CIVIL aS oS MAA ot nae (LANA Roo . (| UTE TL q Theory with Workedout Examples URS uae UCC @.ACE Engineering Academy CRs aoe om aa Seley www.aceenggacademy.com oe IL a Lian no)ACE @ se Engineering Academy 5.2: Hyderabad | New Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati | Pune | Chai www. CivilEnggForAll.com EXCLUSIVE Geotechnical Engineering (Theory with workedout Examples, Self and Classroom Practice Questions) GATE - Civil Engineering ACE is the leading institute for coaching in IES, GATE & PSU’s HO: 204, II Floor, Rahman Plaza, Opp. Methodist School, Abids, Hyderabad-500001, Ph; 040-24750242, 24750263, 24750437, 24752469. THE ONLY INSTITUTE WHICH HAS SECURED All INDIA 1°" RANK 26 TIMES & 2" RANK 13 TIMES IN GATESOIL MECHANICS: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction. SOIL MECHANICS: Properties of soils, classification and interrelationship; Compaction behaviour, methods of compaction and their choice; Permeability and seepage, flow nets, Inverted filters; Compressibility and consolidation; Shearing resistance, stresses and failure; soil testing in laboratory and in-situ; Stress path and applications; Earth pressure theories, stress distribution in soil; soil exploration, samplers, load tests, penetration tests. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Types of foundations, Selection criteria, bearing capacity, settlement, laboratory and field tests; Types of piles and their design and layout, Foundations on expansive soils, swelling and its prevention, foundation on swelling soils.Namé of the Chapter Page No. Origin of soils 01-03 Definitions and Properties of Soils 04-09 Soil Structures and Clay Mineralogy 10-12 Index Properties of Soils x 13-20 Soil Classification 21-25 Permeability 26-30 Effective Stress 31-35 Seepage Pressure & Critical Hydraulic Gradient 36-39 Seepage Analysis 40-43 Stress Distribution 44-49 Consolidation 50-60 Compaction 61-64 Shear Strength 65-74 Earth Pressure 75-82 Stability of Slopes 83-90 Bearing Capacity 91790 Pile Foundation 100- 108 Soil Exploration Sheet Piles 109-114 115-116Origin of Soils 1. Soils are formed by weathering of: rocks and decomposition of organic matter. There fore, soils may be organic or inorganic (depends on source of origin). Organic soils are called ‘Cumulose soils’. ‘Examples: Peat, Humus, muck ete. Geological Cyele: Weathering of rocks — ‘Transportation ~ Deposition — Upheaval. 2. Types of weathering: (@) Physical (b) Chemical 3. Physical weathering : © It is duc to physical effects like temperature, abrasion ,wedging action of ice, penetration of plant roots ete. 5. Sedimentary soils: ‘© Physical weathering results in no change in chemical composition of particles + It produces coarse grained and non cohesive soils. Examples: Gravel, Sands. 4, Chemical weathering : * It is due to chemical actions (oxidation, hydration, carbonation, solution, leaching, hydrolysis, etc., © Original rock minerals are transformed into ‘clay minerals. + Itresults in fine grained and cohesive soils. Examples: Clays. ‘These soil particles created at one location, transported and finally deposited in another location.” Soe of eeprion! Aten River | Alluvial soils | Lakes Lacustrine soils (IES’96) | Sea \ Marine soils Wind Acolian soils (GATE"95), Examples Sand dunes, Loess | Gravitation alluvial soils, Example: Talus, ol Ge 6. Residual soils (Sedentary soils) : These are soils which remain on the parent rock without getting transported. Examples: Black cotton soils, Laterite soils. 