Trng i Hc S Phm TpHCM

Khoa Vt L

PHNG PHP TON L

NGI THC HIN:

Trn Dng Anh Ti

ngy 20 thng 9 nm 2016

Mc lc
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 K thut tnh ton c bn
1.1

1.2

1.3

Chui Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1

Chui Fourier tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2

Chui Fourier theo sin hoc cosin trn on [0,T] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phng trnh vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

Phng trnh vi phn cp mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2

Phng trnh vi phn cp hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hm Poisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Phng trnh truyn sng

2.1

2.2

2.3

Dy v hn v na v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1

Dy v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.2

Dy na v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Dy hu hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

2.2.1

Dy hu hn dao ng t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

2.2.2

Dy hu hn dao ng cng bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Mng dao ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

3 Phng trnh truyn nhit

3.1

18

Truyn nhit trn thanh hu hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

3.1.1

Thanh hu hn khng cha ngun nhit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

3.1.2

Thanh hu hn cha ngun nhit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

3.2

Truyn nhit trn mn khng cha ngun nhit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

3.3

Truyn nhit trong thanh v hn v na v hn khng cha ngun nhit . . . . . .

23

3.3.1

Thanh v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

3.3.2

Thanh na v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

Trn Dng Anh Ti

4 Phng trnh Laplace

27

4.1

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh ch nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

4.2

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

4.3

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh vnh khn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

4.4

Phng trnh Lapace trn hnh qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Li ni u
y l ti liu ti bin son li t bi ging b mn Phng Php Ton L n tp thi kt thc
hc phn. V y l mn c s hc tp mn C Lng T (quan im c nhn) nn ti quyt
nh chia s ti liu ny n cc bn sinh vin cng kha. Hi vng y s l ti liu b ch gip cc
bn hc tt khng ch mn ny m cn nhng mn lin quan. Trong qu trnh bin son khng
th trnh khi sai st v nhm ln mong bn c ng gp kin ti liu c hon thin hn.
Mi gp gi xin v a ch mail: tranduonganhtai@gmail.com

Thnh ph H Ch Minh , ngy 20 thng 9 nm 2016

Chng 1
K thut tnh ton c bn
1.1
1.1.1

Chui Fourier
Chui Fourier tng qut

Cho hm s f ( x ) tun hon theo chu k 2 c th phn tch thnh chui sin v chui cosin bng
cng thc Fourier:
f (x) =

a0
+ an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1

(1.1)

trong , cc h s a0 , an , bn c tnh bng:

1
a0 =

an =

bn =

f ( x )dx

(1.2)

f ( x ) cos nxdx

(1.3)

f ( x ) sin nxdx

(1.4)

Nu f ( x ) kh tch trn on [-T,T], chu k 2T, chui Fourier c xc nh bi :

f (x) =

nx
nx
a0
+ an cos
+ bn sin
2
T
T
n =1

(1.5)

vi

a0 =

f ( x )dx

nx
dx
T

R
nx
bn = 1
f ( x ) sin
dx
T

an =

f ( x ) cos

(1.6)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

1.1.2

Chui Fourier theo sin hoc cosin trn on [0,T]

Cho f ( x ) kh tch trn on [0,T].

Ta mun khai hm f ( x ) theo cc hm sin nx hoc cos nx trn on ta khai trin theo hai cng
thc sau :
1. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier sin :

an = 0

RT
nx
2

dx
bn = f ( x ) sin
T
T
0
2. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier cosin

bn = 0

2 RT
a0 =
f ( x )dx
T0

nx
2 RT

dx
f ( x ) sin
a
=
n

T0
T

1.2
1.2.1

(1.7)

(1.8)

Phng trnh vi phn

Phng trnh vi phn cp mt

Phng trnh vi phn cp mt c dng sau :

y0 ( x ) + p( x )y( x ) = g( x )

(1.9)

Nghim ca (1.9) c dng :


y( x ) = c exp


p( x )dx + yr ( x )

(1.10)

vi yr ( x ) l mt nghim ring ph thuc vo g(x).

1.2.2

Phng trnh vi phn cp hai

Xt phng trnh c dng:

y00 ( x ) + y( x ) = g( x )

(1.11)

y ( x ) = y ( x ) + yr ( x )

(1.12)

nghim tng qut ca (1.11) c dng

Trn Dng Anh Ti

vi yr ( x ) l mt nghim ring ph thuc vo dng ca g( x ), y ( x ) l nghim ca phng trnh

thun nht. Nghim y ( x ) c dng nh sau :
1. Nu = 0 th nghim c dng y( x ) = Ax + B(vi A v B l 2 hng s tu ).
2. Nu = 2 ( > 0) th nghim c dng y( x ) = A exp(x ) + B exp(x )
3. Nu = 2 ( > 0) th nghim c dng y( x ) = A cos ax + B sin ax
Lu : Trong gii hn ti liu, ti ch xt h s l hng s, v b qua o hm cp 1 ca y(x).

