lxJL

cik nghuhl tuyhW

bfhs k

btpL:

bgah uhl fHf

95, lhl enlr rhiy,
mngf ghy, kyh, brid-600004.
bjhiyng: 044-24980745
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 ilFlf
bgah gogf
ngUJ iya mU
nk^ miz - 636 401
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bgah gogf
muR iu ngUJ iya
fhu - nfhit
9843323153

bgah gogf
njhH g ehuhaz id yf
73 / 1 yh rhiy
brid - 14
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uhtz gogf
uhjhUoz ef
mahFg
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yhf juwf bra

1934M ML bjhl
nghJ ca f
27 rjj lxJL rl
tiu, l xJL cik
nghuhl rj jil
fis f wghf, f
Jakhf gl
oJ fhLwh.
bgah uhl fHf
jiyt
njhH bfhs k.
lxJL tuyhWF
J xU ifnaL;
gujYF thjF
gaglToa mthj.

www.periyardk.org
g ML : 2012 #dt

- bgah uhl fHf

l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

jHf jidahs nguit

_wh ML bjhlf Hhit
KL fl krFg l
28. 04. 2007 mW eilbgw bghJ
Tl lxJL, ilfhy
jilfS vw jiy fHf
jiyt njhH bfhs k
mtf Ma ciu

jHf jidahs nguit rhghf j

Tlij jiyiknaW elbfhoUw jid
ahs nguit jiyt kFa njhH uh#
khf mtfns, F iulgl fyffhu
njhH bgah vw xU mUfhaij gilJ,
vG, eoJ, a W jidahs Uij
bgW mkUw jir gfiyfHf k
Fa ehlfJiw nguha njhH K. uhkrh
mtfns, F gntW brfis gJ bfhL
vGo mkUw gUo rlkw
cWd njhH ntKUf mtfns, rlkw
cWd ntKUf mtfis J nga
mUik bgUkfns, cf midtUF v mghd
tzffis bjJ bfhnw.
neu flJlJ vwhY, y brfis
gJbfhw thghf j fia VghL
brUwhf vgjh FWa neu cfnshL
y brfis eh gJbfhs Unw. l
xJL, ilfhy jilfSvgnj vdfhd
jiy. ij tf nghF Kdh l xJL
vgij eh vgo JbfhoUnwh vgij
Kj sahf ntL.
l xJL bghGJ muRgfSF kL
UwJ, mij eh idbfhs ntL. l
xJL vgJ xU tWik xF lK my;
ntiy thig clh jUw lK my.

4 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

5 . bfhs k

Uw ntiyfSF Uw lfis gJ
bfhw xU VghL. mjF Kdh mJ tFth
cikahf, tFth uJtkhf (Proportional
Representation) jh UjJ. jeho W
lfS gJ tHfgld. jF ekF vgJ
ML tuyhW cL. jeho 1920-M
MoUJ l xJL UJ tjJ. mjF K
nfhAh nghw wuRf 1902-M Monyna
mKfgLdhf. ikN wuR 1921- l
xJil mKfgLaJ. Mdh OZ ah
j eho jh, brid khfhz jh mj
l xJL eilKiwF tjJ. eilKiwF tj mj
l xJL, brid khfhz muR bfhL tj l
xJL brid khfhz mu Uw gfSF,
f iyafSF kLiy, bgah nghw
uahsf nghuhl fhuzkhf mJ
thf glJ.
brid khfhzUj ka muR mYtyf
fY l xJL UjJ. 1934M ML jfhd
xU w rl iwntwglJ. brid khfhz
ghgd myhnjh l xJL rl bkW ka
muR xU rlij iwntaJ. mjgo brid
khfhz kL brid khfhzUj ka
muR gf Tl mr iyaf, mbghG
Uj a t, mbghGJ jah a
tj bja unt, bj kuhjh unt, 1944 muRilikahd dh m, vyhtY l
xJL eilKiwgLjglJ. Mdh mj l
xJL Ljiy bgwjhf brhygl MfL 15,
1947F ka mu l xJil, brid
khfhz kL bfhLfgL tj l xJil
brlg 30M eh uJ brJlhf. xwiu
khj jh mtfsh bghWJbfhs KojJ.
6 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

Ljiy tjJ ahUfhf vW bgah brhth:

btisfhulUJ ghgd bfhisfhuDF
Made over braglJ vW brhth. mtdh
Ljiy bgw xwiu khj, ekF bfhLJ tj
l xJLfis ka mu bfhLJ tj l
xJLfis mt uJ brjh. cJiw uJ
brjJ, unt Jiw uJ brjJ, vnyhU
uJ brjhf, xnu eh. gogl l xJL
ka mu, ka muR rlij bfhL tjJ,
iuthf ngr ntoaJsJ.
mua rl vGjglJ. mua rl
y fis brjhf. ghJfh bfhLgjfhf,
gntW f bragld. 16 vw ntiy
thfSfhf, 46 mny (Weaker section) etilj
d vd mtfSila nkghofhf, vdgy
rlfis brjhf. Mdh mj rl
jhjgl kfSF kL lxJil cW
brjJ. rl vG itjhf, w xJL
brayh vW. 16 (4) vw brhdJ: vj rKjha
dUF muRgf ngha uJt
iy vW muR fUJwnjh mtfSF w cj
brayh vW brhdhf. m nghlgl
brhf ngnt sh'' vW brhdhf.
mjbrh jh jhj gnlhiu, gHFodiu
vnyhiu FjJ. Mdh m bdhW
brhdhf, mua rl vGjgl bghGJ
m nghlgl thij "In the opinion of the government vW jh brhdhf mij. mu ghit
vbjj rKjhaF ngha uJt iy
vW fUJwnjh mtfSF l xJL brayh
vgJ jh mj rl brhdJ.

7 . bfhs k

J mua za rig thj tj nghJ

Tl nflhf, ah j ngnt sh vW
nflh, mjF mngfh brhdh, n the opinion of
the government- muR ahiu fUJwnjh vW g
brhdh -mJ gth UwJ. bghGJ
vijbaijnah brhbayh mua za rig
thjij brhwhf. Mdh In the opinion of the
government vgij L lhf. r, l xJL
ntiy th UjJ. Mdh f tHf
gliy. eKila mua rl eil KiwgLj
gl nghJ; mKfgLjgl nghJ ntiyth
kL l xJL mjfhd f Ujnj ju
fF vj xJL yhj fhy UjJ.
mjdh jh jeho F tHfgl l
xJo mogil kUJtf l
ilfiy vW brh xU bg bjhlj tHF
e jehL fd .X vw tFth
Mizia uJ brjJ. mJ l fij.
mj tHif nghl brgf Jiuuh{
kw ekF vgobayh jilahf UwJ
vgij brhyntL. cakw lxJL
bryhJ vW brhdhf. crkwF
nghdJ muR. bgah brhdh: mrny maha
my mnj fha, mgo jh MfnghFJ, cr
kw nghdh vd MF vW brhdh''. Mdh
crkw xiw fL ojhf. j
brgf Jiuuh{ vw bg kUJt fF
zgnk nghliy vgij fLojhf.
tHnf eh ghgd vgjh jh vdF l
tHfgliy. jeho gwgLw l
xJL bfhif jilbrJlJ vW tHF
nghoUjh. Mdh crkwF nghd
dhjh bjjJ, mjbg kUJt fF
8 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

zgnk nghliy. r nghlKoaiy,

nghLw taij jhoat, 34 tajhdt mt.
zw taij flJlt mt. zg
nghlyh vwhtJ giHa nj nghlyh vwh
nghlnt KoahJ. zw jFyhj

bg zfhj lfhf nghlgl

tHjh lxJL bryhJ vW cr
kw tHaJ.
Kj rl Uj tuyhW
mjFdh elj nghuhl mj rl
Ujij #tfyh neU mtf KbkhwnghJ
Tl mt brhdh rlUj V tUwJ vW
brhy ntL, mKf ciuahwntL, MWw
nghJ mt brhdh, brid khfhz elj
ff eik rlUjij bra tWJwJ
vW brhdh. mt brhdJ . . . . in madras
province vW jh brhdh. mj fhuzkhf
rlUj vWjh brhdh. rlUj
tjJ. m nghlgl brhjh mua rl
16- gLjgltf vW kL UwJ
nghJkhd, "backward classes notadeQuately represeted
vWjh 16 (4) brhwJ. Mdh 15 (4) vw xU
J nrfglJ, mj ffhf mij
brhwnghJ brhfis nghlhf r_f Y
f Y gLjgl r_fij nrjtf
vw brh mj rlUj jh tjJ (Socially and
educationally backward). mnghJ yng rlUj
bfhLtjhf. vfdhf vw brhiy
nrfntL. rKjhaY fY ja
r_fF vW Ugij bghUshjhuY
ja vw brhiy nrfnto tjJ, mbghGJ
vnyhU kWjhf, neU kWjh, mnghJ
mngfh, mua zarig, mbghGJ
9 . bfhs k