7. Gravitational forces are predominant in gravels and sands, Surface forces, chemical forces, electrical forces are predominant in clays. Hyderabad | Nev Dali | Bowls | Bhabaneovar | Vinjwoda | Viakbapatann | Tapa | Pane | Ghennat‘Commonly used soil designations : Contains alternate thin layers of clay and silt 1. In sedimentary soil the individual particles are created at one location, transported and finally (a) deposited in another location (©) redeposited in low lying areas (c) deposited in low lying areas (d) deposited in desert areas 02. A residual soil is one formed in place by the ‘weathering of rock at the location (a) and transported to another location (b) with little or no movement of the individual soil particles (c) and deposited under lake (d) and deposited under sea 03. Soils are basically (@) Organic materials (b) Inorganic materials (©) Mineral materials (@) Organic and inorganic materials 04. The behavior of clay is governed by (@) Mass energy (b) Surface — cum —mass energy (©) Surface energy (@) Frietion ree Cy Patera eeeeally-a lnceaicne oot | 2. Moorum Itis gravel mixed with red clay 37h Mixture of sand, silt and clay E (Approximately in equal proportion ) Ttis a decomposed volcanic ash 4. Bentonite | * Contains high percentage of clay mineral, montmorillonite. * Exhibits high degree of shrinkage and swelling = bad | New Deli | Benga | Bhubaneswar | Waawoda | Visthapasan | Tipot | Pine 05, Lacustrine soil is a (@) Soil deposited in sea (b) Wind ~ bore soil (©) soil deposited in lake (d) soil formed by vegetational matter 06. Chemical weathering occurs because of (@) oxidation (b) carbonation (© hydration (d) all the above 07. The term soil Mechanics was coined by (a) Terzaghi (b) Cassagrande (©) Newmark (@) Rankine 08. Cohesionless soils are formed due to (a) Oxidation or rocks (b) leaching action of water on rocks (©) blowing of hot and cold wind (@) Physical disintegration of rocks 09, Peat is composed of (a) clay and sand (b) decayed vegetable matter (©) inorganic sift and silty clay (@) synthetic chemicals 10. Talus is the soil transported by (a) gravitational force (b) water (©) glacier (@) wind11, Varved clay is. (a) A mixture of sand, silt, clay (b) A chemically bonded soil mixture (©) Alternate thin layers of silt and clay (d) Decomposed volcanic ash deposit 12. Black cotton soil is (a) A chemically weathered residual soil (b) A physically weathered residual soil (©)A colluvial soil (@) An organic soil 13, Acolian soils are ... (GATE-1995) (a) Residual soils (b) Wind deposits (©) Gravity deposits (d) Water deposits 14, Loam means (@) Sandy clay with a little sit (b) Silty clay with a little sand (©) Sand, Silt and Clay (@) Sand, Slit and Gravel 15. Humus is (a) a half decomposed soil (b) fully decomposed soil (©) inorganic soil (a) a type of rock 16. Pick up the correct sequence of geological cycle for the formation of soil (a) transportation — upheaval — deposition — weathering (b) transportation — deposition weathering ~ upheaval (©) weathering ~ upheaval — deposition > — transportation (@) weathering — transportation — deposition ~ upheaval 17. Match List { with List IT and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I List IL (Soil deposit) (Soil Name) A. Gravity 1, Stratified drift B. Lake 2. Talus C. Glacial 3. Loess D. Wind 4, Lacustrine SRE Nora [Hoi | ecw | Von | Vege |e Che] 18, Origin of Soils (a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 (b) A2, B4, C-1, D-3 (0) A3, B-4, C-1, D2 (@) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 Maich the List-I (Type of Soil) With List-IL (Mode of Transportation and Deposition) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (ES — 1995) List 1 A. Lacustrine Soils B; Alluvial Soils €. Acolian Soils D, Marine Soils List-II L. Transportation by wind 2. Transportation by running Water 3. Deposited at the bottom of lakes 4, Deposited in sea water Codes: A @ 1 (b) 3 () 3 @ 1 ernie rae) | hokey 02.