Chng II

NG LC HC
CHT iM

I. Cc khi nim:
* Lc l mt i lng c trng cho mc tc
dng ca cc vt xung quanh ln vt m ta ang
xt. Lc c biu din bng mt vect v ph
thuc vo v tr tc dng ca n.
Trong c hc ngi ta chia lc ra lm hai loi:
lc gy ra do cc vt tip xc trc tip vi nhau
(p lc, lc ma st) v lc tc dng ln vt do
trng ca cc vt khc gy ra.

* Khi lng: Thc nghim cng chng t rng,

mi vt u chng li bt k mt c gng no lm
thay i trng thi chuyn ng ca n, tc lm
thay i vect vn tc ca n v ln hoc
phng chiu hoc c hai. Tnh cht bo tn trng
thi chuyn ng ca vt c gi l qun tnh ca
vt. i lng c trng cho qun tnh ca vt gi
l khi lng qun tnh ( hay khi lng) ca vt.
Vt c khi lng cng ln th qun tnh cng ln
ngha l cng kh thay i trng thi chuyn ng

II. CC NH LUT NEWTON

1. L Newton th nht H qui chiu qun tnh.
Mt cht im c lp hoc tng cc lc tc dng
vo n bng khng th cht im s ng yn hoc
chuyn thng u.
HQC trong L Newton I nghim ng gi l
HQC qun tnh. gii phn ln cc bi ton k
thut vi chnh xc dng trong thc t, ta
c th xem HQC gn vi Tri t l HQC qun
tnh.
Cc h QC chuyn ng thng u vi HQC qun
tnh cng l HQC qun tnh

2. L Newton th hai

F ma

: PT c bn LH

3 nh lut Newton th ba
Nu vt th nht tc dng ln vt th hai mt
lc F12 th ng thi vtth hai cng tc dng ln
vt th nht mt lc F21 : hai lc cng phng
,ngc chiu cng ln, tc l

F21 F12

III. NG LNG CHT IM

1. N:
p mv
2. Cc nh l v nh lut:

d v d ( mv ) d p
a) F ma m

dt

dt t dt
b)

d p Fdt p2 p1 Fdt

c) Nu F 0 th p const

t1

ng lng l i lng c trng cho chuyn

ng v mt ng lc hoc.

IV. Cc lc
1. Lc lin kt: khi chuyn ng ca mt vt b
rng buc bi cc vt khc, th cc vt ny s tc
dng ln vt mt lc gi l lc lin kt.
a) Phn lc php tuyn v lc ma st: Phn lc R
do B tc dng ln A c phn thnh:

R N Fms

N gi l phn lc php tuyn

Fms

Fms gi l lc ma st

N
R

PA

N vung gc vi b mt ca B v hng v pha

vt

A gi l phn lc php tuyn

Fms nm trong mt phng tip xc gia cc vt,
cng phng v ngc chiu vi vn tc ca vt
A(hoc ngc chiu vn tc tng i ca A i
B, nu B cng chuyn ng) gi l lc ma st
trt hay ma st ng c ln:

Fms = kN
k l h s ma st trt

Nu vt A chu tc dng ca lc F m
khng dch chuyn i vi vt B th lc
ma st gi l ma st tnh (ngh) Fms0, n
s t iu chnh gi tr cn bng
vi F khi F tng. Tng dn lc tc
dng n khi vt A bt u dch
chuyn i vi B, ln ca lc ma st
ngh tng t 0 n Fmsomax, gi l lc ma
st ngh cc i. Trong tnh ton ly
Fmsomax bng ma st trt kN

b) Lc cng dy: Lc cng ti mt im A trn dy

l lc tng tc gia hai nhnh ca dy hai bn
im A. Trong cc bi ton thng thng, lc
cng c cng khng i dc theo si dy.
Lc lin kt do dy tc dng ln vt gi l lc
cng dy, hng dc theo dy n im treo
2. Trng lc : l lc Tri t tc dng vo vt, c
phng thng ng, chiu hng xung.