1.3

Hm Poisson

Hm Poisson c nh ngha :
2
( x ) =

Zx

exp(z2 )dz

(1.13)

Ta khai trin exp(z2 ) theo cng thc Maclaurine sau tnh tch phn ta tm c hm Poisson
dng l chui ly tha


2
( x ) =

x3
x5
x7
x
+

+...
3
2!5 3!7


(1.14)

D dng ta thy c hm Poisson l hm l nn

( x ) = ( x )

(1.15)

Mt khc khi ta cho x th hm Poisson tin v 1, t ta tnh c tch phn Poisson:

+
Z

exp(z )dz =

+
Z

exp(z2 )dz =

y l kt qu quan trng v tch phn Poisson s xut hin li trong mn Vt l thng k.

(1.16)

(1.17)

Chng 2
Phng trnh truyn sng
2.1

Dy v hn v na v hn

1. Phng trnh dao ng cng bc :

2
2 u
2 u
=a
+ g( x, t)
t2
x2

(2.1)

2
2 u
2 u
=
a
t2
x2

(2.2)

2. Phng trnh dao ng t do :

vi g(x,t) l ngoi lc cng bc, a > 0 l tc truyn sng trn dy.

3. iu kin u (t = 0) :

u|t=0 = f ( x )(li u)


u


= F ( x )(vn tc u)

t t=0
4. iu kin bin :

u| x=0 = (t) (dao ng ca u x = 0 )

Nu u x = 0 b buc u| x=0 = 0, t 0

u 
Nu u x = 0 c th t do
= 0, t 0
t  x=0

(2.3)

2.1.1

Trn Dng Anh Ti

Dy v hn

Phng trnh dao ng :

2
2 u
2 u
=
a
t2
x2

(2.4)

vi x R, t 0
iu kin u :

u | t =0 = f ( x )


u


= F(x)

t t=0

(2.5)

tm nghim ca phng trnh (2.4) ta dng phng php DAlembert.

t

= x + at
= x at

(2.6)

Tnh ton o hm cp hai ca u theo thi gian v li ta c :

2
 2
2u
2u 

=a
2
+

2
t2
2
2 u
2 u
2 u
2 u

+
=
+
2
2
x2
2

(2.7)

Thay (2.7) vo (2.4), ta c :

2 u
=0

(2.8)

T y ta c th thy rng phng trnh dao ng l tng ca hai hm s () v ( )

u(, ) = () + ( )

u( x, t) = ( x + at) + ( x at)

(2.9)

xc nh dng ca cc hm ( x + at) v ( x at), ta s dng cc iu kin u.

u|t=0 = f ( x ) suy ra
( x ) + ( x ) = f ( x )

(2.10)


u 
= F ( x ) suy ra

t t=0
0 ( x ) 0 ( x ) =

1
F(x)
a

(2.11)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

10

Tin hnh ly tch phn 2 v phng trnh (2.11) (ta thay bin x thnh bin z trnh hiu nhm)
Zx

(z)dz

Zx
0

1
(z) =
a
0

(z)|0x (z)|0x =
( x ) ( x ) =

1
a

1
a

Zx

Zx

0
x
Z

F (z)dz

F (z)dz

(2.12)

F (z)dz + C

vi C = (0) (0)
Gii h phng trnh gm (2.10) v (2.12), ta tm c nghim ( x ), ( x ) t ta thu c dng
tng qut cho trng hp dy v hn dao ng t do:
1
1
u( x, t) = [ f ( x + at) + f ( x at)] +
2
2a

xZ+ at

F (z)dz

(2.13)

x at

V d : Mt dy v hn dao ng t do c iu kin u :

u|t=0 = sin 2x


u
1


= 2


t t=0
x +1

(2.14)

p dng cng thc (2.13), ta c :

1
sin 2( x + at) + sin 2( x at)
+
u( x, t) =
2
2a

= sin 2x cos 2at +

xZ+ at
x at

z2

1
dz
+1

1
[arctan( x + at) arctan( x at)]
2a

(2.15)

Lu : Trong lc kim tra phi chng minh li cng thc (2.13) ch khng c php dng.
Hai trng hp c bit

u 
a) Nu
=0
t t=0

1
[ f ( x + at) + f ( x at)]
2
1
1
Sng nghch f ( x + at) tnh tin at n v f ( x ) v tri.
2
2
1
1
Sng thun f ( x at) tnh tin at n v f ( x ) v phi.
2
2
u( x, t) =