(b) 03.(d) 04. (6) 05.(c) 07.(2) 08.(4) 09.(b) 10.(@) 12.@) 13.) 14. 15.@ 17.) 18. (6) O1. (a) 06. (d) 1.© 16. (a)Definitions and Properties of Soils ef A. Soil phase system : : AL Degree of saturation (S,): * Unsaturated soil mass consists of solids + eee y water + air. * Itis in three phase system Sp= SOE OF WateT 5100=—™ x100 © Fully saturated soil consists of solids + Volume of voids Ww water * Two phase system saeiceanrte cree core ‘+ Fully dried soil consists of solids + air. ip wanna + For fully saturated soils, S; = 1 or 100% © For dry soils, Sr=0 Aig 5. Aircontent (a,) a= VilVy }_ Water vy © fora saturated soil, 0 and foradry soil,a, = 1. © Range %0 Sa, <1 ne oF hy, © A+ = ‘Three phase oer 6. Percentage air voids (n,) — (V,/V) x 100 Ea Vol of voids V, © fora saturated soil, = 0 and fora . Void ratio,e = ———_—_— = _ dry soil, n. = 0 Vol. of solids V; Range : Can have any value greater than zero. ‘* Some times ‘e” may also be greater than 1. + Void ratio for coarse grained soils is | 7/ Water content (or moisture content),w: generally less than that for fine grained © range: 0 < mi 0 ‘ © Some times it can be greater than 100% AB. Porosity (n) : Vol. of voids 100 _ Ve , 199 8 Bulk unit weight of soil, “total vol of sol =V total Wt. __ Wy +We it is also called percentage voids. Total vol. of soil oe © Range: 0 50 %, itis highly compressible 16. The fine grained soils are classified based on plasticity chart developed by Casagrande. The equation of A line is Ip =0.73 (Wi -20) Inorganic clays are plotted above A — line Inorganic silts are plotted below A —- line Organic silts and organic clays are plotted below A-~ line Black cotton soils lie along a band partly abo and partly below A — line. SA Nv en | eae | cr | Voge | Wp | [Ra | Gan0 70 10 20 30 49 50 > We (Liquid imi Plasticity Chart 17. Gravel is divided into four groups as follows. *Well graded gravel (GW): when fines< 5%, Cu> 4 and Ce lies between 1 and 3 *Poorly graded gravel (GP) : when fines< 5 % and not meeting all gradation requirements for cw. *Silty gravel (GM) : When fines > 12 96°88 Atterberg limits below Aline or Ip <4, “Clayey gravel (GC) : When fines>12 % and Atterberg limits above A-line with Ip > 7 Sands are also divided into SW, SP, SM, SC on ‘the above same lines expect that for a well graded Sand (SW), the Cu>6, 18, When fines are between 5 % and 12 %, Border line cases requiring dual symbol such as GP —GM, SW-SC, GW-GG;SP-SM, ete. 19. When Ip lies between 4 and 7, border line eases, requiring dual symbol such as GM-~GC, SM-SC ete. 20. Organic and inorganic soils are distinguished by (@) Odour test (©) Colour test (©) Liquid limit after oven drying 21. Colour Test: Organic soils have a colour of dark grey to black. 22. Odour Test: Organic soil has odour similar to that of a decaying organic matter. 23. Liquid limit test: The liquid limit of oven dried organic soils will get reduced to more than75% RRR esta [0a [easter Vee | ao Pane [ Cheam] “a 24, a1. 02, 03. 05, 07. of the original liquid limit before oven drying (ie. decreases by more than 25%) Important points: @ Silt and clay particles are not visible to naked eye. ii) Rock dust particles even of clay size, are not plastic. Group Index of soil ranges such that (@)0 Silt> clay (b) Sand < Silt 10" cm/sec. © Soil is said to be impermeable when K<107 cm/sec. Example: stiff clay 3. Darcy’s law : For flow through soils V=ki or Q=kiA. Where V = discharge velocity of flow = Q/A = Discharge /Area i = hydraulic gradient = Ah/L = loss of head per seepage length A= perpendicular cross sectional area “V” is called