Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Levnu0002 PDF
Levnu0002 PDF
NH PHO HO CH MINH
TRNG
NG AI HOC KHOA HOC T NHIEN
SACH
CH THAM KHAO
1. Christman J. R., Fundamentals of Solid State Physics,
John Wiley & Son , 1988
2. Kittel Charles , Introduction to Solid State Physics,
Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Son Inc., 1996
Bai 1
1)
2)
3)
a tinh the
II. Mang
ng tinh the
r
a1
r
a2
r
a3
1) Mo ta Mang
ng tinh the
Cach 1 :
r
r
r
r
Tn = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3
vect tnh tien cua mang tinh the
Tuy cach chon
r r r
a1 , a2 , a3
r r r
a1 , a2 , a3
r r r
a1 , a2 , a3
Mo ta Mang
ng tinh the
Cach 2 : O nguyen to va o n v
O nguyen to c tao thanh t cac vect
r r r
nguyen to
a1 , a2 , a3 .
r r r
O n v t cac vect n v a1 , a2 , a3 .
2) S oi xng
ng cua mang
ng tinh the
Yeu to oi xng : phep bien oi khong gian lam
cho mang tinh the trung lai vi chnh no.
v oi xng tnh tien
v Cac truc quay C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 va C6.
v Mat phang phan xa gng m.
v Tam ao I .
2p
an =
n
mang tinh the trung vi chnh no
1+2cosan = so nguyen
an
an
a
cosan
an
Cn
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
2p/2
2p/3
2p/4
2p/6
2p/1
C2
C3
C4
C6
C1
7 He tinh the
Moi he tinh the co mot tap toi thieu
cua cac yeu to oi xng
He tinh the
Tam ta
n ta
Trc thoi
Ba phng
Bon phng
Sau phng
Lap phng
C1 ( khong )
C2 hoac ( C2 + I )
3 truc C2 hoac ( C2 + I )
C3 hoac ( C3 + I )
C4 hoac ( C4 + I )
C6 hoac ( C6 + I )
4 truc C3
3) Cac mang
ng tinh the c ban . Mang
ng Bravais
Cach chon cac vect
r r r
a1 , a2 , a3
cua Bravais :
Mang
ng tinh the hai chieu
Mang
ac iem cua o
Mang nghieng
Mang luc giac
Mang vuong
Mang ch nhat
Mang ch nhat tam mat
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
=
=
a2
a2
a2
a2
a2
;
;
;
;
;
g
g=
g=
g=
g=
90o
120o
90o
90o
90o
He n ta
He trc thoi
He ba phng
He bon phng
He sau phng
He lap phng
14 o Bravais
O P
He tam ta
a1 a2 a3 ;
a = b = 90o g
He n ta
O P
aa11
a1 a2 a3 ;
a = b = g = 90o
O P
O C
O I
O F
O P
O P
a1 = a2 = a3 ;
a = b = g < 120o,90o
a1 = a2 a3 ;
a = b = 90o ; g = 120o
He bon phng
He sau phng
b a
g
r
r
O C
He trc thoi
He ba phng
r
a3
O I
a1 = a2 a3 ;
a = b = g = 90o
O P
a1 = a2 = a3 ;
a = b = g = 90o
He lap phng
O P
O I
O F
rr
aa22
So nut trong o n v
LP I : 2 nut
LP F : 4 nut
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
O nguyen to Wigner-Seitz
Cach ve o Wigner-Seitz
O Wigner-Seitz cua
mang lap phng I
4) Ch so Miller
1. Ch so Miller cua nut mang
ng tinh the
V tr cua 1 nut nao o cua mang, oi vi goc toa o a chon,
c xac nh bi 3 toa o x , y , z cua no. Cac toa o o c
viet bang
x = h a1 , y = k a2 va z = l a3
trong o a1 , a2 , a3 la cac thong so cua mang va h, k val la cac
so nguyen .
Neu lay a1 , a2 , a3 lam n v o o dai doc theo cac truc cua
mang th toa o cua nut se la cac so h, k va l . Cac so o c
goi la ch so cua nut va c ky hieu la [[h k l]] hay hkl.
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
C
O
x y z
+ + =1
A B C
hx + ky + lz = D
D = hA = kB = lC
Khoang
ng cach
ch gia cac mat ( hkl )
a1
h
a2
k
a3
l
z
a3
l
Vi he lap phng :
+ [ hkl ] vuong goc vi (hkl)
d hkl =
a
2
h +k +l
a1
h
a2
k
III. Cau truc tinh the cua mot so tinh the n gian
Tinh the = Mang Bravais + c s
ClCs
000 &
ClNa
000 & 00
Kim cng
000 &
3/ 4
1/ 2
3/ 4
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 4
1/ 2
ABABAB
Luc giac xep chat
ABCABCABC...
Lap phng tam mat
Bc song , A
Tia X
Ntron
Electron
Tia X :
Bc song , A
Tia X
12,4
l(A0) = E(keV )
Vi chum neutron
0,28
Ntron
l(A0) =
E(eV)
Electron
0,28
E(eV)
Vi chum electron
Nang lng photon X , keV
Nang lng ntron , 0,01 eV
Nang lng electron ,100 eV
l(A0) =
12
E(eV)
Giao
thoa
g c
g khi
Giao
thoa
tantagnc
ngnkhi
nhlua
lua
t Bragg
nh
t Bragg
Cong thc Bragg : he qua cua tnh chat c ban cua tinh the la tnh tuan hoan ma
khong lien quan g en thanh phan hoa hoc cua tinh the cung nh cach sap xep
cua cac nguyen t trong nhng mat phang phan xa.
Chieu tinh the vi tia X n sac thng khong cho cac tia
nhieu xa v e thoa man cong thc Bragg can chieu tia X
theo mot chieu nhat nh vi bc song xac nh mi co
nhieu xa t mot ho mat nao o.
Da vao cong thc Bragg 2dsinq = nl
co the s dung cac phng phap sau :
gi nguyen goc ti , thay oi bc song :
Phng phap Laue
Gi nguyen bc song, thay oi goc ti :
Phng phap tinh the quay
Phng phap Debye Schrerrer ( phng phap bot )
Phim chup
tia X
Collimator
Tinh the
co nh
Tia X
Tinh the
Tia X ti
Cong ra
Cong vao
Buong Debye-Scherrer
Gia lap mau
Phng pha
phapp bo
bott
Phng