(2.16)

b) Nu u|t=0 = 0
1
u( x, t) =
2a

xZ+ at
x at

at
F (z)dz = (z)| xx+
at = ( x + at ) + [ ( x at )]

(2.17)

11

Trn Dng Anh Ti

2.1.2

Dy na v hn

Phng trnh dao ng :

2
2 u
2 u
=
a
t2
x2

(2.18)

vi x [0, +], t 0 iu kin u :

u | t =0 = f 1 ( x )

u 

= F1 ( x )

t t=0

(2.19)

gii bi ton dy na v hn ta s xy dng mt dy v hn vi cc iu kin sau :

u| x=0 = f ( x ), x R

u 
= F ( x ), x R
t t=0

f ( x ) = f 1 ( x ), x [0, +]

F ( x ) = F ( x ), x [0, +]
1

(2.20)

iu kin bin :
1. Nu u| x=0 = 0
f ( at) + f ( at)
1
+
2
2a

Zat

F (z)dz = 0

(2.21)

F 0 (z)dz = 0

(2.22)

at

tng ng vi f(x) v F(x) l hm l.


u 
2. Nu
= 0 (u x = 0 th t do)
t  x=0
1
f 0 ( at) + f 0 ( at)
+
2
2a
tng ng vi f(x) v F(x) l hm chn.

Zat
at

Trn Dng Anh Ti

2.2
2.2.1

12

Dy hu hn
Dy hu hn dao ng t do

Phng trnh dao ng :

2
2 u
2 u
=
a
t2
x2

(2.23)

vi 0 x L, t 0
iu kin u

u | t =0 = f ( x )


u


= F(x)

t t=0

(2.24)

p dng phng php tch bin

u( x, t) = X ( x ) T (t)

X ( x ) T 00 (t) = a2 X 00 ( x ) T (t)

X 00 ( x )
T 00 (t)
= 2
= = const
X (x)
a T (t)
( 00
X ( x ) + X ( x ) = 0

(2.25a)

T 00 (t) + a2 T (t) = 0

(2.25b)

Lu : Xem li phn phng trnh vi phn chng 1

iu kin bin :
1. Hai bin buc cht :

u|

x =0

=0

u|
x= L = 0

X (0) T ( t ) = 0

X ( L) T (t) = 0

X (0) = X ( L ) = 0
(a) Khi = 0 th phng trnh (2.25a) c nghim : X = Ax + B
iu kin (2.26) ta c :
A=B=0
suy ra
u( x, t) = 0
Ta loi nghim ny v n l nghim tm thng.

(2.26)

13

Trn Dng Anh Ti

(b) Khi = 2 < 0 ( > 0) th X ( x ) c dng : X ( x ) = A exp(x ) + B exp(x )
iu kin (2.26) ta c :
A=B=0
suy ra
u( x, t) = 0
Tng t ta cng loi nghim ny.
(c) Khi = 2 > 0 ( >
0) lc ny nghim ca (2.25a) l : X ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x

A = 0
iu kin (2.26)

B sin L = 0
n y nu nh B = 0 th ta thu c iu v l l dy khng dao ng, do thu
c nghim c ngha v mt vt l ta cn c
sin L = 0

k
( k Z+, )
L

Suy ra
Xk ( x ) = B sin

kx
L

(2.27)

T y ta ch xt trng hp > 0
Quay li vi phng trnh (2.25b) :
00

T (t) +

ka
L

2
T (t) = 0

(2.28)

Ta d dng tm c nghim ca (2.28)

ka
ka
t + D sin
t
L
L

(2.29)


ka
ka
kx
Ak cos
t + Bk sin
t sin
L
L
L

(2.30)

Tk (t) = C cos
Kt hp (2.27) v (2.28), ta c :
+ 

u( x, t) =

k =1

Ta t 2 bin mi l Ak , Bk thun tin trong qu trnh tnh ton.

