WORKSHOP PRACTICE SERIES from Special Interest Model Books| 7% THE ART OF WELDING \ BB ISBN O-85242-B4b-4 (NU B03. 1300W 1S3431NI TVD3ES61 feT* GM, [ees Sa Risto ae ‘SPECIAL INTEREST MODEL BOOKS Spesatrtrest Hoo Boke Ls ‘pcg 196 9868, 000, 1992, 1099, 195, 1807, 1858, “Wis eatin © 2000 Spe tres Made Books Us esc! ne arawings cutesy of £178) ‘Avot esd. No part fs pubeation may reprodcea ‘Serbia Steric yi ar trees in nym ory Siymem aectone moctonca, prongs. econg or tense, i ‘hater ten parson om the uso. H sav oanai2 e164 (“Pro _ 09 JUN 2004 | -ypecstng By Pata eH) Prine and bound Get tan by ides Ut, neice uk Preface ‘Tne at of wading wrought ton has bon practised by viloe smith that forge res eonures: mony betta ‘camper of ter work remain, mast ‘Sommonly in wrought ron gates wich santo men set a ht i Inreion er yoy oot This boot rhe Art of Wen, or! ‘ute an axa tants on oe bot but more of eal ecusion ‘ewsopad in indy, {eShrica wey ‘Say searing’ paeeaaacans ‘Hote io are strangers to welding but Serer genres Pelle eset adap Baca ceadeent Sra eee wean Soacemeaecs mareursrae ieee ares see Eng phienaeenta ing the key in positon on the acety- Sennouaremantsins ieee faringContents Chapter 2 Chapters Pat Two craps chapter? Chapter Chapter 1 Chapt 18 opens Append 3 Wilding by he Oxy Acalene Process Gas Wing ‘Gee Welding Other Metals Onytame cating Cast ron and Stainless St! ‘ericl an Overs Welding of Mild Stes Resetonce Welding TUG apd MG. Welding. Wald Symboi Welding Daas Introduction Stanislav Olerowsh, patented the fst Sa tbo, tri aco ctrods were patented by Artur coi ar fr nang Singh acct wad Spent Tr 0s the ony acatlene Fare fumes ty ion uma cht Sito a wing cried ot yePART ONE Chapter 1 Welding by the Oxy-Acetylene Process (Gas Welding)Yo, mp vt” han we in et weno ne ee agent SMSnorh ented aye evens Reena rata siete ee one" ‘onygen ces chemical combination ‘wc net em aie wih col ‘Subject of enor, newer slow the Oy int (o, mead 3 nae Sbatome exposes to het em amy ‘Shihan cou ad to an exposon {IE CANVAS RUBBER HOSES Tors otha woldng bowie th tcoune bing for satne an the Sac fr xen Thay are upped ane spo sya hs a a and Tih thee conneted ap fo the 2p- ropa egunto and tthe eng Slope the seventy i comple {ie equipment shout now be testod During onthe goa ach yer ould” be at In poston om Re eile vido 2 hat ean be {Smee of nied i cae of nee ery. UciTING THE FLAME he working pressure. set oath: and mtr fos Ire for sero anae 1" y. {fe eponing the seetfane ona sight Satin ut 8 sma foc ong than taht up pralreiy sing fink pore igo but nt orb Fivng ightd cana mandy the SSehandwelony fest fone a Te row ointng inn at Secon, ‘ighing the Noma ean'b, i ne ‘erates Deke ny oes hs ise to ne or bon valves being Inttenty" open (osaly ne Seven Scot th of ‘av wel open avon i oo Mech otha to ta te ate ‘Binatone tof he nore, Bunge the biownipe ‘aterm epecally i toe ‘ot wo enveng the thank fet to bo ging hot. have iow Blowpipes 9 aca ttany rom the azn whic ee oh oan to shut of the ane and at ADJUSTMENT OF THE FLAME ‘mally, ls. reasonably” under contol, {i th fy equal minute of bth {oven on ooking whe base arene {ar emergs rom te oa sa ISenvene, nd may paar as 8 Aft ama is voy important get ‘henner whte cone of tame corey Sane We wil sasume for the moment tay natal amet npn ths cannot be exapguated forthe Sein erin ecss of oxen ‘xidsation In ether werd, burning of eval, tere ot acting to much eaban eberbad imo theTo obi neu are, posted os "fing the Seca Speers a we ary fc al artane Corie tr See og psy voy a fetray naw on hw oar coe ‘izappuoreving the wt inn one sharply deine Grom cae must ‘yoo ony us cle to eruse the tite foe of seclee to Testor amount more wl podses Stevens anyon wc woos “Aornavet, the, Sal_adximent ray bu made no ctor way ound By'homing ‘ote seayiane ol the ‘ite habe tthe gos the ier hte con et pra ing te {sive ts aavianbia to chest tht he fast prety ret tr bra haere ar he worting res to mies the fame. nocltly oul or ot obtnrad by Sbsering Tetoperanan tthe wal ea nthe cas of on hanes of ony, sh poole motan erp Sones. ke sans ose beth poo! of malt met thon roses Spots sppararc. no rombery fom, 9 ot OF pe aig eae foning aut te sour anion cole kened io rtod Sr "ané shoul How sos and “mowtiy and tn fo spas thing. Teena be bomen mind, howe, tat the. abowe refers ony tothe Swaaing’of mid meee other mata ‘equa ernttocmique we Sal turning ot tho oxtvons valve avin aves at he pin Lo. hv Dacome fay eficant and well prac {ean he rf sing wpe ile experimental gratia welding Seta i every good pacts indo for ‘anova inthe a of acing ond ‘evoraly vata in geting weed 0 Koning te biowpie ane Seong hosing ockmave. NEN sign welding’ is spl pretsing the mating of stlghtorwars owed Sr'weis song a svnigh in, on the ‘h Ute Sot piece of sheet mea rs Rinenmwonna : ‘Setup ar ofthe bench, per on Sihvebek tng 8 No. 2 nove ond ‘loves and gogaae, now fight un the Ame a ang early ads copie fame ne ata ‘New tera poston ofthe ame in ‘metal on which we are ebou ay tote storing othe pate Scores proton is orp wit Ee oa Sears et SARI eaten cheaatard ae cae‘svigtforwardbaods