Nm xupap,
+ Thn xupap,
+ ui xupap.
Nm xupap.
10
11
12
13
14
Nm lm: Xupap nm lm c c im l
bn knh gc ln gia phn thn xupap v
phn nm rt ln. Kt cu ny c th ci thin
tnh trng lu thng ca dng kh np vo xy
lanh ng thi c th tng c cng
vng cho phn nm xupap. gim gim
trng lng ca xupap khi tng bn knh gc
ln, mt di ca nm b khot lm su vo
thnh dng loa kn. Nhc im ca xupap
lm l ch to kh v mt chu nhit ca
xupap ln, xupap d b nng. Xupap lm
thng dng lm xupap np ca ng c my
bay v mt s ng c cng ha.
15
Nm li :Dng nm li ci thin
c tnh trng lu ng ca dng
kh thi (v mt nm li ln, nn hn
ch khu vc to thnh xoy khi thi
kh). Chnh v vy, xupap thi ca
tt c cc ng c cng ha u
lm theo dng nm li. gim
trng lng ca nm, ngi ta
thng khot lm pha trn phn
nm. Nhc im ca loi xupap
li cng ging nh ca loi xupap
lm: kh ch to v b mt chu
nhit ln.
16
17
Thn xupap.
Thn xupap thng c ng
knh thch ng dn hng tt, tn
nhit tt v chu c lc nghing khi
xupap ng m. h thp nhit
ca xupap, ngi ta thng c xu
hng tng ng knh thn xupap v
ko di ng dn hng ti gn nm
xupap. Nhng do phi m bo tit
din lu thng ca dng kh v m
bo xupap gn nh nn thn xupap
cng khng th qa ln.
19
20
ui xupap.
Phn
ui
xupap
thng
c
dng c bit
c th lp
ghp vi a l
xo.
Cc
phng php
lp ui xupap
vi a l xo
gii thiu trn.
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
3.3.6.2 Cu to.
Kt cu cc loi ng d64n hng xupap gii thiu trn hnh 3.20. Ong
dn hng c p vo thn my hoc thn xylanh n mt khong cch nht
nh. Loi c vai cng hay dng, khi ng dn hng c ng st vai. Do c
vai tuy d lp ghp nhng tnh cng ngh km. Ngoi hai loi trn i khi cn ng
ng n hng mt ngoai c cn nh ng p vi l cn trn thn my hoc
np xylanh.
Chiu dy ng dn hng thng vo khong 2,5 4mm; chiu di ca
ng dn hng ph thuc vo ng knh v chiu di ca thn xupap, thng c
r s vo khong (1,75 2,5)dn (dn ng knh nm xupap). di khi p ng
dn hng bng (0,003 0,00)d1 (d1 ng knh ngoi ca ng dn hng).
Khe h gia thn xupap vi ng dn hng ph thuc vo iu kin nhit v
kt cu ca xupap. i vi loi xupap c thn to, khe h thng phi bng 0,004dt
i vi xupap np v bng 0,006dt i vi xupap thi. i vi loi xupap thn nh,
khe h tng i ln hn: (0,005 0,01)dt i vi xupap np v (0,008 0,012)dt
i vi xupap thi. Trong dt l ng knh thn xupap.
30
31
32
3.3.7.2 Cu to.
- Loi l xo thng dng nhiu nht l l xo xon c hnh tr. Hai vng
hai u l xo qun xt nhau v c mi phng lp ghp. S vng cng tc ca
l xo (l s vng khng k hai vng u) thng t 4 10. S vng cng tc cng
t, mi vng ca l xo bin dng cng nhiu (nu m bo m xupap nh nhau)
v vy l xo chu ng sut xon cng ln. Ngc li, nu s vng cng tc nhiu
qa, l xo qa di, cng ca l xo gim, tn s dao ng t do thp d b cng
hng, sinh va p vi mt cam.
33
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- Trong mt
vi ng c, ngi ta
trnh cng hng ca
l xo bng cch lp vo
mt ta ca l xo cc
vnh gim rung nh
hnh bn. Vnh gim
rung lm vic theo
nguyn tc li dng s
ma st gia l xo vi
vnh tiu hao cng
dao ng khin cho l
xo khng dao ng
cng hng.
