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Voice and iM in LTE. LTE Protocols and Signaling... LTE and ta/4s8V-00 (eH RPO) Interworkng.. LTE ang GSM/UMTS intorworking LTEEPC Networks and Signaling... * LIE-EPC Panning and Design Workshop.. vA days LTE RAN Signaling and Operations for 19/126V.00 Operators. -4 days ° LTE RANSialing ond Operations fox GSM/UIMTS Operators. days, {TE RF Planning and Design Certiication Workshop... days vv GBYS 2. days Mobile WiMAX Access Network Signaling. ‘Mobile WIMAX Operations and Troubleshooting WIMAX RF Planning and Design Cortficalion Workshop. 3 days IP Convergence & IMS 1 Convergence Essentials. Ethernet Backhaul Essential ‘ATM and IP Fundamentals. Exporing Pv... Exploring MPLS... ° Exploring IMS (R8) Exploring Ethernet Bachna. Ethernet Backhaul Planning, 1 Convergence for Sales and Marketing ‘= IP Networking Workshop for Mobile Networks... Voice and Video over IP Protoco's and Technologis....2.days SIP Signating.... ‘IMS in UMTS (RB) Networks... v8 YS * Now Course A BSidem ©7010 Avo Stators. ne XX UNITS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+ UMS Essentials (R99 10 R8).. Exploring UMTS (WCDMA) Mastering UMTS Core Networks (R99 10 R7).. Mastering UMTS Radio Protocols and Signaling. Mestring SPA Protocol ond Signal. Exploring HISPAt (R7 & R8). 9 Mlt-Caries HSPAP (RB) nnn HSPA Protocols and Signaling se. ° 3GPP Packet Core Networks (R910 RE), LUMTS/ISPAVHSPA+ Air Interface... LUMITS/HSPA (WGOMA) RF Design Mentoring, LUMMTS {WCOMA) RF Optimization Mentoring. UMTS Core Troubleshooting WorkShOP a... UMS Transport Network Pianning IMS in UMTS (R8) Networks Wireless Internet From IP to EDC x & AxEV-DO ‘2nEV.DO Essential. ‘Ax and! 4xEV-D0 Fundamentals Mastering 4xEV-D0 Networks and Signaling. Mastering 12£V-D0 Radio Networks (Rev 8) ‘Mobile IP in 43/x£V.D0 Networks. VoIP and SIP in 2x/2xEV.D0 MMD Networks. GSM and GPRS/EDGE Exploring GSM. ‘Exploring GPRS and EDGE... ‘Exploring the Subscriber Kdentity Module (SIN). day “Mastering GPRS and EDGE. ‘3 days GSM, GPRS and EDGE Air Interface 2doys GSM, GPRS and EDGE Protocole a {GSM Performance Workshop. nn OOS ‘GPRS and EDGE Performance Workshop. “3 days Wireless internat - From IP to EDGE and UMTS/HSPAY 2 dayo Wireless Fundamentals WIFI Essential... ‘Wireless and 36 Basics. ‘3G Comparative Overview Exploring Wireless Landscape ard IP Comorgence. Exploring Mobile Devioes and App Platform. Exploring Wiroless Technologies and Networks, Exploring GSM/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPVHSPAC, Fundamentals of RF Engineering... Mastoring Noar Field Communication (NFC), ‘wuncawantsoutions.com “+87 2AZAWARDSelf-paced eLearning Emerging Tronds UN (WCDMAY/HSPA/HSPAY ‘Overview of OFDM (0) Welcome to UMTS (0). 45 hours Matipie Antenna Tectniques ( Overview of UMTS 0). -2 hours hours hours UMTS WCDMA Air Interface Fundamentals (c) UMTS Signating UMTS Mobility (2). “Rous Le HSDPA (R5) ().. hours “+ Wolcome to LTE (e) HSUPA (R6)(e) snes 28 NOUS LTE Overview (0), HSPAt Overview (R7) (6) LTE SAE Evolved Packat Core (EPC) Ovorviow (0). + LTE Air oterface Signaling Overview (0)... ‘4x & 1xEV-DO ‘Overview of CDMAZ000 Networks (e) WiMAX Mobite IP for COMA2000 (e) CDrorviow of WIMAX (0) 1x€V.00 Networks (Rov 0} (0). 1xEV.00 Networks (Rov A) (e) IP Convergence & IMS Woleome to IP Networking ().. 1 Convergence Overview o} Ethemot Backhaul Overviow, Ovccview of MPLS (2) Overview of IMS (0) \oico and Video over IP (Voi) Ove (0 {0 Quality of Sorvien (Q05) () ‘Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 2). GSM and GPRS/EDGE ‘Welcome to GSM/GPRS (c). Wireless Fundamentals WHFl Overview 0). Welcome to Wireless Notworks (0) Overview of 3G Wiralees Networks (0) (e) eLearning Course ABSKleidns ©2010 Award Solutions, nc, wwneammrdsolutions.com + 1.877.47AWARDChapter 4 LTE Overview Trends in the Wireless industry ... 4G Wireless Systems. LTE - Long Term Evolution... Chapter 2 LTE-EPC Networks... LTE System Architecture E-UTRAN Architecture Chapter 3 LTE Air interfact Principles of OFDM oc usnsmnenatiennanensneeee Air Interface Features... OFDMA If LTE ncceeree Multiple-Antenna Techniques in LTE... Chapter 4 LTE Services. Drivers of 4G Services... Services in LTE, Security in LYE, LTE_4011 Version 1.7 1 a Hatt pin Table of ContentsTable of Contents Chapter 5 Life of an LTE Mobite. LTE Call Setup... ‘Traffic Operations Handovers. Chapter 6 LTE Deployment Device Capabilities Planning for LTE... Appendix A Additional Topics .... LTE ano WiMAX: Similarities and Differences..... Interworking with 3GPP. Interworking with 1x/XEV-DO... LTE Performance. 