S dng cc iu kin u, ta tm c Ak , Bk nh sau :

2 RL
kx

A
=
f ( x ) sin
dx
k
L0
L

2 RL
kx

F ( x ) sin
dx
Bk =
ka 0
L

(2.31)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

14

2. Hai u dao ng t do :


=0
X 0 (0) T ( t ) = 0


x  x=0

X 0 (0) = X 0 ( L ) = 0

u


X (l ) T (t) = 0
=0

x  x= L

(2.32)

a) = 0 X ( x ) = Ax + B X 0 ( x ) = A
iu kin (2.32) ta c A = 0 X0 ( x ) = B 6= 0
Khi ny ta c nghim ca phng trnh (2) : T (t) = Ct + D
Ti y ta cn mt cht l lun.
Gi s dy dao ng vi thi gian di th t + th T (t) + u( x, t) + phi
l. thu c nghim c ngha vt l ta chn C = 0 T0 (t) = D
Vy phng trnh dao ng cho trng hp ny :
u0 ( x, t) = BD =

a0
2

(2.33)

b) = 2 < 0 ( > 0)
Tng t ta chng minh c trng hp ny ra nghim tm thng v ta loi b n.
c) = 2 ( > 0) X ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x X 0 ( x ) = ( A sin x + B cos x )

B=0
iu kin (2.32) cho
= k , k Z+
L
Ta thu c nghim X(x) :
kx
Xk ( x ) = A cos
(2.34)
L
Tng t ta tm nghim ca T(t) nh sau :
Tk (t) = C cos

ka
ka
t + D sin
t
L
L

(2.35)

Tng hp cc kt qu ta c :


ka
ka
kx
a0 +
u( x, t) =
+ Ak cos
t + Bk sin
t cos
2
L
L
L
k =1
Dng iu kin u, ta xc nh c cc h s trong (2.36)

a = 2 R f ( x )dx

L0

2 RL
kx
Ak =
f ( x ) cos
dx

L0
L

2 RL
kx

Bk = ka F ( x ) cos L dx
0

(2.36)

(2.37)

15

Trn Dng Anh Ti

3. u x = 0 b buc cn u x = l th t do :

Tng t nh cc v d trc ta ch nhn nghim ng vi =
+ 

u( x, t) =

k =0

1
Ak cos k +
2

vi

2.2.2

1
k+
2

, k Z+
L






kat
1 kat
1 x
+ Bk sin k +
sin k +
L
2
L
2
L

(2.38)




2 RL
1

Ak =
f ( x ) sin k +
dx

L0
2



RL
1
2


F ( x ) sin k +
dx
Bk = 

1
2

k+
a
2

Dy hu hn dao ng cng bc

Phng trnh dao ng :

2
2 u
2 u
=
a
+ g( x, t)
t2
x2

(2.39)

vi x [0, l ], t 0 v g( x, t) l hm ca ngoi lc cng bc.

iu kin u :

u | t =0 = f ( x )


u


= F(x)

t t=0

(2.40)

iu kin bin :
1. Hai u dy buc cht u| x=0 = u| x=l = 0:
Ta khng th p dng c phng php tch bin nh hai trng hp v s xut hin ca
g( x, t), nhng ta d on rng nghim ca (2.39) l mt chui Fourier sin.
+

Tk (t) sin

u( x, t) =

k =1

kx
L

(2.41)

Thay (2.41) vo (2.39) ta c :

+

k =1

Tk00 (t) sin

+
kx
=
L
k =1

ka
L

2
Tk (t) sin

kx
+ g( x, t)
L

(2.42)

By gi ta thc trin g( x, t) thnh chui Fourier sin:

+

g( x, t) =

Gk (t) sin

k =1

vi
2
Gk (t) =
L

ZL
0

g( x, t) sin

kx
L

kx
L

(2.43)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

16

Ta vit li (2.42) :
Tk00 (t) +

ka
L

2
(2.44)

Tk (t) = Gk (t)

Ta tm c nghim ca (2.44)
kat
kat
+ D sin
+ Tr (t)
L
L

Tk (t) = C cos

(2.45)

vi Tr (t) l nghim ring ca (2.44), ph thuc vo dng ca Gk (t) nn ta khng th tm

c n dng tng minh, m phi ty theo tng bi ton c th.
Thay iu kin u vo ta tm c cc h s cn thit.
2. Hai u dao ng :

u|

x =0

= 1 ( t )

u|

x =l

= 2 ( t )

(2.46)

gii trng hp ny ta cn dng cng thc i hm chuyn v bi ton dy hu hn

dao ng cng bc hai u buc cht .
u( x, t) = v( x, t) + 1 (t) + [ 2 (t) 1 (t)]

x
L

(2.47)

Phng trnh dao ng c vit li thnh :

2
 00

2 v
2 v
00
00 x
=
a
+
g
(
x,
t
)

(
t
)

(
t
)

(
t
)
1
2
1
L}
t2
x2 |
{z

(2.48)

h( x,t)

Ta gii tng t trng hp trn.

