02 Force and Motion 2

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2.1 LINEAR MOTION

Physical
Quantity
Distance, l
Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit

Distance is the total path length traveled from one
location to another.
Quantity: scalar
SI unit: meter (m)
(a) The distance in a specified direction.

(b)the distance between two locations measured along
Displacement,
the shortest path connecting them in a specific
l
direction.
(c) The distance of its final position from its initial
position in a specified direction.
Quantity: vector
SI unit: meter (m)
Speed is the rate of change of distance

Speed,v
Speed = Distance traveled
Time taken
Quantity: scalar
SI unit: m s-1
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

Velocity, v
Velocity = Displacement
Time taken
Direction of velocity is the direction of displacement
Quantity : Vector
SI unit: m s-1
Average
speed
v = Total distant traveled, s

Total time taken , t
Average
velocity
v = Displacement, s
Time taken, t
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Example: A car moves at

an average speed /
velocity of 20 ms-1
On average, the car moves
a distance / displacement
of 20 m in 1 second for the
whole journey.
1
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Uniform
speed
Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of

its direction.
Uniform
velocity
Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and

direction.
An object has
a non-uniform
velocity if:
Acceleration,
a
a=
vu
t
unit : ms-2
(a) the direction of motion changes or the motion is

not linear.
(b)The magnitude of its velocity changes.
When the velocity of an object changes, the object is
said to be accelerating.
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of
velocity.
Acceleration = Change in velocity
Time taken
= final velocity, v initial velocity, u
Time taken, t
acceleration
is positive
The velocity of an object increases from an initial

velocity, u, to a higher final velocity, v
Deceleration
The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction.
acceleration
is negative.
The velocity of an object decreases from an initial

velocity, u, to a lower final velocity, v.
Zero
acceleration
An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the

magnitude and direction of its velocity remain
unchanged is not accelerating
Velocity increases at a uniform rate.
When a car moves at a constant or uniform acceleration
of 5 ms-2, its velocity increases by 5 ms-1 for every
second that the car is in motion.
Constant
acceleration
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Constant = uniform
increasing velocity = acceleration
decreasing velocity = deceleration
zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
negative velocity = object moves at opposite
direction
6. zero acceleration = constant velocity
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
Comparisons between distance
and displacement.
Distance
Total path length
traveled from
one location to
another
Scalar quantity
It has magnitude
but no direction
SI unit meter
Displacement
The distance
between two
locations
measured along
the shortest path
connecting them
in specific
direction
Vector quantity
Comparisons between speed and

velocity
Speed
The rate of change
of distance
Scalar quantity
Velocity
The rate of change
of displacement
Vector quantity
It has magnitude
but no direction
It has both
magnitude and
direction
SI unit : m s-1
SI unit : m s-1
It has both
magnitude and
direction
SI unit : meter
Fill in the blanks:

1. A steady speed of 10 m/s = A distance of .. .is traveled
every ..
2. A steady velocity of -10 m/s = A . Of 10 m is traveled every
..to the left.
3. A steady acceleration of 4 ms-2 = Speed goes up by 4 m/s every
.
4. A steady deceleration of 4 ms-2 = speed goes .. by 4 m/s
every .
5. A steady velocity of 10 m/s =
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Example 1
Every day Rahim walks from his
house to the junction which is 1.5
km from his house. Then he turns
back and stops at warung Pak Din
which is 0.5 km from his house.
(a) What is Rahims displacement

from his house
when he reaches the junction.
Example 2
Every morning Amirul walks to
Ahmads house which is situated
80 m to the east of Amiruls house.
They then walk towards their
school which is 60 m to the south
of Ahmads house.
(a) What is the distance traveled
by Amirul and his
displacement from his
house?
(b)If the total time taken by
Amirul to travel from his
house to Ahmads house and
then to school is 15 minutes,
what is his speed and
velocity?
When he is at warung Pak

Din.
(b)After breakfast, Rahim walks
back to his house. When he
reaches home,
(i) what is the total distance
traveled by Rahim?
(ii)
what is Rahims total

displacement from his
house?
Example 3
Syafiq running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his speed in m/s
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance covered?
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Example 4
An aeroplane flys towards the
north with a velocity 300 km/hr in
one hour. Then, the plane
moves to the east with the
velocity 400 km / hr in one hour.
(a) What is the average speed
of the plane?
(b)What is the average
velocity of the plane?
(c) What is the difference
between average speed and
average velocity of the
plane?
Example 5
The speedometer reading for a
car traveling north shows 80
km/hr. Another car traveling at
80 km/hr towards south. Is the
speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
A ticker timer
Use: 12 V a.c power supply
1 tick = time interval between two dots.
The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second.
Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s.