400| aan | LTE Overview Chapter 1: LTE Overviewi |) A] LTE Overview Objectives After completing this module, you will be able to: * Describe the trends in the wireless industry * identify the limitations of 3G technologies + List the goals and requirements of 4G networks « List the high-level characteristics of LTE networks1| LTE Overview % Growth as hte Shifts in the Wireless Business ‘The wireless business is undergoing, a major shift from voice centric to data-centrie applications. Studies indicate that data revenue has grown by more than 30 porvent por year, whereas the voice revenue grew by just more than 4 percent. ‘The original wiroless communications systems (now called 1G oF frst generation systems) initially focused solely on voice services. The arrival of the Internet led to the addition of data services: however, the primary demand was stil focused on voice services. Second generation (26) cellular systems provided both voice and low-speed cieuitswitehed data services, including Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), 1S-136 (TDMA) and 1S-95 (coma). To raduce the cost per data bit, 3G collular systems started using packet technology in their core networks, ‘and provided much higher data rates than 2G cellular systems. Examples of 3G systems include UMTS and cDMA2000, Tho next generation of networks (so-called AG) is now being defined to meet the requirements arising from this, fundamental shift from ercuit voice to packet data. The key 4G candidate technologies for mobile wireless notwork inelude the Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) based on IEEE 802.16e, and the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program.4.| LTE Overview (eV leleloN eb) 4xEV-DO (Rev 0/A/B) 3G Wireless Technologies aN woowa ff to-coma Bava y ‘Atthough GSM remains the most widely deployed cellular ‘technology in the world, 3G systems have been growing ropidly. Today, there are two separate but comparable technology streams for 3G networks. + CDMA2000 provides: an evolution path for 26 CDMA systems (1S-95). CDMA2000 (also called 4x, since each call uses a single 1.25 MHz radio channel Supports data rates. up to about 150 kbps, while its enhonood standard, 4x Evolution - Data Optimized (1XEV-00) provides data rates up to 3 Mbps oF more, + UMTS provides an evolution path for GSM/GPRS/ EDGE systems, There are two options defined for UMTS networks: Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) uses Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) to allow the ‘mobile device and the network to talk simultaneously, while Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA) uses Time Division Duplexing, (TDD) to reduce the amount of radio spectrum required by the network Recent enhancements to the 3GPP standards Introduced High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access: (HSUPA), which dramatically incroase the data rates available over the radio interface, as high as 44 Mbps Ina 5 MHz radio channel| LTE Overview | Data ra Dene eriet Delays and latenci iD ices lik Cities i “tien 3G Challenges roma like video Pence mnc Despite the success and performance of these 3 ntworks, the domands of the marketplace continue to ‘evolve, and wireless technology must continue to evolve with it New value-added services (particularly video) require data rates far beyond what 3G networks can provide. Rates eater than 100 Mbps are now expected, more than an ‘order of magnitude greater than what 36 can detiver. In addition, there is @ desire to migrate the circuit voice ‘services onto the packet data infrastructure in order to Feduce the costs associated with maintaining two very different core networks. This means that the wiroless networks must be able to handle Voice over IP (VoIP) services efficiently, with minimal delay and latoney. 36 radio technologies were not designed with these requirements in mind. Finally, the migration of services into call servers and IP. based interfaces will allow applications to be integrated ‘and provide a richer experience for the end user. This consolidation into a single packet-based infrastructure roquires tho notworks to be optimized for IP ‘and multimedia services, rather than circuitoriented services.1] LTE Overview 4G Solutions eicecemee multiple antenna techniqu eects cee hme broadband wireless tie In order to overcome the limitations of current 36 technologies, @ number of new approaches have been dofined to ereate the next generation of wireless solutions. + New radio technologies, such as Onthogonal Frequeney Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple ‘antenna techniques, enable more information to be ‘ansmitted over the air to more users than ever before. + The transition trom circuitoriented networks to packet oriented systems based on IP allow operators to deploy costeffective networks that support seamless mobiliy across access technologies. Voice can now be packetized (VoIP), providing high-quality voice conversations over the same infrastructure as data services, + New Integrated, multimedia services ore now possible, combining, voice, video, email, gaming. and ‘other applications in ways never before imagined.A. Peak data rates 1. > 100 Mbps (downlink) / 2. > 50 Mbps (uplink) |. Latency 4. <10:ms (radio network) 2. <50ms (end-to-end) C. General goals 4. Better spectral efficiency 2. Lower costs 3. Interworking with 36 and other 4G systems Fourth generation (4G) systems do not yet have a formal = definition, Nonetheless, industry players have agreed on a ‘number of requirements and goals to guide their efforts. + Higher Data Rates: 4G systems are expected to provide at least an order of magnitude improvement in peak data rates, greater than 100 Mbps on the downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink. in contrast, UMTS HSPA networks have peak rates of 14 Mbps ‘and 5.76 Mops, respectively + Shorter Delay (Latency): Latency i also a concern, especially with the move toward packetized voice (WolP). The design of 4G networks is expected to introduce delays of no more than 10 ms across the radio access and 50 ms across the entire netwar. Wish List for 4G Networks ofr , | LTE Overview ~20m4 Ue Better Efficiency: Radio spectrum is costly, so 4G systems must be able to deliver more bits of data ‘over a given amount of spectrum. At the same time, Network expenses must come down, both in terms of ‘equipment costs (CAPEX) and ongoing, operational costs (OPEX). In addition, in order to make the transition to 4G easier for existing 3G operators, 4G systems must provide solutions to interwork 3G and 4G networks.