2.3

Mng dao ng

Phng trnh mng D dao ng t do :

2 u
= a2 u
t2

(2.49)

vi x [0, L], y [0, m], t 0

iu kin u :

u|

= f ( x, y)

u 

= F ( x, y)

t t=0
t =0

(2.50)

iu kin bin buc cht

u|

x =0

= u| x= L = 0

u|

y =0

= u |y=m = 0

(2.51)

17

Trn Dng Anh Ti

Ta p dng phng php tch bin u( x, y, t) = V ( x, y) T (t)

Phng trnh (2.49) tng ng vi :
(
V ( x, y) + V ( x, y) = 0
T 00 (t) + a2 T (t) = 0

(2.52a)
(2.52b)

Xt (2.52a)
t V ( x, y) = X ( x )Y (y)
Phng trnh (2.52a) thnh
X 00 ( x ) Y 00 (y)
+
+ = 0
X (x)
Y (y)

X 00 ( x ) + 1 X ( x ) = 0

Y 00 (y) + 2 Y (y) = 0

= 1 + 2

X (0) = X ( L ) = 0

Y ( 0 ) = Y ( m ) = 0
Tng t cc bi trc, ta tm c :

 2

kx
k

Xk ( x ) = B sin
, 1 =
L
L

2

Yk (y) = B0 sin ny , 2 = n
m
m
Vy
ny
kx
sin
Vkn ( x, y) = E sin
L
m
" 
#
2
 n 2
k
vi = 2
+
L
m
Nghim ca phng (2.52b) l

Tkn = C cos a t + D sin a t

(2.53)

(2.54)

(2.55)

Kt hp tt c li ta c :
+ +

u( x, y, t) =

i
kx
ny
Akn cos a t + Bkn sin a t sin
sin
L
m

k =1 n =1

trong Akn , Bkn tha mn

Akn

4
=
Lm

ZL Zm

f ( x, y) sin

0 0

Bkn =
a Lm

ZL Zm
0 0

kx
ny
sin
dxdy
L
m

F ( x, y) sin

kx
ny
sin
dxdy
L
m

(2.56)

Chng 3
Phng trnh truyn nhit
3.1
3.1.1

Truyn nhit trn thanh hu hn

Thanh hu hn khng cha ngun nhit

Phng trnh truyn nhit :

u
2 u
= a2 2
t
x

(3.1)

vi 0 x L v t 0
Lu : Cc bn thng nhm ln v tri ca phng trnh truyn nhit v phng trnh truyn
sng. V tri ca phng trnh truyn nhit l o hm cp 1 theo thi gian cn phng trnh
truyn sng l o hm cp 2 theo thi gian. Cn ch iu ny nu khng s li nhng
hu qu ng tic.
iu kin u :
u | t =0 = f ( x )
Ta dng phng php tch bin :
u( x, t) = X ( x ) T (t)

(3.2)

khi phng trnh (3.1) c vit li thnh :

X ( x ) T 0 (t) = a2 X 00 ( x ) T (t)
X 00 ( x )
T 0 (t)

= 2
= = const
X (x)
a T (t)
( 00
X ( x ) + X ( x ) = 0

(3.3a)

T 0 (t) + a2 T (t) = 0

(3.3b)

D dng ta thy nghim ca phng trnh (3.3b) l :



T (t) = C exp a2 t

(3.4)

18

19

Trn Dng Anh Ti

Ta thy nu < 0 th


lim exp a2 t = +

t+

do m bo v mt ngha vt l ta ch chn 0
a) Hai bin gi nhit 0
iu kin bin :
u | x =0 = u | x = L = 0

X (0) = X ( L ) = 0
Ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh (3.3a) nh sau :
Xk ( x ) = B sin

vi =

k 2
L

kx
L

(3.5)

>0

Kt hp (3.4) v (3.5), ta thu c phng trnh truyn nhit trn thanh :

+

u( x, t) =

Ck exp

k =1

"

2 #
kx
ka
t sin
, 0 x L, t 0
L
L

(3.6)

S dng iu kin u :
u | t =0 = f ( x )
xc nh hng s Ck , Ck tha
2
Ck =
L

ZL

f ( x ) sin

kx
dx
L

b) Hai u cch nhit.

iu kin bin :


u 
u 
=
=0
x  x=0
x  x= L

X 0 (0) = X 0 ( L ) = 0

(3.7)

= 0 X = Ax + B X 0 ( x ) = A = 0
Khi X0 ( x ) = B v T0 (t) = C , suy ra
u0 ( x, t) =

a0
2

(3.8)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

20

Vi > 0, ta tm c X(x) :
Xk ( x ) = A cos

kx
L

(3.9)

Kt hp (3.4), (3.8) v (3.9), ta c

a0 +
u( x, t) =
+ Ck exp
2
k =1

"

kax

2 #
cos

kx
, 0 x L, t 0
L

(3.10)