P mg

Cc bc gii bi ton bng phng php

ng lc hc.
Chn chiu chuyn ng ca cc vt (thng
chn chiu chuyn ng t nhin gia tc cc
vt c cng du)
Xc nh cc lc tc dng vo vt
Thit lp PT Newton II cho vt
Chiu PT Newton II ln cc trc chn (thng
ln phng chuyn ng v phng thng gc
vi phng chuyn ng)

Bi 1: Cho h nh hnh v, khi lng ca hai

vt A v B bng 1kg, = 300, = 450, rng rc
khi lng khng ng k. B qua tt c cc lc
ma st. Tm gia tc ca h v lc cng ca si
dy.
A

 Gii:
PT Newton II cho 2 vt:

mA g T1 mA a A

mB g T2 mB aB

T1
A

T2
B

mA g

mB g

Chiu cc PT trn ln phng chuyn ng ca

cc vt vi chiu dng nh hnh v, ta c:
mA g sin T1 mA a A

mB g sin T2 mA aB
V gia tc ca hai vt bng nhau: aA = aB = a v
rng rc khng khi lng nn: T1 = T2 = T. Do
:
mB g sin mA g sin
2
a

mA mB

1m / s

Bi 2: Mt vt t cao h trn mt phng

nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc
. Hi:
a) Lc ma st tc dng vo vt khi n nm yn
trn mt phng nghing.
b) Gii hn ca h s ma st gia vt v mt
phng nghing vt c th trt xung trn
mt phng nghing .
c)Khi h s ma st tha mn iu kin trn th gia
tc ca vt bng bao nhiu.
d)Vn tc ca vt cui dc.

PT Newton 2

mg N F ms ma

F
Chiu PT trn ln phng
chuyn ng v phng thng
gc vi phng chuyn ng ta c:
ms

mg

mg sin Fms ma
N mg cos 0 N mg cos

a) Khi vt nm yn: a 0 Fms Fmso mg sin

b) iu kin vt trt xung l:

Fms kN kmg cos ; a 0

mg sin kmg cos k tg

c) Vt trt xung vi gia tc:

a g (sin k cos )
d) Chuyn ng ca vt l chuyn ng thng thay
i u nn:

h
v 2as 2 g (sin k cos )
sin
2 g (sin k cos )h
v
sin
2

Bi 4: Cho h nh hnh v. B qua ma st, khi

lng ca rng rc v dy. Tm iu kin m1
chuyn ng i xung, vi iu kin tm gia
tc ca m1.

m1
m2

PT Newton
2
cho
2
vt

m1 g T m1 a 1 ; m2 g 2T m2 a 2

Chiu ln PC ca hai vt:

m1 g T m1a1 ; m2 g 2T m2 a2
Do trong cng khong thi gian
qung ng dch chuyn ca m1
gp i m2 nn: a1 = 2a2 . Do :
m2
(2m1 m2 ) g (2m1 )a1
2
m
iu kin: a 0 m 2
1

Khi :

2(2m1 m2 ) g
a1
4m1 m2

T
2T

m1 g
m2 g

Bi 6: Cho hai vt c cng khi lng M c ni

vi nhau bng mt si dy nh khng dn vt
qua mt rng rc khng ma st, khi lng
khng ng k. Ngi ta t thm mt gia trng
khi lng m ln mt trong hai vt. Tm p lc
ca gia trng ln vt v lc m trc rng rc phi
chu khi rng rc ng yn.

M
M

PT Newton 2 :

(M +m)g T = (M + m)a (1)

T Mg = Ma
(2)

N
T
T

mg
(1) , (2) a
2M m

M
M
mg

PT Newton cho vt m: mg N ma
(M+m)g

Mg

Chiu xung phng thng ng:

2Mmg
mg N ma N m( g a )
2M m

Theo L3 Newton: N = N

Bi 7: Cho mt h c hc nh hnh v, mt nm
ngang khng ma st, b qua khi lng ca rng
rc. Tm cc sc cng dy v gia tc ca cc vt
m1 v m2

m1

m2

PT Newton 2:
N
m1

m1 g N T1 m1 a1

m1 g T2 m1 a2

T1
T1

T2
T1

m1 g

Chiu xung PC ca 2vt, ta c:

T1 m1a1 ; m2 g T2 m2 a2
Rng rc khng khi lng nn: T2 = 2T1
V a1 = 2a2 nn t hai PT trn ta suy ra:

2m2 g
a1
4m1 m2

T2
m2
m2 g

 Bi 3: Hai vt A v B c khi lng m1 = m2 =

2kg c t trn mt bn mm ngang v ni vi
nhau bng mt si dy mnh vt qua rng rc c
nh nh hnh v. H s ma st cc mt tip
xc k = 0,2; b qua khi lng v ma st rng
rc. Tc dng vo vt A mt lc F = 16N, c
phng nghing gc = 300 so vi phng nm
ngang. Tm gia tc ca mi vt v lc cng si
dy. Ly g = 10m/s2.

