(sin (n))nN

,
16101
sin : R [1, 1],
n N sin (n) y (
), [1, 1]
y ,
.
1.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

, [1, 1]
(sin (n))nN . r (sin (n))nN , ,  > 0
n N , | sin (n) r| < .
,
.

1. x, [x],
y, y x < y + 1.

 2. x, (x), (x) = x [x].

x.
y = [x]

y = (x)

0 (x) < 1. , 1
[x] x < [x] + 1
[x]
0 x [x] < 1
(x) = x [x]
0 (x) < 1
.
, :
A : R Z, A (x) = [x]

: R [0, 1), (x) = (x).

[x] (x) . (a + b) = a + b.

 1.
(

(x + y) =

(x) + (y)
(x) + (y) < 1
(x) + (y) 1 (x) + (y) 1

. 0 (x) + (y) < 1,

0 x A (x) + y A (y) < 1
x y A (x) A (y) < 1 x y
x + y 1 < A (x) + A (y) x + y

(1)

x + y 1 < x + y
(1) A (x) + A (y)
. = A (x) + A (y)

x + y 1 < A (x + y) x + y < A (x + y) + 1,
= A (x + y), = A (x) + A (y)
A (x) + A (y) = A (x + y)

(2)

(x + y) = x + y A (x + y)
, (2),
(x + y) = x + y A (x) A (y)
(x + y) = x A (x) + y A (y)
(x + y) = (x) + (y).

1 (x) + (y)

1 x A (x) + y A (y)
A (x) + A (y) 1
A (x) + A (y) x + y 1.

(3)

 x 1 < A (x) y 1 < A (y),

,
x + y 2 < A (x) + A (y)
(3)
x + y 2 < A (x) + A (y) x + y 1

(4)

A x + y
x + y 2 < A (x + y) 1 x + y 1.

(5)

x + y 2 x + y 1
, A (x) + A (y) A (x + y) 1 ,
(4) (5)
A (x) + A (y) = A (x + y) 1
A (x) + A (y) + 1 = A (x + y)

(6)

(x + y) = x + y A (x + y)
(6)
(x + y) = x + y (A (x) + A (y) + 1)
(x + y) = x + y A (x) A (y) 1
(x + y) = x A (x) + y A (y) 1
(x + y) = (x) + (y) 1.

.
1. x Z, (x) = 0.

. ,
xZ
. , (x) = x A (x),
x A (x) = 0 x = A (x).

,
x 6= A (x),
,
A (x) < x < A (x) + 1

0 < x A (x) < 1, ,

x A (x) . (0, 1). x Z (x) = 0.
,
(x) = 0,

x A (x) = 0
x = A (x).
A (x) Z, x Z.
2. x R Z, (x) = 1 (x).
. x R Z x
/ Z, , 1,
(x) 6= 0.
(x + (x)) , 1,
(x + (x)) = (x) + (x)

(x + (x)) = (x) + (x) 1

(0) = (x) + (x)

(0) = (x) + (x) 1

(0) = 0 A (0) = 0
0 = (x) + (x)


1 = (x) + (x).
(x) 6= 0, (x) > 0 (x) > 0. (x) +
(x) > 0, (x) + (x) 6= 0.
(x) + (x) = 1 (x) = 1 (x), x R Z.

3. (y) > (x), (y x) = (y) (x),
x, y R.
. (x + (y x)) , 1,
(x + (y x)) = (x) + (y x)

(x + (y x)) = (x) + (y x) 1

(y) (x) = (y x)

(y) (x) = (y x) 1
(y) > (x), (y) (x) > 0,
(y x) > 0

(y x) 1 > 0 (y x) > 1
(y x) < 1,
(y) (x) = (y x) 1

(y) (x) = (y x), x, y R.


 4. n (x) < 1, n N, (nx) = n (x).

. x Z. , 1, ,
(x) = 0 , , n N,

n 0 < 1 (nx) = n 0 0 = 0
nx Z.
, x R Z.
1, , (x) 6= 0 (x) > 0, x
/ Z.
n = 1. (x) < 1 .
1 (x) = (1 x) (x) = (x), n = 1
.
n N.

(n + 1) (x) < 1

(7)

n (x) + (x) < 1

n (x) < 1 (x)
(x) > 0 1 (x) < 1,
n (x) < 1

n (x) = (nx).
(7)
n (x) < 1 (x)
x
/ Z, 2
n (x) < (x)
(8)
(nx) < (x)

(8)

 3
(x nx) = (x) (nx)
((n + 1)x) = (x) (nx).
(n + 1)x Z. ,
1, ,
((n + 1)x) = 0

(x) (nx) = 0
(x) = (nx),
, (nx) < (x) (nx) 6= (x). (n + 1)x
/ Z.
, 2
1 ((n + 1)x) = 1 (x) (nx)
((n + 1)x) = (x) + n (x)
((n + 1)x) = (n + 1) (x).
n + 1.
n N.

