Chuong V PDF

CHNG V.
L THUYT V
HNH VI CA NGI SN XUT
I. L THUYT V SN XUT
- Mt s khi nim
- Hm sn xut
- Sn xut vi mt u vo bin i
- Sn xut trong di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
1. Mt s khi nim
1.1. Sn xut
Sn xut l vic s dng cc loi hng ha v dch v khc
nhau, gi l cc u vo hoc cc yu t sn xut, to ra
hng ha dch v mi, gi l u ra (hay sn phm).
1.2. Cng ngh
Cng ngh c hiu l cc cch thc hoc cc phng php
(cc k thut) kt hp cc yu t u vo to ra sn phm
u ra.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
1. Mt s khi nim
1.3. Doanh nghip / hng
Khi nim: Hng c hiu l t chc kinh t thu, mua cc
yu t sn xut u vo nhm to ra hng ha, dch v bn
cho ngi tiu dng nhm thu li nhun.
1.4. Ngn hn v di hn
Ngn hn l khong thi gian trong c t nht mt u vo
c nh. Ngc li, di hn l khong thi gian trong hng
c th thay i tt c cc yu t u vo s dng trong qu
trnh sn xut.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
2. Hm sn xut
- Khi nim: Hm sn xut biu hin mi quan h v mt k
thut gia cc yu t sn xut khc nhau theo mt cng ngh
la chn nht nh ti a ha u ra.
- Hm sn xut c dng tng qut l Q = f (x1, x2,, xn)
vi Q l sn lng u ra v x1, x2,, xn l cc yu t sn
xut u vo.
- Nu c nh cc yu t sn xut khc m ch nghin cu,
xem xt n hai yu t l lao ng v vn th chng ta c
hm sn xut l Q = f (K, L).
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
2. Hm sn xut
Dng hm sn xut ph bin v hu dng nht m chng ta
thng s dng l hm Cobb Douglas c dng:
Q = f (K, L) = a. K. L
vi a l mt hng s; v l s m ca K v L cho bit tm
quan trng tng i ca hai yu t ny trong qu trnh sn
xut.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
2. Hm sn xut
Khi nim hiu sut ca quy m cp ti s thay i ca sn
lng u ra khi tt c cc u vo c th tng theo cng t l
trong di hn.
- Khi tng h ln cc yu t u vo m u ra tng trn h ln th
y l trng hp hiu sut tng theo quy m (t tnh kinh t):
f (hK, hL) > hf (K, L).
- Khi tng h ln cc yu t u vo m u ra tng t hn h ln
th y l trng hp hiu sut gim theo quy m (phi kinh t):
f (hK, hL) < hf (K, L).
- Khi tng h ln cc yu t u vo m u ra tng ng h ln th
y l trng hp hiu sut khng i theo quy m:
f (hK, hL) = hf (K, L).
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
2. Hm sn xut
i vi hm sn xut Cobb Douglas, tng cc h s v
c th cho chng ta bit hiu sut ca quy m.
- Nu + = 1 th hm sn xut phn nh hiu sut khng
i theo quy m;
- Nu + < 1 th hm sn xut c hiu sut gim theo quy
m;
- Nu + > 1 th hm sn xut c hiu sut tng theo quy
m.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
3. Sn xut vi mt u vo bin i
Khi nghin cu hm sn xut ngn hn chng ta s gi nh
rng ch c lng u vo lao ng s dng trong sn xut l
c th thay i c cn lng t bn s dng c nh K.
Do , hm sn xut l hm mt bin s theo L c biu th
l:
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
3.1. Nng sut bnh qun
Nng sut bnh qun hay sn phm bnh qun ca lao ng
(APL) l s lng u ra tnh theo mt n v u vo lao
ng. Nng sut bnh qun c xc nh bng cch ly sn
lng u ra chia cho s lao ng m hng s dng sn
xut ra s u ra .
Tng t vi APK
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
3.3. Quy lut nng sut cn bin gim dn
Ni dung: Nng sut cn bin ca bt k mt yu t u vo
bin i no cng s bt u gim v gim dn ti mt thi
im no khi ta tip tc b thm tng n v ca yu t
vo qu trnh sn xut (yu t u vo kia c nh).
Mi quan h gia MP v AP l g?
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
ngha:
+ Chi bit mi quan h gia nng sut bnh qun (APL) v
nng sut cn bin (MPL)
- Khi s lng s dng lao ng tng ln th APL tng
v t cc i ti APLmax ri gim dn.