m1

m2

N21

T
Fms21

m1 g
N

m1

Fms12

T
N12

m 2g

m2

Fms

N21 l phn lc php tuyn vt 2 tc dng ln vt 1

N12 l phn lc php tuyn vt 1 tc dng ln vt 2
Fms21 l lc ma st vt 2 tc dng ln vt 1
Fms12 l lc ma st vt 1 tc dng ln vt 2
N l phn lc php tuyn mt ng tc dng ln 2
Fms lc ma st mt ng tc dng ln 2

Theo L Newton III: N21 = N12 ; Fms21 = Fms12

Hnh chiu PT Newton II ca 2 vt
ln PC: F cos T Fms 21 m1a (1)
T Fms Fms12 m2 a

(2)

Phng thng gc vi PC:

F sin N 21 m1 g 0 N 21 m1 g F sin
N N12 m2 g 0 N (m1 m2 ) g F sin
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
F cos Fms 21 Fms12 Fms
a
m1 m2

 Vi

Fms 21 kN 21 k (m1 g F sin )

Fms kN k ((m1 m2 ) g F sin )
F cos k (3m1 m2 ) g 3kF sin
a
m1 m2
0, 66 m / s
T 10,12 N

 Mt tm vn A di l = 80cm, khi lng m1 =

1kg, c t trn mt mt dc nghing gc =
30o . Mt vt B khi lng m2 = 100g c t
trn tm vn ti im cao nht ca tm vn. Th
cho hai vt A v B cng chuyn ng. Tm thi
gian vt B ri khi A. Khi A i c
on ng di bao nhiu trn mt dc?
Cho bit HSMS gia A v mt dc l k1 = 0,2;
gia B v A l k2 = 0,1. Ly g = 10m/s2

N
N12
Fms12

Fms

m 2g

N21

Fms21

m 1g

N12 phn lc php tuyn A tc dng ln B

N21 phn lc php tuyn B tc dng ln A
Fms12 lc ma st A tc dng ln B
Fms21 lc ma st B tc dng ln A
Fms lc ma st dc nghing tc dng ln A
N phn lc php tuyn dc nghing tc dng ln A

Hnh chiu ca PT Newton II ca A v B

Ln phng chuyn ng:
m1 g sin Fms 21 Fms m1a1

(1)

m2 g sin Fms12 m2 a2 m2 (a1 a21 ) (2)

a1 , a2 l gia tc A v B i vi dc nghing
a21 l gia tc ca B i vi A
Ln phng thng gc vi phng chuyn ng:
m1 g cos N 21 N 0 N N 21 m1 g cos
m2 g cos N12 0 N12 m2 g cos

Theo L Newton III: N12 = N21 ; Fms12 = Fms21

T (1) v (2) ta suy ra:

m2 Fms (m2 m1 ) Fms 21
a21
m1m2
m2 k1 (m1 m2 ) g cos (m2 m1 )k2 m2 g cos

m1m2
m2 (m1 m2 ) g (k1 k2 ) cos

0,95 m / s 2
m1m2

2l
1,3 s
Thi gian B ri khi tm vn: t
a21
2

T (1) suy ra : a1 3,184 m / s

2
a1t
1,3 s
Tm vn i c qung ng: s

 Cho h thng nh hnh v. B qua ma st, khi

lng ca rng rc v dy ni khng ng k.
Tnh gia tc ca m1 .
m

m1

m2

H/c PT Newton 2 ca 3
m
vt ln phng chuyn ng
chiu dng nh hnh v
mg
2T ma

2T
2T

m1 g T m1a1

T
m1

m2 g T m2 a2

m1 g

a, a1 , a2 : gia tc ca m, m1 v m2
m
,
,
a

a
;
a

a
Theo php bin i gia tc : 1
1
2
2 a
,
,
a1 , a2 : gia tc ca m1 , m2 i vi m.
Vi chiu dng chn th:

a1 a2
a a a
2
,
1

m2

,
2

Thay vo cc PT trn ta c:
2T ma
m1 g T m1a1
m2 g T m2 (2a a1 )
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
4m1m2 m(m1 m2 )
a1
g
4m1m2 m(m1 m2 )

 Cho h nh hnh v, hn bi 1 c khi lng bng

n = 1,8 ln khi lng thanh 2;
chiu di thanh l = 100cm.
Khi lng rng rc v ca dy ni
cng nh lc ma st u khng ng
2
k. Ngi ta t hn bi v tr ngang
vi u di ca thanh 2. Sau h
1
c th chuyn ng . Hi sau bao
lu hn bi ngang vi u trn ca thanh?