ehlhSkw iy, ehlhSkw 1952 jh

njbjLfglJ mngfh kWjh, vnyhU
s brhdhf, thbfLF l glJ.
1950 #dt tj rlF, rlUj 1951
#] khj tUwJ. xwh nj jh thbfL
F Lwhf- bghUshjhuahf vw brhiy
nrf TlhJ vW vnyhU thwhf.
thbfLF Lwhf. bghUshjhu ahf vw
brh nrfglTlhJ vW 243 ng thfjhf;
ntL vW 5 ng thfjhf. Mf ts
bga ahr mbrh kWfglJ bghU
shjhu ahf vW. ij eh V brhnw vW
brhdh, mua rlij vGa mua za
rig, mJ fiyfgliy, eilKiw UJ
bfhL tUwJ. mJ 243 F 5 vw fz kWf
glJ bghUshjhu ahf vw brh nrgjF.
Mdh bghGJ gf bghUshjhu ahf
vgijjh nyavW brhwhf.
uliu yr tUkhd tjh l xJL
iy vW brhwh. Mdh t mua
rlij fhghWtjhf brhwh. kWfglJ,
mbghGJ khd bfhL tjt ah vwh
mjF dh bghGJ ghua #djhthf
a bfhoUwmik jh mikghd
#drfij clha ah urh Kf
(v. . Kf) vgt jh khdij bfhL
tjh bghUshjhu ahf nrfntLbkW.
mbghGJ bjhl mt fSila af bjhlJ
brJbfhL UwJ. Mf kWf glJ vgJ xU
brfhf brhnw.
mjF dh jh r_f ahf f ahf
ja vwnghJ jh gLjgl jhj
gl gHFo kfSF vW _iw brhdh.
10 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

16 (4) btW ngth sh[ vW kL

brhaJ. J sfkhf _iw brhaJ.
bgah Tl nflh: bjUF ehY ig nghL
bfhLJLw, j oRfD brhd, Mdh
nlFF j liynadh. vdF ntiy
thF l xJL bfhLJOf, vf M
gofnt iyna, wF vgo ntiythF ngh
gh. igig kL nghL bfhLJl, Kjy
nlFF j Ldh.
vdnt mj Uj tjJ. mjdh jh ekF
f lxJL brayh vw iy
clhdJ, rlahf. 1951 tj rl, ka
mu ehlhSkwkhf mnghJ fUjgl
mua za rig bfhL tj rlUj,
mnj ka murh Wtiu eilKiwgLjgl
iy vgJ jh mFs btf nflhd br.
f l xJL juyh vW brhlhf,
gLjgl kfSF bfhLfyh vW brh
lhf, Uj tJlJ, Mdh mj rl
Uj gLjgl kfSF bfhLgjF, mij
M brtjF xU FGit ajhf. 1953-M
ML - mua rlnyna y fis itjhf;
340 vw xU UwJ, mJjh r_fY
fY ja kfSF nkghLfhd jid
fis brtjF xU FGit mikfyh vW
gJiuwJ, gJiujJ, mik jhf. 1953-
mikfgl FGF jiyt fhfh fnyf vgt.
gLjgl kfSF vd lxJL bfhLfyh
vgijg MnyhgjF xU ghgdiu
jiytuhf bfhl FGit mikwh. mjFG jh
MbrjJ. mJ uL MLf M brJ
1955 xU mif bfhLwJ.

11 . bfhs k

mJ y rhfis gLjgltf vW
tif gLJwJ. 2000 rhfis tifgLJwJ. tif
gLanjhlyhk, bdhU wghd ufukhd
xiw brjh. bgf vnyhU gLj
gnlh vW mjh, vW gJiu vGdhf.
bjh f 65 GfhL, _ uL gF
gLjgl kfSF tHfntL vW gJiu
brjh. mgw mLjJ xbthwhf brhY nghJ
50, 25 vW FiwJ brhdh. Mdh mt g
JiujJ 75 GfhL. mifia mgo vGL,
mifia muRF mDdh. mny xU foj
itJ mDdh. j miffbyyh
brhdhf, bgUghik cWdf fUij
VWbfhL mif vGUnw. Mdh rh
mogil l xJL jUt vdF eif
iy vW FG rhghf foj itJ
mDdh. vgo tUila m ehza UwJ
vW ghUf. FG To ulhL M brJ
mif vGL, mif ifbaGJ nghL
L mnjhL izfoj kL rh mo
gil lxJL juTlhJ vW gJiu brjh.

rhth fzbfL
m bdhiw brjh. bghGJ
ngbfhoUnwhnk 1931- kf bjhif fz
bfLig g ngbfhoUnwhnk; kf
bjhif fzbfL rh thahf vLfyh vW
1881 jh eilKiwF tjJ. mjF Kna
kfbjhif fzbfL tUR 1871- brid
khfhzUj kfbjhif fzbfLDila
jiyik mYty jh l. fhZ vgt
Ujh. mtjh brhdh, e mu M xW
bjwJ, muR kf nehia ghgdfzho
bfhLjh ghwJ (Spectacles of Brahmin). mjF
12 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

Prescription neh gjF ghgd kUJtij

jh jUwJ. 1881 jh rhth kfbjhif

fzbfL eilKiw gLjglJ. xbthU
tiu rhia FL vLjh. 1931 tiu eljJ.
1941- ulh cyfngh. rtu fzbfL
eljKoaiy. 1951 Ljiy bgw ah vLf
ntlh vW miu brh lJ. Jtiu
vLfglntiy. rhth vLfgl fil
fzbfL 1931. mjF d vLfgliy.
Jtiu gLjgl kfSF, jhjgl
kfSF eylf Lwnghbjyh mj
kfbjhif fzbfLig itJbfhLjh o
bfhoUwhf. jhf iy. Mf 1955- fhfh
fnyf gJiuf xwhf bfhLjJ: rhthahf
kfbjhif fzbfLig eljntL vW
brhdJ. 1931-XL Wlhf, 1941-ny vLfy,
1951-y vLfy. 1955- gJiu bfhLjhf
rhthahf kfbjhif fzbfL vLfntL
vW, mij muR ftd vLJbfhsiy.
mjF f lfhy gLjgl kfis
g ftfiy vgJkLky 1961-M ML
vgo j ghgdf vUjhY vj mik
UjhY vd KnghF ngdhY, ehf
mofo brhtJ ehf ngRtjh bgahiu btW
ehfuhf kL ghJlhf, mjF nk xU
rKjha mfiw UjJ. mtUila ftd xLfgl,
xJfgl kf J UjJ.

neU Jnuhf
Vbdwh ehf vW ghjh eho
bgUnflhf W isUw JJth vw
brhyhliy bfhL tj rhtf, mjfhf J
kfh rigia elat, mjF vuhf nghdjh
13 . bfhs k

fhia bfhy ll rhtf ehf. fl

eif iy. Mdh ghgd cajt vW
brhgt. ghgdDF jh mfhu ntL
vW brhdt.
ntj jh cajJ vW
brhdt. J kfh rigDila bfhifna ntj
fhyF Unth vgJ jh. xnu xU brhjh
bfhif mtfSF, ahit ntj fhyF
U ToL nghfQ. vgo UF vW
wF f nahJ bfhsyh. mt ehf. ek
fkyAhr Tl ehf jh. Mdh l xJL j
vwh. mgojh neU ehf. neU jid
nrhrrthahf brhdh. mtjh Kj rl
Uj tjnghJ vfdhf vw brh nrf
TlhbjW thjhodh. 1961- vyh muRfSF xU
foj vGjglJ, bl ma(DEMI - OFFICIAL)
byl - vGjglJ. ujknu vGdh. vyh
KjyikrfSF. lxJL gLjgl
kfSF ghth shvW brhw nghJ
Kojtiu bghUshjhu jnahUF
bfhLf. rhahf bfhLgij eh Ug
iy. vW vGdh.
1951- vJ ngat 1961- ngRwh vyh
KjyikrfSF
vGJwh,
rh
mogil bfhLgjF ka muR Ugiy
vW vGJwh. mikruhf UjhY gahf
UjhY mtfSila jid vgoUwJ
vgjfhf brhnw. bgah brhth, bt
gfoF uahsdhf cns ghgddhf
thjt neU vW brhYth. mtUila mgh
wj bghGJ nghLL rilyhk
rlF brjjfhf brhwh. mij Lf. mLJ
gogl gLjgl kfSF vd cjf
brayh vgijg MtjF mLj FG
14 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