| LTE Overview 1G FOMA + Analog radio + Voice services 4G ‘OFDMA + Vory high speed packet data | + Muttple antennas Radio Technology Evolution TDMA, some CDMA + Digital radio + Low spood packet data ‘CDMA + High speed packet [Not surprisingly, the radio interface technology nas. a significant impact on the capabilities of the network, since itis the weakest linkin the chain. ‘The original mobile wireless technologies used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to support multiple users. These systems were very similar to commercial FM radio stations and supported only analog, voice calls, Toward the end of the 4980s and into the early 1990s, digital air interfaces. were introduced as part of second feneration of networks. These digital air interfaces wore {generally based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), where the available narrowband frequencies were further dived into time slots, each of which could support one voice call and low-rate packet data services. TDMA-based technologies included 1S-136, GSM, GPRS and EDGE. The 26 era also saw the introduction of the first Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, 1S 95. ‘AI_3G systems are based on CDMA technology, which provides superior voice performance in a mobile environment. The two major 3G systems are CDMA2000 ‘and UMTS. 3G networks offer voice serviees and higher: speed packet data (greater than 2 Mbps), a5 well as broadcast/multicast capabilities. ——_Aditional ‘enhancements to these air interfaces provided further Improvements to the data rates, to 3 Mbps for 1xEV-00 ‘and 44 Mbps for HSPA, Al 4G systems currently underway use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a variation Of the original FDMA technique that allows for significantly ‘greater spectral elfciency and data rates. OFDMA systems lend themselves to advanced multiple-antenna {techniques that can boost data rates even higher and are inherently packet oriented, leading to the use of VoIP to deliver voice services.—_—_—————— i 1 | LTE Overview Network Architecture Evolution ‘The capabilities ofthe radio interface dictate the design of the access and core networks. 1G and 2G networks were cireuitoriented to handle voice services, using centralized Controllers within the Radio Access Networks (RANS) to ‘manage the radio resources and switches in the core ‘network to provide services and connectivity to the outside world. \With the introduction of packet data to some 2G systems (sometimes called 2.56), a parallel packetoriented ‘network was added to manage data services anc! Internet access: 3G. networks also used this architecture. This second network increased the cost ancl complexity of the ‘operator's network. In 4G, tho goal is to simplify. Radio control has been decentralized and moved into the base stations (sometimes called evolved base stations, oF e8Ss), while the elreuit core network has been eliminated entirely. Al services are now provided through the packet core otwork.1 | LTE Overview Distributed, based | / 1P-oriented. MS-based Sacral ofcient ‘access nctwork 018 network » oratta * Scalable + Scalable + Mute antenna | \-Fetwerdieeney_} | Loweost techniques opieyment Airinterfaco Access Notwork Sorvice Network hae The 4G evolution programs, then, focus on three key Similarly, the transition to an allIP packet core network ‘areas: the air interface, the radio access network and the enables the deployment and delivery of packetoriented core network, multimedia services, through the use of !P Multimedia ‘Subsystem (IMS) servers. This results in lower costs for (On the air interface, the use of Orthogonal Frequency alpha network operators. Division Muliplexing (OFDM) and multiplesntenna {echniques significantly increase the spectral efficiency. OFDM is a scalable solution, which allows operators to deploy the same technology in any available bandwith {rom 1.4 MHz up to 20 Miz. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the data rates and the higher the eopacity of the system. In the access network, elimination of the centralized Radio Network Controller (RNC) allows decisions to be made locally at the base station, Thus reducing the overall latency of the network. The use of IP technology {tvoughout simplifies network design and engineering, this allows the network to easily scale with traffic growth and reduces the costs of the network components and links, 74.1 LTE Overview Wireless Network Evolution ‘The expected evolutionary paths for each of the current highspeed wireless data solutions are illustrated here. Every operator wil make their own decision as to the correct option for their network, basod on the capabilities of the technologies and the associated costs, timing and ‘other factors. UMTS operators will most likely proceed to