H/c PT Newton II ca 2 vt ln phng

thng ng, chiu dng hng ln:
T1 mg ma1 ; T2 Mg Ma2

T2
2

Vi T1 = 2T2 ; a2 = 2arr = - 2a1

2T2 mg ma1 ; T2 Mg 2 Ma1
2M m
a1
g
m 4M

Gi a12 l gia tc ca 1 i 2, ta c:
a1 a12 a2 a12 a1 a2 3a1
2l
2l (m 4M )
2l (n 4)
t

1, 4 s
a12
3(2M m) g
3(2 n) g

T1
1

Mg
mg

Mt cht im c khi lng m = 0,2kg

chuyn ng trn mt phng xOy, chu tc
dng ca mt lc F lun lun song song vi
phng Oy, c hnh chiu Fy = 0,2cos5t.
Vn tc u ca cht im c phng
vung gc vi lc tc dng hng theo
chiu dng Ox, c ln vo = 1m/s. Cht
im bt u chuyn ng t gc ta O.
Vit phng trnh qu o ca cht im.

Gii:

Fy

0, 2
Fy ma y a y

cos 5t cos 5t
m 0, 2
vy

1
dv y cos 5tdt v y s in5t
5
0
0
y

1
1
dy sin 5tdt y (1 cos 5t )
50
25
0
2
2
sin 2,5t
25

Fx 0 ax 0 vx vo
x

dx vo dt x vo t t
0

0
2

y 0, 08sin 2,5t

V. Nguyn l tng i Galile Php bin i

Galile
1.KG v TG theo c hc c in
a)Thi gian c tnh tuyt i khng ph thuc
HQC
b)V tr KG c tnh tng i ph thuc HQC
c)Khong KG c tnh tuyt i, khng ph thuc
HQC

2. Nguyn l tng i Galile :

Cc nh lut c hc u ging nhau trong cc h
qui chiu qun tnh.
3. Php bin i Galile
Gi s h qui chiu qun tnh K chuyn ng
tng i trong
h
qui
chiu
qun
tnh
K
vi
vn

tc khng i V nh hnh v. Ta chn t =0 vo lc

hai im gc O v O ca hai h ta trng
nhau.
Ta c r ' r V t ; t = t (1)
(1) l php bin i Galile di dng vect

r
O

O
z

x
x

Chiu (1) xung cc trc ta ta c php

bin i Galile di dng ta :
x = x Vt ; y = y ; z = z ; t = t
Ly o hm (1) theo thi gian ta c php bin
i vn tc

v' v V
Ly o hm biu thc trn mt ln na, ta thu
c:

a ' a ma ' F
Ngha l PT Newton II cng tha mn trong h
K. Vy nu K l HQC qun tnh th K cng l
HQC qun tnh.

VI. H qui chiu bt qun tnh-Lc qun tnh

1. H qui chiu bt qun tnh l HQC chuyn ng
c gia tc i vi HQC qun tnh.
2. Lc qun tnh:
a) Trng
hp K chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia

tc A i vi HQCQT K
Theo php bin i gia tc: a a ' A
Nhn hai v vi m:
m a ma ' m A

M m a F ; F l tng cc lc tc dng vo
cht im trong h K

Do F ma ' mA ma ' F (mA) F F qt

F qt m A

b)Trng
hp K chuyn ng quay vi gia tc gc

i vi HQCQT K.
* Nu cht
im
ng
yn
trong
h
K

2
Flt m R l lc (qun tnh) ly tm

R OM O l tm Q, M l v tr cht im
* Nu
cht im chuyn ng trong h K vi vn
tc v ' th ngoi lc ly tm cht im cn chu tc
dng ca lc (qun tnh) Coriolis

Fc 2m(v ' )

v ' song
Lc Coriolis
trit
tiu
nu
v
=
0
hoc

song vi

Ch : cc nh lut Newton ch
ng trong cc h qui chiu qun
tnh. Nu dng HQC khng qun
tnh th ngoi cc lc tc dng
vo cht im trong HQC qun
tnh ta phi thm vo lc qun
tnh (Fqt , Flt , Fcor ).

