MATH 121 Formulas

Properties of Exponents
1. an a m an m

Quadratic Formula
x

2.
3.

a
an m
m
a

a b

n m r

Properties of Radicals

2.

3.

m n

n bm b

m
n

b n b n ab
b

mn

3. log b b p p
4. log b 1 0

a na

, b0
n
b
b

Special Product Formulas

1. ( a b)2 a 2 2 ab b 2
2. ( a b)2 a 2 2 ab b 2

3. ( a b)( a b) a 2 b 2

Sum or Difference of Cubes

4. a 3 b3 ( a b)( a 2 ab b 2 )
5. a 3 b 3 ( a b)( a 2 ab b 2 )

5. blog b p p
6. log b m p p log b m

7. log b mn log b m log b n

m
8. log b log b m log b n
n
9. log( a) log 10 a

Circle
( x h) ( y k ) 2 r 2
center ( h , k )
2

10. ln( a) log e a

radius r

4.

b b 4 ac
2a

Vertex of Parabola
b b
2a , f 2a

f ( x) a( x h)2 k
Vertex at ( h , k )

anr bmr

an
anr
4. m mr
b b
1
5. b r r
b

1.

Properties of Logarithms
1. y log b x iff b y x
2. log b b 1

Distance Formula
d

x2 x1

y2 y1

x x2 y1 y2
M 1
,

2
2

Equations for Graphing Lines

y y1
m 2
, y mx b
x2 x1
y y1 m x x1

Absolute Value Inequalities

E k iff k E k
E k iff

E k or E k

Change of Base Formula

log 10 x ln x
log b x

log 10 b ln b
Exponential Growth Model:
P(t ) P0 e kt
ln 2
Doubling Time: T
k
Exponential Decay Model:
P(t ) P0 e kt
ln 2
Half Life: T
k
Interest Formulas
Compound
nt
r
A P 1
n

Continuous

A Pert
Remainder Theorem: For any polynomial P( x) , the remainder obtained when dividing P( x) by
x r is P(r ) .
Rational Root Theorem: Let P( x) an xn an1 x n1 a1 x a0 , where all coefficients are
integers and n is a positive integer. If

c
is a root of P( x) then c is a factor of a0 and d is a factor an .
d

Note: Students are not allowed to use this formula sheet during any tests or final exams.