mikfnt iy. 1953- mikjJ, L 1979-

jh ru mtf, mbghGJ cJiw mikruhf
Ujh, mtjh awh, bkhuh ujk,
mtU xJbfhwh. ru khfhzF xU
bgah ntL vw iy vGat, mJ ekF
bjahJ. trhf eyfSfhf nghuhoa xU
uahd jidahs vW jh bj. mt
khfhzF xU bgah ntL vw xU W
btpil btlt. mtjh j kl
FGit ajh. bghGJ jiytuhf nghl
glt xU gLjglt. xU tHfP, Kjyik
ruhf Ujt, njt urh kl ..kl vwt jiyik mj FG
afglJ.
mj FG cfhj lUJ M bra
iy. ah mbghGJ 406 khtlf
Ujd. 405 khtlf ngh mtf M
Tlf eld. xnu xU khtlF nghfKoa
iy, bgU kiH fhuzkhf m[hUj mj
khtlF
nghfhk
tJlhf.
405
khtlF nghwhf. v.v. th nghw
khDla mPfSila fUJfis nflhf.
lhlh Wtd, bl gfiyfHf khDla
nghw mikfis itJ M brjhf.
mtfl mifbayh thdhf. th
bfhL ma tkhf goalh. tf
vyh brh whf, xU g cfhJ bfhL.
mt vgobayh goalh vgij kl
mifia goFnghJ ekF bj. gLj
gl kfis r_f ahf f ahf gLj
gltf vW jh vLfntL vwhY Tl
mt bghUshjhuij fz vLJ bfhlh.
r_f ahf vW ghwnghJ 17 taF
15 . bfhs k

Ukzkhw bgf Kj xW vLwh, mJ

uhk Ujh, efu Ujh vW GfhL
fzF vLjh. 25 GfhL khy ruhrF mfkhf
Ukz brgt, efukhf Ujh 10 GfhL
Ukz brj rhf vW wh. clYiHig
50 GfhL mfkhf brw rhfis gLjgl
rhf vW brhwh. mthW ehF nghL mJ
xbthWF 3 kbgf nghLwh.
f vW tUw nghJ bjhlf fnf
nghfhjtf khy ruhrF nk 25 GfhL
Ujh mj rhf; ggoig KogjF
yFwtf ouh m khy ruhria l 25
GfhL mfkhf Uw rhf, ijbayh
gobahU goa vLwh. mjbfyh 2
kbgf. wF bghUshjhu ahf vW tUw
nghJ XiyFoir tgtf khy ruhria l
25 GfhL mfkhf Uw rhf; Fo Ufhf
miu nyhlUF nk elJ nghwtf;
khy flid khy ruhrF nk bgUw
FLgf gobayh fzbfLJ bkhj 22
kbg nghL m vj rh 11 kbgfSF
nkUwnjh mj rhbayh gLjgl
rhf vW mwh; ts MuhF
dh mt mwh. mjJ kLky mj
rhfis tifgL vGL j rhfSF
gJiu jUwh; gJiuia g thf ngdh
neukhL. gJiu bghGJ eh ng
bfhoUwJ xnu xU bria kL jh. Mdh
mt MW gJiufis bfhLjh.

16 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

1. f iyaf l xJL
2. ntiy th l xJL
3. fl bfhLg 27 GfhL; bjyh
brhwh; mJkLky
4. y clik vgJ j eho cg rf
vyh Mf rhf if Ugjh jh
tfSF bghUshjhu tsiy, vdnt
cg cwfis ufukhf khaikf
ntL vW gJiu wh - mij ahU
ngRtnj iy.
5. muR cj bgW jah JiwfY l
xJL vW gJiu brjh
6. mnjnghy dt nghw fgLjgl
tFdiu jhjgl goaYF kh
aikFkhW brhdh; mtfSF j
bjhF xJf ntLbkW brhdh
mijbayh LLf, xnw xW ng
bfhoUnwh, lxJL. Mdh mt tif
gL goalJ gLjgl kf vjid ng
vW goalh. vyh khtlfSF RW
gaz brJ goalh - Jf 44 G
fhod gLjgltf; yha, UJt,
a nghw kjf Ugtf 8 Gfhod
gLjgltf. bkhj 52 Gfhod
gLjglt. V 52 GfhL gLj
gltf vW brhL 27 GfhoF
gJiu brjh vw nghJ jh j kwf
L ekF FWnf tUwd.

17 . bfhs k

l xJL jehil bghUjtiu vyh 100

lfis JbfhLjhf. ghgdfSF 16
mf jh vwhY 12 Mf J mtfSF
uLlfisbfhLjhf; jhjglt
fSF 1 l kL bfhLjhf, 8 lf, 12- xU
l. ghgd myhjtfSF 6 l vW
brhdhf - mtfSF xU 44 GfhL iljJ;
UjtfSF 8 -mnuhaf, Mnyh af
vyh nrJ 8; KfSF 8 vW J
bfhLjhf - 100ntiyia J bfhLjhf.

bgah nghuhl
mjF dh L bgah brhdh
ghgd myhjhUF vwh, l xJL Kj
Kj vgo tjJ vwh ntj UjJ, mah
brhdh, mjF dh l xJL fhufhu
jh nflh. 1885- fhu vW xU f
bjhlfglJ; a Ljiyfhf bjhlfgl
fay fhu, ekbfyh bj. tuyhW
gojh bjJbfhsyh. afSF OZ
mu nk tsJ bfhoUF btWig
jgjF nr~o th Mfjh cUthfgl
mik fhu vw f. mjid bjhlat
jiyik Vwtf Mnyaf. V.X.K btl
gD jh. af ahU Mufiy vgJ
ntW. m nrj afS 1884- UJ gy
rhjidfis J ilbgW brw g
uit taDg brwnghJ OZ muRF
Rthfshf Uw 300 ng Xl TLwhf.
Toa mtfilna xU xWik UwJ - mtf
vnyhU ghgdfshf Uwhf. eh V
MLnjhW rf TlhJ vW nahwhf.

18 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

1885 #] khj brid rwhf.

mLjhf 1885 fil MnyafnshL nrJ
fhu vW mikwhf. MujJ vgonah
UfL, mtf Kj khdkhf uh# Rthr
khd, OZ muR L thtjF iwt mU
a ntLbkW. ulhtJ khd, _whtJ
khd xiw nghlhf a ntiyfis
a kakhF vgJ mj khd mjF K
blo fbylUF nk af iy, khtl
gfshf af iy, vfSF ntiy bfhL
vW nghlhf; Mnya mjh. a
fSF vW tha ntiyfis ghgdfns
itJ bfhlhf. thaJ vdnth a
fSF itJbfhlJ vdnth ghgdf.
jdh v tjJ.
1885-1890 bfhLjh. 1906-nyna yhaf
Mfhfh jiyik Fu vGdhf. kuha,
brid khfhz v Fu tjJ. wF l
xJL tjJ, mJ xU l fij, mJ ntlh.
Mdh mnj nghyjh ghgd myhjh l
xJil ghgd myhj carhfhuf
oJ bfhlhf. afSbfW thaij
ghgdf oJ bfhlij nghy, ghgd
myhjhUF vW thaij ca rhfhuf
L bfhlhf.
bgah 1926- jdJ Foau vGdh,
ghgd myhjh khehil TLw nghJffhufns f ghgd myhjh
vwh WF 5 GfhL Tl Ufhj uh#hit,
uhRjhiu, #jhfis idJ bfhL ngR
f; eh ghgd myhjh vwh WF

19 . bfhs k

95 Mf Uw ciHF kfis fUbfhL

ngRnw. thUf eh cfhJ bfhL
ngRnth.
ghgd myh jh vwh ah vW ngRwh.
mbghGUJ mt Fu bfhLwh gLj
gnlhfSF jahf l xJil bfhL mJ
dh bfhLfglJ.
12-Mf jij 14-Mf J gLj
gnlhUF 14 lf jh bfhLjhf. 14- 2
ekF bfhLjhf. mLjhf jhjgltfSF
mtfSF 14-Mf cadhf. mJjh w. 8-Mf
Ujij 14-Mf cadhf. gobayh w.
Mdh jhjgltfSF ka muR Kj Kjyhf
1943- jh l xJL. 8.3 GfhL jh. mngf
ituh FG cWduhf Md dho bfhL
tUwh. mua rl eilKiwF tj bghGJ 12.5
jh. 1970- jh 15-Mf cajJ. Mdh jehil
bghWjtiu gLjgltfSF 14-, jhj
gltfSF 14- bfhLjhf. go jeho
bfhLfglJ, bfhr bfhrkhf eh thndh.
........
Vnjh gLjgltfSF l xJL
UwJ. Mdh ka mu ynt iy. mg
yhj lf vfSF ntL vgij
gLjgl jiytf ahU nffiy. bgah
nflh. 1934- brid khfhzF kL
bfhLJlh. rj nghlhnj, cfSila C
bfhLJ Lnw. mf vyh nffhnj vW
brhlh. xL bkhjkhf ah KGtjF
tUtjF kl gJiu fhuzkhf jh
bfhLtuyh vW 1980- mif bfhLjh.
31.12.1980- mif bfhLjh. mifia btL
20 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