Bi 1: t mt vt A khi lng m = 500g ti nh

B ca mt nm c mt BC di l = 1,5m v
nghing gc =300 so vi phng ngang. Th cho
A trt xung. Tnh thi gian vt A trt ti
C trong cc trng hp:
1) Nm ng yn
2) Nm c ko vi gia tc a0 = 2m/s2
a) theo phng thng ng i ln, i xung
b) theo phng ngang sang tri, sang phi
c) theo phng song song vi BC v i xung
Cho bit h s ma st gia A v mt nm k = 0,2.
Ly g = 10m/s2

PT Newton 2 trong h QC gn vi nm:

1) Nm ng yn:
F

mg N Fms ma
Chiu ln phng chuyn ng :

ms

mg

mg sin Fms ma ; Fms kN mg cos

a g (sin k cos ) 3, 27 m / s
2l
t
0,96 s
a

2)

'
mg N Fms Fqt ma

a) Chiu ln phng mt nm v phng thng

gc vi mt nm :

mg sin Fqt sin Fms ma '

N mg cos Fqt cos 0

Fms

N
ao

mg

Fqt

Fqt mao ; Fms kN km cos ( g ao )

a ' ( g ao )(sin k cos ) 3,92m / s
2l
t
0,87 s
a'

Cc cu khc lm tng t:
a) i xung: a = 2,62m/s2 ; t = 0,98s
b) Sang tri a = 5,2m/s2 ; t = 0,76s
Sang phi a = 1,36m/s2 ; t = 1,47s
c) a = 1,27m/s2 ; t = 1,53s

Bi 2: Trn mt a nm ngang ang quay, ngi

ta t mt vt c khi lng m = 1kg cch trc
quay r =50cm. H s ma st gia vt v a k
=0,25. Hi:
a)Lc ma st phi c ln bng bao nhiu
vt c gi trn a nu a quay vi vn tc n
= 12vng/pht.
b)Vi vn tc gc no th vt bt u trt khi
a.

Chn HQC gn vi a
a)Vt nm yn trn a khi :
2

2 2

Fms Flt m r m4 n r 0,79N

b)Vt bt u trt khi a khi:
F ms kN kmg

kg
2,2rad/ s
M :Fms m r
r
2

Bi 3: Mt my bay nho ln vch

mt na ng trn thng ng
bn knh R =500m vi vn tc
khng i v =360km/h. Tnh trng
lng ca ngi li khi lng m =
70kg ti im cao nht, im thp
nht v im gia ca ng bay.

V chuyn ng ca ngi li l chuyn ng trn

u nn:

mg N ma man
Chiu ln trc hng tm, ta c:
2
-Ti im cao nht :

v
mg N man m
R
v2

N m g
R

N
mg

Trng lng ngi li l lc m ngi li tc

dng vo gh ngi , theo L Newton III N = N

- Ti im thp nht:

v
mg N m
R
v2

N m g
R

- Ti im gia:

N
R
mg
man
mg

m g R ma man
2

mv
R (mg )

R
2

Cho h nh hnh v. H s ma st gia

vt m v mt phng thngng BC l k
= 0,1. Cho g = 10m/s2. m khng
trt xung theo mt BC, cn cho khi
ABCD chuyn ng sang phi theo
phng ngang vi gia tc bng bao
nhiu?
A
B
m

Chn HQC gn vi khi ABCD,

PT Newton II cho vt:

m g N Fms Fqt m a '

Chiu ln phng thng ng ta c
A

mg Fms ma '

Fqt

Fms

mg
D

Chiu ln phng ngang ta c:

N Fqt 0 N Fqt mao

cho vt khng trt xung theo
mt BC th

a' 0
Fms kN mg kmao
g
2
ao 100 m / s
k

Treo vt vo trn thang my nh hnh v. Thang

my gia tc v pha trn 4m/s2 . Mi si dy c
khi lng 1kg. Xc nh sc cng dy cc
im A, B, C, D.
A

B
10kg
C

D
10kg

PT Newton 2 trong h qui chiu gn vi thang my

T M g Fqt 0

Chiu xung trc thng ng chiu dng hng

xung:

T Mg Fqt 0 T Mg Fqt
Ti A:
Ti B:
Ti C:
Ti D:

M 22kg Fqt 88 N TA 304 N

M 21kg Fqt 84 N TB 290 N
M 11kg Fqt 44 N TC 152 N
M 10kg Fqt 40 N TD 138 N

VII. C nng ca cht im

1. Cng v cng sut:

Cng ca lc F trn chuyn di v cng b ds

l:

dA F .ds F .ds.cos Fs ds

l gc hp
bi
F v ds, Fs l hnh chiu ca F ln
phng ca ds .Cng c th dng, m hoc bng
khng.

