TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

TRONG THI K LM PHT LI SUT CA NGN HNG TNG

HAY GIM? LM GIM LM PHT TH CHNH PH P DNG
BIN PHP G
1.
C s l thuyt
1.1. Khi nim
Lm pht xy ra khi xut hin s gia tng mt bng chung v gi c hng ha.
Trong mi giai on c th c gi mt hng ny tng, mt hng kia gim, nhng
nu mc gi chung tng, ta c lm pht. Nu mc gi chung gim, ta c gim
pht. Nu ch c mt vi mt hng chng hn nh gi ng, hay gi go tng
mt cch n l th khng c ngha l lm pht, m n gin ch l mt s mt
cn i tm thi gia cung v cu trong ngn hn. Khi lm pht xy ra, gi tr
ca ng tin b st gim ( hin tng mt gi ca ng tin)
Li sut l t l % gia khon tin ngi i vay phi tr thm cho ngi cho
vay trn tng s tin vay u mt thi hn nht nh c s dng tin vay
.
L lun v thc tin tha nhn mi quan h cht ch gia li sut v lm
pht. Fisher ch ra rng li sut tng cao trong thi k lm pht cao. C nhiu
nguyn nhn gy nn lm pht v cng c nhiu bin pht kim sot lm pht,
trong cng c li sut l mt gii php cng hiu kh nhanh.
Trong thi k lm pht, tng li sut s cho php h thng ngn hng c th
thu ht phn ln s tin c trong lu thng khin cho ng tin trong lu thng
gim; c s tin v lng tin cung ng gim, lm pht c kim ch. Nh vy
li sut cng gp phn vo vic khc phc lm pht.
1.2. nh hng ca lm pht n hot ng ca ngn hng
Lm pht tng cao trong nhng nm gn y tc ng n tt c cc lnh
vc kinh t x hi, trong c hot ng ca cc Ngn hng. i vi cc
ngn hng, kinh doanh trong lnh vc tin t, lm pht tng cao, sc mua ng
tin gim xung, nh hng xu n hot ng huy ng vn, cho vay, u t
v thc hin cc dch v ngn hng.
nh hng ca lm pht n hot ng ca ngn hng nh sau:
i vi hot ng huy ng vn: do lm pht tng cao, vic huy ng vn
ca cc ngn hng gp nhiu kh khn. huy ng c vn, hoc khng
mun vn t ngn hng mnh chy sang cc ngn hng khc, th phi nng li
sut huy ng st vi din bin ca th trng vn. Nhng nng ln bao nhiu l
hp l, lun l bi ton kh i vi mi ngn hng. Mt cuc chy ua li sut
huy ng ngoi mong i ti hu ht cc ngn hng (17% 18%/nm cho k
hn tun hoc thng), lun to ra mt bng li sut huy ng mi, ri li tip tc
cnh tranh y li sut huy ng ln, c ngn hng a li sut huy ng gn st
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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

li sut tn dng, kinh doanh ngn hng l ln nhng vn thc hin, gy nh
hng bt n cho c h thng ngn hng.
Lm pht tng cao, Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) phi thc hin tht cht
tin t gim khi lng tin trong lu thng, nhng nhu cu vay vn ca cc
doanh nghip v c nhn kinh doanh vn rt ln, cc ngn hng ch c th p
ng cho mt s t khch hng vi nhng hp ng k hoc nhng d n thc
s c hiu qu, vi mc ri ro cho php. Mt khc, do li sut huy ng tng
cao, th li sut cho vay cng cao, iu ny lm xu i v mi trng u t
ca ngn hng, ri ro o c s xut hin. Do sc mua ca ng Vit Nam
gim, gi vng v ngoi t tng cao, vic huy ng vn c k hn t 6 thng tr
ln tht s kh khn i vi mi ngn hng, trong khi nhu cu vay vn trung v
di hn i vi cc khch hng rt ln, v vy vic dng vn ngn hn cho
vay trung v di hn trong thi gian qua ti mi ngn hng l khng nh. iu
ny nh hng n tnh thanh khon ca cc ngn hng, nn ri ro k hn v
ri ro t gi xy ra l iu kh trnh khi.
Do lm pht cao, khng t doanh nghip cng nh ngi dn giao dch hng
ha, thanh ton trc tip cho nhau bng tin mt, c bit trong iu kin lm
pht, nhng li khan him tin mt. Theo iu tra ca Ngn hng th gii (WB),
Vit Nam c khong 35% lng tin lu thng ngoi ngn hng, trn 50% giao
dch khng qua ngn hng, trong trn 90% dn c khng thanh ton qua ngn
hng. Khi lng tin lu thng ngoi ngn hng ln, NHNN thc s kh khn
trong vic kim sot chu chuyn ca lung tin ny, cc NHTM cng kh khn
trong vic pht trin cc dch v phi tn dng, c bit l dch v thanh ton qua
ngn hng. Vn tin thiu, nhiu doanh nghip thc hin mua chu, bn chu,
cng n thanh ton tng, thot ly ngoi hot ng.
Nh vy lm pht tng cao lm suy yu, thm ch ph v th trng vn,
nh hng ln n hot ng ca cc ngn hng. S khng n nh ca gi c,
bao gm c gi vn, lm suy gim lng tin ca cc nh u t v dn chng,
gy kh khn cho s la chn cc quyt nh ca khch hng cng nh cc th
ch ti chnh tn dng. V vy Chnh ph cn c cc bin php kim ch lm
pht
2.
Cc bin php kim ch lm pht ca Chnh ph
2.1. Thc hin chnh sch tin t cht ch
Cho d do nhiu nguyn nhn, nhng lm pht lun c nguyn nhn tin t.
Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ch ng, linh hot trong vic s dng cc cng
c chnh sch tin t theo nguyn tc th trng, kim sot cht ch tng phng
tin thanh ton v tng d n tn dng nhng phi bo m tnh thanh khon ca
nn kinh t v hot ng ca cc ngn hng, t chc tn dng, to iu kin cho
sn xut hng ha v xut khu pht trin.
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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