with the om Faia ge" tency ane the ie pre: Danse ig haugh ene tak 100% pentaton, ceding dipping ino the post of ‘roan mc el nara ee Seetpcen: nach he edt pedo: hue n't Spee ofa over awe _Chapter 2 Exercises with Mild Steel EXEROISE 1 A BUTT WELD ON 16 ‘GAUGE MUD STEEL SHEET Having become Meroughy rated in Baie Sherbea Sbove he operat ‘More Seeread,‘namay. at see ‘ree jin esos of mt Sreplecad ngs to age a ly ured ‘Soir ene wan om _simior¥e Bowe we ved Tor ov practice ‘tan wei, (a two pcos of MS fey most be rae car ofthe bench, tone baing sel (cbousy a wooden Eesti toute wane deeig yar as le reson, but this can be ot iy, Sins fale to chp and hy ander Ne interes of the heat whch i very (ios Aternativay, smal tel spe fits colt we rth para, Ariged to neoded soma ind of Moles ores on whic 0 spor the Sine ne, not sty ing spec dete oh puro ‘Shae meta ont 0S" and stows ‘te bone, lt eu he upper Mating owt of MS tx appromatly igo! ie mating points oF other ‘atts tl be deat him inter Sap. nt th agen era, praise ‘ot abot San Tarn) betwee Te done, wn 6 now ready to ear the Gonning gloves and" gouges a eae ie frst pat ofthe on Eeleuseeeieg oe {Thins dono in order to hold the werk eae reins Sareea ie Eee Aeke rablronead {gether The eae shoud be pated Sega heat dc nee {towing thie prseauré sh the way ‘ong. te eam to beaded. The fearon we ue i pred n eking [Finorcort wold dstortan: hiss my fi reference tothe ended Word ‘droron but ‘the reader may Test, secre that wl not he TO ‘rpm a ita fobar iw sort peices a eee ‘until before long they would actualy be time fst hat ion. steal when fated "Sepends, “andes when Sr lhe gps problema with wheh {Poi orn ie fag hi est sdvatage One age this aw tego can ony te goin by sel ‘iperionc ate ext books inthe ‘toi comet oko fho lace of hi A ook con expan he princes hich ie pnonomengn sd atthe oi Ste Ines ‘ur hat tack In mating he tacks wht we te actualy {in ig ral poten or purer malate tuned toga we‘Sealy tegeter and thee ones ‘Hee uml ang btore ws each the nd of cur weld he wo aden hs enti tang the eam inhi way, by Stehupe hat the whois work would bo {he hast if spend every sang the ‘om and the expansion ana con ‘Enon atone i sland by te ‘whole way slong te ‘complete, we have Out to sina of sea etl petty fis one more pnt rear athe above, iris imporant thet the Mame fon ae gach tack i paced, Ht fame sear of te plate imac thar slowing tc! Boor pro eoding tthe not ack Now t0 complete the weld proper Fin eter tend ony Begining atthe orem igh. Sse" ian ‘cpr mn of Serine fad ty enn ‘sige Bearing {ruth qtr ante mata ene ae Eon» oe of on metal arbor, and then fad Once the pool ot i ttn rca {he fame tbe ip of spa {he pop of matin etl tout Intel eo the wold progeeds the {are ping way ange ot “tera are_ several ierent sy Ned at tha weaving ration which the fare is moves ‘om side ose asthe weld pr: teal rat a teat ‘ore il basupefaous an probs SNe Be gan fo nt ‘rire govemod by these at wah the msi mata anos th weld re foc wil be found that he Met Earaerdncme’ Rnvanea’ iemhanctistiecet Fated expand, nixon wel to check ih arying ut this wel, te opera tore cer sho be to penta te egies tet ‘On completion the weld shoul oe sentonsppcrance ol nanan of evry Soacel ine maven some wh bepanted a peasy Homogeneous Betis Wold te underside sno pe sont an exsy simiter soparanco to {ho wold surface wth 100% pave {rmoon night throgh te mater oe Sah Song tober ‘Wie dasrble. recut can oniy "bo [tine er one te pace a [EXERCISE SINGLE VEE BUTT WELD [Akar panty of practi on the sbove {ypen"of waite on chose met the ‘Seto atempt a igi vee but wal on ‘kor mato, sey fin MS Edge Preparation. To but weld wo Dates of this mater by ‘he ony ccvlone proce commonly called ‘Sp "Gos Weng) i ecasary 0 ‘ove he adgteft-ahamar hem, fo {ne ree dso tute ogee they form 2 sped {reer ponder: n ac wont he ‘fing Up to a fey So on ne fn gap of abit San im bee ‘rant ‘edges, which set insteadxenoseEDGE PREPARATION FOR MILD STEEL SHEET AND PLATE 4455 BES soe ety ee eee ‘oduaory manual (0 hea of [EXERCISEV. CORNER WELDS. Tis i ve cmon pe of a 250 Un tg {Othoanused nourfat oxersca mbt nd werking presure ae. of gw icomamSedo oad Sanmrt pita place the seamed parton te Exch ie vere v pation ad ‘henna [reat a tthe eld depoat fle bow the hands mats wpe dehoney must length of te jon consort ond ‘roy here mut be no weak ois ‘ee homopenaue and iinet in bul too gh on Seca wa th eyeing ‘Bar tne welder mest a nde wth just mentory oom omer wld bute operator sould et plety ‘Siigood paces In ee ntl realy Few rato rot beet him [tha courte of hsning caret Complete Sox Fabiestion. Coming [eat"sow to ur box febreton, aE Std prev, the Tan, Bow Ula feeds toiog mache, ot ‘uy aes feng machi hot ‘wenow ny onthe top wih eee of ‘bse Mae surat Eeeereses ny te bie den Bat leony the Sa remy. aor Tis ie good Sx sverige etre om ie Tote eet toning Seger “clean "secre Ser guild fom he stove Seer on imran see hen te subect. | would ks to commend” another aremly 900d sremod ot tacking set rata fectons Bing ter toga sbatnt tenia os and postion Setortion and gestiy fact the [EXERCISE V, LET