tjF xU nghuhl. mjF 3, 4 MLf MdJ. eil

KiwgLJ vW gy nghuhlf. 1990 M ML
jh eilKiwgLjglJ. mif bfhLjJ 1980,
eilKiwgLjglJ 1990 . .. eil
KiwgLdh. mJ Tl vgo eilKiw gLdh.
gaJ gaJ brjh. bghGJ gf rhjhuz
khf brhlhf. muR goa vyh vLf
iy baW. mt nghl rl 13.08.1990-
jh cju nghLwh. m bjthf brhdh1. gfSF kL l xJL (l
vwh urid tJ LnkbaW)
rRF kL vwh, mLJ
2. ntiy thF kL vW brhdh
m Tl yFfis itjh -Jiw
iy, ma ca MF iy, go
bayh y yFfis itjh.
mjF d xW brhdh, gLj
gnlh vnyhUF iy - gLjgltf
ka muR goaY khy muR goaY
uoY ah Uwhfnsh mtfSF vW
brhdh. kl gJiujJ 3740 rhf; Mdh
uL goaY Ujtf 2000 rhf. VwFiwa
60 GfhodUF jh bfhLfglJ, 40
GfhodUF iy. gobayh ftdkhf
xbthU brhyhf nghL eilKiwgLaJ
bgU nghuhl. m Tl j 27 GfhL V
bfhLfglJ 52 GfhoF gyhf V 27
GfhL bfhLjhf?

ikN bjhla u
jF jh ikN mu elj xU tHF - ikN
mur UZzuh# cilah Ujh. xU w 21 . bfhs k

rhFkfhuh{ vgt jh nfhAh rkjhd

KjKjyhf lxJL bfhL tjh. WF 50
lf ghgd myhjhUF vW brhdh.
jhjgltf caF mt jh ghLglt.
mt jhjgltfis cz fil itf
brh gz bfhLjt. jhjgltfis gof
itf gz bfhLjt. jhjglt nj
filny mur ngh nj Fogh. kf
vyhiu miHJ bfhL ngh mur ngh
cz rhLth. gobayh u brjt. mj
rhFkfhuh#&, ikN l xJL bfhLj
UZzuh# cilahU, brid khfhz
ghgd myhjh afij KW t
ela tuhd o.v. ehaU - _W ngU
yl xwhf gojtf. xwhf Uj
tf, xwhf jtf, xj jidst
fshf Ujhf. ahF tj _W
gFf j uia bjhldhf. mJ
jh xU w.
UZzuh# cilah ghl gojt, mt xU
M FGit awh. ah jiyik vwh,
ikN mu jiyik g, xU Mnya by
y vgt jiyik xU FG mikwh. ah ah
gLjgl kf vW xU goa vLf
brhwh. mj FG goa vLJ gJiu
jUwh. ghgd myhjh vnyhU gLj
gl kf vW M brJ mif jUwh. clnd
ikN mur 75 GfhL lfis l xJL
brwh. gLjgl, jhjgl Wghik
dUF l xJL brwh. mJ 68Mf 65Mf
60Mf xU rka 68 Mf Uj nghJ xUt tHF
kwF nghdh. ghyh vD tHF, mJ
crkw tiu ngh tHfhodh. ts l
22 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

xJL bfhLjh jF wik vyh nghL

vW thjhodh. mnf 5 gf brh
dhf -50F nkny l xJL nghf TlhJ vW.
mJ vd ma mogilah? t vyh
nfwh, vd mogil l xJL brf
vW. 50 GfhL vgjF vj ma mogil
iy. mtf ZlF bfhLfgl .
bghGJ Vnjnjh sff brhwhf. mj
fhuz khfjh 50F nkny nghf TlhJ. jhj
gl kf SF 15 lfS gHFo kfSF VHiu
lfis gJiu brJL, Vbdwh
mtfSF ehlhSkwf rlkwf
lxJLF Vfdnt l UwJ, 330, 332 vw
f -mJ vd brhwJ vwh Koj msF
mtfSila kfbjhifF izahf l
xJfgl ntL, rl kw ehlhSkw
vW mrlf brhwd. mnj kh jh f
Y l xJoF, ntiy thY mtfSila
G fhoF KGrhf 15, 7 1/2 bkhj 22 1/2
brhahR. mg UgJ 27, Vbdwh 50F
Uf ntL. mjdh jh 27. bkhjkh nrjh
49 1/2. mjdh jh mt 27-I gJiu brjh. kf
bjhif 52 GfhL vgij VWbfhwh. Mdh,
cr kw xW jilahf UwJ vW
brh, 27 I gJiu brwh.
Kj cr kw jil vUJ tjJ
vW ghfntL. Vbdwh mij brhd g,
KnghF yhj, vbdwh gf Mtbjyh
tUw th jhnd, xU Kiwahf iy, yhl
of kh jh itJbfhs ntL, Vbdwh
mjF dh Vuhskhd gf 50 GfhL j
vW iwa ng brhlhf. UZz ma
brhdh, X. dg buo brhdh, gft
23 . bfhs k

brhdh, bAnl brhdh, Vuhskhd gf 50

GfhoF vj mogil iy, mua rl
brhyiy vW gntW f brhdhf.
Mdh tf vyh uL gf, _W
gf brhdhf. mnf mJ gf
brhdhf. vdnt mij khw Koaiy. tf
vyh xUntis xnu bg cfhUjh 50
GfhL bryhJ vW brhUfyh. bfl
thghf nf xU buL ng brhthf, mnf
xU _W ng brhthf, mnf xU _W ng
brhthf.
xU g mHfhf brhdh, jhl ntoa
u, mj , vgJ flf ntoa uij
itJjh FfglntL. 3 1/2mo gsij
jhl ntLbkwh cDila jhLj 3 3/4
UfntL. iyiy rlgo unl
Kfh mojh jhl ntL vwh FF
GJ Lnth. mij jh brhdh gLj gl
jhjgl kf flf ntoa il bt vts
UwJ vW ghJ l xJL bfhLf gl
ntLnk xa 50 GfhoF Uf ntLbk
gJ j vW brhdh mj g. go Vuhskhd
tjhY Tl mJnghy mJ gf xnu
l cfhJ brhyiy. vdnt jh 27
bfhLjh. j 27- Tl ntiyth kL
bfhLjhf. mJ uL goaY, khy muR
ka muR xwhf UwtfSF kL bfhL
jhf. mny gy rKjhaf thfis Hjd. 2000
rhF kL jh l xJL. mjF dh xU FG
tJ 200 rhfis nrjhf. ngUF D
iy. J ntiy th bfhLjJ, fia g
ahU ngrnt iy. 1990 Miz nghL, 2006
tiuF 16 MLf ij g ngnriy.
24 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

vfis nghw W aff Fu vGaij

ju bga ff ahU ngrntiy. vnghJ
brhdhf vwh, jah ff J
lxJL ga xU tHF tjJ. ~ig gnlr
vw tHF - m brhdhf, f
iyafis bayh l xJL bfhL vW brhy
mfhu ilahJ vW cr kw brhdJ.
vdnt xU mua rl Uj tjJ. mj mua
rl Uj jh f iyaf l xJil
g ngaJ.

ca f...
mjdhny ekJ kf J bfhL gLj
gl kfSF fY l xJL bfhL vW
nflhf. muR rlkhf nghlJ. mjF xU rl
Uj bfhL tJ rlij nghL lhf.
Mdh mj rl jh vd fahW vW ghF
nghJ jh ekF bj, ts ehshf ekF
iy caf iyafis g eh vyh
bghGJ ngbfhL Unwh, mgo xU f
Wtdf UgJ j f tU tiu ekF
bjahJ. ek iga, nghdh .V vfdh nghth
iy vwh .v. ghl nghth; Vdh
mtDF t fhl MUfhJ. eh nahJ
bfhnl Ungh lny l UwJ,
ngh nrJ bfh vW jh nrJ bfhL
Ujhf. I.I.o, I.I.v, V.I.I.v.v vbwyh
UwJ vW bghGJ jh bj, XnAh,
gobayh xU go Uwjh? f nk iy
f Uw Maf vyh t fhl
ntL. mLJ vnf gof ntL vW;
mtfSnf iwa ngUF bjahJ. bghGJ ey
ntis j f tj dho jh J btna
tjJ. j Wtdf vd jyhl brJ
25 . bfhs k

bfhoUjd vgij f ftf ntL.