1 tick = 0.02 s
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Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.

VELOCITY
FORMULA
Time, t = 10 dots x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity = s = x cm
t
0.2 s
ACCELERATION
elapse time, t = (5 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s

or
t = (50 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s
TICKER TAPE AND

CHARTS
Initial velocity,
u = x1
0.2
final velocity,
v = x2
0.2
acceleration,
a=vu
t
TYPE OF MOTION
Constant velocity
slow moving
Constant velocity
fast moving
Distance between the dots
increases uniformly
the velocity is of the object is
increasing uniformly
The object is moving at a
uniform / constant
acceleration.
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Distance between the dots
decrease uniformly
The velocity of the object is
decreasing uniformly
The object is experiencing
uniform / constant
deceleration
Example 6
The diagram above shows a ticker tape
chart for a moving trolley. The frequency
of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each
section has 10 dots-spacing.
(a) What is the time between two dots.
(b) What is the time for one strips.
(c) What is the initial velocity
(d) What is the final velocity.
(e) What is the time interval to change
from initial velocity to final velocity?
(f) What is the acceleration of the
object.
THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION

u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time taken
s = displacement
a = constant accleration
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2.2 MOTION GRAPHS

DISPLACEMENT TIME
GRAPH
Velocity is obtained from the gradient of

the graph.
A B : gradient of the graph is +ve and
constant velocity is constant.
B C : gradient of the graph = 0 the
velocity = 0, object at rest.
C D : gradient of the graph ve and
constant. The velocity is negative and
object moves in the opposite direction.
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
GRAPH
Zero
velocity
s versus t
Area below
graph
Positive
gradient
Negative
gradient
Zero
gradient
v versus t
Distance / displacement
Constant Acceleration
(A B)
Constant Deceleration
(C D)
Constant velocity / zero
acceleration
(B C)
a versus t
Negative
velocity
Constant
velocity
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GRAPH
Constant
acceleration
s versus t
v versus t
a versus t
Constant
deceleration
Example 7
Example 6
Contoh 11
Based on the s t graph above:

(a) Calculate the velocity at
(i)
AB
(ii)
BC
(iii)
CD
(a) Calculate the acceleration at:

(i) JK
(ii) KL
(iii) LM
(b) Describe the motion of the object at:

(i)
AB (ii)
BC
(iii)
CD
(b) Describe the motion of the object at:
(i) JK
(ii) KL
(iii) LM
(c)Find:
(i) total distance
(ii) total displacement
Calculate the total displacement.
(d) Calculate
(i)
the average speed
(c) Calculate the average velocity.
(ii)
the average velocity of the

moving particle.
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2.3 INERTIA
Inertia
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the

object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue
its motion.
Newtons first law
Every object continues in its state of rest or of

uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an
external force.
The larger the mass, the larger the inertia
Relation between
inertia and mass
SITUATION
SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA

EXPLAINATION
When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the
coin drops straight into the glass.
The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest.
The coin falls into the glass due to gravity.
Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if

the bottle is moved down fast with a sudden stop.
The sauce inside the bottle moves together with
the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly, the
sauce continue in its state of motion due to the
effect of its inertia.
Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly
The passengers were in a state of motion when the
car was moving. When the car stopped suddenly,
the inertia in the passengers made them maintain
their state of motion. Thus when the car stop, the
passengers moved forward.
A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion.
The cow has a large inertia making it difficult to
change direction.
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The head of hammer is secured tightly to its