WELDS A flor wold consist of baad lo race of wold poet lid nse 8 corer mace by aro components Seomblod usual fot na meses) 07 No edge papartion (ie: har fring) rene An ouside comer Isnt, ahs ey, ang ewe en of the rota shots 98 the 90 Te Feteterniewich h els ‘twoan two shee Of ta wi be “olatwo pce asm Sccthom up or ocking eae {nbz W tor tha coma welChapter 3 Gas Welding Other Metals |‘hisis he msin Wing to watohout frm rating stile stout by. ith ‘loin te are gry 0 ma twee and withdraw the fare slowly Bassng it over the area of tha weld Sle cbey“td a asenaicn att ‘iter Sorption ofthe wold. the fe ‘rust be emovea, party By hip, Telethon ans (round buted or poles, unl (CAST RON “There are tw rain Kad of ost on, ‘wit cst angry ent Whi ae phd Sr ih ane ore ‘ery easy under the ucnoe of heat ‘ic ‘cas one of the cones of al ‘Sori, sna therefore resist cracking Be ‘much ber A ti form of cast ton «ete ifort rom tot mis sh bar’ tame, ars names 2 ‘Which he wont one is whet soughe fib na ope son, sig ete lee nd ot Intern obeie tug in scon content, andor burpoce tha author recommend the Brit Onyoon Co's Ase Super icon, ‘tiorbete quay cation Feretetie i ent ee neces a walang ecrigue For exparmentl Purposes we wi sk a rnpe sah onto br weld on good ity Soy at ona Ye Yn (=m tik ‘a sh comply op he rarer soa heen ered op ‘epand wnen hese. Toe malting pie ‘eae ron fe much ower tan Ba of ‘ste ata gure re ml tel rate ot about 1, ane eb fon epproximetely 1250), 0°91.) wi Seton aioe fie ce ‘rfibe. on bath inde, end using the ‘Soggeted tar oa rape eel rund to chemfe angle of 3 on both este crniasomcane Inifeeage, bute smal seton set erie ‘ntouchedin tha cone athe then se acy op eto {Sah other exact ae n te gn ferbed bows. pean the whole of {ho material by paving the fame aver {he une are fora aw mnie. oes uch ae we ore prove sealng Shs araotociag pn ny wy. athe hes lrg casting, however, ‘would probably So noseseary fo re heat in 2. sony propares mute ‘tcaing nites ot then resating ‘Nj Pet teen a halo foo ip in tun, Aber. eafcondy re iang the work ie "now tea for Sie To, ae te tard {oecaste cat fon Scene ony Shs ign of ling a ‘stor te frm spr an tba ony ‘rn flr ro ner nt te pot Strotten maa arzoon ae ttm The Parent etl ifoundto be meking. ne {ie ed mot carn oe ard Seige ae th a ering ne [ecrmed, his "puddling selon ie eerar in oder fo wo bow hoes, sh a ab form st tic ere generated ving te wong ‘roca The pudding, sing acon \fins wore ot dane, the esto weld ow formed tay stout tock tthe tow moves tothe nightward end to Sree ha wed sop Nota ‘minimal. Procoed with the meld ts Taner descse, tom eat tot, [the weld progresses stad long ‘Beles and of te jot coneEc siya an aye 20 oot iat to aot ean, for Seven, redwing ‘ay repest, wen the wal com pith at sr mint bao ‘tsedienly,andholdea ot laying he onal adhe of cad rom ‘ia won cae tron cooled Yoo {he anger of trating, ba the meta ‘Thi iow ooing prea stow core i te esting welded it Sout be caty mechingbe, end ater Blinding anon Ingpecton no Dio ‘ara unl compat a ‘Numiniun best metlo wots, "ands evry wat edd sch cae tore Ses Ore ee ‘luminum tem about SC wien {ary ow cpa ha oo ot horace wen cause Sty tho of oxide wich fe avare re onthe aura alumni. No ‘Sou ot Wing or wo brushing con 2 SES satiny: or hs actif sor a ay t's ‘Semanal Most "ot thas “alloy of {he welding of tha maa whe fo I'amy purpse toy and help the hte isthe tet arts wih re Sedeeaeae ce ip inesecate Sehr sesg to Siena cme Serene Bpas mee san Saeecceee eee peer See sen reieee iets coed areca ag be ee aes Be fe ocala feta of val ttn. a ‘novwitnavery sig hare acrvane Sentaontekeyttaet e beat of ti et smn ‘ty ofan oeng tame {le wice at and dip the end Ime fen Thr hong te fo Exe a Sear pena thored lb found fat ef Iacono SF stern nowng to cominaniy Be Spping tothe ux Asal point ere SFhwaye top the Alotote fax tn Goh closes whan por Inuse tho Bro ack ee See Prostan ite of the fusion welding fi exci in tha soma way ant friar asardaes ir eect Show nthe cae of ‘veble to pro-host oo mea est by ‘auring ths fare over the whole tthe Los for aw minutes betoerand Sie because suminisn suche od conductor of Ret thet te het tata tno “ference between ai and mia tel that unite sot ron, dos not ange colour wily heating, sow ‘whieh mate ic wneing silt fa, (arash of prey ince have {herr in Yuri nan sight ‘ina of course thease ofthe lo ‘ended waar and tee feng tho ‘ce ofthe tal wile wat for {het meting pot to be reacned be Shee eo oe mae whch ith iter safe sprta gan Bont and sole ready plunge the Fed it the pot of maton ret Sarai mecca Seca Se es Seas a ete Eanes fear ut Wa Ung ny, te, es at ead Saiitwbahaetmat actedthe conti, an then placing tack stout ech ser at ek ere ae the neta wah a tion aendy desu ad a a09n ino eaten bay for foten, mata and proceed a fallow. inmost burns gay, wth weet stagnate oso Welding Thee let unwed Irene dpa can ey be ered = dove: By doing tnt ony ‘ne sees Se TAS Saati cee meses Soa ee Saleen ce Sidd Raes reenact Psy bo mentary al to “Fre wel proce i sitar to seat toqura for weaing vil aon eon pew fig vathe ‘Roving the me rom ito ia