bghGJ V.I.I.v.v g ekJ rlkw cWd
mtf ngdhf.
mj ntQnfhgh brw muk, mtid
g jahf brhtJ wF, mny vgo
itUjhf vgij g brhdh vts
vyh ghgdf jfSfhf brJbfhwhf
vgJ . vyh ffY f ghfyh,
gl goF xU 100 l Ujh gl nk
goF 20 l jh UF. v...v F 100 l
Ujh v.o F 10 myJ 20 lf jh UF.
mts jh bghGbjyh xJFwhf.
Mdh mj my a kUJt M fHf
na jiyHhf UwJ. v...v F 40 l,
KJfiy goF 120 l, vgo ghUf. jhf xU
ia brjh. mj Wtd gow khzt
fSF 33 GfhL l xJL vW brhlh.
_ xU gF. v 120 KJfiy go UwJ;
mnf v...v goj 40 ngU mgona KJfiy
goF ngh nrJ Lth. go xU ia f
l fhykhf itUJ, ektf ahU
ftfiy. 1996 jh ftdF tjJ.
xU jhjgl khzt; mnf l il
fhjt; tHF nghlh. ynAho, bghGJ
X bgW Uw mbghGija jiyik gl
jh tHF brwJ. mbghGJ goaiy vLJ
ghw bghGJ bjjJ, t jF wik ngRwh;
bghGJ jF wik vgJ kbg mogil
ngrgLwJ. ntbwd msnfh UwJ; mj
kbgiz zf nj Kiw; nj Kiw vgJ
kdghl gQwt eyh th vLjt iwa
kbg bgWwh. mJ jh ekJ nj Kiw mit nrhgJ my kdghlij nrhw
26 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

Kiw. mgobawh, mj kdghlij nrhw

njit vGJtjF eKila khzt Xuha
g gowh; oF nghdh ma tjh
brhtjnfh, sf brhtjnfh- fayhj
bgnwhf; jg itf triy; caiy
gF gy nyhlf nghf ntL; fF
20 nyhlf nghfntL; nj vGdh
nj jhis Jujnth, mF ngh kbg
bgWw ij mtDF bjahJ; mtDila
bgnwhfSF bjahJ. ijbayh itJ
thFw kbg, ij itJ jh nghJ l
xJoF jF wik ngRwhf. j NH t
thFw 60 kbg mt thFw 100 F rk.
Mdh eKila gLjgl jhjgl
kfSF lxJL vgJ f brw ML
kUJt f ghjh bj. mtDF
ekF cs ntWghL Xg fhgo, wj ngho
vg 350 ng ekh, 15MtJ l jh xU
ghgh tjh. 14 khztf ek gLjgl
jhjgl khztf jh. mgobayh ekJ
khztf tJbfhL Uwhf. Mdh, Xg
fhgoDF, gLjgl goaYF UF
kbg ntWghL miu GfhL. f gLj
gltfSF xwiu kbg jh ntWghL.
jhjgltfSF uliu kbg ntWghL.
gHFo kfSF 4 kbg ntWghL - mtfSF
tfSF.
ts jilfis jho ek khzt
thFw 60 kbg 100 F rk. miu kbg
ntWghoF jh jF wik nghL vwhf.
mjbfyh jh eh brhnwh, kUJt
fia muR fo itUwJ vwh, j
kjid gl bgw itJ rghf itf my, j
27 . bfhs k

eho Rfhjhuij nkgLJtjfhf; kf eyij

nkgLJtjfhf jh kUJt fia muR
fo itUwJ. kfSF ey kUJt nghf
ntL vwh, kfnshL izJ beU gHFw
kdghik mtDF Uf ntL. mt jh ekF
kUJt bra Ko. eik ghgh bjhlTlhJ
vW idjh vwh vgo?

ghgdf nghuhl
f ghfyh, V.I.I.v.v 27
GfhoF vuhf bjhl nghuhl eljJ. 20
ehf ntiyF nghfhk ca rhfhuf
nghuhl gdhf. l xJoF Mjuthf
eKila khztf, ntiy neu brahk cz
ilntis Mghl brjhf. muR kUJt
kidF tUgt ahuhf Ugh - eKila
rnfhjuf; mtDila Jf Jau mtDF
bj. vdnt mt cz ilntis nghJjh
Mghl brjh. ghgh,nk rhfhu
ntiynf nghfhk Mghl gdh. J
jh carhfhuDF, ek khztfSF cs
ntWghL. mg, mj kUJtdhf, mtndhL zf
Ks fUJs muR mfhahf UjhY r,
kUJtdhf UjhY r. xU iyaF xU
jhjglt, gir guhahf jiyia J
bfhL Knah XaF nghw nghJ, mF
Uw xU tlhanuh, myJ jiyik iya
Jiz tlhanuh, ca rhfhudhf Ujh ngh
vgh. Mdh ek Mshf Ujh gnthL
ghgh - bfhr nguhtJ. mij jh fRu
fhl vW brhdhf. mtDF ekF
gghL zf Uf ntL.

28 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

nj f mbkfh tjJ. fUgfSila

kUJtij, mtfSila cl eyij mtfSila
bghJ eyij nkgLJtJ vgo vgij MtjF
xU FGit nghlhf. rht vgt kUJt
Jiw brayhsuhf 6 MLf gahat. mtf
jiyik xU FGit nghlhf. mj FG M
brJ xU mifia bfhLjJ. fUgfSila
bghJ Rfhjhuij nkgLj ntL vwh
kUJtfshf, Rfhjhu mfhfshf fUgf Uf
ntL vW gJiu vGj glJ. mbghGJ
jh fRu fhl vw brhiy ga
gLdh. fUgUFjh bdhU fUgnuhL
gghL zf UF; gghL clghL
UF; mt brth. mjF jh mgo
ghjh ek rKjhaF l xJL kf
bjhifF Vwhngh bfhLjh jh ek
kfSila cley nkgL. mJ xW.
MdhY miu kbg, xU kbg FiwwJ
mny jF wik FiwwJ vW brhwh. bgah
gy nffis nflh - l xJo vf M
tjh jF wik nghL vwhna jhnd
jid MLf M gdh; ah Ljiy
bgw ehUJ W tiu ujkuhf, FoauR
jiyt mt jh, UjJ ah? ghgh jhnd
Uf J tiuF. knkhf if LL
ghU! il ntLkhdh rh, .., go
ghjh ca rhfhuf, mny Tl tjtf.
gLjgltfshf tj njt bfslhit fz
bfLjh khj fz jh UUwh. jF
wikF ng nghd f jh M jiytuhf
W tiu Uf ah. ah I.V.v
mfhfshf, I..v mfhfshf f jh
Uf. gLjgl kfSF l xJL
29 . bfhs k

iy. jhjgl kf l xJo I.V.v,

I..v 4 GfhL jh uggLsJ.
f jhnd Uf. mgo bawh M
Jiw f, mua Jiw f jh, khy
I.V.v, fht Jiw vyh f jh, Jiw
f jh. ah vd Knd lJ? vW
nflh. x vjid gjf thL tjh?
jF wikia ghJ vW nflh. bghU
cg cyf ju Fnshg uhL vW
brhwhfns vjid GfhL cfSilaJ? cyf
VWk ah gF 0.6 GfhL jh. mny
fU f, #, la J _W ah bgU
gF twJ. nghdh t mDtJ 0.2jh.
ny jah Jiw l xJL bfhLjh jF
nghL vwh. cyf ms ah
nahaijmts jh. Mdh t brhwh
eh nghlh jF wik nghL vW.
Fnshg uhL vW xW Tl iy. cyf ms
magl cg bghU ahUJ vJ
ilahJ. uhl m nf vnwh nfhnf
vnwh vJ ilahJ; ah vJ iy.
mJ xU w UfL.
j l xJo Tl ntiy thUJ
fF tJ 27 juyh vW brhwnghJ Tl
ehlhS kw xU kdjhf Ko brwJ; mikruit
xU kdjhf Ko brwJ. ek rl kw cWd
brhdij nghy mikruit Uw y,
ehlhSkw cWduhf Uw, Jiw
mikruhf Uw guth{ vw ghgd;
eKila jguF gFL vW brhwhf;
tfbsyh nrJbfhL jilahf Uwhf.
bdhU FGit nghLwhf, bdhU M
FG, mJ Rjr ehag gJiu brjh;
30 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

