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2014 956238
2014 956238
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a
Center for Advanced Cement Based Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, 407
Town Engineering, Ames 50010, IA, USA
1. Introduction
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) was
developed to obtain a durable concrete
that is less dependent on the quality of
construction work.[1] SCC passes
through and encapsulates dense reinforcement and lls formwork without any
mechanical consolidation due to its high
owability and stability. In recent years,
demands for taller and more complex
concrete structures and new construction
methods necessitate the use of SCC. This
drives for further development of SCC
for more control and versatility during its
plastic state and increase in mechanical
performance and durability.
In the following, research needs in
areas of rheology, construction, and
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2.1.1. Macroscale
Previous work at ACBM has demonstrated that a small addition of clays can
signicantly increase the green strength
of SCC mixtures.[7,1012] Such properties can effectively reduce SCC formwork
pressure. Figure 1 shows the formwork
pressure response of SCC mixes with and
without a 0.33% nanoclay (puried magnesium aluminosilicate) addition by mass
of binder, by [13]. It is apparent that
nanoclay signicantly reduced lateral
pressure. This behavior has previously
been tied to occulation behavior, where
studies have shown that clays increase
occulation strength [14] and oc
size.[15]
To measure the effect of palygorskite
nanoclay on rate of rebuilding,[16]
applied a rheological protocol where the
sample is initially sheared at a constant
shear rate to break down its structure and
then a xed shear stress lower than its
yield stress is applied.[17] The strain rate
decay provides a measure of the rate at
which the material regains enough structure to resist the applied stress; the faster
the rate of decay, the higher the rate of
rebuilding and vice versa. The protocol is
shown in Figure 2. It is initially shear
rate controlled, where a preshear is
applied for 60s. Then it switches to shear
stress control and the evolution of shear
rate is monitored. The shear stress is
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2.1.2. Microscale
Ferron et al. [15] studied the microstructure of concentrated cement-clay suspensions. They examined through scanning
laser microscopy, where a Focus Beam
Reectance Method (FBRM) probe was
used to measure the oc size evolution
under different shear stresses. Cement
pastes with and without sepiolite clay
(1.5% by mass of cement) were subjected
to alternating cycles of low (40 rpm) and
high (400 rpm) mixing intensities.
The results show (Figure 4) that the
clays increase oc size as represented by
the measured average chord length. The
cement paste with clay exhibited higher
mean chord length throughout the cycles.
However, during the low-intensity cycles,
both pastes experienced a similar evolution in chord length. Although the clay
mix started off the cycle more occulated
at around 2500s, the rate of oc growth
was similar to that of the plain cement
157
Figure 4. FBRM results showing the evolution of mean chord length for pastes with and
without sepiolite clay addition.[15]
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Figure 5.
lower porosity than that cast with medium aggregates in the entire interface
area, as shown in Figure 6. Given that
aggregate size signicantly affected the
lling performance and lling quality of
the SCM, RFC-type concrete may result
from the signicant effect of lling performance of SCM on the formation of
the interface, as well as the absence of
vibrations.
4. Sustainability
There is a global effort in the concrete
community to improve the sustainability
and reduce the environmental impact of
concrete in construction. Since its
Figure 6.
porosity.
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Notes on contributors
Surendra P. Shah is a Walter P. Murphy Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering at Northwestern University and was the founding
director of the pioneering National Science
Foundation Science and Technology Center for
Advanced Cement-Based Materials. His current
research interests include: fracture, ber reinforced composites, nondestructive evaluation,
transport properties, processing, rheology,
nanotechnology, and use of solid waste materials. He has co-authored two books: Fiber Reinforced Cement Based Composites and Fracture
Mechanics of Concrete. He has published more
than 400 journal articles and edited more than
20 books. He is past editor of RILEMs journal,
Materials and Structures.
Gilson R. Lomboy is a Postdoctoral Research
Associate at Iowa State University. He
obtained his PhD in civil engineering materials in Iowa State University, USA and his
DEng in structural engineering from Asian
Institute of Technology, Thailand. His research
interests include: concrete durability and rheology, self-consolidating concrete, multiscale
testing and analysis of cement based materials,
atomic force microscopy of cement based
materials, nite element methods, nonlinear
analysis of structures, mechanics of laminate
composites.
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References
[1] Okamura H, Ouchi M. Self-compacting
concrete. J. Adv. Concr. Technol.
2003;1:515.
[2] Spangenberg J, Roussel N, Hattel JH,
Stangc H, Skocekc J, Geikerc MR. Flow
induced particle migration in fresh concrete: theoretical frame, numerical simulations and experimental results on
model uids. Cem. Concr. Res.
2012;42:633641.
[3] Lowke D, Krnkel T, Gehlen C, Schiel
P Effect of cement on superplasticizer
adsorption, yield stress, thixotropy and
segregation resistance, In: Khayat KH,
Feys D, editors. Proceedings of the 6th
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