but ‘ather‘imyp the tome. stesay whe trovingforword,simoat aren slong Iprtne tang motion of the preceding far wir. $9 recapturing iat Serf ge af et ling ear sty mov fo i he ea wi de Tena ps set oe eat ee teeta Senet dcr a a seal aeace ee armanahcnaion ‘wth enue soda and then nite {Biwed by thorough washing eon [WELDING CAST ALUMIUM ‘Seep that" apedl ilar rode Fetish fod ule acy to tus be cael supported on brs fr oes, so hat he wight oven Si at ple taepet fap soier tenho mot store vay a un WELDING oF BRASS i 0 oy of operand in in pete equ ming oi (Seround S00 lporox 105271 Sree or any ws. ett ny Sanger to gute again being treo ‘Spurtor uses 8 pudding ation with {Sed In the welding of cation. The Sa i’ igh ecm igh cect Qxygen cous fn Snide ori tearm onthe surace Steaua wach ofa sc are ie he tld Swan “necessary. The technique. of eaten the met uti good pol of bd thos igh pudding ng {hap oak ow or blow hole orm91 gooe without seving tat, complete peterson must bs schved trough Bit When complet, ha rough surace trosted ot ian onary lace Sender hn sane of the weld wl ‘ieappea andthe resuing Tob ell ppanr 6 ane cold Brae oration, ‘tne weld viral ivi ‘more repay ‘metal wth ho pxconton ‘iy ete tes tht of tat of von or ste a tSont wie hat tn Fort iis ecoscary to ft 9 much Bromo han ‘wan pores fiownote) may ba fr thes by tapped gots, Btor welding Brie ee as Boge aemaees Sarai ple tote. hon) no beveling e Lees Se age gue ee of sour pin Sm Sucve e “pom he pond wih whic fis ori ‘ut the eager ofthe eine shoud be reba te owe ra sot of copper should be appropiate tothe {hsence of te motor sede ens oa oeaactereantas ae eri baaieaet EA bes serene iia ehepaatien iieomeatarar tet erin Senos ee ees Chapter 4 Brazing Brazing ie a very handy and usta ‘math of oiring wo meas together, Ie evantage being mat ae, no ‘Sosioso mash are ie Sekar to seize components, Sich aetneinavumen wont Inoed htc oo str tere fra partly eary ‘Sesilininecasoofcanvon, a lenas ‘sttvey woltomemeta, provisos ie"tooiey tan and igh atthe ‘efoto aed Tho sae apie {o rating gory th surares obo inc ml be en fom of rene ‘The Technique of Brazing. Presuming ‘wowiehtounte two met par yt ‘atod, hong got ham wl loans, ovral Til wre econ ie brensouts In conluncton with Brnstecte fu Prehest tha and kth wire an ip to snd th ita fhe'tn‘of ux when iwi po up a all wf fx sto boat ttisng, Now, Roving rid the work {o's pd ved het ust aging to tit rabbing ston wi tel od Ie the fare soy moving ‘neti wl be found tow eveny ‘Sang th whaler oh seam, ond ean be hapa ‘oping thea tom to encourage th fw othe ‘mote bracing mata, which wil form [eaten moat and even fa On ‘completion, the Mux ca aasiy be ‘Stoned olf by slunging ine wate sre sco hay sing do, ‘adars that plunging ot brass tend {io cnper art ui stare cate Cn vena hab cnt Nested ich a by fr ican the danger of rocking But ‘Sena braing tb surfaces to est ion eae punt be sci ”cu metho of ung stanass sta, gon, whic ttl aluminium Heat sresues sr eae the hr wire asp cut om inthe surfaces ust be aan he original shes of 8 longo the Sind ea om of grasa, andthe ova fir ve) and wn ha. nie to tat Sosrbed” ino nea peng vp e smal iat fs then un he tame sp are down 0 form tin coating fr as previously ‘Sheba rope spot of aon othe ‘nyt Nevertsiase hot stiace ne the ont Ae toon 2 Bratingiea qulssna simple mead ot th stare torun te trmperotire art [pining sturinrn or fe ays where rahe iskthe lloras alg the ine ot elinahd congonate went as Sent guy ona op wh he ‘in Gea ay sae su ng rae oe ok in cl wate od ere, Chapter 5 Oxy-flame Cutting tis eae’ prong ‘pachiteeofvancus pee, Th tea micron pc eltyah Dist underneth (cat eo camet be toy ine meneds exept ath he oe es pl Sony the ‘mshi owl tye oe ‘Seeley wih Rand Sunny mete “he pate ofonyuting i bao ‘de, andthe wane citing blowpine fake te of isis gone sr {oa walang blonpipe bute none s {ortho oxyecrane” sma on't pure oxygen on to the stad meta: 0 ‘np eat suing low ‘which can be used on mid steel of Sin eames (9 Sor ng the" aporopeate none ate" 'ARof in. rm) 4, 9 in. (12mm) Sie dog to aut 1S. Valveson the Blowpie lie: bth oxy ten ond aeevonel but wih De ‘See wey way Spe a Hahei usta way Raeping the hand vil cer and adj th re, ur ivan aan woking Daw {me ine “Ctogen” rote hes out final onice,emting. four” smal flames nto cating tin the ca ton the opto rls te ental aver whith ne doa sty hon ute ouching tents of he mes tu ode a get © eee on in {icone wsahy tne tat tare fo ‘ntere e of he otal here hat cavantoge, because. the bur ny coms ned ‘5SSa eaiaty tte ns the ame moved tansy aia he cu ut Sow. ok ‘steed which accord wth the Dre ‘gros of the ct, The gperstor must Tap ss oe Sod roglarspeea to fae te Fert shit of the eating fe eat sb acct ogo twhch often door oppor! thie ius eu to real fate lsc sen foe haeconce, wal one ye Nant tny dongar of 3 bow otk os "pariaary acrte ating i suirs hooper son uae» gun iSriom ot ace of ston Svc, tat ‘some’eaton i napdos ‘onaring he Stare rom the guide {orto edge he eng Ie iin. Eoremestotton tomas rom dae of srs oto nd ‘tortie one won n othr wos, Se mt alow forthe amet ofthe nice