bdhU FG, ug bkh jiyik, mt

gJiu brwh - r, j 27 I xnu rka ju
ntlh, ghgd khztf mjnf mj 27nf
KoahJ vwh. Rkh 60 MLfshf lxJnl
yhj gLjgl kf, bghGJ 60 GfhL
kfbjhif Uw gLjgl kfSF 27
l bfhLgjF Tl KoahJ vwh. mtl
ngh rkhjhd ngRwhf.
rf, rkhjhdkhf nghfyh, 3 MLf
bfhLnwh''.
mbjyh iy, bfhLf KoahJ''.
cfSF Fiwahk bfhLnwh''
vgo rkhjhdgLJtJ, I.I.o. I.I.v.
V.I.I.v.v vgo jjhfdh, cfSF Jtiu
f mDgJ tjJ 77 lfSF nk mDgJ
tf, gidJ VHiu nrJ 22 1/2 nghf 77
cfSilajhf UjJ. jfhL uh#hthf
mDgJ tjhf. gLjgl kfSF 27
bfhLjh 50 Mf FiwJ Lnk vW jhnd
gagLf; f gaglhf, cfSF FiwahJ,
77 lf cfSF jUgoahf ehf ghJ
bfhnwh. vd VghL vwh, I.I.o. I.I.v.
V.I.I.v.v vyh lfis 154 Mf caJtJ.
gLjgl kfsh ghfgl 27 GfhL
lfis mny cdF tJ LwJ. 50% vwhY
cdF giHago 77 l tJ L.
mt brhwh, vdF tUtijg ftiy
iy, mtfSF bfhLfhnj''.
jF vd fhuz vgij jh M bra
ntL. fhuz, mtf mLj nghoahsuhf
gLjgl kfis fUJwhf. jfSF
31 . bfhs k

nghoahsuhf jhjgl kfis fUjntiy.

Vbdwh mtf Jtiu EiHantiy. xU G
fhod jh jhjgl gHFod Uwhf.
mLj nghoahsdhf Uw gLjgl kfis
mDgf lh tJLth vW fUJwh.
nya vw xiw eh V vnwh vW
brhdh bghGJ I.I.o nru ntLbkW
brhdh _W lf jh g iyaf
Uwd. uhkah oo vW iAjuh
ghny, nfhlh UF grh oo,
bl Uw ah k Ma _ g
bgwtf jh I.I.o gow Kfhthng.
brid I.I.o gowtf 80 Gfhod
uhkah ooo gojtf, mjdh jh
Muh khztf mfkhf Uwhf.
m mJ khj, ehF khj jg, w
g bfhLwh. mjF flz uL yr
%gh. Mdh rl vd brhwJ: uliu
yr %gh tUkhd tjh cdF l xJL
iy. v, gLjgl khzt vt EiHth?
gogl Nfukhd ra jh nya. ..
F mLJ xU rh tjh. mt jh ..
eukuh. jdJ bjhlf mua thifia
M.v.v UJ Mujt. mt fhu
cWduhdh. j ehil bghWjtiu jh
fhu, .n#. vW ng bfhnwh. tlehil
bghWjtiu vnyhU mj jid jh. Ahg L
fhu M Ahg L .n#.. mtDF
JJth jid jh. .. eukuh U xU
cju kh nghlh. .. jh cju
nghlh, KoJ lJ myth. 92
bfhLjhR, 93 akdK MuJ lJ. 93-ny
t jhf xU cju nghLwh. vdbtwh, 27
32 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

Gfho Poorer section of the backward class vw xU

brhiy nrwh; jhf xU cju. .. jghf
nghL lhuh, t khWwhuh.
mLJ bdhW brhwh, vjj xU l
xJoY
cglhj
rKjhaij
nrj
ViHfSF 10 l vW xJFwh. ny
brhlh 50 F nkny nghf TlhJ vW.
Vfdnt 49 1/2 GfhL KoJlJ, JFnkny
vgo 10 bfhLgh? U jhY bjnj cju
nghLwh; 10 GfhL bghUshjhu jat
fSF. mJ vnyhUF iy. vj xU l
xJoY tuhj rKjha bghUshjhu
jatfSF. mgobawh, ahUF vwh,
ghgh ViHfSF vW jahf xU cju
nghLwh. J vyh cr kwF nghdJ,
mF brhdhf. .. cju brY,
.. euk uh cju bryhJ vW brh
lhf. MdhY xiw brhdhf j
nya vgij mbghGJ jh Kj Kiwahf
brhdhf. tr giljtid xJl ntL
bkW brhdhf. m fUJ ntWghL UwJ,
mJ j vgJ ntW. Mdh, mij VWbfhsyh,
ntiy th vjF trthjtDF mf th
vwhY Tl f vgo mij eilKiw
gLjyh. tr UJ fyhjt jh
bghGJ l xJL nfwh. mj rKjhaF
jh lxJL nfwh. xU ntis ntiy
thF nghw nghJ Vfdnt tr UwJ vW
brhdh Tl mJ bfhr aha Ugjhf VW
bfhs Ko. Mdh vj ahaK yhjij
jF bghUJwJ vwh.

33 . bfhs k

l xJoF kL brhd ig j
g jdJ jilahiz, ij thf brhy
neu iy, brhwh, jF bghUJ vwh.
Mdh mt brhdh 1931 mogil vLjJ r
vW mbghGJ brhdhf. Mdh mij
VWbfhs khnl vwh t. 9 gf
brhd ig 2 gf kWwhf. Vbdwh
t jh Kdhona f gat. tiug
brhtjhdh f l tuyhW, buhg
ojt, gahf cfhjh vd ntL
bkwhY brhyyh vW idwhf. tir
gJ ntW vj eho UwJ vW nfwh.
xUjid moJbfhL mtid l t
jat vW moJ bfhtJ ntW vj ehoY
iy vW ny vGJwh. vj ehony rh
UwJ vW bjkh kilaDF. gLj
glt, jhjglt vW vj ehony
UwJ. Mdh mt ny vGJwh.

kwf jil
jF K uh Vs rAh tH 9 gf
vGdhf,
ah gLjgltf vW
zw msnfhiy kfnshL bjhl yhj
gfsha ehf bra KoahJ vW ny
vGUwhf. Vfdnt trjFkh tHny
X. dg buo vGdh. mnj tHif Ro
fhLwhf. ah gLjgltf vW
zw ms nfhiy kfnshL bjhl yhj
ehf goal KoahJ, khf KoahJ; mij
brtJ muR jh. muR ntLkhdh mij zf
xU FG nghL bfhSf vW gJiuwhf.
Mdh t brhwh, mJ vd muR vJ ntL
khdhY brhyyhkh, VWbfhntdh eh vW
brhwh. kwf bfhLnfh vgJ - rl
34 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

Ujij g ngndh. j rlUj my,

Kj rlUj nghJ bdhU rlij
Udhf. 31 vw brhJilikia ga
rlUj, 31 V, 31 tjJ. mbghGJ vjfhf
tjJ vwh, l xJoF nf f, Mdh
nfusY, tf, fehlf nghw khyf y
Ujij vJ gy gf brhdhf.
mbjyh jkj brhJikF vuhdJ vW.
mjdhy jh mj rlnjhL j rlij
Udhf.
31 vw it 9 mltiz vw xiw a
mltizia clh mj mltiz nrf
gLw rlf kwf jiyl KoahJ
vW brh mj rlUj mbghGJ jh 1951
-ny tjJ. Vbdwh, j gf ufu y
khwfis Tl mj gf Vf kWjhf. W
W khwfis Tl VWbfhs kWjhf.
1990F dh xU a nghF, bghJthd kf
ey, xJfgl cikf kWfgl kf eyij
l jkj cikf nknyh ngrgld.
bghGJ gf, mgojh brhwh.
v.M.bghik tHF, nkdfh fh tHF, ehfuh#
tHF vW iwa tHF tJ Uwd. mny
vyh jkj cikfis g ngRwhf.
xLbkhj rKjha, j mua rl Backward
classes of the citizens vW jh brhdhf. j
kjid g ngriy. nyaiu g
ngrntLbkwh thf ngr ntL.
nya vwh xUkjDila bghUshjhu
iyia g ngRtJ. mua rl vj
lY jegiu g ngriy. Backward classes
of the citizens vW mj kf Tlij g
ngdhfns ju, jkjid ga ngR mnf
35 . bfhs k

iy. fhuz, kf wffglJ,

gLjglJ j kjfshf my, xLbkhj
FGfshfjh wffglhf, gLj
glhf, th kWfglhf. vdnt jh, mj
brhiy nghlhf. Mdh jkjDila
cikfis ngRtjhf ekJ kwf nghF
nghwJ. rKjha eyid l jkj eyid ca
ownghF 1990F tJ lJ. bghG
bjyh, f mijjh mfkhf FJ
whf. eh xW ilny Lnl.
a kUJt M fHf ntQnfhgh
brj jyhlij - 40 lf jF wik ngh
lJ vW ngRwh. xwiu khFF ngRwh.
gHFoduhf Ujh 4 kbgf jh ntWghL.
Mdh j kh mgona 40 ngU nkgoF
nghw nghJ mt MF vLjhf. vyh
goa th bjhlJ 5 MLf tirahf
ghjhf. vjid kbg thatfS
bfyh l bfhLjh vW? m ghjh,
lf Uwd myth 66.6, _ uL
lfSF ntW khztfis njbjLU
whf. mgo njbjLfgl kiyth gHFo
diu l Fiwthf f M~ khF thUw
16 ngUF l bfhLf goUjJ. kw lf
fil kbg thUw gHFod khzt
kbgiz fhoY Fiwthf bgUj 16 ng
mj V.I.I.v.v goj giHa khztf vw
bgauh mtfSF KJiyF l tHf
goUjij g ghjh. mJ j, clnd
nghif khwntL vW brhdJ crkw.
Wtiu khwiy. cr kw 1999
brh 8 MLf Mld. Wtiu khwnt
iy. crkwij kwnjiy. ek
36 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