34
35
36
37
38
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
39
Lc nht tinh
Con i
Ccte nht
Sn cam
Nhng ct
my
Thn my
Trc cam
ng Nht
chnh
Piston
Bm nht
Lc nht th
Ccte nht
1
He so
ma sat
Ma sat kho
Ma sat t
Gang vi gang
0,15
0,07 - 0,12
Gang vi ong
0,15 - 0,2
0,07 - 0,15
Thep vi thep
0,15
0,05 - 0,1
Thep vi ong
0,15
0,01 - 0,15
Thep vi Babit
0,25 - 0,28
0,05 - 0,1
0,20
0,05 - 0,1
Thep vi Nhom
4-Bao kn khe h :
gia pittng vi xilanh, gia
xecmng vi pittng v.v
khin cho kh nng lt kh
qua cc khe h ny gim i.
* Bn cng dng k
trn ca du nhn ph thuc
rt nhiu vo tnh nng ho
l ca du nhn, nht l ph
thuc vo nht ca n.
- Ngoi ra, bi
trn b mt lm vic ca
xylanh, pittng v.v ta li
dng du vung ra khi
u to thanh truyn trong
qu trnh lm vic. mt
vi loi ng c, trn u
to thanh truyn khoan mt
l nh phun du v pha
trc cam, ci thin iu
kin bi trn cho trc cam
v cho xylanh.
10
11
S b tr bm tay v bm in
12
13
14
15
16
5.3.1.2.2 Bu lc thm :
- Bu lc thm ngy nay c
dng ht sc rng ri, nguyn l lm vic
ca bu lc thm c th nh sau: du
nhn c p sut cao chui qua (thm qua)
cc khe h nh (khe h c th nh n
0,1m) ca phn t lc, do cc tp
cht c ng knh ht ln hn kch
thc khe h u b gt gi li khng
chui qua phn t lc, v vy du nhn
c lc sch.
- Du bn theo ng du 3 vo trong lc, vt
liu lc 6 s gi li cc cn bn v cho du sch thm qua
v i ra ng du 4 i bi trn cc chi tit ca ng
c. Van 5 c tc dng ngn cn du chy ra ngoi khi bu
lc nm ngang hoc lt p. Khi li lc b tc th p sut
du s tng ln khi van 7 s m, lc ny bu lc khng
c tc dng lc du.
18
Kt cu bu lc:
1: thn bu lc;
2: Vng m;
3: ng du vo;
4: ng du ra;
5: van kim tra;
6: vt liu lc;
7: van s m khi lc b tc.
19
u im chung ca tt c cc loi tm
lc thm l kh nng lc rt tt, lc rt sch.
Nhng nhc im chung ca chng l kt cu
rt phc tp v thi gian s dng rt ngn. Theo
th nghim thng khng qu 50 gi, cht bn
bm y khe lc khin cho khe lc b b, van an
ton ca lc phi lm vic, khin cho bu lc mt
tc dng.
20
21
5.3.1.2.3 Bu lc ly tm:
Trong nhng nm gn y, bu
lc ly tm c dng rng ri v chng c
nhng u im c bn sau y:
+ Do khng dng li lc (cc
phn t lc) nn khi bo dng nh k
khng cn thay th cc phn t lc.
+ Kh nng lc tt hn nhiu so
vi loi lc thm dng li lc.
+ Tnh nng lc t ph thuc vo
mc cn bn lng ng trong bu lc.
+ Kh nng thng qua khng ph
thuc vo s lng tp cht lng ng trong
bu lc.
22
5.3.1.2.3 Lc t tnh:
Lc t tnh ch yu c dng nhiu lc mt st trong du nhn. Loi
lc ny thng dng mt thanh nam chm lp trn nt du lp y ccte. Do hiu
qu lc mt st ca loi nt du c gn nam chm rt cao nn trong cc ng c ngy
nay thng c dng rt rng ri.
5.3.1.2.4 Lc ho cht:
Bu lc du loi ny ch yu s dng cc ho cht nh ccbon hot tnh,
phn chua v.v hp th tp cht nh nc, cc cht xyt, cc axit yu v.v c
ln trong du.
Cc loi ng c t trong ngy nay, khng dng loi bu lc ny na.
23
5.3.2 Bm du nhn:
5.3.2.1 Cng dng
- Bm du nhn l mt trong nhng b phn quan trng ca ng c, n c
nhim v cung cp lin tc du nhn c p sut cao n cc mt ma st bi trn,
lm mt v ty ra mt ma st. Bm du dng trong ng c t trong u l loi
bm th tch chuyn du bng p sut thu tnh nh cc loi bm pittng, bm phin
trt, bm bnh rng v bm trc vt. Trong bm bnh rng c dng ht sc
ph bin v n c cc u im nh: nh gn, p sut bm du cao, cung cp du lin
tc v lm vic rt an ton, tui th kh di. Di y gii thiu mt vi loi bm du
thng dng trong ng c t trong.