measuring te dos frm ‘ho gue otherwise one tay Heh, ‘Reach ica nar oat mh "espera of 900d clean cuting i in Sci rama supped forth Bl tthe cating Caste ond soarte amin eon ony bo obtained its jt ‘thor seca ronan of mil soe of rayon Thknesses using he Sefve. Pgh Pressure Slowpipe with the Satire at Renlene noes ‘tren pas con Be used in con uration ft oxygn npc of aa Lei cting ppt erenaiy e Soe or pura gos. propane, bu farm and omar mr gaze Te to (Snare supple e' Rau form in ‘Spropian cinders and give of © Bint id vate Fah seen tor oxfam suing burpoees tough ofa te or walang fin are mosty used in pong macros, Sacsuee these Node Rereciting et Dacha ete ged niferm speed ond. stance fom tho srace of re mata fotos ‘ach no human Rand an repose fost helen obtaining »peracty ‘eon Sut by pene ‘Stan catsan ony be sined hon ne entra jt of cating sxygen emergent eo baat aright ond tres = ie the lead of a pana = 20 boys commencing sea cutng. 8 Shock. shows be made” by spy pening ra osing tha cota we of fecating ot momentary when til ‘nants team now tha cota cuing ini bhovig. emerge tom the ‘bam ot et Cony. "he. cause. of ths may be some ‘estction inde the ot no whieh ‘inte clesedby tho use ote carte Sto‘ the spade vosmrs which ore ppiad "by 80. "Umted" Onno ib wed ough mare een temporary subst. “Tho fault may be due to te at that (ett ‘esaly ot sot copper by ‘bing on fine erry paper os eek ra sce, seating ret of he inane on he bowie. Fgh = petere can actualy cool the Bam Cuting thin M/S sheet with 2 Stopete he aap nol spect: Sivensgne for eating tinsel {hte wien ender 9‘normasuting ‘lwp ean simp me or be burned Sy tha ee of te stp nowt, Dar of one ssa isco say ana hs Sra ‘consi te rife) ‘ore {lp a own Seve conn omay to to normal eating noes Sane held some sae ove {he surace. Crete needed in fng fesing Hore anouph inhy Samer ates eo Hi o PResSune_etoweres) OMY. esse blowpiesrequre aie Gas cutting and gouging Recognition of cutting and gouging detectsPART TWO Chapter 6 Arc Welding ‘though we have aleady eat with wah intensty ould be caused to jump intpan 1} mek Pateaeas eet oe Notes on Safety - Electric Arc Welding Soe tht the hand sera, or mets4 ato trae in Propey “equtped large engineering Wrishope where evan ver ge fab ‘on wrk canbe earned Gu th he Sia of hits ana iting gat nating the worilece to be tre fun ‘most oft wegeo ting "much” str waling ‘boads) compared wih 2 smal viloge rege, ¢ eel arty, 8. model Srinear wrthop bute piocae ‘An srowsiing machine is belly ‘Spy an lotic wansormer eh ‘eanstorma, or converts, te sete frame soppy tomato ampe whieh imeway re, rpersie" "Tho woising oneormer oensthergnmainvokage the ‘There "aaron transforma Bete ‘umes atthe smal deer or DIY. ire iene or nr fey thc ae een eres ‘arms hae bs, = ‘Some time ae tale oan eacic gonorfrs, oy Yury omvoroe but ‘hove daltr B€. curent wheres he more eommeniy use rensonner Dios off AC cent Exh for Tar, re pon fe oS ke ts it bring used are agar these acy 8 So's Wasthieracte SSE ee {o"whin fin inst. eh aed pot Iypae he i rected to esha romeo tat very te ahs fran the cumentomperage; ts ete in Veryingtiknoaats with Hx ‘ost a tthe ntact or touch yp Sarat gauge sss ich Meleerg (nary tag team, eg" Aisne eg ats Geweg” lal tee lem, veg comm and Zerg. 17mm ‘ways teep oecrodee dy thee equipment neeasary is ne tects lao, which etachad by sae goin gle othe vg. ‘neon the negotve pole of the ‘workpiece isl or a6 more ofan in Sroconch wnt of couse cee ehppng homme ith en {e'Temove ie eoatng ot “aug” her ‘Sep the ads at ttn ston shi bo the covering the whole of the front of toe ody "Rabat ye unre ‘Situ a eat ‘orpelory under he ena Stety Regulations mory operator cannot be Shr wh fate sro oun of eslan ofmevemer but ‘oro ray eran Spanos nd Beginners or aioes mus ctvete ie fab eetig te reptan goer face Gnae @ smattated fon or Be Mhichwe ype cane no foes oF Soin ye ented yh sc Se cxromely dangerous tothe ove, Sra exposure tem couse cone Tin ‘commany known 20. eeve Unset ote ova) wo St rng of takin ot htc o.0n7 Spent who voueiha ret ecoie She courmeetosrap ha ely sorean Se oa, fet a ow petempuing to! merely ates pace of ky paper ver the defonon, ut ice i urea hao So fenoae ref vor pact and shoul be fad scoring vo what eet nance ar ‘ghar wore Saning withthe parc san beat nove thors evita acon ‘he purpose of these first slomentay Hep, 8" Simpeorinay welding ‘tartormay, seedy conocted up te the maine by a aulfied acti, Forafaw pastes wal crs any ce of sap isto! late about “i nek wit sre fe pure Toe tering campmay ba mtacnes recy Sine orth wanton Plato ho bane os king ay Gist fora rst xp rant yout" No. 12 sg se tool tis the ects hae, st Reg cura t sou eo amp. wiimote tinge a acy ae psa for Be Egimer ge stra Ate Rave hand ora he oe Rana ight ado i lettanded”peeon ‘aust {Rev ofcourse tat Sonat bre andy hinge Steding' one noe 16 son Smpltly sumption that the bio at rt untae ets, bitte becomes alo easy with poe en) the ae one lec ferop‘Sking thw tei os uch 90 Shing fost ie sing many an Simos say do have the ervon ten front of your eye the ne he done pr Satin he wed Sits ns beginner Sng