Cng ca lc F thc hin trn ton b qu o t

v tr 1 n v tr 2
2

A F .d s
1


Trng hp nu qu o l ng thng v F
khng i th:

A F.s. cos
Trong h ta Descartes:

d s d r dx.i dy. j dz.k

F Fx .i Fy . j Fz .k
dA Fxdx Fydy Fz dz
Cng sut:

dA
dr
P F . F.v
dt
dt

2. ng nng cht im
1
2
a) nh ngha:
K mv
2
b) L bin thin N:

2
dv
A12 F .d s ma.d s m d s mvd v
1
dt
1
1
1
2

1
1
2
2
mv2 mv1 K 2 K1
2
2

3. Trng th: Mt cht im c gi l

chuyn ng trong mt trng lc nu ti

miv tr ca cht im u xut hin mt
lc F tcdng ln cht im y, nu cng
ca lc F thc hin trong s di chuyn mt
cht im gia hai im bt k ca trng
khng ph thuc dng ng i m ch ph
thuc vov tr u v cui ca qung ng
i th F gi l lc th v trng lc gi l
trng th.


Nu F l lc th th:

Fd s

1a 2

1b 2

Fd s

1a 2

Hay:

Fd s

1a 2

Fd s

Fd s 0

Fd s 0

1b 2

2 b1

Fd s 0

Hoc di dng vi phn:

rot F 0

4.Th nng:
a) N:TN ca cht im trong trng lc th l
mt hm U ph thuc v tr cht im sao cho
A12 = U1 U2 (1)
b) Lin h gia lc v th nng
T (1) ta suy ra dA = -dU

F.d s dU Fs .ds dU
dU
Fs
ds

Fs l hnh chiu ca F ln phng ca d s

Trong h ta Descartes:

F Fx i Fy j Fz k
U U U
i
j
k
dy
dz
dx

i j k U
dy
dz

dx

i j k l ton t gradian trong h ta
dx dy dz Descartes.
Vy trong
trng hp tng qut:

F U gradU

Trng hp F ch ph thuc mt ta , v d x
dU
th:
F
dx

Bi 1: Mt ht chuyn ng theo mt
qu o no trong mt phng xy t
im 1 c bn knh vect r1 i 2 j ( m )
n im 2 c bn knh vect

r2 2 i 3 j ( m ) . Ht chuyn
ng

di tc dng ca lc F 3 i 4 j ( N ).
Tnh cng thc hin bi lc F.

r2

A12 F d r F (r2 r1)

r1

(3i 4 j )(i 5 j )
3 20 17 J

Bi 2:C hai trng lc dng:

1) F ay i
2)

F ax i by j

a, b l cc hng s. Xt xem cc trng

lc c tnh cht th hay khng?

1)

r2

r2

r1

r1

x2
F .d r ayi.(dxi dy j dzk ) aydx
x1

V tch phn trn ph thuc ng i nn F

khng phi l lc th.

b) r2 r2

F .d r (axi by j ).(dxi dy j dzk )

r1

r1

x2

y2

1
1
2
2
2
2
axdx bydy a( x2 x1 ) b( y2 y1 )
2
2
x1
y1
Vy F l lc th.

Bi 3: Mt u my xe la khi
lng m m my chy t nh ga
sao cho tc ca n cho bi qui
lut v A s , vi A l hng s, s l
qung ng i c. Tnh cng
tng cng ca tt c cc lc tc
dng ln u my thc hin trong t
giy u k t lc m my.

p dng LBTN:

1 2 1
2
A12 K 2 K1 mv mA s
2
2
t
s
ds
ds
ds
v A s Adt
dt
dt
s
0
0
1 22
At 2 s s A t
4
1
4 2
A12 mA t
8

Bi 4: ng nng ca mt
ht chuyn ng trn ng
trn bn knh R, ph thuc
qung ng i theo qui lut
2
K = As , A l hng s. Tnh
lc tc dng ln ht theo s

Ta c:

1 2
dK
dv
K mv
mv mvat
2
dt
dt
dK dK ds
2 As

. 2 As.v at
dt
ds dt
m
2
2
v
2 K 2 As
an

R mR
mR
2

s
F ma m a a 2 As 1 2
R
2
t

2
n

Bi 5: Mt vin n khi lng m =

10g ang bay vi vn tc v = 100m/s th
gp mt bn g dy v cm su vo
bn g mt on s = 4cm. Tm:
a) Lc cn trung bnh ca bn g ln
vin n.
b) Vn tc vin n sau khi ra khi bn
g ch dy d = 2cm.

a) p dng LBTN:

1 2 1 2
mv2 mv1 Fc .s
2
2
1 2
0 mv Fc .s
2
2

mv
Fc
1250N
2s

b)

1 2 1 2
mv2 mv1 Fc .d
2
2
1 2 1 2
mv2 mv Fc .d
2
2
2Fc .d 2
v2
v 70m / s
m

Bi 6:Mt vt c khi lng m = 2(kg) chu

tc dng lc ca mt lc bo ton (lc th)

F (2 8 x)i ( N ) , x tnh bng m.