discharge velocity or superficial or fictitious velocity k = Coefficient of permeability--cm/sec or m/sec When i= 1,V=k {kis velocity of flow under unit hydraulic gradient Type of soil | Gravel | Sand | sitt | °¥ 10 Approx. K(emi/see) | 1 10? | 10% 4. Validity of Darcy’s law: © For laminar flow conditions only © Generally, laminar flow will prevail in clays, silts and fine sands. © Flow will be laminar as long as Reynolds number <1, when Re is calculated considering characteristic length as the average particle diameter. Seepage velocity(V,) or actual or true veloct V. = Discharge/Area of voids , V.=Vin = Discharge velocity/porosity V, is always greater than V. 6. Coefficient of percolation(k,): Vsai 2. Vs=kpi k)= coefficient of percolation = k/n cok >k = D = effective grain size = Dyo 107 em/sec © head is kept constant and the discharge is measured, knowing the head causing flow, the hydraulic gradient is calculated. ‘The “k” is determined using the formula, Q=kiA. Examplel, The following data were recorded in a constant head permeability test. Internal dia of permeameter = 7.5 ‘em, head lost over a sample length of 18 em is 24.7 em. Quantity of atercollected in 60 sec is 626 ml. Porosity of the soil sample was 44%, Calculate coefficient of permeability of the soil, discharge velocity and seepage velocity during the test. n=0. Q=KiA 626 x 28 Kx. a7xBx7 Ey a” K=0.172 cm/s (SSR es [Nee | Benz | Bibervar | Viewed | VaeMapamam | Tropa | ine | Cheat] V=Ki 1.172 x 1.37 11, Variable head test * For fine sands and silts with k = 107 to 10* cem/sec Discharge is not required to be measured. ‘~ kis calculated using the formula iB k=" logethy/h AY loge(hy/h2) Where, a= area of stand pipe L = length of soil specimen ross sectional area of soil specimen ime interval in which head drops from hy toh. Example2. Jn a falling head permeability test the initial head of 1.0 m dropped to 0.35 m in 3_hours, the diameter of the stand pipe being 5 mm. The soil specimen was 200 mm — tong and of 100 mm diameter. The coefficient of permeability of the sol in emi/sec is__ Sol: hy Om; b=035m 3 hrs=3x60x60 secs ; L = 200 mm xed? = x5? =19.63 mm? 4 100? =7853.98 mm? aL. h, K=—k + te) = 4,86 x 107 mm/s 12. Consolidation test data: Suitable for clays with k <10° cm/sec 13, Capillary-permeability test: © Suitable to find k of partially saturated soil © Capillarity and permeability both can be found.OE EE 298: Geotechnical Engineerin, i enechinical Engineering 14, Pumping out test : © Most accurate among all tests, since large area surrounding the well is influenced. ‘+ Used for large engineering projects. © Itis expensive 15. Pumping in test: * Commonly used for testing rocks and individual stratum, Example: Open-end test, Packer test(for rocks) 16. Permeability of stratified soil deposits: (2) Flow parallel to planes of stratification’ * Loss of head or hydraulic gradient is same for all layers. © Total discharge, Q=q)+q:+q:+ ... © Average permeability, ky: or ky Ky 2+ eb 2p EKG 2, +... 2, 42,42, +. k, Example3. A stratum of soil consists of three layers of equal thickness. The ities of top and bottom layers are 1 x 10 em/sec and that of middle layer is 1 x 10° emisec. Then the value of the horizontal coefficient of permeability for the entire soil layer in emi ser is a. Sol: Ki =Ky=1x 10% cm/s Ko= 1x 10° cm/s Zi=2=Zs _K,Z+K,Z, +K,2, Z4+Z,4+Z, —Z0x10* +1107 +1107) Zd+1+1) Ky=4x 10 ems Ky Flow perpenc lar to stratification: Discharge is same through all layers, ‘* Total loss of head = sum of loss of heads through each layers. hy= ha + hp + [ERIN sd [oD eis [aie ieee | Viskbapanant | Tina | Pune | Cheam ‘* Average permeability for perpendicu! flow, k, or ky 1. With