tre Immeditly oto staring hosp pate sce nd some Srnyning sre wen matt obs! ‘he fow of he are. immesitly aor ‘hang Site seo a. ecciesein a sles eine we ‘Sion the worse, Nom te may Seven Rave boon known to eat ‘Saige away and procoed to comolte ‘owmolebead of wd without ingle Drosk'or stumble Bt th exes ‘onal end happan fry. “ine urvly dove hopan, even wth tne utmat cr, is tat bogie (pts i kn ua anode {fat eon sng th arth novice {ais © exablen 9 tice gap be feeen the tip ofthe serosa an the ‘ort and consequently he oad shor Secre whn rau nthe sled ‘welding taal 0 te work, When Os oppor. the unhapoy neice tends to Danone despaasiy to dag the ‘Sectove tom the werpoce The Brat te wrong in do be Te tne compet worplecs off the bone enutng et of wcing al ver ‘he pice, aimest binging hea a pos bnd anyon ess wo happens {be in tha wny (and roby ‘compan! by urgent protest Hor he lta A i satura rater {tosrating. and scouroying tthe matur But har fnnonoed foray of A boonies ere en ute smpio voy fi volding el you gut e Grad shor ont pan imal rece the Holset ftom te actos. Then aren cooled its, perfectly stnple mater to Beat ae Sate rom wr ‘roca that olng of rutin ond {he sooty for anea ry “Atos i tor may Bound ile tormigebla ron boomos queasy ber proce, ana may I event again, the etre of uncon oto ate te re tne lee of srop metro st ane Iran wonpiece, while the Up of Me ‘lecrode hat Sut above So ep he anderen for hart In fossa ts ees he whois Prostice Welding Bands. The operator, ‘ewig surmounted thao tet rds raid ema dry a maey thelaying down of Yow pacicn weld ec toh tyr soe Tie important to eabish 2 reaty apa pct motin tal ae rom ‘Gatnguah tatwear the pure mote oF wong, te fue oh the erode Sopot pool fot meta oe Pisce “outomatealy,” rowing the pertr is sl erough in etch ue to ensure ht aes Mapper To Become usedodtipgushing eso omtetroe meta Aer som pastes the i realy gute soy, becbuce the Lihg ita much ight yw than he Berean rm soy ‘The mporant point about o he et the slag must never be alowed "0 Inte ime the oct of re maton fea mannersIhe eld" known ao ‘Seg Sted act, esase tao {hewnae spre of widna werk, “hn acrtof eneuring tate ng ous tat othe euracaof he weld {0 teep the are ou short os posable ‘Suing the hol rocse of Sepesting ‘he wald muah th wold proces fe ctoas bua or mata the SP "Sceay and evan vate ong the Sinaia eng haben, and rear, Sea Sante ecode “his demande ita con ‘derata land nea bt fie fetualy” suring “now, "eaty an feces any on nr ar cn ade an hare leone. Saree boo of wea ight onto thepuame eget wespice, thot {ering ta slog owing ove th 9406, Sey Jrgm th pool of pure toon ‘etait rom he tar len be {Gon tat wal sae atomadeny contin todos. Keep tha ae a hort ‘oun ona he wo ot of the posity of any sag geting To ‘he po! ot pre moten mes “a he Reina waar ha cm Frc chipped of he log coming. te resuting bend of wold Seport hous be rovealed s,s ver unbroken Sin an eat wing ere {olowing in appearance = iat: {hile ear foe veo ld out ore iS itmate objet beard Shih ansonable praca he (oF ie hole son be" 9 “Sr other pont ~ afar ech wang benaliseoniaded the aap hao be ‘rod Wirt mothe ‘hippng’iymesiasly the weld Te {nighed right rest 2 big oti tetany ih fren danowrace fils Soma an sole was cooked of chart Enters oxygen mich woul meres those ation of the wet met ‘Sta to hepa te wel ool sow. the eneuring tat wl romain so, ‘dc ondreeore macht = 8 {er important propry in a sate ory wale eh opie a eae th ‘Eo Ben fd et nent ‘roion throat he can coneier ee ting in ‘ian proce anovah 0 pss on 9 ‘ough sh inthe atgory of prestee Soom.Chapter 7 Exercises in Welded Joints 2 Ser ee toetnsinfe-eage Altayeibove light inmesuily proceed "oS te el,{tet"Boninning wel ovr Be ethane sym plot pure tak Tata staal peacaed tom Toto Fah stoi Yetsing down the ee {rege at avn at nt mate any, Sea) meianng the wih ot ‘thot wih of the wes” long the Stole eng of he sean in arin hou ‘be borne In ming. Fs the Spernor ratty toate 10 {Engi othe re ora be mus ne ‘tothirunl he ean compe he weld wrtbout th aot speck of ayaa Sri clash ft the et edge showing noting But ao "eset nghe tough Sen ar celting tb ad Ege eng ran’ he fovea ‘chy he tne sow sts ‘heoretealy” Complete peneration ‘eo efor However its una hat Sept athe ssing onthe ‘here anther ‘own gate poorly reba th ton fr tpwavin Tht eave by the Seton of te rae wai o {he problem of aston wil be deat ‘mi trn the Book For MS of in (om) ane over, ‘Sarageous wharavo" pose “phasic ‘wnerver" sore’, be practeble tor vous rngona to wold bo ies of Joos on exampie the ‘em may hve to be wld the ‘onin‘ve but wel the plates can bev eouy"sesembled| on the bench Sinton ° Ine pelo eorcsa char {he edger toe waded by griaing on {ingle 39 a Sot top ant botom, {Sui ofeach dae: ene how an aale of approxima 0" ‘inceweld shouldbe mace steer oft sear These ola oe spy ia te fei ee beta ele spt Srlde made: ie importa tat Wikis mover wel eve fon of th componcete ir achaved, boosie t then happens thot awa ho {brat ray beheld by tach nt ‘he azsmbiy te savenced enough foe Ey ick ada a ue oon ae ere E'D covrsract se weldog rn fr ‘Saab plsang