1. a,  > 0, n ,
(na) < .
.  > 0, n0 N , n0 > 1/

R = { (a), (2a), . . . , (n0 a)}.
b = max R. 0 (x) < 1 x R,
R [0, 1) R [0, b] [0, 1).
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn0 1 , xn0 R .

x1 = min R,
x2 = min R {x1 },
...,
xn0 1 = min R {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn0 2 }


xn0 = max R = b.
R,
x1 < x2 < x3 < . . . < xn0 2 < xn0 1 < xn0 .
x1

0
1

x2
2

x3

...

xn0 2

xn0 1
n0 1

xn0 = b
n0

R [0, b] n0 .
b/n0 . ,
b/n0 , ,
, . n0 ,
n0 [0, b].
n0 b b/n0 , . ,
, , 6=
,
0 < (a) (a) b/n0 < 1/n0 < ,
(a) > (a), 3
(a) (a) = (( )a),

0 < (( )a) < .

> 0, n = N .
< 0, m = , m > 0 m N,

(ma) < .

(9)

p, p ,
p (ma) < 1,
1 p (ma) < (ma).

(10)

p p = 1
(ma) < 1, . (10)
.
,
1 p (ma) (ma)


1 p (ma) + (ma)
1 (p + 1) (ma)
q = p + 1 N, q > p,
1 q (ma).

(11)

a , ma
. , ,
b
Q, md Z,
ma = db , b, d Z = a = md
. ma . (ma) .
(ma) = ma A (ma), ,
(ma)
a = b+dAmd
Q, .
q (ma) 6= 1. ,
q (ma) = 1, (ma) = 1q , q N 1q Q =
(ma) Q, . q (ma) 6= 1.
(11)
1 > q (ma)
, q > p p
.
1 p (ma) < (ma).
(10)
1 p (ma) < (ma), .
p (ma) < 1, 4
p (ma) = (pma)

1 (pma) < (ma)

pma R Z , 2,
1 (pma) = (pma)

(pma) < (ma).
(9)
(pma) < (ma) <  (pma) < .

, n = pm N
(na) < .

2. a. u [0, 1], u
( (na))nN .
. u = 0. ,
,  > 0, n N ,
u=0

(na) <  | (na) 0| <  = | (na) u| < .

(12)

u (0, 1]. , ,  > 0,

N , (a) < . = A (u/ (a)).

u/ (a) < + 1
(a) u < (a) + (a)

(13)

(a) u 1 = (a) 1.
(a) = 1, (a) = 1/ Q, , (a)
.
(a) < 1
4
(a) = (a).
(13)
(a) u < (a) + (a)
0 u (a) < (a) < 
| (a) u| < 
n = N
| (na) u| < .

(14)

(12) (14) ,
u [0, 1] a ,  > 0 n N ,
| (na) u| < .
u [0, 1] ( (na))nN .


 3. f : A R ,
,  > 0, > 0 ,
x, y A |x y| < |f (x) f (y)| < .

3. sin : R [1, 1] .
.  > 0, x, y R,
| sin(x) sin(y)| < ,

|2 cos(

x+y
xy
sin(
)| < .
2
2

x+y
)| 1
2
x+y
xy
xy
2 | cos(
)| | sin(
)| 2 | sin(
)|
2
2
2
xy
xy
x+y
) sin(
)| 2 | sin(
)|,
|2 cos(
2
2
2

xy
2 | sin(
)| < .
2

|x y| < ,
| cos(

xy
| < |x y| < .
2

| sin(x)| < |x|,

2 | sin(

xy
xy
)| 2 |
| < 2.
2
2

= /2 > 0
2 | sin(

xy
)| < .
2


 .
. r [1, 1]. ,  > 0 n N,
| sin (n) r| < . , r [1, 1]
(sin (n))nN .
. r [1, 1]. , sin : [0, 2] [1, 1]
, c [0, 2], sin (c) = r.
, sin ,  > 0,
> 0,
| sin (x) sin(c)| < , |x c| < .
| sin(x) r| < , |x c| < .

(15)

, 2, a = 1/2, u = c/2 [0, 1]

 = /2, n N ,
0<

c
( ) <
.
2
2
2

n
) < .
2
(15) x = 2 (n/2), .

n
| sin (2 ( )) r| < .
2

0 < c 2 (

2 (

n
n
n
n
) = 2 (
A ( )) = n 2, = A ( ) Z.
2
2
2
2

,
| sin (n 2) r| <  = | sin (n) r| < .
, [1, 1] (sin (n))nN .