CT 2 2 e a a e WESSSSSESSSESESEEEEEEEEESEEEEEEEEEEES & Minstry ot “Toure Park, Cattre end Sport FRENCHMAN FORMATION Terrestrial Ecosystem Oryianaes SRNL Cla in, May 17' PAOD) ree UTe Wale oie SOMO ees Seen Ee Royal Saskatchewan Museum Contribution to Science Number 12.“ of birds and jugal recess of non-avian theropods. Phylogenetic comparisons establish the presence of an avian-like nasal sinus morphology at the level of Neotetenurae, and tympanic sinus morphology at Coslurosauria, ‘SEVERE OSTEOPATHY OF THE SKULL OF AN ADULT 7RICERATOPS FROM THE FRENCHMAN FORMATION OF SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA DARREN H. TANKE!, ANDREW A. FARKE’, and MEAGAN M. GILBERT? Royal Tyrell Museum, Box 7500, Drumheller, AB TOI OYO, Raymond M, Alf Museum of Paleontology, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA 91711-2199 “University of Saskatchewan, Department of Geological Sciences, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N SED Triceratops is one of the most famous of the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs, and is known from dozens of complete and partial skulls and skeletons. Such large sample size allows for meaningful scientific study on the types and frequency of palacopathology (Fark etal. 2009). Here, we report ‘on a Triceratops skull with evidence of severe osteopathy of the fill that appears 10 have not seriously impacted the lorg-term survival ofthe individual RSM (Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina) P1163 isa nearly complete adult Triceratops ef. prorsus cranium collected from the Frenchman Formation near Shaunavon, Saskstchewan, in 1967 (Tokaryk 1986). RSM P1163.4 (Figure (A, B) exhibits several prominent osteopathies, affecting the midline of ‘the parietal and right parietal and squamosal. The left sce of the fill appears normal and serves for direct comparison. A deep triangular emargination characterizes tho lateral border ofthe right, ‘squamosal rather than a gently convex or rounded edge as scenin the left squamosal of the same specimen or ather Triceratops, Posterior and dorsal tothe emargination, a bar of bone appears to form the ventral edge of te squamosal thus broken ia life and deflected dorsally, with the distal end eventually fusing onto the external side of the squamosal. Dorsal to, and mid-length along this bar, a hole measuring 4.2 em antero-posteriorly by $ em medio-laterally occurs. The right posterior margin ofthe parietal, between the fill midline and squamosal/parietal suture region, is represented by a short series of what appear to be healed fractures following the long axis ofthe slall. Roughly at mid-length on the parietal bar, a shallow pt, a single rabust bone spur, and a deep crack with rounded edges occur. Additionally, fan-shaped surface texture that expands ventrally (onthe right side ofthe parietal is interpreted asa draining sinus from a previous infection. ‘The specimen poses questions about the etiology of the various pathological concitions. The extensive evidence of hecling strongly suggests that the condition is not the direct result of a sevelopmental defect. Research on osteopathy of this specimen is preliminary. One possible seenario that is being explored is 1. The individual had a unilateral supemumerary fenestra that fully pierced the right squamosal, incurred via an intraspecific: hom thrust (sensu Farke, 2004; Farke etal, 2009) or non-traumatic hhyperdevelopment ofa boxe-eroding “punched out lesion” or clustered lesions (Tanke and Farke, 2007). The holes margins expanded to include the parietal (Figure 2 D,C), such as is seen in some ceratopsian specimens (Tokaryk 1986; Tanke and Farke 2007). More of the relatively thin, ‘medially placed fill bone was resorbed premortem than the thicker edges of the fil. If correctly interpreted, this is the first ceratopsian specimen with a supernumerary fenestra investing both the - Cl e « ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ « « « « « « « « « oe - « - « « - al o « oe - e- tal - - - « - - -SFT FTF TTT SESS FTES SESE SESE E SEES ETITTS squamosal and parietal (Tanke and Farke 2007) At this tage the part of the ventral edge of the right squamosal was a fragile bar of bone still contained within soft tissues (fig. 2c), but had not bheen lost premortem as seen in another, similarly affected Triceratops (Farke and Alley 2006) and CCentrosaurus squamosals (Tanke and Farke, 2007), 2, The individual then received a strong blow tothe right side of the head. It is unknown if his ‘was the result ofa fall or aggresive inter/intraspecific