- MPL cng vy, tng v t cc i ti MPLmax ri
gim dn qua im APLmax v bng khng (MPL = 0).
- Mi quan h:
+ Khi MPL > APL th APL tng dn
+ Khi MPL < APL th APL gim dn
+ Khi MPL = 0 th Qmax
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
ngha:
+ Cho php la chn c mt c cu u vo mt cch ti
u hn
+ Cho bit mi quan h gia MP v MC
MC = VC/Q = PXi. Xi/Q = Pxi /MP
- MP
=> MC
- MPmax => MCmin
- MP => MC
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
Chng minh:
S dng hm sn xut Cobb Douglas chng minh
Q = f (K, L) = a. K. L, (0 < , <1)
- Khi L = const => MPK = QK= a.K-1.L
(MPK) = ( a.K-1.L)= (-1) a.K-2.L
< 1 => (-1) < 0
=> (MPK) < 0 => MP
- Khi K = const => MP
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
4. Sn xut trong di hn
- ng ng lng: cho bit cc kt hp u vo khc nhau
nhng to ra cng mt mc sn lng.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v sn xut
CHNG V. L THUYT V
II. L THUYT V CHI PH
- Mt s khi nim v chi ph
- Chi ph ngn hn v di hn
- Tng chi ph, chi ph bnh qun, chi ph kinh t
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1. Mt s khi nim v chi ph
1.1. Ch ph ti nguyn
Chi ph ti nguyn l chi ph cc ngun lc thng tnh bng
hin vt sn xut ra sn phm.
1.2. Ch ph tnh ton v chi ph kinh t
- Chi ph tnh ton (chi ph k ton, ch ph ti chnh) l chi
ph thc t chi bng tin (ch ph tng minh) sn xut ra
sn phm khng tnh n cc chi ph c hi ca cc u vo
s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Ch ph kinh t l ton b cc chi ph bng tin sn xut
ra sn phm gm c chi ph tnh ton v chi ph c hi.
Chi ph kinh t = Chi ph tnh ton + Chi ph c hi
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3. Chi ph ngn hn
1.3.1. Chi ph c nh (FC)
- Khi nim: Chi ph c nh l chi ph khng thay i khi sn
lng thay i (tc l chi ph khng ph thuc sn lng,
khng sn xut vn pht sinh).
Q , , = 0 => FC = const
- Cng thc: FC = TC - VC
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3.2. Chi ph bin i (VC)
- Khi nim: Chi ph bin i l chi ph ph thuc sn lng,
tc l sn lng tng th chi ph bin i tng v ngc li.
Q , => VC ,
Khng sn xut
th s khng pht sinh.
Q = 0 => VC = 0
- Cng thc: VC = TC FC
VC lun cch u TC
mt khon l FC.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3.3. Tng chi ph (TC)
- Khi nim: Tng chi ph l ton b cc ti nguyn tnh theo
gi tr th trng sn xut ra sn phm.
Tng chi ph bao gm chi ph bin i v chi ph c nh.
- Cng thc: TC = FC + VC
TCq=0 = FC
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3.4. Cc chi ph ngn hn bnh qun
Chi ph c nh bnh qun (AFC): l chi ph c nh tnh trn
mt n v sn phm.
AFC = FC / Q => FC = AFC . Q
AFC = ATC - AVC
Chi ph bin i bnh qun (AVC): l chi ph bin i tnh trn
mt n v sn phm.
AVC = VC / Q => VC = AVC . Q
AVC = ATC - AFC
Tng chi ph bnh qun (ATC): l chi ph sn xut tnh trn
mt n v sn phm.
ATC = TC / Q => TC = AC . Q
ATC = AVC + AFC
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3.5. Chi ph cn bin (MC)
Khi nim: Chi ph cn bin l chi ph tng thm khi sn xut
thm mt n v sn phm.
Lu : - MC c dng U v lun i qua cc im cc tiu ca
ATC v AVC.
- MC dc ln do quy lut nng sut cn bin gim dn.
Cng thc: MC = TC/ Q = VC/ Q
= W L/ Q = W / MPL
- MC gim khi MPL tng nu gim u vo lao ng (L),
- MC tng khi MPL gim nu tng u vo lao ng (L),
- MCmin khi MPLmax u vo lao ng l ti u (L*).