the rise of temperature, the permeability (@) increases (b) decreases (©)remains constant (a) None 02. A flow is taking place in a soil for whict Porosity is “n'y if the discharge velocity is “v” then the seepage velocity will be (@ny (b) nly () vin (@) vin? 03. Flow can be assumed laminar in the following soils (@) clay only (©) clay, silt (©) clay, silt, sand (4) all types 04. In the case of soil Mechanics, the following head is neglected (aypressure head —_(b) velocity head (elevation head (4) total head 05. For Large engineering projects, the permeability is determined accurately by (a) constant head test (b) variable head test (©) pumping in test (@) pumping out test 06, For stiff clays(When permeability < 1 x 10% ‘emisec), the permeability is determined by (@) variable head test (©) capillary-permeability test (© constant head test (@) consolidation testAcademy 07. Flow between any two points in a soil depends only on the difference in (a) pressure head (6) velocity head (©) datum head (@) total head 08. The soil is said to be imperméable when coefficient of permeability is (a)<107 m/sec (b) < 10" cm/sec (©) > 10° cm/sec (d) <10 covsec 09. The soil is said to be highly permeable when coefficient of permeability is (a)> 107 cm/sec (b) > 10 cm/seo. (0)<10" cm/sec (4) <10* cmisee 10. In a Darcian flow, flow velocity is {a) Actual velocity (b) seepage velocity (0) discharge velocity, (@ boundary velocity 11. In granular soil, K yaries ———-- with the specific surface. Choose the correct statement (a) directly (b) inversely (©) logarithemically (@) not in order 12. Dary’s law is valid and flow will be laminar as Jong as Reynolds mamber is less than (a)2000 ~ (b)100. (@) 10 @1 13. A Soil has discharge velocity of 610" m/s and a void ratio of 0.5. Its seepage velocity is (IES-1995) (b) 12x10%7 m/s (@) 3x107m/s (a) 18x107 m/s (6) 6x10" m/s 14. Match List ~ I (Soil description) with List ~ IL (coefficient of permeability, mm/s) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (IES -2003) List -1 List —I A, Gravel 1>1 B. Clay silt admixtures 2.107 to 10% C. Loess 3.<10% D. Homogeneous clays 4.107 to 10 Codes: ABC D 4aen CoD @4 13 2 1432 Peis 2.3.7 @eds 2.3 (SRT seta [Noe Dats Bese | Bhntanivar | Vie | Viana | Theat | Pe | Chana 15. 16. Permeability Consider the following statements: 1. Organic matter increases the permeability of a soil 2. Entrapped air decreases the permeability of asoil. Which of these statements is /are correct? (IES -2007) (b)2 only (@) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) only (©) Both 1 and 2 Consider the following statements The coefficient of permeability depends upon 1/Void ratio of the soil 2. duration of flow 3. equivalent diameter of the soil grains. 4. shape of the particle. Which of these statements are correct? (ES -2010) (a) 1,2,3 and 4-(b)2 and 3 only (©) 1,3 and 4 only (4) 3.and 4 only ‘he coefficient of permeability of a soil is 4 x 10°%¢m/sec for a certain pore fluid. If the viscosity, pore fluid is reduced to half, then the coefficient of permeability will be (a) 8x 10° cm/sec © (b) 2x 10° cm/sec (©)16x 10° cmisee (4) 4x 10° em/see 01. (a) -02-(e)03.(¢) 04.(6) 05. (d) 06:(6) 07.(4) 08.(a) 09.(6) 10.) 11.(b). 12.44) 13.(a) 14.) 15. (6) 16.) 