MSf jh cr kw crkw vW
ngbfhoUwhf. Mdh mt kfiy,
W tiu mnj eilKiwjh UJbfhL tUwJ.
mgoahdh jF wik kbg mogil
ghghfnsahdh jFyhj 16 ng mj f
gojhf vgjfhf lxJL bfhLjhnd mjF
vd brhwhf.
Mf eKila khztf go nghlh
ngh lJ vwh, fhR kLnk bfhLjh l
bfhLw jah fF vJ jF wik
nghlJ vW t viwfhtJ nghuhoU
whdh? Fiwthd kbg bgwtbdyh 20
yr, 25 yr bfhLJ 30 yr bfhLJ
v.v thFwh, mijbayh ghJ mnah
jF wik nghlJ vW viwfhtJ nghuho
Uwhdh? muR f, t bryyhk
gow f ntw vtD tJl TlhJ. mt
bry gQwt vgonah nghfL. ehL
eyij g mfiwUjh I.I.o gojt
vtD I.I.v gojt vtD xU khd
nghnlh vf mik rhghf j ca f
iyaf gojtf flha 10 MLf
ah gahwntL vw gjidnahL jh
nrfntL vW brhndh. xUj Tl
ah Ugiy. 80 Gfhod bt
ehoF nghLwh, clnd ntiy ilwJ
vW nf ngRtbjyh njr ey jF wik
vyh nghLwJ,
goj Kojl ahF gahU
whah? 80, 85 GfhL btehoF nghLwh.
I.I.o ia bghWjtiu 85 Gfhod bt
ehoF nghLwhf. V.I.I.v.v
gojt 80 Gfhod btehoF nghL
37 . bfhs k

wh. mgw vjF ahit g ng

bfhL Uwh. vf tgz goJL,
vflUJ Ruo bfhLw tgz
vfl cJ vLw tgz goJL,
nf gahwhk mnf nghLwh. njr
eyid g mfkhf ngbfhoUwh. ehf
brhndh xU gjid it. xU 15 MLf; v.v
gofQ vwh gjid itwh. tDF it
10 ML 15 ML ah gahwntL vW.
vtD I.I.oF ril nghlnt khlh.
t rhia tswJ vW brhwh.
l xJL rhia tswjh. rh rhj
mykh UF. ntw ahUF bjahJ, goa
tU nghJ bj. wF ngRtnjiy. t
I.I.ony goJ L btehoF nghL,
mUJ UkzF kL j CUF tJ j
rh j nfhu ghJ rh ghJ fahz
gL Ug mnf nghLwh. ny rh
tsUtnjiy. Mdh, rhj Uw rh
l xJony tUw rh rhia tsJ L
vW mt ngRwh.
Mdh nj cr kw uh rAh
tHny brhdhf, sJ lw rKjha
ntWikfis l xJodh gF tUwtf
jh rgLJthf vW vGJ whf. xgJ
g vGaij j uL g j vwhf.
ts uhd nghF J x kLky, f
uh rAh tHF vgJ kl tHF vgJ
gLjgnlhUfhd l xJ il g. mny
ny xW brhwhf. gj ca
jhjgnlhUF kL jh ka muRgf
lxJL UJ tjJ. mJ TlhJ vW lh
ny. Vlh nflJ gL nfhilF t
38 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

vdlh vwh bfhil ghFF vdnkh

brhdhnd vw fijahf, gLj gnlh l
xJL g jh tHF, Mdh brhwhf
jhjgnlhUF gj ca bfhLfgLw l
xJL 5 MLfSF nk TlhJ vW.
m gfS kwfS brw bfhLik.
xbthWF: Untouchability is abolished vw
thij- lhik xfgLwJ. mbghGJ
nfh tHF x brhwh, Untouchability is abolished vgij nknfh FF nghL Uwh.
mngf mgo nghljF xU fhuz - lhik
vW xW iy. lhik vgjhf brhygLw
xW vw bghUS fhf mgo nghLwh. Mdh,
t brhwh, rlij VgLatf nknfh
F nghlh mjF j bghU cL; y
lf lhik Ufyh vgjfhf jh
nknfh F lh vW xU ny sf
brhwh, l unlr, t ghLF sf
brhth.
nfush kiyahs xU gHbkh brh
thf - eha brhthuh, bgo UL nghdh
guthiy rh vnl jhnd UwJ vW.
bgoia bfhL Xolhdh Ul.
kid brhdhsh bgo UL nghURD,
eha, gaglhnj rh vnl jhnd UwJ vW.
mgojh tf, ehlhSkw vd rl
nghlhY rhia itJ bfhL kw
mt cfhJ bfhoUwh. mt xU sf
bfhLJLwh. j gj ca lxJL
TlhJ vW brhygljfhf, ehlhSkw To
xU rlUj bfhLtUwJ. 16(4) jh l
xJL. 16(4) A vW xU rlUj. gj
cafY l xJL UF vW xU rl.
39 . bfhs k

clnd mjF xU kW - uL MLf fJ

xU tHny brhwh: mbjyh ilahJ,
gj cany l xJL bfhLjh neuoahf
tUtij nrJ 50 GfhLF mfkhf tJ
Lwh. mjdhy 50 GfhLF nkny MLwJ.
vdnt J bryhJ. Ug 16(4) B vW xU rl
Uj. mij bfhL tjh, mjF vd brhdh.
iy iy 335 vW xU UwJ - mJ
brhwJ, jhjgl kfSF g thngh ntiy
thngh bfhLw bghGJ muR thf jF
wik (Merit and efficiency) Fiwahk ghJ bfhs
ntL vwJ. vdnt mJ FiwJ nghLwJ.
mJ xU . mjF U ek MSf 335 F gha
mbkbk vW mjF xU rl Uj.
U brhdh. iyiy gj cany
tUwtDbfyh aho ilahJ vW
brhwh xU ny. iyiy fhFt
aho cL vW U xU rlUj. Uj
thig gJL mij L vLgjF ek MS
fSF 1992 -UJ 2001 tiuF 9 MLf Mld.
9 MLfshf j cr kw xbthU ghf
brh gj ca jhjgltfSF Tl l
xJL yhj kh ghJbfhlJ.
gogl Nfukhd kwij gona
eh vts ehSF mDkJ bfhoUgJ. xU
kfsh njbjLfgl ehlhSkw xU kdjhf
iwntWw rlfis Tl ahnuh uL ng
cfhJ bfhL bryhJ vW brhtJ, ek
nf Tl mgo MdJ. jeho, midJ
rhdU mrfuhfyh vW brh 1972- xU
rl bfhLtjh fiyP. xU kdjhf vyh
rlkw cWdfS, mbghGJ Anl cgl
xU ghgd rlkw Uwh, vnyhU
40 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

nrJ mij VW bfhlhf. mj xLbkhj

jehnl VWbfhl rlij mnf xU g
bryhJ vW brhlh.
mij nghyjh vyhtY. xbthwhf
cfSF brhdh . eKila muR g
ahsf xnw Kfh yr ngiu g f
brjJ jHf muR. tHF eljJ; cr kwF
brwJ tHF. crkw jf g
brjhf, jehL muRila Jthd eltoif
ia ghuhLnwh vW vGdhf. xnw Kfh
yr muRgahsf fglJ Jryhd
eltoifah, mjF ghuhL. Mdh kUJt
vw mahta nrit, m gaha 20 ehf
gF tuhk nghuhoatfSF, my a
kUJt M fHfJF (AIIMS) F ntiyF
nghfiy vwh rgsiy J f rhjhuz
khf Uw rl. (No works, no wages) rgs iy
vwJ kUJt Jiw. mt kw F
nghwh. gf brhwhf - ntiyF
tuhj 20 ehfSF rgs bfhLf ntL vW
crkw brhwJ. Xnw Kfh yr ngiu
ajF ghuhoa crkw 20 ehf
ntiyF nghfhjtDF V rgs juiy vW
fld bjwhf. jhnd brhnd eltoif
vLf khnlD, mg bfhLJL rgsij
vwh. eltoif vLf khnlhbkgJ g f
iy, il f iy vgJ jh eltoif.
Mdh t brhwh rgsij bfhL
vwh. bdhiw Tl brhyyh.
rfuhrh bfhiy tH ifJ braglh;
bfhiytHF iz nghLtjF LKiw eh ca
kw TLwJ. mijbaLJ bfhL cr kw
F nghdhf. cr kwF nghdbghGJ
41 . bfhs k