Cc hng s a0 v Ck , xc nh bng iu kin ban u, xc nh bi :

2
a0 =
L
2
Ck =
L

ZL

f ( x )dx

ZL

f ( x ) cos

kx
dx
L

c) u x = 0 gi nhit 0 , u cch nhit x = L cch nhit.

iu kin bin :

u|

=0

u 

=0

x x= L
x =0

X (0) = X 0 ( x ) = 0

Kt hp hai trng hp nu trn ta tm c phng trnh truyn nhit c dng nh sau

( 

 )


+
1 a 2
1 x
u( x, t) = Ck exp
k+
t sin k +
, 0 x L, t 0
(3.11)
2 L
2
L
k =0
vi
2
Ck =
L

ZL
0

1
f ( x ) sin k +
2

x
dx
L

d) u x = L gi nhit 0 , u cch nhit x = 0 cch nhit.

Tng t phn c

3.1.2

Thanh hu hn cha ngun nhit

Phng trnh truyn nhit trn thanh c cha ngun nhit :

2 u
u
= a2 2 + g( x, t)
t
x
vi 0 x L, t 0
iu kin u :
u | t =0 = f ( x )

(3.12)

21

Trn Dng Anh Ti

a) Hai bin gi 0 : u| x=0 = u| x= L = 0

Xt

Tk (t) sin

u( x, t) =

k =1

kx
L

(3.13)

tha mn iu kin bin.

Vi iu kin u, ta c
+

Tk (0) sin

k =1

2
Tk (0) =
L

ZL

kx
= f (x)
L
f ( x ) sin

kx
dx
L

(3.14)

Tng t ta khai trin hm g( x, t) thnh chui sin Fourier :

+

g( x, t) =

kx
L

(3.15)

kx
dx
L

(3.16)

Gk (t) sin

k =1

vi Gk (t) xc nh bi biu thc :

2
Gk (t) =
L

ZL

g( x, t) sin

Phng trnh (3.12) c vit li thnh :

"
#


+
kx
ka 2
0
Tk (t) + L Tk (t) Gk (t) sin L = 0
k =1

(3.17)

Vi 0 x L, t 0, ta c :
Tk0 (t) +

ka
L

2
Tk (t) = Gk (t)

Nghim ca phng trnh (3.18) c dng nh sau :

" 
 #
ka 2
Tk (t) = Ck exp
t + Tr (t)
L

(3.18)

(3.19)

Da vo iu kin (3.14), ta xc nh c gi tr ca Ck
Ck = Tk (0) Tr (0)

(3.20)

Vy phng trnh truyn nhit trn thanh hu hn cha ngun l :

(
" 
)
 #
+
ka 2
kx
u( x, t) = [ Tk (0) Tr (0)] exp
t + Tr (t) sin
, 0 x L, t 0 (3.21)
L
L
k =1

Trn Dng Anh Ti

22

b) Hai bin c nhit cho trc.

iu kin bin :

u|

x =0

= 1 ( t )

u|

x= L

= 2 ( t )

(3.22)

Ta dng cng thc i hm:

u( x, t) = v( x, t) + 1 (t) + [ 2 (t) 1 (t)]

x
L

(3.23)

iu kin bin sau khi i hm mi : v| x= L = v| x= L = 0

Xt hm v( x, t) c dng :

v( x, t) =

Tk (t) sin

k =1

kx
L

(3.24)

Phng trnh (3.12) thnh :


x
v
2 v
= a2 2 + g( x, t) 10 (t) 20 (t) 10 (t)
t
L}
x
|
{z

(3.25)

v
2 v
= a2 2 + h( x, t)
t
x

(3.26)

h( x,t)

Vi iu kin bin v| x= L = v| x= L = 0, ta a bi ton hai u c nhit cho trc v bi

ton v bi ton hai u c nhit 0 .
Gii tng t nh trn

3.2

Truyn nhit trn mn khng cha ngun nhit

Phng trnh truyn nhit :

u
= a2
t
vi D =

0 x L

2 u 2 u
+ 2
x2
y


(3.27)

, t 0

0 y m
iu kin u: u|t=0 = f ( x, y)

u | x =0 = u x = l = 0
iu kin bin:

u y =0 = u | y = m = 0
p dng phng php tch bin: u( x, y, t) = V ( x, y) T (t)
Phng trnh (3.27):
(

V ( x, y) + V ( x, y) = 0

(3.28a)

T 0 (t) + a2 T (t) = 0

(3.28b)

23

Trn Dng Anh Ti

Tip tc s dng phng php tch bin: V ( x, y) = X ( x )Y (y)