17.)O1. Due to a rise in temperature, the viscosity and the unit weight of the percolating: fluid are reduced to 75% and 90%, respectively if other things remain constant, the coefficient of permeability (a) increases by 50% Oi increases by 20% (©) decreases by 20% (d) decreases by 50% 02. In a falling head permeameter if the time intervals for drop in levels from hy to hy and h2 to h3 equal, then (a)hp= (hy +hs)/2 (bd) hy Gyfis= Vi xt) (hs 03. The permeability of individual layers A, Band C of soil in a three layer system is in the ratio of 2,3 and 1 respectively. The ratio of thickness of the layers A,B and C are in the ratio of 2,1 and 2 respectively. The average permeability perpendicular to the bedding planes is (a) 5/6 (b) 6/5 (3/2 (@) 9/5 units 04, In a falling head permeameter the soil sample was 18 cm long and has a ¢ross sectional area of 22 cm’. The sample of the soil was heterogeneous having permeability of 30 x 10° cm/sec for first 6 cm, 4 x 10% cm/sec for 2" 6cm and 6 x 10* cm/sec for the last 6 cm thickness. Assume flow-taking place perpendicular to the bedding planes. If the cross sectional area of the stand pipe was 2 cm’, the time required for a drop of head from 25 to 10 cm in minutes is. Q2.=4 "an . A sandy stratum 4 m thick and having a slope of S=F lies between two clay strata which are almost impermeable, Two piezometer tubes inserted at two points ‘A’ and “B" 21 m apart and — water head was noted as shown. If quantity of water per ‘m’ width of the sand stratum was observed to be 5 lithr, The permeability of the sand strata in m/scc’is . YASH EEE [Binbanewar | Vira | Vikan Ti Pine | Chan Impervious ‘Common Data for Questions 6 & 7 Water is flowing through the permeability apparat as shown in the figure. The coefficient permeability of the soil is k m/s and the porosity the soil sample is 0.50. te (GATE- 6. The total head, elevation head and pressure hea ‘in metres of water at the point R shown in th figure are (@)0.8, 0.4, 0.4 (b) 1.2, 0.4, 0.8 (©)0.4, 0,04 @1.6, 0.41.2 7, What are the discharge velocity and seepag: velocity through the soil sample? (@)k 2k = 4.2, Ok 4x2i Effective Stress Stress conditions in soil: Total stress (¢) = Total load per -unit area. Total stress is due to (a) self weight of soil and (b) over burden on the soil . Neutral pressure (or) pore pressure (u) «The pressure transmitted through the pore fluid. © Ibis called neutral pressure betause is does not have any measurable influence on void ratio or any other mechanical properly. of soil such as shearing resistance. u=by yw u= Pressure head x unit weight of water Effective stress (81): © It is equal to the total yertical reaction’ force transmitted at the points of contact of soil grains divided by the total area, including that occupied by water, © In loose words, it is the pressure transmitted from particle to particle through their points of contact through soil mass. © Ithas no physical meaning and it can not be directly measured. * Itcan only be computed knowing the o and w: * Itis also called ‘Inter granular pressure’ © It is not equal to the actual ‘Contact stress’, it] is much smaller than the actual contact stress, Significance: The decrease in void ratio and ‘mobilization of shear strength of soil depend on effective stress only. Relationship among 6, o”, u ol =o -u effective stress neutral stress. Total stress - Examplel. AA soil profile consists of a surface layer of sand 4 m thick (y= 1.6 t/m’), an intermediate layer of clay 3.5m ‘thick (7=1.9 t/m*) and the bottom layer of gravel 4 m thick (y = 1.925 tim’). The water table is at the upper surface of the clay layer. Determine the effective stress at plane CC and DD a 8 sano 8 c cay c Dp Ravel D> o-u Atplane C_| 0° $(.6x4)+(1.953.5)-@.5)x1 of = 9.55.um? ALD-D plane: o-u 1.654) + (1,953.5) + (1.925%4) - (7.5)x1 13.25 vm? ° 5. ‘The water which is held in the soil against the gravity is divided into (a) structural water (b) Adsorbed water (© Capillary water. 