mtf J Fwgif Tl jhf bragl

iy. Fwgif nghlh jh Fw vd
btW bj. Mdh mtf iz bfhLF
nghnj kh brhdhf, tUF Fw r
vjj bjhl Ugjfhd mogil Mjhu
vJ iy. vdnt iz tHFnwh vW mnf
iz tHFwh. Fw rhW mif bfhLfiy,
Fw vdbtnw bjahJ, Mdh t brh
lh Fw r tUF bjhl Ugjfhd
mogil / neuo Mjhu VJiy vW. go
brh iz bfhLJL, Mdh tHF elw
nghJ j thjij gagLj TlhJ vW ntW
brhlh. ij Fwiy vW brhL,
tHF elwnghJ gagLj TlhJ vW ntW
brhwh.
Mdh bdhUj kjh vW xUt nfhit
iw 126 nyhth cns tjt bghGJ 46 nyh
vilnahL Uwh. xU fh yhjt. tHF
eljJ. 1300 rhf rhfgLlJ. xU rh
Tl kjh vw bgaiu brhyiy mtUF
vuhf vj Fwrhil brhyiy. tHF
rhuiz rhf nfL KojhlJ,
thjf jh ghUwJ. t kUJtfhf
crkwF iz nfL nghwh. mt
brhwh, iz tHf KoahJ. 9 MLf iw
UJltDF, 126 nyhnthL iwF tJ
bghGJ 46 nyhthf UgtUF, nfushDila
Kjyikr tJ jehL Kjyikrl nflh,
kjhF iz tHFf vW jehoF neuo
ahf tJ nflh. kjhF iz kWfglJ,
rfuhrhF Fwrhnl g bragL K
Fw tUF gnfiy vW crkw
iz tHFwJ. j cr kw V go
UwJ? V vwh, l xJL iy.
42 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

a mua rl vGjglnghJ gy
fis mtf itwhf. m 312 vw
a Mg, a fht g vgij nghy
a g vw xiw WtntL vW
brhwJ. 1950- nyna mua rlij vG itj
tf vG itJshf. khtl gfSF
nkyhd vyh gjfS xU FGdh njbjLf
glntL. vgo I.V.v, I..v njbjLf
gLwhfnsh mJnghy njbjLfgl ntL
vW mtf gJiuUwhf. mgo xU ntis
UJ l xJo ektfS tUjh bfhr
y ghitahtJ ekF rhjfkhf UUF.
Vbdwh UF 26 gf JtiuF
crkw tuyh, jhjgnlh 4 ng
gfshf UUwhf. Jf gLj
gltf j 60 MLf xUj jh gahf
UUwh. udnt ghoa. yhaf,
UJtf UUwhf. vyh mtf
jh. V V.M. yRkz UUwhnu vW
brhyyh; Mdh mt carhfhu jh.
ghgd myhjh vwhY carhfhu jh.
vnyhUnk carhfhufshf crkw
cfhJbfhL, Vbdwh njbjLgjF xU
Kiw UjJ. cr kw vbdd brwJ
vwh, mij 1982 M ML xU tHF . m
brhdh gfis njbjLf crkw jh
FG mikF. tid njbjLf tnd FG
mikJ bfhlh. muRF vj gF iy.
khy muR gJiu vJ ilahJ bghG
bjyh. neuhf crkw gf jh mLj g
fis aghf. mt jdJ f tahf
jdF vGJw th UwJ vgjh
bfhr bfhrkhf ehlhSkw, Vbdwh
43 . bfhs k

_W f Ugjhf brhYthf. rlkiw

Jiw, M Jiw, Jiw vW. Mdh
Jiwna vyht mfhuij c bfh
wh. M elJtnj tf vgij nghy,
vyhtF.
Rjrd ehag FG mif btl
nghJ, ehlhSkw aj FG, mif vfl
bfhL tJ bfhL vW brhdh ca kw
g. t jh brhdt. mLjhf eh v
bjj kh bfhlhf dh. go
kfsh njbjLfgl #dehafDila,
tbdyh brhwh nfrthdjh ghu tH
crkw mua rlDila mogil jfJ
nghf TlhJ vbwyh brhwhf. Mdh
ehlhSkw vgJ ehlhSkw Kiw vgJ FoauR
vgJ kfsh njbjLfgl uf M
brtJ jh. kfsh njbjLfgl u
fSila fUJf xUkdjhf iwntwgl
fUJfis Tl tf kWjwhf vw
nghJ tfSF bfhLUw msF a
mfhuij ehkhf bfhLJ nlhnkh vw mr
jh. Vbdwh mt tJ kWwh. nfush,
Kiybgah miz tH cr kw
ig Vf kWwJ. fehlfh, fh eLt kw
ilfhy ig Vf kWwJ; bghGJ Vf
kWwJ. Mdh eh kL gLjgl kf
vw nghJ kL V mthW bra TlhJ
vwh njhH. rlkw cWd brhdij nghy
eh ngha vGia ekJ s czfis eh
fhl kwJnlh, mgo yhk Mnlh
vgJ jh fhuz.
Mf 50 ng 100 nguhf Uw carhfhu 60
GfhL gLjgnlhUF 27 GfhL, mY
44 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

j ML 9 GfhL; mjnf jil brwh. 1931

fzbfL vwh, v.v.v.x vW xW
UwJ - mt brhdh iy iy Fiwthf
brhwh. mt tJ nghd 5 MLfSF Kdh
brhdnghJ gLjgl kf 36 GfhL
vwh. g brhwh 42 GfhL. vgo 6
GfhL j 5 MLf ToaJ vW bjaiy.
r mgona UjhY Tl 42 ntLbkwhY
itJ bfh 36 ntLbkwhY itJ bfh. 27I l mf jh mJ. eh nfgJ 27. mj 27 Tl
bghGJ j ML caf Wtdf 9
GfhL kL jh l xJL jUwh. mJ
fh nghw Wtdf 4 GfhL kL jh
j ML. vyh lY 9 iy. y lf 4
GfhL jh j ML. Vbdwh, eh gLj
gl kfSF bfhLw l xJL msF mj
lfis caj ntL. J lfis caj
ntL. mtDF l Fiwahj go ghJ bfhs
ntL. mij Tl bghWJbfhs Koahk
tha 27 lfis bjhlJ cdF jUnwh
vwhY Tl, vdF l bfhLgij g
mfiwiy; mtf tJl TlhJ vW jLw
mtfis
mts
NnahL
nuhL
elJbfhw mtfSF vuhf eh vd vGia
fhoUnwh?
eh eKila nghuhlf, ekF bgWjUt
jF mtf Uwhf tf Uwhf vW
fUbfhL
Unghnkahdh
eKila
cikfis HJ Lnth. Uw cikfis
HJ Lnth. jhf xW iy. Uw ekfhf
tHfgl cikfis Tl 27 Gfho 9
Gfhil bfhLfyh vw nghJ Tl mtf
ts vrifnahL mts snahL
45 . bfhs k

nghuhLwhf. eh, 60 Gfhlhf Uw eh,

gJiufgoUw 27 Gfhil, bgfSF 50
GfhL bgfSF 33 GfhL jUtjnf jfuhW
gQwhf. mnj nghyjh 60 GfhL kfSF
27 GfhL, mJ j ML bfhLgJ 9 GfhL.
jnf mtf ftdkhf gobayh brwhf
vwh, Nahf gf brhwhf.
eh fs w f w eKila
vig muRF kwF fhodh xa
mtf bfhrkhtJ UJtjF th iy.
mnghJ nuhL brthf vgJ ntW. Mdh
eh j fUJfis bfhLs aff,
jfhf aff vLw mikf, mtfSF
Jizahf ehK j brfis kwtfl
gutj tahf bghJfUij cUthFt
Jiza ntL vW ntLnfhis itJ
ilbgWnw e, tzf.

( jHf jidahs nguit _wh

ML bjhlf Hhit KL fl kr
Fg l 28. 04. 2007 mW eilbgw bghJ
Tl lxJL, ilfhy jilfS vw
jiy fHfjiyt njhH bfhs k
mtf Ma ciu)

46 . l xJL cik nghuhl tuyhW

47 . bfhs k