on opposing tend ing ara the waite SERe EAE wee so, cating the 3 {Stott probubiy hve aad aon Siesta wre SFiS W desea the srl epost can now be ground ot which Sl then roncorthe wld completely inva ihe sign of om wet {Snes aah acy pole Tene fon ting bu cok SINGLE AND DOUBLE VEE BUTT Webs EA rd PaBEATION tron thet ecco aldng, ray ‘hethetnates whicncan beweided by Shenae ee Soca peta ft, complement ach ea ‘Or- ane Spare a Shee ot heeygearing. Freavety both roca stad Noevy MIS pats an alos Scio ne peso sor tha atin oer ering ‘which hare aro varus kind: there are ‘Sto onscaytane planing machines, ‘theyre used for tha prpone ot hamtering he edges oft wort be {he ove In order to uaa how {he two est eon complement exch ‘therm economia! and comarca “ible cin : shame, that i single’ ae sublawoe um welds on bear mato In these acon becouse te ou har of nese Sira"te rok dope wd Tirso erg Tene a ae Sit re ov secures Fre ihe ‘Reno wy bot ene a ‘he baghner tere ie am mparrt Dont Arr eich tun or Bead the tog ust bo completely rrmoves bore {Baring each succeeding Sond of wos ‘Seont Tne is sosoey seen 0 ‘nate completly arin that tres no Dossy ote ahha pace ng Freunon nthe wel This jin i perhaps the most ie {unnty and wisely ured oF ate Sele jit, contantyneaded i ‘Shoimoting sn conarucon work he Seoecttocoryovt nie serpent orm, [marly ioestherening of» bead fal net san he ie ote Sr vik rm san og of Serprce mse ear oS Stance canbe utd, ewe dete haut 62 4 in, but tase must owe set standing inom epraht rca} oS ‘Sane comer sampe rid for his por ieciing "near caroe Sime ena yma ele imeve ithe seeanc o's Sr sonora or th ench we Boston tn hr fren ‘and whe {cong Won hand seean is wal te, and oan by Pl atk my Seplaced on he top edge oth sore otwever hoe again wef fo ou ‘a enemy dso, brea a8 3990 {ethene ag co ‘Savant sonracton wl nue te to {Seton to open opr tthe bas for oto ends of our practic pleon ‘hovel ot hppene, «aut simple toy of geting ovr this problem leh ‘hn bo Sims a anomie "we oth {oosbut te operator most be fay iS*how Wie one. As s000 86 the {nthe bench when ils prety easy 1 place eoesponing task on the poner "= for our praetor fat weld. The pr ‘rau sorta a wey ile iene fom ha ft singive at weld {Elaws effet penetration the rs {aaa lea before working Wor to fl wang he are, esaolahing ¢ (goodpoalotmaten met anaiasng sett post. Posed foto ut moves slong, and al the tne Keerng con mccomae se hv teed rt, entation troughaut the whole du ton tthe wscing operation, sn tnt plan's rd gaat ‘emirate uberonor te ocomes ‘Distortion, oe reared art, is tho are prem mch corti Stl but there are ways and mesh hrowarcoming thay oe winese he Una arti aren eon eh the sueomave Deus of wold Sopot Se sacea.n neat fvery ge than snp ying toca on epost ‘dus ave to be wed 0 come Ne ‘Gtdameral nd ever gecrepblem,| {ended torso upmards rom ‘race, tha wort ‘tambered was placos on thareverce Saha of scan ead cord renova sak ‘or prrteabie toy one immediately thateomplon thee be oised on 3 forenom resued othe gia pletes wil endo wards tomerde ech vtlcng bod, “has boon paces owing in-aovonce the drodton in ‘sich 'he lntogrel pte 0 welded Fabrication ae pong te move enables {Sse cfm wooo coeur sna cond bende nom nd om te tise ‘kin onthe smeipted soraction Should restore tho veo angle 1 te ‘ginal 9 Tne we co pote to do Sy‘cmoly tuning te wertpiece over Srioymg 9 Ged owes ib oe ‘Satna ip the iyo scton sire ‘rang wo paced tar osge to 0256 ‘hsenaua now presanta pert wos ‘thcn tay don th second aad of ‘tain eect forms 8 somer weld Boonen cee gaey | WZ Sau wie cre Seu oes carne bas srengmeee ngiwae but wel where om com (2 {helevaof he srounding mera 3Si toilet welds, but neverthe- orn in ut welds nd fo wang " PALLET WELDS ON HEAVIER MATERIAL Iveta anahere 20 ean pons owt, iat‘ by andercuting the eager ot achnguo at opporng ach brad of sen | CMMI, eg ead ae 7. ~\\\ DS ‘©A Pace Weldon a dont. sey, -theprocosure's sola Fret ‘hee proces plese emir pines to ‘hee uted for practi iat wl be ‘ett on tw Bench a 2 angle {ertacng: ei pice byte i ‘igen one woripica ond sl, ioe tyne te en “he pte wortgioce can now be sie rly ont uh a Bored bra plese spacing mane wee eon at rn cn now oo “double ip When compeay cooked of 3 "The reader may setese wonder why 1 Shvaye saved Tovag' down the {Bly OF cure, tly person ling wa is ae ncaa ‘Rete movng ina tn province ott ra siougi some” motes on such old are incu iter where poss Tie “Gonmnan! chr ae eeam ‘anda forthe smn. ‘on very nea sacons of materi erste oti ogres shy ‘Sterent metnod of sda preparsion fant buted. There att. ap braches te sing or double" {single or double ‘THe SINGLE ANO DOUBLE sow by heey meter ey rom about one fresting the ign tobe butte. ny ngle'U posible, br both $e re workable then the dbo Soe prepratnShl bs ayos “her wary eay way of forming ‘hate find of edge preparaone wich [enor ont single ana teva, but Invoies rium of tne and ery Ie tfort, Merely cons of aving¢ ba fortwo ore bess) of weld epost ung fay large sm se trode fay number 8 ta’, slong te bese ofthe edges obo pines on both ‘ecto, which wen laced ogee {fantom te