S dng cc iu kin bin, ta tm c nghim tng qut:
+ +

u( x, y, t) =

Ckn exp(a2 t) sin

k =1 n =1

kx
mx
sin
l
m

(3.29)

H s Ckn c xc nh bi
Ckn

3.3

4
=
lm

Z l Zm

f ( x, y) sin

0 0

ny
kx
sin
m
l

Truyn nhit trong thanh v hn v na v hn khng cha

ngun nhit

3.3.1

Thanh v hn

Phng trnh truyn nhit:

u
2 u
= a2 2
t
x

(3.30)

u | t =0 = f ( x )

(3.31)

vi x R, T 0. iu kin u :

p dng phng php tch bin: u( x, t) = X ( x ) T (t) khi phng trnh (3.30) thnh
( 00
X ( x ) + X ( x ) = 0

(3.32a)

T 0 (t) + a2 T (t) = 0

(3.32b)

Tk (t) = C exp( a2 t)

(3.33)

Phng trnh (3.32b) c nghim:

Nu < 0 th lim = v l nn ta loi trng hp < 0.

t+

= 0, ta c
(

T (t) = C
X ( x ) = Ax + B

(3.34a)

nu A 6= 0 th lim = nn A = 0. Suy ra
x

u0 ( x, t) = BC
= 2 > 0 Nghim ca (3.32a) ;
X ( x ) = A() cos x + B() sin x
vi R

(3.35)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

24

Tng hp cc trng hp hp trn ta tm c phng trnh truyn nhit:

u( x, t) =

+
Z

[ A() cos x + B() sin x ] exp( a2 2 t)d

(3.36)

T iu kin u ta c:
f (x) =

+
Z

[ A() cos x + B() sin x ] d

Suy ra
1
A() =
2
1
2

B() =

1
u( x, t) =
2
t
I=

+ Z
+
Z

+
Z

+
Z

f (z) cos zdz

f (z) sin zdz

f (z) cos [(z x )] exp( a2 2 t)dtd

+
Z

cos [(z x )] exp( a2 2 t)d

i bin s

= a t

, khi tch phn I c vit li thnh

zx

(z x ) = , =
a t
1
I ( ) =
a t

+
Z

cos() exp(2 )d

ly o hm hai v theo , ta c:
dI ( )
=
d

+
Z

sin() exp(2 )d.

p dng tch phn tng phn, t

u = sin

dv = exp(2 )d

suy ra

du = cos()d

v = 1 exp(2 )
2

+
+
Z

dI ( )
1

2

= exp( ) sin 
cos() exp(2 )d = I ( )
d
2
2
2

|
{z
}
0

suy ra
I ( ) = C exp(

2
)
4

(3.37)

25

Trn Dng Anh Ti

Khi = 0 th I (0) =
Vy ta c

+
R

exp(2 )d =

1
I ( ) =
a



( z x )2

exp
t
4a2 t

Phng trnh truyn nhit trn thanh v hn khng cha ngun nhit l
1

u( x, t) =

3.3.2

+
Z

2a t


( z x )2
dz
f (z) exp
4a2 t


(3.38)

Thanh na v hn

Phng trnh truyn nhit

du
d2 u
= a2 2
dt
dx

(3.39)

vi x R, t 0
iu kin u: u|t=0 = f 1 ( x )
Ta ko di thanh na thnh thanh v hn vi iu kin u:

u|

t =0

= f ( x ), x R

f ( x ) = f ( x ), x [0, +]
1
iu kin bin gi 0 :
u | x =0 = 0
+


Z
z2

f (z) exp 2 dz = 0
4a t

suy ra f(x) l hm l trn R.

Ta c
+
Z

+





Z0
Z
( z x )2
( z x )2
( z x )2
dz =
dz +
dz
f (z) exp
f (z) exp
f (z) exp
4a2 t
4a2 t
4a2 t

|
{z
} 0

t v = z dv = dz. V f(x) l hm l nn f (z) = f (v) = f (v).

I=

Z0
+


( v + x )2
d(v)
f (v) exp
4a2 t


+
Z
0

+
Z
0


( v + x )2
f (v) exp
dv
4a2 t



( z + x )2
f (z) exp
dz
4a2 t


Trn Dng Anh Ti

26

Vy
u( x, t) =

2a t

+
Z
0




( z x )2
( z + x )2
f (z) exp
exp
dz
4a2 t
4a2 t


(3.40)

u x = 0 cch nhit.

u 
=0
x  x=0
+


Z
z2

f (z)z exp 2 dz = 0
4a t

suy ra f(x) l hm chn.