handle by knocking one end of the handle, held
vertically, on a hard surface.
This causes the hammer head to continue on its
downward motion when the handle has been
stopped, so that the top end of the handle is
slotted deeper into the hammer head.
Ways to reduce
the negative
effects of inertia
Relationship
between mass
and inertia
The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall

when the boy rotates the umbrella.
This is because the drop of water on the surface
of the umbrella moves simultaneously as the
umbrella is rotated.
When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of
the drop of water will continue to maintain its
motion.
1. Safety in a car:
(a) Safety belt secure the driver to their seats.
When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt
provides the external force that prevents the
driver from being thrown forward.
(b)Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck
during rear-end collisions. The inertia of the
head tends to keep in its state of rest when
the body is moved suddenly.
(c) An air bag is fitted inside the steering wheel.
It provides a cushion to prevent the driver
from hitting the steering wheel or dashboard
during a collision.
2. Furniture carried by a lorry normally are tied up
together by string. When the lorry starts to
move suddenly, the furniture are more difficult
to fall off due to their inertia because their
combined mass has increased.
Two empty buckets which are hung with rope
from a the ceiling.
One bucket is filled with sand while the other
bucket is empty.
Then, both pails are pushed.
It is found that the empty bucket is easier to
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push compared to the bucket with sand.

The bucket filled with sand offers more
resistance to movement.
When both buckets are oscillating and an
attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled
with sand offers more resistance to the hand
(more difficult to bring to a standstill once it has
started moving)
This shows that the heavier bucket offers a
greater resistance to change from its state of
rest or from its state of motion.
An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.
2.4 MOMENTUM
Definition
Momentum = Mass x velocity = mv

SI unit: kg ms-1
Principle of
Conservation of
Momentum
In the absence of an external force, the total

momentum of a system remains unchanged.
Elastic Collision
Both objects move

independently at their
respective velocities after the
collision.
Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is conserved.
Total energy is conserved.
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Inelastic collision
The two objects combine and

move together with a
common velocity after the
collision.
Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is not
conserved.
Total energy is conserved.
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Total Momentum Before = total

momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Total Momentum Before = Total

Momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick
together and at rest. After collision,
both object move at opposite direction.
Total Momentum Total Momentum
before collision
after collision :
Is zero
m1v1 + m2v2
From the law of conservation of
momentum:
Total Momentum = Total Momentum
Before collision
after collision
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = - m2v2
-ve sign means opposite direction

EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum)
When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m,
moves with a high velocity, v. This creates
a momentum in the forward direction.
From the principle of conservation of
momentum, an equal but opposite
momentum is produced to recoil the riffle
backward.
Application in the jet engine:
A high-speed hot gases are ejected from the
back with high momentum.
This produces an equal and opposite
momentum to propel the jet plane forward.
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The launching of rocket

Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn
explosively in the combustion chamber.
Jets of hot gases are expelled at very high
speed through the exhaust.
These high speed hot gases produce a large
amount of momentum downward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the rocket, propelling the rocket
upwards.
In a swamp area, a fan boat is used.
The fan produces a high speed movement of
air backward. This produces a large
momentum backward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the boat. So the boat will move forward.
A squid propels by expelling water at high
velocity. Water enters through a large opening
and exits through a small tube. The water is
forced out at a high speed backward.
Total Mom. before= Total Mom. after
0 =Mom water + Mom squid
0 = mwvw + msvs
-mwvw = msvs
The magnitude of the momentum of water and
squid are equal but opposite direction.
This causes the squid to jet forward.
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Example
Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at

20 ms-1 collides with a car B of mass
1200 kg moving at 10 m s-1 in same
direction. If the car B is shunted
forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact,
what is the velocity, v, of the car A
immediately after the crash?
Example
A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at