Long Term Evolution (LTE) as their 4G solution, since the technology is explicitly designed to provide an easy transition for them, ‘Dc and ‘LXEV:-00 operators were expected to move to Ura ‘Mobile Broadband (UMB}, another OFDM-based technology. However, most operators appear to be moving, to LTE as their preferred solution. ‘Some operators may chogse to deploy 802.160, Mobile WIMAX. Mobile WIMAX is an OFDM-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) solution that is similar in many respects to LTE, despite its very different origins. Wireless LAN providers are beginning to deploy 802.11n solutions, which can offer 100+ Mbps in a wireless hot spot. Ft| LTE Overview Boarerindependent ‘ccult-switched architecture Circuit voice, 2-Mbps packet data For LTE, the evolutionary process has been a while in the raking, and is not likely to end anytime soon. Each 3GRP ‘standards release since the original UMTS specication hhas continued to ad to and expand the capabilites of the network: + Release 99 (R99) defined the original UMTS system, “supporting circuit voice services as well as theoretical peak data rates of up to 2 Mbps. Commercial systems delivered packet data services of up to 384 Kops. + R4 defined a bearerindependent circuit switched ‘architecture, separoting switches into gateways and ‘controlless, and laying the groundwork for the IP ‘Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). + RS defined High Speed Downlink Packet Access: (HSDPA), whieh boosted packet data rates to 14 ‘Mops on the downlink, RS also completed the design of the IMS. + RG increased data rates to more than 5 Mbps on the ‘uplink with High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), and introduced support for multimedia 12 3GPP Roadmap HSPAS, Higheroder ‘modulation, MIMO LTE Advanced broadeast/multicast services (MBMS).. + R7 provided further enhancements to HSDPA and HSUPA, called HSPA*. Support for higher order ‘modulation and —-Moltiple-Inpul/Muttipe-Output (MIMO) antenna systems offered significant increase in data rates, potentially up to 42 Mbps. + RB defined the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, starting the transition to 4G technology. Even as vendors and operators are working to rot out the: first R-based LTE systoms, work is underway on defining, ‘additional improvements to LTE. R9 Is looking ot further LTE enhancements, including support for MEMS and the definition of Home eNBs for improved residentiol and in- ‘building coverage. R40 includes the definition of LTE ‘Advanced, offering support for 8x8 MIMO, channel ‘aggyerfation up to 100 MH2, and relay repeaters. tt has been along road, but the journey has just begun.I ‘LEYTE Overview Summary + The wireless industry is rapidly evolving toward an IP-centric, data-oriented architecture. ~ Voice is still the primary application, but packet data is driving significant growth. ~ “AIP,” packet-based networks offer more advanced, integrated services. + Current 3G technologies do not provide the capacity, quality and throughput needed to support future applications. — New radio technologies and network architectures are. needed. + LTE is one of the 4G wireless systems. 134. LTE Overview awn Review Questions What types of services and applications are driving the transition to 4G? What are the key characteristics of a 4G system? What are the advantages of an “allIP” network? Which of the following components and networks will be unchanged in the transition to LTE? ~The mobile device. = The radio interface. = The access network. — The core network.2 | LTE-EPC Networks Chapter 2: LTE-EPC Networks2) LTE-EPC Networks Objectives After completing this module, you will be able to: + Explain the architectural goals of LTE + Describe the E-UTRAN, its components and its interfaces + Describe the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), its components and its interfaces References: PP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhanocments. for non SGP occesses 12) 3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE accerss [31 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrostriat Radio ‘Asoesss [EUIRA) and Evolved Universal Ter Radio Acooss Network (EUTRAN) la) 3GPPTR 23,882; 3GRP System Architecture EvolutionLTE Architecture Goals Peer ere TCU Cre SOP en) ci ‘The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program has its own set of goals and requirements, beyond the basic targets of 4G. + High Data Rates: The desired peak data rate for LTE Jn a 20 MHz radio channel is 100 Mbps on the ‘downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink + Low Latency: Latency for signaling messages must be less than 100 ms, while data should be delivered lover the air within 5 ms, + Low Cost: The network architecture will bo IP-based lendto-end, and must be capable of supporting high data rates for a large number of users. + Flexible Rollout: The system must have the flexibility to.be deployed in a wide variety of radio bands, taking, advantage of whatever bandwidth is available and Using whichever duplexing scheme is most appropriate. + Enhanced Services: The network must support VoIP ‘and other realtime services with the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics, Algo, now IP- 2| LTE-EPC Networks Enhance Sen een) een) Beret redundancy ‘based services should be able to be developed and deployed quickly and costeffectvely Reduced Comploxty: The E-UTRAN is expected to be significantly less complex, reducing the number of diferent nodes and interfaces, and streamlining tne air interface channels. Enhanced Network: The LTE network must be capable of interworking, seamlessly with other 3GPP (GSM or LUNTS) and non-3GPP (x and 4x€V-D0 and WiMAX) nrotworks. The design of the network must pormit traffic to be distributed across many different nodes, ‘with sufficient redundancy to ensure no single point ‘of fallure inthe network.