Maris Stella High Schoo! Secondary Two Science Name ( ) Class : Sec Date : Secondary Two Science Bri Topic : Chemical Bonding ing (Holiday Homework’ Learning Outcomes : Tonic Bonding (a) understand why most atoms do not occur singly (b) describe the formation of ions by electron loss or gain (c) describe the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and non-metallic elements using dot-and-cross diagram Covalent Bonding (a) explain what is covalent bonding (b) explain why covalent bonding occurs between atoms of non-metals (c) describe the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic elements through dot-and-cross diagram (A)_What is a chemical bond (or simply, a bond)? In an element or compound, forces hold the particles together. For example, in a piece of gold, forces hold the gold atoms together in the gold metal, In chlorine gas, forces hold two chlorine atoms together as one chlorine molecule. In sodium chloride, forces hold sodium ions and chloride ions together. The (attractive) force holding the particles together is called a chemical bond. (8)_ What is chemical bonding ? The ways of forming chemical bonds are known as chemical bonding. ‘Atoms can be joined together in 3 main ways : + Tonic bonding * Covalent Bonding + Metallic Bonding Tonic bonding and covalent bonding involve changes in the valence electrons of the atoms. KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) IMaris Stella High Schoo! Secondary Two Science (C) IONIC BONDING RECALL: What are ions ? Tons are charged particles : positively charged or negatively charged particles How are ions formed ? Tons are formed by the loss or gain of electrons by atoms : When an atom loses electron(s), positive ion is formed: when an atom gains electron(s), negative ion is formed The Group VIII elements [Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn)] are all gases and extremely unreactive. They do NOT combine readily with other elements. [They are also known as the Noble Gases] Reason : These atoms all have outermost shells of electrons. This makes them Hence these atoms exist as single atoms (uncombined), Why are ions formed ? Atoms of elements (besides the noble gases) react to achieve the noble gas structures. They do so by losing, gaining or sharing valence electrons. When atoms lose or gain electrons, they form ions. Usually atoms of metals lose electrons while atoms of non-metals gain electrons. When are ions formed ? When a metal undergoes chemical reaction with a non-metal to form an ionic compound [a compound made up of positive ions and negative ions]. Example : when sodium reacts with chlorine, sodium chloride is formed : A sodium atom has 11 electrons, It will tend to lose one electron (in order to achieve the stable noble gas structure), forming a positive ion as shown ‘Sodium atom ‘Sodium ion charge due to : charge due to : ip ——> sit ‘lp ——> +11 | Me —> -11 10e ——> -10 | net charge: 0 net charge: “+1 A chlorine atom has 17 electrons. It will tend to gain one electron (in order to achieve the stable noble gas structure), formi Chlorine atom Chloride ion charge due to : charge due to : 17p 417 1p +7 7e 217, 18 _18. [net charge: 0 net charge: -1 | KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 2Maris Stella High Schoo! Secondary Two Science Hence, during the chemical reaction between sodium and chlorine, each sodium atom transfers one electron to each chlorine atom as shown below : 7 chlorine ° vam atom orom 2.87 281 = | , sodium ion (2,8) chloride ion (2,8,8) OTHER EXAMPLES : Bonding in magnesium oxide (MgO) Bonding in calcium oxide (CaO) 4 KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 3Maris Stella High School Secondary Two Science Bonding in magnesium chloride (MgCla) Bonding in sodium oxide (NazO) Note: After the transfer of electrons, each ion formed attains the electronic structure of a noble gas (He, Ne or Ar). QUESTIONS : 1 What type of elements form ionic bonds ? Why ? 2. The atomic number of elements A, B, C and D are 12, 14, 16 and 18 respectively. 3. Which two elements are likely to form an ionic compound ? We have heard of ‘ionic compounds’. Is there such a thing as ‘ionic elements’ ? Answers: 1 Tonic bonds are formed between atom of — Atoms of metals usually have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons. To attain the stable noble gas structure (fully filled valence shells), these atoms need to Atoms of non-metals usually have 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons. To attain the stable noble gas structure (fully filled valence shells), these atoms need to___ . Hence transfer of electrons takes place between atom of a metal and atom of a non-metal (when the metal reacts with the non- metal). KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 4Maris Stella High School Secondary Two Science 2. Atom A has 12 electrons, Electronic configuration is . Hence it tends to_ electrons to a non-metal. Atom B has 14 electrons. Electronic configuration is Hence it tends to electrons with a non-metal, Atom C has 16 electrons. Electronic configuration is . Hence it either electrons from a metal or electrons with another non- metal Atom D has 18 electrons. Electronic configuration is___. Hence it is and will not to form compounds, The answer is element ___ and element 3. Tonic bonding is formed between atom of a metal and atom of a non-metal ina substance. Since ‘are involved, the substance must contain at least 2 elements chemically combined. Thus the substance has to be a compound. Tonic bonding is found only in compounds, NOT in . Hence there is no such thing as ‘ionic elements'! Check this out! http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/bonding/i onic_bondingrev1.shtml Concept map Element 1 Atom oe Noble gas Metal Non-metal Lose Stable electronic Gain electron configuration electron a N lonic bond Negative ion (anion) Positive ion (cation) (electrostatic force) Ionic compound KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 5SMaris Stella High Schoo! Secondary Two Science (D) COVALENT BONDING Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons between them. e.g. ina hydrogen molecule, the two hydrogen atoms share their electron with each other as shown below : H atom Hatom => Qe He molecule OTHER EXAMPLES : 1, Chlorine molecule (Cl2) 3 2. Hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl) © 3. Water molecule (HzO) & ©) 4, Oxygen molecule (O2) KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 6Maris Stella High Schoo! Secondary Two Science 5. Nitrogen molecule (Nz) NOW YOU TRY... Draw diagrams to show bonding present in each molecule of the following : * Ammonia (NH3) Methane (CHa) Ammonia (NH3) Methane (CH4) QUESTION. 1. What type of elements form covalent bonds ? Why > 2, What type of substances (elements or compounds or both) have covalent bonds ? Give examples to support your answer. 3. The atomic number of elements E, F, Gand H are 10, 11, 14 and 17 respectively. Which two elements combine with each other to form a covalent compound ? khooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 7Maris Stella High School Secondary Two Science Answers: 1, Covalent bonding is formed between . Atoms of non-metals usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shells. To attain the stable noble gas structure, these atoms need to gain electrons. When 2 or 3 of such atoms come together, the only way for each atom to attain the stable noble gas structure is through 2. Covalent bonding is formed between atoms of non-metal or atoms of non-metals, Hence it is found in both__——_and Examples of elements with covalent bonding are Examples of compounds with covalent bonding are 3. Atom E has 10 electrons. Electronic configuration is . Hence it is and will not react to form compounds. Atom F has 11 electrons, Electronic configuration is Hence it tends to ——_______ electron to a non-metal. Atom G has 14 electrons. Electronic configuration is Hence it tends to electrons with another non-metal. Atom H has 17 electrons. Electronic configuration is Hence it either electron from a metal or electrons with a non-metal. The answer is element and element 0 Check this out! http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/bonding/covalentrevt. shtml Bonding is a force of attraction that binds KhooYE/Sec2/bonding (modified Oct 2016) 8