30 m/s collides with a car of mass
1000 kg which is traveling in the
opposite direction at 20 m/s. After
the collision, the two vehicles move
together. What is the velocity of
both vehicles immediately after
collision?
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Example
Before collision
After collision
MA = 4 kg MB = 2 kg
UA = 10 m/s to the left
UB = 8 m/s to the right
VB = 4 m/s to the left.
Calculate the value of VA .
Example
A man fires a pistol which has a

mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the
bullet is 10 g and it reaches a
velocity of 300 m/s after shooting,
what is the recoil velocity of the
pistol?
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2.5 FORCE
Example:
Balanced Force
When the forces acting on
an object are balanced, they
cancel each other out.
The net force is zero.
Effect :
the object at is at rest [
velocity = 0]
or moves at constant
velocity [ a = 0]
Weight, W = Lift, U
Unbalanced Force/
Resultant Force
Thrust, F = drag, G
When the forces acting on an object are not

balanced, there must be a net force acting
on it.
The net force is known as the unbalanced
force or the resultant force.
Effect : Can cause a body to
- change it state at rest (an object will
accelerate
- change it state of motion (a moving
object will decelerate or change its
direction)
Force, Mass & Acceleration

The acceleration produced by a force on an object
Newtons Second
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net
Law of Motion
force applied and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. The direction of the
acceleration is the same as that of the net force.
When a net force, F, acts
on a mass, m it causes
an acceleration, a.
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Force = Mass x Acceleration

F = ma
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Relationship
between a & F
Relationship
between a and
m
aF
The acceleration, a, is directly
proportional to the applied force, F.
a
1
m
The acceleration of an object is

inversely proportional to the mass,
Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration

Relationship
between
Situation
Inference
Hypothesis
a&F
a&m
Both men are pushing the

same mass but man A
puts greater effort. So he
moves faster.
The acceleration
produced by an object
depends on the net force
applied to it.
Both men exerted the same

strength. But man B moves
faster than man A.
The acceleration of the

object increases when
the force applied
increases
The acceleration of the

object decreases when the
mass of the object
increases
Variables:
Manipulated : Force
Responding : Acceleration
Constant
: Mass
Apparatus
and Material
The acceleration produced

by an object depends on
the mass
Mass
Acceleration
Force
Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys,

power supply and friction compensated runway and
meter ruler.
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Procedure :
- Controlling
manipulated
variables.
An elastic cord is hooked

over the trolley. The
elastic cord is stretched
until the end of the
trolley. The trolley is
pulled down the runway
with the elastic cord
being kept stretched by
the same amount of force
An elastic cord is hooked

over a trolley. The elastic
cord is stretched until the
end of the trolley. The
trolley is pulled down the
runway with the elastic
cord being kept stretched
by the same amount of
force
- Controlling
responding
variables.
Determine the
acceleration by analyzing
the ticker tape.
Determine the acceleration

by analyzing the ticker
tape.
Acceleration a =
Acceleration a =
- Repeating
experiment.
vu
t
vu
t
Repeat the experiment by Repeat the experiment by

using two , three, four
using two, three, four and
and five elastic cords
five trolleys.
Recording
data
Analysing
data
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1. What force is required to move a

2 kg object with an acceleration
of 3 m s-2, if
(a) the object is on a smooth
surface?
(b) The object is on a surface where
the average force of friction
acting on the object is 2 N?
2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to

move a 10 kg table at a constant
velocity. What is the frictional
force acting on the table?
3. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling

at 20 m/s is brought to rest over a
distance of 30 m. Find
(a) the average deceleration,
(b) the average braking force.
4. Which of the following systems

will produce maximum
acceleration?
2.6 IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulse
The change of momentum

mv - mu
Unit : kgms-1 or Ns
Impulsive The rate of change of momentum in a
Force
collision or explosion
Effect of
time
Unit = N
Impulsive force
is inversely
proportional to
time of contact
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m = mass
u = initial
velocity
v = final
velocity
t = time
Longer period of time Impulsive

force decrease
Shorter period of time Impulsive
force increase
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Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports

Situations
Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in
events such as high jump so that the time
interval of impact on landing is extended, thus
reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent
injuries to the participants.
Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the

collision time. This will reduce the impulsive
force.
A high jumper will bend his legs upon landing.
This is to increase the time of impact in order to
reduce the impulsive force acting on his legs.
This will reduce the chance of getting serious
injury.
A baseball player must catch the ball in the
direction of the motion of the ball. Moving his
hand backwards when catching the ball
prolongs the time for the momentum to change
so as to reduce the impulsive force.
Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force
Situations
Explanation
A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab
with his bare hand that moves at a very fast
speed. The short impact time results in a large
impulsive force on the wooden slab.
A massive hammer head moving at a fast
speed is brought to rest upon hitting the nail.
The large change in momentum within a short
time interval produces a large impulsive force
which drives the nail into the wood.
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A football must have enough air pressure in it

so the contact time is short. The impulsive
force acted on the ball will be bigger and the
ball will move faster and further.
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a

pestle is used to pound chilies the hard
surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause
the pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A
large impulsive force is resulted and thus
causes these spices to be crushed easily.
Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first
floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the
ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his
legs hit the ground.
(b) What is the impulsive force on
the residents legs if he bends
upon landing and takes 0.5 s to
stop?
(c) What is the impulsive force on
the residents legs if he does not
bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) What is the advantage of bending
his legs upon landing?
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of
1500 N. The time of contact of his
boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is
the impulse delivered to the ball? If
the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball?
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2.7 SAFETY VEHICLE
Component
Function
Headrest
To reduce the inertia effect of the drivers head.
Air bag
Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the
drivers head to come to the steering. So that the
impulsive force can be reduce
Windscreen The protect the driver
Crumple
Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
zone
the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Front
Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel,
bumper
aluminium, plastic or rubber.
ABS
Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing
the brakes to lock.
Side impact Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
bar
the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Seat belt
To reduce the inertia effect by avoiding the driver from
thrown forward.
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2.8 GRAVITY
Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth
Force
by the force of gravity.
This force is known as the pull of gravity or the earths
gravitational force.
The earths gravitational force tends to pull everything
towards its centre.
Free fall
An object is falling freely when it is falling under the
Acceleration
due to
gravity, g
force of gravity only.

A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is
affected by air resistance.
An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of
air means there is no air resistance to oppose the
motion of the object.
In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely.
They fall with the same acceleration ie. The
acceleration due to gravity, g.
Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of
gravity with constant acceleration.
This acceleration is known as the gravitational
acceleration, g.
The standard value of the gravitational acceleration,
g is 9.81 m s-2. The value of g is often taken to be 10
m s-2 for simplicity.
The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity
depends on the strength of the gravitational field.
Gravitational The gravitational field is the region around the earth in

field
which an object experiences a force towards the centre
of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction
between the object and the earth.
The gravitational field strength is defined as the
gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram.
g=
F
m
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Its unit is N kg-1.

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Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg-1

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2
The approximate value of g can therefore be written
either as 10 m s-2 or as 10 N kg-1.
Weight
Comparison
between
weight &
mass
The gravitational force acting on the object.

Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
W = mg
SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity
Mass
The mass of an object is
the amount of matter in
the object
Constant everywhere
A scalar quantity
A base quantity
SI unit: kg
Weight
The weight of an object is
the force of gravity acting
on the object.
Varies with the magnitude
of gravitational field
strength, g of the location
A vector quantity
A derived quantity
SI unit : Newton, N
The
difference
between a
fall in air and
a free fall in
a vacuum of
a coin and a
feather.
Both the
coin and the
feather are
released
simultaneously from
the same
height.
At vacuum state:
There is no air resistance.
The coin and the feather
will fall freely.
Only gravitational force
acted on the objects.
Both will fall at the same
time.
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At normal state:
Both coin and feather will
fall because of gravitational
force.
Air resistance effected by
the surface area of a fallen
object.
The feather that has large
area will have more air
resistance.
The coin will fall at first.
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(a) The two sphere are

falling with an
acceleration.
Two steel
spheres are
falling under
gravity. The
two spheres
are dropped
at the same
time from
the same
height.
The distance between

two successive images
of the sphere increases
showing that the two
spheres are falling with
increasing velocity;
falling with an
acceleration.
(b)The two spheres are

falling down with the
same acceleration
The two spheres are at
the same level at all
times. Thus, a heavy
object and a light object
fall with the same
gravitational
acceleration.
Gravitational
acceleration is
independent of mass.
Motion graph for free fall object