| 2| LTE-EPC Networks Bene) LTE System Architecture Pa (meiner) + Simpified architecture ‘The LTE system is an all1P system that can reap the benefits of IP, such as scalability and low cost In order to meet the required goals, the 3G Partnership Project (SGPP) is responsible for defining the appropriate LTE standards. SGPP focuses on three key areas: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Raglo Accass (E-UTRA}: “This air interface is based on an OFDM physical layer ‘nd uses MIMO techniques to further increase data rates. LTE supports more thon 300 Mbps in the Cowniink to te User Equipment (UE) and more than 75 Mops in the uplink, using a scalable channel bandwith of up to 20 Miz. + Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN): Unlike the UMTS access network, the E> UTRAN has only one node - the evolved Node B, oF ‘Node (eNB), The eNB is responsible for the physical layer operations of OFDM and MIMO, as well as the scheduling of downlink and uplink resources, handovers and Radio Resource Management (RRM), + Evolved Packet Core (EPC): In LTE, the network is greatly simplified IP-based networs, replacing 3G 18 network components with Mobility Management Entities (MMEs) and Serving Gateways (S-GWs) and Packet Data Network Gateways (P-GWs), The EPC ic ‘connected to both the E-UTRAN and the Internet, and ‘any IP services: network, The UE has a logical link with the Evolved Packot Core network (EPC) that provides IP connectivity to the UE, The EPC represents migration from the traditional hierarchical system architecture to a flattened architecture, Moke > eo Cnnerect 2 | LTE-EPC Networks LTE Radio Network (E-UTRAN) St hoes Mourlovee » peracble ie pow Lot's take a look inside the Evolved Universal Terrestrial An eNB is able to communicate with multiple gateways, in Radio Access Network (EUTRAN), The primary difference order to enable load sharing and redundancy. eNBs are between the EUTRAN and any other 3G radio network is interconnected by the X2 interface, to coordinate the absence of a Radio Network Controller (RNC). The E- _handovers and data transfers. UTRAN eNodeB is the only node in the EUTRAN. The traditional functionality of the RNC fias been moved into tho eNBs, ‘The E-UTRAN isa pure IP-based network where all kinds of information exchange is done using IP packets for transport. The eNBS are connected to the EPC via the $1. Interface, The IP network is used to provide a distributed fully meshed connectivity between eNBS and multiple ‘gateways within the EPC. This allows for load sharing and redundancy. The oNBs aro interconnected by the x2 Interface, to coordinate handovers and data transfers. The primary difference between a UTRAN and an E-UTRAN is the absence of an RNC. The functionality of the RNC has now been moved into the eNBs. The eNBs are connected tothe MME and $ GWs via the St interface.! 2.| LTE-EPC Networks fainter} Radio resoure ‘The traditional functionalities of the RNs have been moved to the eNB, An eNB performs the following functions: “+ Radio Resource Management (RRM) functionalities like radio bearer control and radio admission control ‘+ IP header compression and encryption of the user data stream; + Uplink/downlink radio resource allocation in both the pli and downlink: + Transfer of paging messages over the al + Transfer of broadcast information over the air; + Scleation of tho MME when a UE attaches to the network; and + Handover management, ‘The eNBs communicate over the X2 interface. The eNBs ‘are connected to the MME and the SGW by the SL imerface. The eNBs and the MME/S-GW have a manyéto- ‘many relationship to support load sharing and redundancy ‘among the MME/S-GW. 20——— Ha 2| LTE-EPC Networks X2 Interface eee ues Mine laren ‘Tho X2 interface is the interface between the eNEs. X2 + SL-UP and X2.UP use the same Uplane protocol to functionalities are split into control plane and user plane minimize protocol processing for the eNB at the time functionalities. of data forwarding. ‘The X2 Control Plane: + Intrai.TE access system mobility support forthe UE, + Context transfer from the source eNB to the target NB. + Control of user plane tunnels between the source (eNB and the target eNB. + Handover cancellation + Uplincload management. + ScTPas the transport tayer protocol ‘The X2 Usor Plane: + Tunnels end-user packets between the eNEs + Identifies packets with tunnels and packet foss ‘management. + GTP over UDP/IP as the transport layer protocolI 2 | LTE-EPC Networks S11 Interface | Beech ‘he $1 Interface Is the interface between the E-UTRAN guaranteed data delivery. ‘and evolved packet core. S1 functionalities are split into, 9 GTP tunnel per radio bearer carries user traffic. Cian and Uplane functions. i : + IP Differentiated Service Code Point (OSCP) marking Tho St conto Plane is supported fr (0s pe ado beaes. | + Delivering sigating protocol between the NB ond | the MME, + Consiats of SCTP over IP, ata delivery. ind provides guaranteed + The application signaling protocol is an S1-AP (Aoplication Protec). + EPS bearer set up ond release procedures + Handover signaling procedure. + Paging procedure. + NAS transport procedure, The $1 User Plane: “+ Responsible for delivering user data between the eNE ‘andthe SGW. + Consists of GPU over UDP/IP and provides non- :ss 2.