S dng linh hot cc cng c chnh sch tin t gim dn li sut huy
ng theo hng thc hin chnh sch li sut thc dng. Tng cng kim
sot v gim st cht ch hot ng ca c ngn hng thuwong mi bo m
vic tun th ng cc quy nh v huy ng, cho vay v cht lng tn dng.
Kp thi pht hin, x l cc vi phm theo ng quy nh ca php lut gim
thiu ri ro trong hot ng ngn hang
2.2. Kim sot cht ch, nng cao hiu qua chi tiu cng
iu hnh chnh sch ti kha theo hng tit kim chi tiu thng xuyn,
nng cao hiu qu vn u t t ngn sch; ct gim u t cng v chi ph
thng xuyn ca cc c quan s dng ngn sch, kim sot cht ch u t ca
cc doanh nghip nh nc, c gng gim t l thm ht ngn sch. u t t
ngun ngn sch nh nc v u t ca doanh nghip nh nc hin chim
khong 45% tng u t x hi. Ct gim ngun u t ny s lm gim p lc
v cu, gim nhp siu, gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca nn kinh t. Chnh ph
s quy nh c th t l vn u t v chi ph hnh chnh phi ct gim v yu
cu cc b, a phng xc nh cc cng trnh km hiu qu, cc cng trnh
cha thc s cn thit c s iu chnh thch hp. iu ny s c thc
hienj mt cch kin quyt ngay trong vic phn b li v cn i ngun vn.
Cng trn tinh thn , chnh ph yu cu cc B trng, Ch tch UBND
cc tnh, thnh ph vi t cch l i din ch s hu nh nc, r sot cht ch
cc hng mc u t ca doanh nghip nh nc, kin quyt ct b cc cng
trnh u t km hiu qu. ng thi, to iu kin v tp trung vn cho nhng
cng trnh sp hon thnh, nhng cng trnh u t sn xut hng ha thuc mi
thnh phn kinh t y nhanh tin , sm a vo sn xut
2.3. Tp trung sc pht trin sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v dch
v, bo m cn i cung cu v hng ha
Tp trung sc pht trin sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip, khc phc
nhanh hu qu ca thi tit v dch bnh tng sn lng lng thc, thc
phm. Hin nay, tim nng tng trng ca nc ta cn rt ln, nht l khi Vit
nam l thnh vin y ca T chc Thng mi th gii, u t nc
ngoi v u t t nhn tng mnh, th trng xut khu c m rng, v vy,
pht trin sn xut l gii php gc, to hiu qu nhiu mt, va tng ngun cung
cho th trng trong nc v xut khu, gp phn kim ch lm pht, gim nhp