Tng t trng hp trn ta tnh c
I=

+
Z
0

Vy
u( x, t) =

2a t

+
Z
0


( z + x )2
f (z) exp
dz
4a2 t





( z + x )2
( z x )2
+ exp
dz
f (z) exp
4a2 t
4a2 t


(3.41)

Chng 4
Phng trnh Laplace
chng ny ta s tm hiu trng nhit dng. Phng trnh truyn nhit khng ph thuc
thi gian.

4.1

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh ch nht

Phng trnh truyn nhit tha mn:

2 u 2 u
+ 2 =0
x2
y

(4.1)

vi 0 x L, 0 y m.
iu kin bin:
1. Hai u x b trit: u x=0 = u x= L = 0. Khi iu kin u: u|y=0 = f 1 ( x ); u|y=m = f 2 ( x )
Dng phng php tch bin: u( x, t) = X ( x )Y (y)
Vi iu kin bin ta c: X (0) = X ( L) = 0
Phng trnh (4.1) c vit li thnh:
(

X 00 ( x ) + X ( x ) = 0

(4.2a)

Y 00 (y) Y (y) = 0

Xk ( x ) = B sin
L



Ta tm c cc nghim X ( x ) v Y (y):
ky
ky

+ D exp
Y (y) = C exp
L
L
+
vi k Z .

(4.2b)

Phng trnh truyn nhit:

+ 

u( x, y) =

k =1


Ck exp

ky
L
27

ky
+ Dk exp
L


sin

kx
L

(4.3)

Trn Dng Anh Ti

28

2. iu kin bin u|y=0 = u|y=m = 0. Thc hin tng t nh trn, ta c:





+ 
kx
kx
ky
u( x, y) = Ck exp
+ Dk exp
sin
m
m
m
k =1

4.2

(4.4)

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh trn

Ton t Laplace cho ta cc c dng:

1
=
r r

r
r

1 2
r 2 2

(4.5)

Phng trnh truyn nhit c dng:

u = 0

(4.6)

[r2 V 00 (r ) + rV 0 (r )]( ) + V (r )00 ( ) = 0

( 00
( ) + ( ) = 0

r2 V 00 (r ) + rV 0 (r ) V (r ) = 0

(4.7a)

iu kin bin: u|r= R = f ( )

t u(r, ) = V (r )( )
Phng trnh (4.6) thnh:

(4.7b)

V hnh trn nn ta c thm iu kin ( + 2 ) = ( )(*)

Xt phng trnh
1. = 0 ( ) = A + B
iu kin (*) ta c A = 0 suy ra ( ) = B. Khi phng trnh (4.7b) c dng:
r2 V 00 (r ) + rV (r ) = 0

V 00 (r )
1
=
0
V (r )
r

ln |V 0 (r )| = ln r + ln C1
V 0 (r ) =

C1
r

V (r ) = C1 ln r + C2
V ln r khng xc nh nn C1 = 0. Suy ra phng trnh truyn nhit
u0 (r, ) =

a0
2

2. = 2 < 0 ( ) = A exp() + B exp()

iu kin (*) ta c A = B = 0 loi.

(4.8)

29

Trn Dng Anh Ti

3. = 2 > 0 ( ) = A cos + B sin
iu kin (*) cho = 1, 2, 3 . . . = n Z+
Suy ra n ( ) = A cos n + B sin n.
Vi = 2 = n2 , phng trnh (4.7b) vit li thnh:
r2 V 00 (r ) + rV 0 (r ) n2 V (r ) = 0

(4.9)

Phng trnh (4.9) c nghim: V (r ) = Cr n + Dr n nhng do bn khng xc nh khi r = 0

nn D=0.
Tng hp cc trng hp ta c:
u(r, ) =

a0 + n
+ r ( An cos n + Bn sin n)
2
n =1

(4.10)

iu kin bin: u|r= R = f ( ) ta suy ra cc h s:

a0 =

62 f ( )d

1
An = n
R
Bn =

4.3

1
Rn

Z2
0
2
Z

f ( ) cos nd

f ( ) sin nd

Phng trnh Laplace trn hnh vnh khn

Tng t nh phng trnh Laplace cho hnh trn nhng v R1 r R2 nn ta nhn tt c cc

nghim:

4.4

a0 + b0 ln r +
+ Cr n + Dr n ( A cos n + B sin n)
u(r, ) =
2
n =1

(4.11)

Phng trnh Lapace trn hnh qut

iu kin bin:

u | =0 = u | = = 0

u |r = R = f ( )
Nghim cho trng hp ny:
k
k
u(r, ) = Ck r sin

k =1
+

(4.12)