24
25
Nguyn l lm vic v kt cu
ca bm bnh rng rt n gin n gm
c hai bnh rng (s rng thng t hn
17) c dn ng theo chiu nht nh.
Khi trc ch ng c trc khuu
hoc trc cam dn ng bnh rng ch
ng quay dn ng bnh rng b ng
quay theo chiu ngc li. Du nhn t
ng du p sut thp c hai bnh
rng bm du gung sang ng du p
sut cao theo chiu mi tn. trnh
hin tng chn du gia cc rng ca
bnh rng khi n khp, trn mt u ca
np bm du c rnh trit p .
26
- Trong cc ng c
izen trc tip dn ng chn
vt ca tu thu, do trc khuu
ca ng c quay o chiu nn
bm du nhn phi dng c cu
van c bit m bo d bnh
rng ca bm quay theo chiu
no du nhn vn khng i
chiu lu ng, du lun lun i
n cc mt ma st m khng b
ht chy ngc v ccte
28
5.3.3 Kt lm mt du nhn:
29
30
31
2-Thng gi kn:
32
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG 5 : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
C;
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
Trn thc t c gi tr b,
do chiu cao h b hn ch
bi kt cu v b tr chung
nn nhc im ca kiu
lm mt bng i lu t
nhin l vn tc ca nc
b: khi h = 0,2 0,5m; t =
200C th = 7 17,65
N/m2 v vn tc nc lu
ng = 0,12 0,19 m/s.
iu dn n chnh lch
nhit ca nc vo v
nc ra ln, v vy m thnh
xylanh c lm mt khng
u.
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
10
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
11
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
- Thng thng kt nc
hay dng kiu ng dn nc dt, b tr
nhiu hng so le, cm trong cc l tn
nhit. Loi kt nc kiu ng trn, gi
i qua ng cn nc th chy bn
ngoi ng ni chung t c dng.
Tuy loi kt nc ny c u im l
ng nc i hp, din tch thng
gi tng i ln do lm mt tt,
nhng cng c nhc im l do
ng nc hp nn hay b tc do cn
bn trong nc ng li; ng cng
dng nhiu mi hn nn khng bn,
sa cha khng tin li, gi thnh cao.
12
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
13
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
14
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
15
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
- Hu ht cc h thng lm
mt u c bnh nc ph ring
bit hay bnh gin n. N c
nc lm mt mt mc
no (khng y) v ni vi
phn trn ca kt nc bng
ng mm. Khi ng c nng,
nc lm mt dn n y v
chy ti bnh nc ph. Khi
ng c ngui, nc lm mt
co li. iu ny lm tng khng
gian trng trong h thng lm
mt, khi nc lm mt t
bnh nc ph chy v kt lm
mt.
16
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
17
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
5.3.2 Bm nc
- Trong h thng lm mt bng nc, bm nc c nhim v cung cp nc cho h
thng lm mt vi lu lng v p sut nht nh. Lu lng ca nc lm mt tun hon
cn cho cc ng c thay i trong phm vi: 68 245l/kWh =(50 180l/ml.h) v s ln tun
hon 7 12 ln/ph.
18
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
- Bm nc dng trong
cc loi ng c t thng l
bm y (hnh bn). N c
gn pha trc ng c v c
dn ng bi dy cudoa t puly
trc khuu. Nc t kt nc i
vo trong bm c cc cnh
bm y ti o nc. Trc bm
c bi bi kn nn khng
cn bi trn. Vng m (seal)
ngn cn nc lm mt i ngang
qua bi. Bm nc dn ng bi
dy cudoa qut. i khi bm
nc c dn ng ring
(khng chung vi qut gi) .
19
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
5.3.3 Ao nc
- Ao nc l khong
khng gian m gia vch
xylanh v block my v
np quy nt. Nc lm
mt t bm u tin chy
vo o nc block my.
Sau nc lm mt t o
nc block my i ln o
nc trn np quy nt ri
tr v kt lm mt.
20
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
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CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
22
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
23
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
5.3.5 Qut gi
- Kt nc i khi cn dng gi
ngn cn s qa nhit ca ng c. iu ny
thng xut hin khi xe ng yn v vn tc
thp. Khi xe chuyn ng v pha trc vi
tc cao khng kh i xuyn qua kt lm
mt gii nhit cho kt nc v ng c. Qut
gi ko thm khng kh i ngang kt lm
mt. Qut gi c th l qut c kh hay qut
in.