Free fall object
Object thrown upward
Object thrown upward

and fall
Example 1
A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the
ground. What is
(a) its speed when it strikes the
ground
(b) the height of the coconut tree.
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2.9 FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM

Forces in
When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting
Equilibrium on it is zero.
The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.
Newtons
3rd Law
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)
Resultant
Force
A single force that represents the combined effect of two of

more forces in magnitude and direction.
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F = ____ + ____
Resultant force, F = ____ + ____
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26
Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method]
STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor,

draw the two forces F1 and F2 from a
point.
STEP 3
Draw the diagonal of the
parallelogram. The diagonal
represent the resultant force, F in
magnitude and direction.
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm =
Resolution of
Forces
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
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A force F can be resolved into components

which are perpendicular to each other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b) vertical component, FY
Inclined Plane
Component of weight parallel to the plane

= mg sin
Component of weight normal to the plane
= mg cos
27
find the resultant force
(d)
(e)
Lift
Stationary Lift
Lift accelerate upward
Lift accelerate
downward
Resultant Force =
Resultant Force =
Resultant Force =
The reading of
weighing scale =
The reading of
weighing scale =
The reading of
weighing scale =
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28
Pulley
1. Find the
resultant force, F
2. Find the
moving mass,m
3. Find the
acceleration,a
4. Find string
tension, T
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29
2.10 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY

Work
Work done is the product of an applied force

and the displacement of an object in the
direction of the applied force
W = Fs
The SI unit of work is the

joule, J
W = work, F = force s = displacement
1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N

moves an object 1 m in the direction of the
force
Calculation of Work
The displacement, s of the object is in the
direction of the force, F
W = Fs
The displacement , s of the

object is not in the
direction of the force, F
W = (F cos ) s
W=Fs
Example 1
A boy pushing his bicycle
with a force of 25 N
through a distance of 3 m.
Calculate the work done

by the boy.
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Example 2
A girl is lifting up a 3 kg
flower pot steadily to a
height of 0.4 m.
What is the work done by

the girl?
Example 3
A man is pulling a crate of fish
along the floor with a force of
40 N through a distance of 6 m.
What is the work done in

pulling the crate?
30
No work is done when:

The object is stationary
A student carrying his bag

while waiting at the bus
stop
Concept
Power
Energy
The direction of motion of

the object is perpendicular
to that of the applied force.
A waiter is carrying a tray

of food and walking
Definition
The rate at which work is
done, or the amount of work
done per second.
No force is applied on the

object in the direction of
displacement (the object
moves because of its
own inertia)
A satellite orbiting in
space. There is no
friction in space. No
force is acting in the
direction of movement of
the satellite.
Formula & Unit
P=
W
t
p = power, W = work /
energy t = time
Energy is the capacity to do work.

An object that can do work has energy
Work is done because a force is applied and the
objects move. This is accompanied by the transfer

of energy from one object to another object.
Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred
from one object to another.
The work done is equal to the amount of energy
transferred.
Potential
Energy
Gravitational potential energy

is the energy of an object due
to its higher position in the
gravitational field.
m = mass
h = height
g = gravitational
acceleration
E = mgh
Kinetic
Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of m = mass

an object due to its motion.
v = velocity
E = mv2
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31
Principle of
Conservation
of Energy
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but

it cannot be created or destroyed.
The energy can be transformed from one form to
another, total energy in a system is constant.
Total energy before = total energy after
Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of
weight,W,with a force of P along a
fritionless plank at height of h. The
distance traveled by the block is x.
Calculate the work done by the worker to
pull the block.
Example 5
A student of mass m is climbing up a
flight of stairs which has the height of h.
He takes t seconds..
What is the power of the student?
Example 6
A stone is thrown upward with initial
-1
velocity of 20 ms . What is the maximum
height which can be reached by the
stone?
Example 7
A boll is released from point A of height