| LTE-EPC Networks Inside the EPC earn) Let's take a look inside the EvoWed Packet Core (EPC, ‘The entities in the EPC include the Mobility Management Entity (MME), the Serving, Gateway (S-GW), the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) and the Evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG). A primary difference between other 36 core networks and the EPC is that the PC is only for packet data services, and there is 90 dodicated core network for voice services. Voice is treated as another service running on a packet data connection. The EPC is a puro, IPbased network where all kinds of information oxchange is done using IP packets tor luansport, The MME/SGW are nodes/functions that provide connectivity to the E-UTRAN via the St interface. 23[ } | | 2| LTE-EPC Networks Mobility Management Entity (MME) Nivea} rion ty Cont Sree + Hesrer Path Cont ‘he functions of the MME are listed below: + Managing an storing UE contexts, Generating temporary identifiers forthe Ues, + lestate mobility conte, + Distibuting paging messages to eNBs, + Secunty contol Roaming, + Authentication, and + Bearer contot 24—————— 2 | LTE-EPC Networks Serving Gateway (S-GW) Prater) COnars Seca Thoreare two gateways inthe EPO, ane facing toward the Oty “SA carcbe. rhe cope rin aioe” pal Packet data network (the P-GW), A UE may connect to only vero = meni ‘one S-GW, but it may use multiple P-GWs, The functions of emp EA Wi vercdoar the .GW ae lite below: + Anchoring the user plane for intor-eNB handover, + Anchoring the user plane for inter-3GPP modiity, + Similar to an SGSN in a proLTE 3GPP Network, anchoring ike a GGSN, + Acting similar to a Foreign Agent (FA) in MIP in a pre: LTE 3GPP2 network, and + Packet routing and forwarding,2 | LTE-EPC Networks Packet Data Network Gateway PON-GW ieee ssh) Oren eens Brest i cites} Gnuseg Wana ern) Handover and During 3 ‘The PDN Gateway (P-GW) is similar to the GGSN in UMTS, ‘or the HA in MIP. Ithosts the following functions: 26 Provide connectivity to the PDN and packet routing for the UE; ‘Alocates IP addresses to the UE: ‘Accounting, and QoS, such as peruser-based packet ‘tering, rangport fovel packet marking based on QoS parameters, rate enforcement, and changing: and Anchoring the user plane for mobility during Inter- MME/S-GW handovers, LTE and Prot GPP hhandovers, and 3GPP and non-3GPP handovers.2| LTEEPC Networks Home Subscriber Server (HSS) HSS (Home Subscriber Server): The HSS is a user database that stores subscription elated information to ‘support other callcontrol and session-management fentties. It is a storehouse for user identification, hhumbering and service profiles. It fs mainly involved in user authentication and authorization. During rogistration, the MME talks to the HSS via the S6a interface for user authentication and ciphering, The HSS generates security information for mutual authentication and integrity check, ciphering, and can also provide information about the user's physical location. We can have one or more than fone #185 in a home networks, depending on the number of ‘mobile subscribors and the equipment capacity, ar2 | LTE-EPC Networks IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) / uc This architecture gives a feel for the IP Multimedia ‘Subsystem (IMS). Its the IP-based core/services network of 3GPP, The IMS allows mobiles operating, in packet ‘mode to establish voice calls using, SIP to communicate the request to the Call Session Contro! Function (CSC. In this case, the voice data fs transmitted as packets ‘throughout the LTE network. The HSS in this case is ‘simply an IP-based Home Location Register (HLR), 28pS 1 2 | LTE-EPC Networks Summary + The LTE network architecture is designed to: ~ Simplify the networks, = Enable enhanced services, and = Provide seamless mobiliy. + The E-UTRAN contains only one node, the eNodeB Radio Network Controller (RNC) functions have been distributed to the eNodoBs, ~ eNode8s communicate and collaborate over the X2 interface. » The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is an all-IP network. — The Mobility Management Entity (MME) provides signaling and ‘control funttions, while the Serving Gateway (S-GW) handles usor traffic = The PDN Gateway (P-GW) provides an interface to services and coxtemal networks,2 | LTE-EPC Networks Review Questions 1. How do a user's packets flow through the E- UTRAN and EPC? 2. Why is the X2 interface needed? 3. Which node is responsible for: ‘Tracking the mobile’s location? Assigning |P addresses? ~ Allocating radio resources? 