- ng c t dc dn ng cu
sau thng dng qut c kh v qut c
gn vi trc ca bm nc. Qut gi c
lm bng thp tm hay nha tng hp c t 4
n 7 cnh v cng quay vi bm nc.
tng hiu sut ca qut ta thng dng tm
chn hng gi.
24
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
- Nhiu loi ng c t dc
dng qut gi thay i tc
bng cch dng ly hp (hnh
6.24). Ly hp qut gi l khp ni
thy lc c iu khin bi nhit
, b phn c lp gia puly
bm nc v qut gi.
- Khi ng c cn lnh, ly
hp trt do qut gi khng
quay. iu ny lm gim ting n
v khng tn cng sut ng c.
Khi ng c nng, nhit lm
cho du i vo khp ni thy lc
nhiu hn. Khi ly hp qut gi
bt u ko qut gi quay.
25
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
5.3.5.3 Qut in
- Nhng xe c ng c t ngang dn
ng cu trc thng dng qut in
hnh bn. Cng tc nhit ch m qut khi
cn thit. V d, trong ng c cng tc s
ng khi nhit nc lm mt khong
2000F (930C). Cng tc s ngt khi nhit
nc lm mt nh hn nhit ny.
Trn nhng xe c gn my lnh, vic m
my lnh cng bng cng tc nhit. Qut
my lnh s quay khi my lnh m. Trong
cc xe c h thng iu khin t ng
ng c vic bt, tt qut c iu khin
bi mt modul iu khin in (ECM).
26
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
27
CHNG IV : H THNG LM MT
28
CNG C
CA
U 1 CA
U 2 CA
U3
KQ
XO
A
3. o
ng c Diesel c sdung tre
n xe
a. Xe du lch
b. Xe ta
i
c. Xe mo
to
d. Xe lam
29
1. Thng xng
3. Lc xng
5. B ch ho kh
7. ng gp ht
9. ng p
2. ng dn
4. Bm xng
6. Lc gi
8. ng gp thot
1
- Hin tng kch n c th xy ra khi x dng loi xng khng thch hp. Bn cht ca
hin tng ny nh sau : Trong iu kin bnh thng, tc chy ca ca hn hp trong
xi lanh vo khong 25 30 m/s v p sut trong xylanh tng t t. Nu s dng xng
khng thch hp th mt phn nh ca hn hp kh chy s bt la v lan truyn vi vn tc
rt ln (ti 2000 m/s), lc ny p sut trong xi lanh tng t ngt, tc ng ln pttng lm
pht ra ting g c trng v to nn rung mnh trong ng c. y chnh l hin tng
kch n, hin tng ny lm ng c hot ng mt n nh, gim hiu sut, tng n,
tng nhit , gy mi mn nhanh cc chi tit (thm ch lm hng cc chi tit), c bit l
cc chi tit trong c cu trc khuu thanh truyn.
6
- tng kh nng chng kch n ca xng, ngi ta thng pha thm cc cht
ph gia c bit. Trong sut mt thi gian di, ch l cht ph gia chng kch n ch yu
cho cc loi xng t. Tuy nhin, ch l mt cht c tnh c hi cao nn ngy nay hu ht
cc nc trn th gii, trong c Vit Nam cm s dng xng pha ch.
10
11
12
13
14
15
B
phn c bn ca b
ch ho kh l
hng khuych tn
(cn gi l bung
ho kh), n cu
to nh mt on
ng b tht li
on
gia
(venturi). Chnh
on ny ngi ta
b tr ng phun
ca ng xng
chnh.
16
- Lng kh c ht qua
carburetor ph thuc vo
m ca bm ga: bm ga
m cng ln thi lng kh i
qua cng nhiu, ngha l tc
dng kh hng khuych
tn cng tng v lng xng
b ht vo cng ln. Nh
vy, bm ga cho php iu
khin hot ng ca ng c
cc ch ti khc nhau tu
theo iu kin lm vic. Vic
iu khin bm ga c
thc hin nh mt bn p b
tr trong ca bin t, thng
c gi l bn p ga.
17
6.1.2.1.2 Cc ch lm vic ca b ch ho kh
* Ch khi ng :
18
19
* Ch khng ti
- ch ny, ch cn
cp mt lng xng rt nh
duy tri cho ng c
hot ng n nh vi s vng
quay thp nht. Lc ny,
bm ga gn nh ng hon
ton cho nn pha trn
bm ga chn khng hu
nh khng cn na v v vy
ng xng chnh khng hot
ng. Ngc li, pha di
bm ga chn khng li
rt ln v ti y ngi ta b
tr l phun ca ng xng
khng ti.
20
21