encounter. This blow caused a transverse fracture ofthe parietal bar andthe right posterior edge ofthe fill The ventral edge of the squamosal, bby now poorly supported and weakened from the presence of the extra fontanelle, was broken anteriorly and the bar of bone and adherent soft tissues repositioned dorsally (fig. 2d). Damage to periosteal tissues allowed forthe intermigration of repairative fibroblasts [then became fused onto the parietal as evidenced by a prominent raised area, likely the remnants ofa remodeled fracture callus, The bar of bone that once bordered a lange extra fontanclle, due to the trauma, enclosed the smaller hole. An infection ensued, arising on the dorsal surface of the parietal bar. The deep ‘riangular-shaped emargination into the fil represents the original contours of the supernumerary fontanelle although its bordors mey have continued to expand somewhat (especially in thinner areas) post-trauma and possibly was even doing so at time of death. ‘An alternative etiology under consideration is a major fracture to the fill followed by necrosis. and loss of affected pars. Extensive healing and bone remodelling has masked fine details of the osteopathies, making interpretation of this spesimen challenging. Examination of the vascular patterns on the bone surface may shed light on the pre-trauma positioning of the affected regions and possibly sequencing of events. Whatever the cause and subsequent modifications, the advanced healing and heavy remodelling indicat the condition was long-standing. Triceratops RSM P1163.4 and other cceratopsian specimens (Rothschild and Tanke 1997; Currie et al, 2008; Taake and Rothschild, ‘in press) with grievous injures again demonstrate that Late Cretaceous ceratopsids were robust animals, eapable of surviving serious trauma including severe skull fractures, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, ‘The authors thank Harold Bryant and Tim Tokaryk for permission to study the specimen. LITERATURE CITED ‘Cure, FJ, W Langston, dD. H Tanke 2008. new pees of Patyrinosours (Dinosra, Certo) fiom the Upper Creceous of Alberta, Cena; pp. 1-108. im A New Homed Dinestr fom an Upper Cretacons Bone Bein Alber. NRC Resurch Press, Ouawa, Ontario, Cand, 144 pp, Farle, A, A, 2004, Hom use is Tcerups(Diaataura: Certpsiae: testing bebsviral hypotheses using scale ‘model Palseonologia Heese (1) 10 pp. Faske, A.A. and W. Alley. 2096. An abnormal squeal of Triceratopr fom the Upper Cretaceous Hel Crock Formation of South Dakota. Bulletin ofthe New Mexico Museum of Natural Histry and Science 35:371-373, Fatke A.A, EDS, Wl anf D.H. Tanke, 2008, Evidence of Cambat in Tceratops Online at PLaS ONE: hp wan plotoneoratilengee/10.1371eumal pone 0008252. Rothschild, BM. and DH. Taske 1997, Thunder inthe Cretaceous: interspecies conflict evidence for estpsin ‘migration pp, 7-82 m ,L,Wolberg,E. Stump and G.D. Rosenberg (eds), Dinfet International Prosesdings of ‘Symposium Sponsored by Avzona Sate Univer ”“Tanke, D. Hand A.A. Fase 207, Boae resorption, be lesions and ets rail onesie in ceatops noses: A reiminary assesment pp. 39-347 in K. Carpenter (ed) Hors and Beaks Ceratopsia apd Omithpod Dinosaurs, Tedias University Press, Bloomington Tanke DH. and 8M, Retschidin press. Palcpaholoies in Alberan ceratopi shee behavioral sinifeance {in MH. Ryan, B.A Shinnery-llgcer, and D. A. Ebert (eds). The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceatopsian Symposiu Indiana University pres, Bloorington “Tokaryk, TT. 1986. Cemtopsan dinosaurs from the Frenchman Formation (Upper Cretascout) of Seskatshowaa, Canina Fil Natural, 100192196, VALLAVVALAL FIGURE 1, Teorrops RSM 711634 sll showing nonmal (A) and pathologie condions (B). Inoges from Tokayk (1980), sed here with sermisin; ae 10 em ele bar addedSSSSFSSSFFFFFFSFSSHSFSFFSSSSSSSSSTSSSFISSIFIIIIFSIIIIIA FIGURE 2, Suggested sequence ofevet lending tothe cxeopsthic condons nw seen in Terao RSM PHL. sealebut= 10 cn. A) arma shal ight trl view Il resonstrued frm oppose, noma id) B) development ‘ofa sal (or clustered) punch ut sion() or hom srk lesion which lly pencuses bright squaosal (2108); (C) ever ime the lesion relly ncreates in sz, Ieevng the ventral border of the amos as «weak, tha sap of te; )fllowing to side of igh side of he head, he sp of ton is broken strioly and delcted dolly whee iiss ot the exer! squsmosal (curved sow) pital fractures transversely (Oo media amows) and tire factres to poste mapa of prea (snall evs), E subsequent remodeling revoke the mari Of the supemumerry fontanele are Images moe fom Tokaryk (1988),