0.8 m so that it can roll along a curve
frictionless track. What is the velocity of
the ball when it reaches point B?
Example 8
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Example 9
32
A trolley is released from rest at point X

along a frictionless track. What is the
velocity of the trolley at point Y?
A ball moves upwards along a frictionless

track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of
-1
6 ms . What is its velocity at point B?
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a
concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he
slides down the slope, he does work to
overcome friction of 140 J. What is his
velocity at the end of the slope?
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2.12 ELASTICITY
Elasticity
A property of matter that enables an object to

return to its original size and shape when the
force that was acting on it is removed.
No external force is applied.
Molecules are at their equilibrium separation.
Intermolecular force is equal zero.
Compressing a solid causes its molecules to be

displaced closer to each other.
Repulsive intermolecular force acts to push the
molecules back to their original positions.
Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be

displaced away from each other.
Attractive intermolecular force acts to pull back
the molecules to their original positions.
Stretching a wire by an
external force:
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Its molecules are slightly displaced away from
one another.
Strong attractive forces act between the
molecules to oppose the stretching
When the external force is removed:
The attractive intermolecular forces bring the
molecules back to their equilibrium separation.
The wire returns to its original position
34
Hookes Law
The extension of a spring is directly proportional

to the applied force provided the elastic limit is
not exceeded.
F = kx
F= force on the spring
x = extension
k = force constant of the spring
Force extension graph
Based on the graph:

Relationship between F & x :
F is directly proportional to x
The gradient of the graph represent = force
constant of the spring, k
Area under the graph equal to the work done to
extent the spring:
= elastic potential energy = Fx = kx2
The elastic limit of a

spring
The maximum force that can be applied to a

spring such that the spring will be able to be
restored to its original length when the force is
removed.
If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic
limit, the spring cannot return to its original length
even though the force no longer acts on it.
The Hookes law is not obeyed anymore.
Force constant of the

spring, k
The force required to produce one unit of

extension of the spring.
k=
F
x
unit N m-1 or N cm-1 or N mm-1
k is a measurement of the stiffness of the spring

The spring with a larger force constant is
harder to extend and is said to be more stiff.
A spring with a smaller force constant is easier
to extend and is said to be less stiff or softer.
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35
Factors that effect elasticity

Factor
Change in factor
How does it affects the

elasticity
Length
Shorter spring
Less elastic
Longer spring
More elastic
Diameter of spring Smaller diameter
More elastic
wire
Larger diameter
Less elastic
Diameter spring
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
Larger diameter
More elastic
Type of material
Springs made of different materials
Elasticity changes according to the type of
material
Arrangement of the spring
In series
In parallel
The same load is applied to each The load is shared equally among the
spring.
springs.
W
Tension in each spring = W
Tension in each spring =
2
Extension of each spring = x
x
Total extension = 2x
Extension of each spring =
2
If n springs are used:
If n springs are used:
The total extension = nx
x
The total extension =
n
Example 1
The original length of
each spring is 10 cm.
With a load of 10 g, the
extension of each
spring is 2 cm.
What is the length of the
spring system for (a),
(b) and (c)?
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36
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37
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
Figure 1.1 shows a car moving along a straight line but hilly road.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2 shows how the velocity of the car
varies with time as it travels from A to E. The car
travels at 60 kmh-1 from A to B for two minutes.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.2
Describe the acceleration of the car as it
travels from A to E.
.
Compare the resultant force as it travels
along AB and CD.
(c)
Give a reason to your answer in (b)
(d)
Calculate the distance AB
2
m
1
m
1
m
2
m
(e)
The velocity of a car increases if

force exerted on the accelerator of a
increases. Explain why the velocity of
car increases from D to E although
force on the accelerator of the car is
same as a long C to D.
the
car
the
the
the
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2
m
38
...
QUESTION 2 (SPM 1999)
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39
QUESTION 3 ( SPM 2000)