Cho U = 0 khi x = 1m.
a) Tnh th nng lin kt vi lc ny.
b) Tnh bin i ca th nng v ng
nng khi vt i t x = 2m n x = 3m.

1) Ta c:

dU
Fx
dU Fx dx (2 8 x)dx
dx
U

x
2

dU (2 8 x)dx 4 x 2 x 2
0

2)
2

A12 U1 U 2 (4.2 2.2 2) (4.3 2.3 2)

18 J

7. nh lut bo ton c nng trong trng lc th

Theo LBTN: A12 = K2 - K1
Theo NTN : A12 = U1 - U2
Nn K2 K1 = U1 U2 K1 + U1 = K2 + U
Vy E1 = E2
Vi E = K + U l c nng ca cht im
Ch : Nu ngoi cc lc th, cht im cn chu
tc dng ca cc lc khng phi l lc th (v d
lc ma st,) th c nng cht im khng c
bo ton .

VIII. Trng hp dn
1.L Newton v lc hp dn v tr
Lc hp dn gia hai cht im khi lng m1 v
m2 khong cch r l lc ht c chiu hng vo
nhau v c ln:

m1m2
F G 2
r
G = 6,67.10-11 (N.m2/kg2) l hng s hp dn
gii thch lc hp dn, ngi ta cho rng xung
quanh mt vt c khi lng, tn ti mt trng
hp dn.

2. Th nng trong trng hp dn

Lc hp dn gia hai cht im m1 , m2 cch
nhau mt khong r l:

m1m2 r
F G 2 .
r
r

Gi s lc ny lm r thay i t r1 n r 2

Cng ca lc F l:
r2

1 1
dr
A12 F .d r Gm1m2 2 Gm1m2
r
r2 r1
r1
r1
r2

V cng ny ch ph thuc v tr u v cui nn

lc hp dn l lc th.Vy trng hp dn l
trng th.

M trong trng th th : A12 = U1 U2

m1m2
Vy : U G
const l th nng hp dn
r
Nu qui c U = 0 khi

Lc :

r th const = 0

m1m2
U G
r

3. Cng ca trng lc v th nng trong trng hp

dn ca Tri t:
Gi s cht im khi lng m, chuyn ng
trong trng hp dn ca Q t cao h1 n
cao h2 so vi mt t. Cng ca trng lc l:

GMm GMm
GMm
GMm
A12

R h2 R h1 R (1 h2 ) R(1 h1 )
R
R
M v R l khi lng v bn knh Tri t
Nu h1 v h2 rt nh so vi R th
GMm h2 GMm h1 GMm
A12
(h1 h2 )
1
1
2
R
R
R R
R

M
g G 2
R
Vy

l gia tc trng trng trn mt t

A12 = mg( h1 h2 )

Suy ra th nng cao h l :

U = mgh
h l cao tnh t mt mc ty

V d 1: mt vt khi lng m = 10kg trt

khng vn tc u t nh mt mt phng
nghing cao 20m xung. Khi ti chn dc vt c
vn tc 15m/s. Tnh cng ca lc ma st.
Gii:
p dng LBTN:

1 2 1 2
mv mvo mgh Ams
2
2
1 2 1 2
Ams mv mvo mgh 835 J
2
2

V d 2: Mt vt khi lng m ln theo mt

ng rnh nh hnh v. Hi cao h ti thiu
phi bng bao nhiu vt i ht ng rnh
nu vn tc ca vt A bng khng.
A

C
M

Gi s vt ln n im M . Pt Newton 2 cho vt

ti M:

mg N ma

Chiu xung phng OM (chiu + hng n O)

2

v
mg cos( ) N m
R
2
v
mg cos N m
R
2
v
N mg cos m
R

p dng LBTCN ti v tr ban u v ti M:

1 2
mgh mv mgR (1 cos )
2
2
mv 2mgh 2mgR (1 cos )
h
N 3mg cos 2mg ( 1)
R

N c gi tr ln nht im B v gim khi vt ln

ln cao. Gi tr cc tiu ca N ng vi (im
cao nht C):
h
N min mg (2 5)
R
Nu vt cn trn rnh ti im C th n s i
ht ng rnh

Cho Nmin = 0 ta c:

hmin 2,5 R

Bi 1: Rnh trt gm hai cung trn

AB v BD bn knh R nm trn mt
phng thng ng sao cho tip tuyn
BE ti im tip gip c phng nm
ngang. B qua lc ma st, hy xc nh
cao h (so vi ng BE) cn phi
t vin bi (xem nh cht im) sao
cho n c th ln ti im M1 nm bn
di ng BE mt khong cch cng
bng h.