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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

siu, va thc y tng trng kinh t, li khng gy phn ng ph. Trin khai
vic tu b c cng trnh h cha, iu, cng trnh thy li nhm ch ng i
ph vi thin tai trong ma bo, l sp ti m bo an ton lao ng cho sn
xut v i sng.
thc hin yu cu ny, chnh ph giao nhim v cho cc b trng,
ch tch UBND cc tnh v thnh ph ch o quyt lit, kp thi tho g cc kh
khn, vng mc v vn, v th trng, v th tc hnh chnh, thc y sn xut
pht trin. ng thi, c trch nhim cng Chnh ph kim gi gi c cc mt
hng thit yu nh: lng thc, thuc cha bnh, xng du, st thp, xi mng,
phn bn, Ch ng ra v p dng phng n khc phc tnh trng thiu
in v bo m in cho sn xut.
2.4. y mnh xut khu, kim sot cht ch nhp khu, gim nhp siu
B Cng Thng ch tr xut cc gii php ci cch th tc hnh chnh
lin quan n hot ng xut khu gim chi ph cho doanh nghip, gp phn
nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca hng xut nhp Vit nam i i vi vic p
dng cc hng ro k thut v cc bin php nhp khc ph hp vi cc cam kt
quc t ca nc ta gim nhp siu, k c vic tng thu nhp khu nhng
mt hng khng thit yu. H tr cng tc xc tin thng mi i vi hng xut
khu; y mnh hot ng xc tin cc th trng truyn thng v m rng th
trng mi tng xut khu. Tng cng cc gii php khuyn khch sn xut
trong nc thay th hng nhp khu, thc y mnh cc hot ng dch v v du
lch. Phi hp vi B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn xut c ch,
chnh sch bo m ngun cung lng thc, thc phm trn th trng ni a,
bo m an ninh lng thc v kim ch s tng gi qu mc ca nhm hng
ny.
Ngn hng Nh nc Vit nam ch tr u hnh chnh sch tin t, t gi
ph hp vi ch trng y mnh xut khu. C c ch v ch o cc ngn
hng thng mi mua ht ngoi t cho cc doanh nghip xut khu, x l kp
thi cc ch tc v tn dng, p ng nhu cu vay vn hp l cho xut khu.
B ti chnh ch ng, linh hot trong vic s dng cng c thu tng thu
xut khu mc hp l i vi than, du th. iu chnh tng thu nhp khu,
thu tiu th c bit mc hp l i vi mt s mt hng tiu dng khng
thit yu nh: t nguyn chic, linh kin lp rp t di 12 ch ngi, mt s

Hc vin: L Th Si- Lp B sung kin thc

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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

mt hng in t, in lnh, xa v linh kin lp rp xe hai bnh gn my, ru,
bia thc hin mc tiu gim nhp siu nhng vn bo m ph hp vi cam
kt hi nhp, p dng cc hng ro k thut v cc bin php khc cn thit, ph
hp vi cc cam kt quc t hn ch cc mt hng thuc din khng khuyn
khch nhp khu
2.5. Trit thc hnh tit kim trong sn xut v tiu dng.
Hin nay, tnh trng lng ph trong sn xut v tiu dng din ra kh ph bin
cc c quan, n v. Tim nng tit kim trong sn xut v tiu dng l rt ln.
V vy, Chnh ph yu cu cc c quan nh nc ct gim 10% chi tiu hnh
chnh, cc doanh nghip phi r sot tt c cc khon tiu dng, nht l nhiu
liu, nng lonwjg. y l gii php va c tc dng gim sc p v cu, gim
nhp siu, va gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca c nn sn xut x hi.
2.6. Tng cng cng tc qun l th trng chng u c bun lu v
gian ln thng mi, kim sot vic chp hnh php lut nh nc v gi
Tng cng cng tc qun l th trng, kim sot vic chp hnh php lut
nh nc v gi. Kin quyt khng xy ra tnh trng lm dng cc bin ng
trn th trng u c, nng gi, nht l cc mt hng thit yu cho sn xut
v tiu dng, nh: xng du, st thp, xi mng, thuc cha bnh, lng thc,
thc phm; ngn chn tnh trng bun lu qua bin gii, c bit l bun lu
xng
du,
khong
sn.
Cc doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t phi thng xuyn kim tra
gi bn ti cc mng li bn l v cc i l bn l ca doanh nghip mnh.
Chnh ph ch o cc tng cng ty nh nc phi gng mu i u trong
vic thc hin yu cu ny v chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph v hot ng
ca h thng bn l v i l bn l ca doanh nghip. Chnh ph cng yu cu
cc hip hi ngnh hng tham gia tch cc, ng h cc ch trng v gii php
bnh n th trng, gi c.
2.7. Tng cng cc bin php h tr n nh i sng v sn xut ca
nhn dn, m rng vic thc hin cc chnh sch v an sinh x hi.
Trc tnh hnh gi c tng cao, nh hng n i sng ca nhn dn, nht
l vng ngho, h ngho, vng b thin tai, ngi lao ng c thu nhp thp,
Chnh ph ch trng m rng cc chnh sch v an sinh x hi