Figure 2
Figure 2 shows a car of mass 1 000kg moving a
straight but hilly road. QRST and TU is the part
of the hill that have constant slope where the
slope of QRST is higher that the slope of TU. The
frictional force that acts along QRSTU is 2 000N.
The velocity if the car at P is
80kmh-1 and takes 3 minutes to move from point
P to Q. The motion of the car along
PQRSTU represent by a velocity-time graph in
Figure 3.
(e) Why is it necessary to ha

capacity limit for the safe
A bus
traveled from Kota
the bus?
Lumpur at 9:00 pm. The cap
passenger
in the bus is 40
mass
of the bus with the ca
and the average frictional fo
bus tire
and the road for the jo
The bus
moves at average sp
Kota Bharu before stopover a

at 12:00 mid night on the s
hour later the bus continue
Kuala Lumpur with average
The bus arrived at 6:00 am on
(a) Put in a table all the phys
involved in the informatio
two groups.
(b) Calculate the total distanc

the bus.
(c) Sketch a distance-time gr

the motion of the bus.
(d)
(i) What is the value of the tr
the bus when it moves at
speed?
(ii)
Give a reason for the ans

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40
(a) Classify the physical quantity into two groups.

2m
(b) From the graph in Figure 3, explain the acceleration of the car from
point P to S.
2m
(c) (i) Compare the resultant force of the car when the move along PQ and
ST.
1m
..
(ii) State a reason for your answer in c(i)
1m
...
(d) Calculate the distance form point P to Q
2m
Figure 3(i)
Figure 3(ii)
Figure 3(i) shows a sky diver start to make a jump from an aircraft at a
certain height. Figure 3(ii) shows a velocity-time graph for the skydiver at
position S, T, U, V and W from the earth surface.
(a) (i) At which point the parachute start to open?
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i)
1m
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the diver at ST.
1m
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41
2m
(c) Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the skydiver at
point S, T, U, V and W at the space below.
3m
(d) Suggest one way that can the skydiver apply to reduce injuries on his
leg during landing. Explain your answer.
...
..
Figure 4(i)
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42
2m
Figure 4(i) show a gun fires a bullet of mass 5g to an object.

(a) (i) What happen to the gun during the shot?
1m
..
(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i)
1m
...
(b) The bullet shot the object of mass 0.495kg.
(i) If the bullet speed is 400ms-1, what is the momentum of the
bullet?
2m
(ii) What is speed of the object after the bullet obscured into the
object after
the gunshot?
2m
(c) The object and the bullet that obscured in the object aloft at a
maximum height of H, as shown in Figure 4(ii).
Figure 4(ii)
(i) What is the value of kinetic energy of the object together with
the bullet
2m
inside the object?
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43
(ii) Calculate maximum height, H achieved by the object?

2m
1m
(iii) In real situation it is possible to achieved maximum height, H.
Why?

Figure 5 shows a man standing on a stationary boat. He then jumps out of
the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves a way from the jetty as he jumps.
Figure 5
(a) State the physics principle that is involved in the movement of the boat
as the man jumps onto the jetty.
1m
(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the jetty when the man jumps.
1m
(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velocity 2ms-1. The
mass of the boat is 20kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man
jumps.
2m
(d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an
exploration of outer space.
m
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44
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02 Force and Motion 2

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02 Force and Motion 2

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2.1 LINEAR MOTION

Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit

(a) The distance in a specified direction.

SI unit: meter (m)

Speed is the rate of change of distance

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

v = Total distant traveled, s

Example: A car moves at

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Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of

Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and

(a) the direction of motion changes or the motion is

The velocity of an object increases from an initial

The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction.

The velocity of an object decreases from an initial

An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the

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Comparisons between speed and

Fill in the blanks:

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(a) What is Rahims displacement

When he is at warung Pak

what is Rahims total

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Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s.

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Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.

elapse time, t = (5 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s

TICKER TAPE AND

Distance between the dots

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Distance between the dots

THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION

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2.2 MOTION GRAPHS

Velocity is obtained from the gradient of

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Based on the s t graph above:

(a) Calculate the acceleration at:

(b) Describe the motion of the object at:

Calculate the total displacement.

the average velocity of the

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The inertia of an object is the tendency of the

Newtons first law

Every object continues in its state of rest or of

SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA

Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if

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The head of hammer is secured tightly to its

The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall

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push compared to the bucket with sand.

Momentum = Mass x velocity = mv

In the absence of an external force, the total

Both objects move

The two objects combine and

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Total Momentum Before = total

Total Momentum Before = Total

-ve sign means opposite direction

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Resultant force, F = +