PT Newton 2 cho vin bi ti M1

m g N ma
A
o

h
B

h
o

N
M1

mg

Chiu ln trc hng tm:

mv2
mg cos N man
R

V ti M1 vin bi ri khi cung BD nn N = 0,do :

mv
mg cos
R

p dng LBTCN ta c:
1 2 1
mg 2h mv Rmg cos
2
2
1
1 Rh
2h R cos R
2
2
R
h 0,2 R

Bi 2: u mt si dy OA, di l c
treo mt vt nng (hnh v). Hi ti
im thp nht A phi truyn cho vt
mt vn tc b nht bng bao nhiu
vt c th quay trn trong mt phng
thng ng.
O

Sc cng T cc tiu khi vt ln n im cao nht

PT Newton II ti im cao nht B
2
B
vB
mg Tmin m
T
l
p dng LBT c nng
mg

1 2 1 2
O
mv A mvB 2mgl
2
2
1 2 1
mv A mgl lTmin 2mgl
2
2
A
iu kin
1 2 5
Tmin 0 mvA mgl v 5 gl
2
2

vmin 5 gl

IX. Momen ng lng v momen lc

1. N:
* Momen L ca cht im i vi im O

L r p

* Momen ca lc F i vi im O

M rF

p mv l ng lng ca cht im

r l vect v tr ca cht im


L c:
* im t ti O

* phng thng gc vi r v p
* chiu xc nh bng qui tc vn nt chai
* lnL = r.p.sin
, l gc nh hn gia hai

vect r v p

M cc nh tng t

L
O

p mv

2. Cc nh l v nh lut
a)
b)

dL dr d p
pr rF M
dt dt
dt

L 2
t 2

t 2
d L Mdt d L Mdt L2 L1 Mdt
L1

t1

t1

c) Nu M = 0 th L const , mmen ng lng

ca cht im c bo ton.

* Hnh chiu ca L , M ln mt trc i qua O l
momen ng lng v momen lc i vi trc .

X. Chuyn ng ca cht im trong THD

1. Kho st chuyn ng ca mt cht im khi
lng m trong THD ca mt cht im khi
lng M t c nh ti O. Chn O lm gc ta
. p dng nh l momen ng lng i vi
cht im m:

dL
M
dt

L
O

p mv

M 0 L const

V p mv lun vung gc vi L , vy qu o
ca cht im phi nm trong mt phng i qua

O v vung gc vi L .

2. Chuyn ng trong trng hp dn ca Q

a) Vn tc v tr cp mt v1 : l vn tc ca mt v
tinh chuyn ng trn u quanh Tri t. Nu
m l khi lng ca v tinh, r l bn knh qu
o ca n th:

mv
r

Mm
G 2
r

M, m l khi lng ca Tri t v ca v tinh

Suy ra

GM
r

Khi ni vn tc v tr th nht, ngi ta thng

hiu ngm l v tinh bay cao thp, r xp x
bng bn knh R ca Tri t. Vy:

GM
v1
7,8km/ s
R
Mt vt ch c th tr thnh v tinh nhn to
chuyn ng trn nu n c truyn vn tc c
ln bng v1 v c phng song song vi mt t

b). Vn tc v tr cp II v2 : l vn tc ti thiu
cn truyn cho mt vt n bay ngy cng xa
Qt. p dng LBTCN cho vt:
2

2
mv
Mm mv GMm
G

Vy :

mv
0
2

mv 2
Mm
GM

G
v 2
2
R
R

v2 2v1 11,2km/ s

V d: Cht im c khi lng m

c nm ln t im O trn mt t
vi vn tc ban u vo theo hng
nghing gc vi mt phng nm
ngang. Xc nh ti 1 thi im t v i
vi O:
a) Momen ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
im;
b) Momen ng lng ca cht im.
B qua sc cn khng kh

Ta c:
1 2

a) M r F
gt vo t mg mtvo g

2
M mtvo g cos

1 2

b) L r p m gt vo t gt vo
2

1 2 2 1 2
m t g vo t vo g mt vo g
2
2
1
2
L mgt vo cos
2