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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

Chnh ph quyt nh tng 20% mc lng ti thiu cho ngi lao ng thuc
khi c quan nh nc, la lng v trang, t chc chnh tr, t chc chnh trx hi t ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2008. Chnh ph cng quy nh iu chnh mc
lng ti thiu theo hng tng ln i vi lao ng Vit Nam lm vic cho
doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi, c quan, t chc nc ngoi, t chc
quc t v c nhn ngi nc ngoi ti Vit Nam, lao ng lm vic cng ty,
doanh nghip, hp tc x, t hp tc, trang tri, h gia nh, c nhn v cc t
chc
khc
ca
Vit
Nam
c
thu
mn
lao
ng.
Ring vi ngi lao ng qua hc ngh (k c lao ng do doanh nghip
t dy ngh), mc lng ti thiu quy nh cao hn t nht 7% so vi mc lng
ti thiu vng. Ngoi ra, khong 1,8 triu ngi v hu v ngi hng tr cp
bo him x hi c tng lng 20%, hn 1,5 triu ngi c cng c
iu chnh tr cp ln 20% so vi mc chun hin hnh.
Mi y, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh s 289/Q-TTg v
mt s chnh sch h tr ng bo dn tc thiu s, h thuc din chnh sch, h
ngho, h cn ngho v ng dn. Theo , thc hin cp bng tin tng ng
5 lt du ho/nm (du thp sng) cho cc h l ng bo dn tc thiu s, h
thuc din chnh sch v h ngho nhng ni cha c in li; iu chnh
mc h tr mua bo him y t cho ngi ngho t 80.000 ng/ngi/nm ln
130.000 ng/ngi/nm; h tr 50% mnh gi th bo him y t i vi thnh
vin thuc h cn ngho tham gia bo him y t t nguyn; h tr ng dn mua
mi, ng mi tu nh bt hi sn, tu cung ng dch v cho hot ng khai
thc hi sn; h tr ng dn thay my tu sang loi my mi tiu hao t nhin
liu hn; h tr v kinh ph bo him thn tu cho tu nh bt hi sn, tu dch
v phc v hot ng khai thc hi sn v bo him tai nn cho thuyn vin lm
vic theo hp ng lao ng trn cc tu c, tu dch v; h tr v du cho ng
dn l ch s hu tu nh bt hi sn hoc tu cung ng dch v cho hot ng
khai
thc
hi
sn.
Chnh ph quyt nh gi n nh mc thu hc ph, vin ph v tip tc
cho sinh vin, hc sinh i hc, cao ng, hc ngh c hon cnh kh khn c

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TIU LUN MN HC L THUYT TI CHNH TIN T

vay u i hc tp. Tip tc xut go d tr quc gia cp khng thu tin
cho h ng bo b thin tai, thiu i (5). ng thi, tip tc y mnh vic
thc hin cc chng trnh mc tiu quc gia, cc gii php h tr khc i vi
cc vng kh khn, vng b thin tai. iu quan trng cn ch l phi xy dng
c ch v kim tra vic thc thi, bo m ngun h tr ca Nh nc n ng
i tng, khng b tht thot, tham nhng.
2.8. y mnh cng tc thng tin v tuyn truyn t c s ng tm, hip
lc ca ton quc
B Thng tin v Truyn thng t chc ch o cng tc thng tin tuyn
truyn nhm to s ng thun cao trong tt c cc cp, cc ngnh, a phng,
doanh nghip v trong cc tng lp nhn dn thc hin cc mc tiu v gii
php ra nhm a nn kinh t vt qua kh khn, pht trin n nh.
Nhim v t ra l rt nng n, kh khn thch thc rt gay gt nhng thi
c, thun li v tim nng tng trng ca nn kinh t nc ta cn rt ln v rt
c bn. Chnh ph yu cu cc B trng, Th trng c quan ngan B, Th
trng c quan thuc Chnh ph, Ch tch UBND tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng cn c chc nng, nhim v c giao v mc tiu, cc gii php
trn, c k hoch t chc thc hin ngay trong thng 4 nm 2008.
Cc phng tin thng tin i chng a tin chnh xc, ng h cc ch trng,
chnh sch ca Nh nc trn lnh vc nhy cm ny, trnh nhng thng tin sai
s tht c tnh kch ng, gy tm l bt an trong x hi

Hc vin: L Th Si- Lp B sung kin thc

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