MC = TC, MC = VC
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
ATC c hnh ch U v ct MC ti ATCmin
MC i qua ATCmin (ATC)= 0
ATC = TC/Q, => (ATC)= (TC/Q)
(TC/Q)=(TC.Q - TC.Q)/Q2 = (MC - ATC)/Q = 0
+ 1/Q > 0
- MC = ATC (ATC)= 0, ATC min. V th MC ct ATC
ti im ti thiu.
- MC > ATC, (ATC)> 0, Q tng, ATC tng. Nh vy khi
MC > ATC th ATC tng dn. (MC ko ATC ln)
- MC < ATC, (ATC)< 0, Q tng, AVC gim. Nh vy khi
MC<ATC th ATC gim dn. (MC ko ATC xung)
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
Mi quan h gia cc ng chi ph
- FC l ng nm ngang
- VC v TC dc ln v cch u vi nhau mt khon FC
- AFC lun dc xung v pha phi
- AVC, ATC c dng hnh ch U
- MC c dng hnh ch U v i qua 2 im cc tiu ca AVC
v ATC.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
- AVC c hnh ch U v mi quan h vi AP
AVC = VC/Q
VC = W. L
AVC = W/(Q/L) = W/AP
AP => AVC
APMAX => AVCMIN
AP => AVC
=> AVC c hnh ch U
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
- MC c hnh ch U v mi quan h vi MP
MC = VC/ Q
VC = W. L
MC = W/(Q/L) = W/MP
MP => MC
MPMAX => MCMIN
MP => MC
=> MC c hnh ch U
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
1.3.6. ngha
- Chi ph c nh (FC) l mt trong nhng c s hng quyt
nh tip tc sn xut hay ng ca sn xut khi so snh vi
phn thua l ca hng. Khi thua l ln hn chi ph c nh th
hng s ng ca sn xut.
- Tng ch ph bnh qun (ATC) gip xc nh li nhun trn
mt n v sn phm v xc nh P, Q ha vn ca doanh
nghip.
- Chi ph cn bin (MC) v ATC l c s ch yu doanh
nghip xc nh sn lng ti u (Q*).
- Chi ph bin i bnh qun (AVC) gip xc nh mc gi
ng ca.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
I. L thuyt v chi ph
2. Chi ph di hn
CHNG V. L THUYT V
III. L THUYT V LI NHUN
1. Li nhun
- Ngun gc
- Khi nim: li nhun l
i lng phn nh s
chnh lch gia doanh thu
thu c vi chi ph phi
b ra t c doanh
thu
- Cng thc: = TR TC = Q (P - ATC)
CHNG V. L THUYT V
III. L thuyt v li nhun
2. Doanh thu bnh qun v doanh thu cn bin
2.1. Doanh thu bnh qun
Doanh thu bnh qun (k hiu l AR) l tng doanh thu trn
n v sn phm bn c.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
2. Doanh thu bnh qun v doanh thu cn bin
2.2. Doanh thu cn bin
Doanh thu cn bin (k hiu l MR) l doanh thu thu thm
c t vic bn thm mt n v sn phm.
CHNG V. L THUYT V
2. iu kin ti a ha li nhun
= TR-TC => max
- iu kin cn
d/dQ = 0 => MR = MC
- iu kin
d2/dQ2 < 0
+ Nu MR>MC
th tng Q s tng
+ Nu MR<MC
th gim Q s tng
+ Nu MR=MC
th Q l ti u Q*,max
CHNG V. L THUYT V
2. iu kin ti a ha li nhun
Quy tc chung: Mi doanh nghip s gia tng sn lng u
ra chng no doanh thu cn bin cn ln hn chi ph cn bin
(MR>MC) cho ti khi c MR=MC th dng li. Ti y
doanh nghip la chn c mc sn lng ti u Q* ti
a ha li nhun ( Max).
- Nu MR>MC
th tng Q s tng
- Nu MR<MC
th gim Q s tng
- Nu MR=MC
th Q l ti u Q*,max
CHNG V. L THUYT V
3. Cc nhn t nh hng ti li nhun: P, Q, ATC
- Li nhun kinh t v li nhun tnh ton:
+ k ton = TR TC k ton
+ kinh t = TR TC kinh t = TR TC k ton O.C
K ton kt = O.C
V TC kinh t > TC k ton 1 khon O.C
Nn kinh t < k ton ng bng 1 khon O.C
- Li nhun bnh qun v li nhun siu nghch
BQ = /Q = (P - ATC)v = TR - TC = Q (P - ATC)
siu ngch= di ra ngoi BQ
CHNG V. L THUYT V
4. Ti a ha doanh thu

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