4, What is the advantage of allowing an eNodeB to connect to multiple MMEs? 30EERE EEE EEE EEE EEE cree eee eee eee eee eee Herero recente prrereeerereee 3 | LTE Air Interface Chapter 3: LTE Air InterfaceObjectives After completing this module, you will be able to: + Identify and describe the basic concepts of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Identify the key features of the LTE air interface Illustrate how Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is defined in LTE List the multiple-antenna techniques (MIMO) used in LTE Roterences: iy SPP TS 36.800; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio ‘Accoss (EUTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestial Raulo Access Network (E-UTRAN) 32Wh 3 S40 i ‘Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling ‘OFDM has many attractive characteristics. Scalable Design: Scalability allows the radio technology to utilize a variable bandwidth (up to 20 (MHz) using the same radio access technology. In cffect, scalability creates more channels as the spectrum sows, without requiring, modifications in the device capability. So, in areas where a lot of capacity is needed, the operator can allocate more ‘bandwidth and use less bandwidth in areas where the spectrum is not avallable or the capacity not needed. ‘Time and Frequency Scheduling: Radio resources can be allocated across. multiple channels. (supporting bursts of high data rates), or across multiple transmission symbols (efficiently supporting longer ‘sessions for VoIP or other realtime services), or both, ‘depending on the capabilities of the device and the requirements of the application Reduced Interference: By design, OFDM channels do ot interfere with one another within a cel; therefore, 8 user using ono sot of channels cannot interfere with another user using a diferent set. y OFDM? K re) Scalable Design ~ Up to 20 MHz ‘Support for Smart ‘Antennas 3 | LTE Air Interface Higher Data Interference Highor Data Rates: The more channels a user 1s ‘assigned, the more data bits can be sent in a given ‘amount of time, OFDM has hundreds of channels available for transmission due to the narrowband nature of each channel, When assigned in large ‘numbers, and in parallal, those channels can achieve very high data rates. ‘Support for Smart Antennas: OFDM systems lend themselves to the use of multipte-antenna techniques (smart antennas") to further improve performance, capacity and Uvroughput. In cortain situations, the ‘energy from the radio beams can be focused toward the user, thus increasing performance. In other situations, the multiple antennas can be used to send ‘more bits por second by transmitting differently from feach antenna,{As data rates Increase over a single radio channel, the ‘symbo! modulation rates eventually become too great to handle effectively. Synchronization becomes difficult, and intersymbol interference (II) completely overwhelms the system, Sometimes, slower is better. Consider a high-speed data stream of 100 Mbps. If the data Is split into 10 eubstroams, each substroam runs at 1 Mbps, one-tenth of the original data rate. if each one of these slowor data streams modulates its own radio ‘carrier, the result is 10 narrowband signals instead of one ‘wideband radio signal, This Is called Multicarrier Modulation (MM), Each of the narrowband channels is called a subcarrier. ‘The fast data stream is converted into a number of parallel, slower dato streams, These slower data streams are then sent on different subcarfiers. In general, guard bands are required between different subcarriers. to reduce inter-cartier interference (IC). MCM is used in many broadband-cable and fiber-optic transmission schemes. It is @ broadband transmission technique, and ts similar to replacing a single high-speed 34 01110011101011110100 Data ‘coaxial cable with a multiconductor cable. However, since MCM is not a very efficient user of bandwidth, itis rarely used in radio.3 | LTE Air Interface The OFDM Advantage Saved Bandwidth (eas OFDM omploys a similar multicartier technique, where data is sent over a large number of channels called subcarriers. However, OFDM also implements some tricks to completely remove the guard bands normally required In MCM. Without guard bands, less bandwidth is needed tosupport the same number of subcarters.. Guard bands are used to ensure that subcarriers do not inerfore with one another. OFDM eliminates the need for ‘guard bands by exploiting a property called orthogonality. Signals are said to be orthogonal if they do not interfere with each other. Signals can be orthogonal in several domains, including time, space and frequency. Signals are orthogonal in the time domain if they occur on the same frequency, but not fat the same time. For example, highrequency (3 to 30 (Miz) shortwave broadcasters can maintain orthogonality If they adhere to a worldwide transmission schedule. Two signals can be gent on the same frequency at the same time, but remain orthogonal if they are transmitted from places far away fom each other (for example, Los Angeles ‘and Now York). OFDM allows: guard bands to be omitted by (a) separating, the subcariers making up the OFDM signal by exactly the Inverse of the modulation rate, (b) ensuring the modulation rate is the same on all subcarriers, or (¢) ‘ensuring there 1s. exactly an integer number of radio ‘cartor cycles during a modulation symbol time. 35,3 | LTE Air Interface Simplified View of OFDM ee) Chey ine ce Sg Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can bbe explained using a shower head analogy. A