dosed single ‘Ut Tho ‘Sve procedure canbe teed for he ‘Ethie ‘De scart tat in eee, the fed lor bands of weld metal soul be place te conto ofthe edges the esis‘ be [ened os shown In Fa. nga ten west ol ie tad or se wil be Sound mesmo, ra the oar fprocaaar tre se Set Sta nb mul et aquence ew ropeing tat he ‘Stating of sig: must be: compicny ‘moved ater the competion of sack ‘Soearve aad beloe, commencing Be Tloming ore rn ‘a. Alo, mt case ofthe douba ot ‘Minne the sesooding Bead of wed ego heal sland sara on eect dsorion a debe. wiv asigla Ur aang rn one nr is evil ig ot orized in laying the fs or root, ‘orig a ny ows pres bog Sy ch ae we sows ‘As sain th iatraton the a jn. ‘aly eon of two ie ede oe at ac end of the sections to bs ide ‘ether mene ean ‘be one ‘tht ting bead o pss, of wed Sane ‘nea, Thelnwase of up to about Sane om can be tuccstaly ‘road with asingle bee ving a No.8 eg elocvoae th ho somone eae tis aging en ‘A Pract Lap Joint For this two more Pecos of cate of 83 a can uted, but inaiap wl oi th wo Sectone so clamped toga one on e"Teund sfc ig complete the Bond, Aer en ‘pm aop lot pace 8 son tack a tevin th amps fm ah se ‘May eve tobe removed “por fo ‘toler eChapter 8 Cast Iron and Stainless Steel si ran ra otha ay ‘Brought about by process ofan seating fo 8 ‘olowed by SSoing. ‘Somatines "the cast Sin lckime forthe porpowe fo on ogres of city Say eed = | ever oof autor ane reste or imesoe wnt cenesonaie imei cst ro to ponent spec artis nly ce ees Renton mcnisne caesar eines Sec emes Sens oa cee cesar asa ayo oe ih Speen Sat Steere ate Eee ee Sasa Roe ee ee mcrae te oman ee atd susp ete se srs ore colcered ths procens OF iinet ieee Sa te ton Sees a tr) metal than that ann he are (teiaing meted the filer meta hic ht ly aa Hein ‘eour ofthe aremelding oat ron [Errante ground of speed conven ron any od ae ee at a a faeicadtheeore_ gro roca {he dangor of cracking of be easing rough ceary i oneiering ths 6 ool depends on he shop’ {oapund and conten than wang 8 12 «Comparatively slo mace br ‘Sectry, and can hear bs (ideain ne out way, by ether peincttny oper pro Proparation for Caton Welded Joints (Rreiesing)Espopraparaion or ‘ie walle” fiat welds too iin Seis stant hese Sow Gata sty hese ays pt ar shor a posi Ale, fer eae run enn ise the flog most be complaty removed be fore commencing sich following un She ey srs, aia Sth thctnese A caring of he tins bring compel fee eons So Ree icra. somors. a, sought one-Seiminory stor tay sarng froling he would nove he ca fealy mosrve easing. In aiuon i "ge" proparaton for » double voc busewoll on cst rom the same 92 thet for mid stole harfng by ‘pining to 20" angles on bot aes Tatra hone euigiteeion ae parca seul broton costing = ang vapid ioe tavng ota of ‘he eta sage ofthe eastng ‘Slced y aving town he akan ‘easy for chamiring in poston ‘ing’ s'No. forsee, motel aly siectod tthe sumer sot 1 Srameenitarece sete Roitraeer ne oct ea meee tack atthe edge on ane side, to hold the se ron aa near mea is Serpe cae a ter tanks) Side Once again. wo sre eet agian atte (racual ae long and slowly at hr by sme sine protective Fle Wold and Toe Joints in Catron. Fete found that teas ye ts rot ory eaonty ath ie {taings, in gents angering wort Mabey chan es cee re "i oma the cco dos ase Sigh wldng over ARC: WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL Wreding by the wee re proses ‘Set tr ied he oe Sint ate ig Mi 6 for ech price ‘at farm te Snporantpit w hee gay rom insole Sigh danger somatmes of ondary {et corned loot cat Sere oy ei el ng ‘2fcvaing tho danger lf fey a boos ‘of oraary mi sl weld depos 99 sgh fac of he hao havo ofthe fat bea ‘of stanogy stow slectroden Ie should that ile vital hat every pore of ing tostbe got ao aha each beadChapter 9 Pipe Welding‘et eat may be ecw sees ae oa at ‘Set i forte mere me are scale for Simmyauaholet heen of eine plone be ois ‘Rou manipclson of he sesvade or ‘asi teppei facenuthout» Gar bawpspa and weld up th tend: template 9 ele ta hevcat ot pice of Sing the vr le Ena for beter, engineers’ maraing i ard wit tolerate {orth requted sho, othe wo nbat ‘woe an the shape ‘pir of igre of ‘tts tna of spacoioed weiing Sen al hee ony tena’. ‘rag by the undoubted Nigh (ond ge Hava may be eissedtmonaaryowardsteed, heart ote opertr aang inmind posi QRS ORTANT JONTEIN erin canbe tan sttho sme foe beyond free wena time 100% °peneuration mast be signing un “The Tee or Saddle Joint. Batre shaved To the sos of the sale org t bork onthe pipe and sting Uncing on procedure, actor factors te) ont Viner Go eGo Ox ERichepe Soy parers — grovakcrsanp mitre ser tance Saldipesretodey pot Alsoeceas sony cu he ond a verse Socton Poteet vet ho pipes wl spi te wen. impudent to hortoraly-ieced pin, cna coe Mapa sdvevea ToD aa pot n nChapter 10 ‘ARC WELDING STAINLESS STEEL PPE Vertical and Overhead Arc Welding of Mild SteelChapter 11 Building up and Reinforcement’ Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Resistance Welding e's and M.1.G. Weldingsna ror a9. ee Sera mecaber te ‘to monies sisi ra fe Sele ere, er slate ‘eat Le aS (ay coutny of he, Engiouing %