Part III

Reference
Things you must know: 1 )Definition of average velocity; 2) Definition of momentum & the momentum principle; and 3) Definition of energy, kinetic energy, potential energy and work, & the energy principle.
s

m1 m2
r
|~r|2
mg near Earths surface

F~grav =
F~grav
F~elec =

m1 m2
|~r|

Ugrav mg y near Earths surface

Uelec =

ks s L

Ui 12 ksi s2

(pc)2 = mc2

Ugrav =

1 q1 q2
r
40 |~r|2

F~spring =

Y =

|~v |
c

E2

1 q1 q2
40 |~r|

Uspring = 12 ks s2

EM approx. interatomic pot. energy

F/A
(macro)
L/L

Ethermal = mC T
Y =

ksi
(micro)
d

f = hcos x , cos y , cos z i unit vector from angles

13.6 eV
where N = 1, 2, 3, ... (Hydrogen atom energy levels)
N2
r
ksi
= N ~!0 + E0 where N = 0, 1, 2, ... and !0 =
(Quantized oscillator energy levels).
ma

EN =
EN

Constant
Speed of light
Gravitational constant
Approx. grav field near Earths surface
Electron mass
Proton mass
Neutron mass
Electric constant
Proton charge
Electron volt
Avogadros number
Planks constant
h
hbar =
2
specific heat capacity of water
Boltzmann constant

Symbol
c
G
g
me
mp
mn
1
40
e
1 eV
NA
h
~
C
k

Approximate Value
3 108 m/s
6.7 10 11 Nm2 /kg2
9.8 N/kg
9 10 31 kg
1.7 10 27 kg
1.7 10 27 kg
9 109 Nm2 /C2

1.6 10 19 C
1.6 10 19 J
6.02 1023 atoms/mol
6.6 10 34 Js
1.05 10
103

34

Js

4.2
J/Kkg
1.38 10 23 J/K

milli
micro
nano
pico

n
p

1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10

3
6
9
12

kilo
mega
giga
tera

1 103
1 106
1 109
1 1012

K
M
G
T