shower head receives a large amount of water through a relatively thick Pipeline. it divides the water into numerous. parallel streams, Each stream carries only a small amount of water, but all of the streams together together cary a large amount of water, Similarly, in an OFDM system, a large amount of data ts distributed among multiple narrowband channe's, with ‘each narrowband channel carrying only a small amount of data. For example, 10 Mbps of data can be delivered 10 a user over 100 nartowband channels, with each channel ‘carrying just 100 kbps.3 | LTE Air Interface What is OFDMA? eee Ce tl 3 “o oe a i pet rete “EE ‘Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) allows multiple users to communicate simultaneously over ‘an OFDM radio channel In this examplo, the eNB has 11000 subcarriers, each capable of carrying 10 kbps of data, The total peak rate of the eNB is therofore 1000 x 110 kbps = 40 Mbps. However, the eNB does not have to ive that entire bandwidth to one user. Instead, subsets can be allocated, depending on the noods and capabilities of each user. ata User 1. is using a VoIP application, which only roquires a single subcarrier (10 Kbps). User 2 is browsing a Web site, ‘and is assigned 99 subcarriers (990 kbps). User 3 Is Viowing a streaming video application and receives the romalning 900 subcarriers (9 Mbps). All of the users send ‘and receive data at the same time, without interfering with fone another. ‘As users come and go, or as their data requirements change, the eNB can adjust their subcarrier allocations accordingly, making the maximum use of the available resources.3 | LTE Air Interface Scalable OFDMA TT ——— 10 MHz = 1024 subcarriers HUTT ————— ‘Scalable OFDMA ensures that the definition of a ‘subcarrier (its frequency spacing, symbol time, etc.) remains the same regardless of how much racto spectrum is used by the system. All that changes is the number of ‘subcarriers available, not the subcartiers themselves. ‘Scalability simplifies the design of OFDMA systems, by ‘choosing a particular sot of OFDM parameters. that ‘applies to all networks using that system. In this way, the subcarriers. will have the same sensitivity to time, frequency errors and multipath effects, whether they are used In a 1.4 MHz system or a 20 MHz system. The signal processing requirements are therefore identical, allowing the same chipsets to be used everywhere, which reduces ‘costs and simplifies design and development.(pc 3 | LTE Air Interface LTE Air Interface Features Flexibility to support different doploymont scenarios * Spectrum + Bandwidth + Duplexing, Radio Access Technologies to support high-speed packet services + OFDMA in the DL. for high data rate ‘and simpler mobile design + SC-FDMA in the UL for reduced power consumption and lower PAPR u ‘Multiple-Antonna Technologies to Increase coverage, capacity and throughput + Transmit Diversity for bettor ‘coverage + MIMO for higher throughput and capacity + Beamforming for bottor coverage and capacity Although all 4G systems use OFOM/OFOMA as thelr basic RF technology, LTE's implementation provides. a number ‘of unique capabilities. + Flexibility: LTE is designed to be as flexible as possible, to allow oporators around the world the billy to deploy the technology in whatever spectrum they have availabe. + Radio Access Technology: Orthorfonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can provide higher data rates and spectral efficioney over the air intorfaco, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple ‘Access (OFDMA) in the downlink, but uses a variation ‘of OFDMA, called Single Carrier Frequency Division ‘Multiple Access (SC-FOMA) in the uplink to improve performance by reducing the Peakto-Average Power Ratio (PAPA). MultpleAntenna Technology: Multiple-antenna techniques have been around for a long time, but hhave not yet seen wide-scale deployment. LTE wil include a wide variety of advanced antenna techniques, including diversity, Single User MIMO (SU- MIMO}, Mult-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division ‘Muttiple Aecess (SDMA) and beamforming. 393 | LTE Air Interface LTE Transmission Parameters Paramete eres Ceo} a5 ki FFT size 428 | 256 | siz | 1024 | 1536 | 2008, 72 | 180 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1200 eee at Py cae BPSK, QPSK (Signaling) QPSK, 160M, 64QAM (Data) tides ‘Some key OFDMA/SC-FDMA transmission parameters are provided in this table. LTE is a scalable system, so the ‘subcarrier spacing (15 KH2) is the same, rogardless of the ‘amount of spectrum. A 10 MHz system, for example, has 2 total of 1024 subcarriers, out of which 50 resource blocks (5012 ~ 600 subcarriers) ate for assignment to users,3 | LTE Air Interface Generic Frame Structure i ena, Subframe 9 ‘The duration of one LTE radio frame is 410 ms. Ono frame Is divided into 10 subframes of 1 ms each, and each ‘subtrame is divided into two slots of 0.5 ms each. an;—_—— 3 | LTE Air Interface Physical Resource Blocks 42 Subearriers atid In LTE, radio resources are allocated in units of Physical Resource Blocks (PRES). Normally, a PRB will contain 12 ‘subcarriers over 7 symbols, for a total of 84 modulation symbols. i the system Is configured to use the longer Cyclo Profix in order to protect against excessive ‘multipath, then the PRB will contain only six symbols. 42