6. Structural water: * Itis chemically combined in the crystalline structure of the soil. * Can not be removed by simple oven drying at 105°C. ‘© It isan integral part of the soil. 7. Adsorbed water: © Water held by electrochemical forces existing on the soil surface. ‘© Itis important only for clays. iyderbad | New Debi | Beagalra | Bhubaneswar | Viiwawad | ViaMapanann | Tiupa | Pie | Chena® agg lea Geotechnical Eagitieerir 8 etintical Engiticerin For coarse grained soils the adsorbed water is negligible or zero, ‘+ Also called ‘hygroscopic water’ (the amount ‘of water in an air-dried soil). ‘+ Can be removed by oven drying. Capillary water: Capillary tise, h, = 49: £080 ted where surface tension of water 9. Insoils, the capillary height, he = 0.3 /d where hh. = capillary rise in ‘om" d= diam of void in ‘em’ Note: h, a 1d © Water is held in the voids of soil due*to capillary forces (surface tension) * depends on surface tension of liquid, size of voids in a soil. © The inter connected fine voids of a soil will. act like a capillary tube, through which capillary water rises, It is called ‘capillary fringe’ * In clays the capillary rise will-be maximum and it may be even more than 25 m. © Capillary water is always under tension and Varies linearly . 10. As the capillary rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of the tube, the capillary rise is small in coarse grained soils, but it may be very large in fine grained soils. 11. The capillary water causes compression in the walls of the capillary tube (or on the soil grains). 12, Frost heav. ‘The water which rises from the water table to the capillary fringe may freeze if temperature falls down to freezing point and ice is formed, This causes increase in volume of soil and AGREED scan [Novas [Sain ae [Wisrorda | Vistonamam [Tinga [Fane | lew] thereby uplifting the light structures built on t ground. This phenomenon is called ‘Fre heave’. Soils which are prone to frost heave a silts and fine sands. 13. Frost bo * The process of softening of soil due increase in water content caused by melti or thawing of ice formed in the capilla fringe, ‘+ Soils susceptible to softening effect are sil and fine sands. 14, To prevent frost heave and frost boil: ‘*» Replace the frost susceptible soil by coars grained like Gravel, sand * Also by: providing insulation blanke consists of gravel or Coarse Sand (15 t 30cm thick), O1. ‘Effective Stress’ is the stress (a) Transmitted by flowing water (b) Transmitted fiom particle to particle through the points of contact. (©) that can be measured (@) None of the above 02, In the figure shown, the effective pressure at ‘C° is given by if ‘water soil 4.15 (@) (+2) yw (0) Z yw (©)Z Yau (4) byw + Z Ysa 03. Which of the following is an effective pressure (@) pore water pressure (b) capillary pressure (©) water load (d) None of the aboveEffective Stress 04, For water table below ground surface, a rise in the water table causes (a) An increase in pore pressure and decrease in effective pressure (b) decrease in pore pressure and increase in effective pressure : (©) No change in effective pressure (@ Equal change in pore pressure and total pressures 05. The effect of capillary saturation will cause the effective stress (@) to increase (b) to decrease (0) either to increase or decrease (@) not to change 06. When the water level in’a lake (or tank) rises, the effective stresses inthe soil below are (@)increased —_(b) decreased (©)un changed — (d) None of the above and the effective: 07. Comparing total stress, stress, “6!” (a) 6 is always greater than 3! (b) 8! is always greater than 3 (c) 6! can be lesser than orequal to or greater than 8 (@) None of the above 08. If the soil above water table is- completely saturated due to rain water, the effective pressure in this saturated/Soil at any depth, “h’ below Ground Level is (@) Yau (b) tae -b ©w-h (@ None 09. In the capillary saturated zone (capillary fringe) (a) effective stress is lesser than total stress (b) effective stress is equal to total stress (6) effective stress is greater than total stress (d) None of the above 10. Neutral pressure (Pore pressure) is, (a) always compressive (b) always tensile (©) compressive below water table and tensile above water table (@ compressive above water table and tensile below water table RSE tas Nev Dats [Deno | Bintancoar | Vino | Veaktapamamn | Trop Pine | Cheam] 11. The stress which controls the strength and deformation behaviour of soil is (a) Total pressure _(b) Pore pressure (©) Effective pressure (d) None 12, The relation between total pressure ‘o’, and effective pressure ‘o"” and pore pressure, ‘u’ is @o'=o+u @o'=o-u @o u (@ None of the above 13. Jn the capillary saturated zone pore pressure is (@) tensile (b) compressive (c) either tensile or compressive (@ zero 14, When ground water table is lowered (@) total stress decreases, neutral stress decreases, but effective stress increases. (b) total, neutral and effect stresses decreases (@ptotal stress remains constant while the neutral and effective stresses decrease (@ totalestréss and neutral stresses decrease while effective stress remain constant. 15. Inerease in level of water table above Ground Level causes (@) Increase in effective stress (b)-Novchange in effective stress (©) Decrease in effective stress (@) Nothing can be said 16, Water table was found 1 m, below ground Surface. Above the water table the soil was found saturated with capillary water. If saturated density is 20 KNim’, the effective stress at the water table level in ‘KN/m* is (as (b)10 (ce) 15 @20OS Geotechnical Engineerin Statement for Linked Answer Questions 17 and 18: ‘The ground conditions at a site are shown in the figure below: . (GATE-2008) ou v Send = ‘Sm Water tables t ground level Water content = 20% Specific gravity of slide Unit weight of water 27 HORN +P 17. The saturated unit weight of the sand (KN / m>) is (@) 15 ®18 @a2w (24 18. The total stress, pote water pressure and effective stress ( KN/m*) at the point P are, respectively (a) 75, 50 and 25. | (b) 90, 50 and 40 (©) 105, 50.and 55 (@) 120, 50 and 70 19. The depth of water in a swimming pool is 6 m. ‘The effective and total pressures at a depth of 3 ‘m below top surface of water in *KN/m”” are (a) ‘0 and ‘0° (b) ‘30" and *0” (c) 0" and 30" (4) ‘0° and ‘3 02. (6) 07.) 12.(b) 17.(0) 01. (b) 06, (©) IL@ 16. (@) 03. (b) 04. (@) 08. (b) 09. (¢) 13.@) 14.(@) 18. 19. 05. (a) 10. (0) 15.(b) (RR oing [NG alan | Vis |Wetapmamn [Tp TP Cenna] 1. In order to raise the level of a large stadium, a 2 thick fill with a unit weight of 18 KN/m’ w spread on the entire are. If the increase Vertical stress at adepth of mis36 — KNin then the increase in vertical stress at a depth 2m will be (UPPSC"9, (@) 9KNim? (b)_ 18 KN/im® (©) 24KN/m? (a9°36 KN/m? 2. The approximate depth at which effecti vertical pressure is equal to 100 KN/m? in typical deposit of submerged soil is (@)5M_@)10M ()20M (@) 100M 3. A 2 m thick sand layer of density 1.7v/ overlies a 4 m thick saturated clay of densi 2tim*. The effective pressure at the center « clay layer if the water table is at the inter face ‘the layers is, (a) 74t/m?* 54 t/m* (o)2t/m? ()7.0t/m? 4. The effective stress at depth of 10 M belo ground level, when W.T is 3m below groun level , saturated density is 20 KN/m3 and bul density is 18 KNim’, is (a) 194 KN/m* (b) 124 KN/m?-» Anov# (c) 100 KN/m*® (d) None of the above 5. For the subsoil condition shown in Fig calculate the effective stress at 6m beloy ‘ground level Assume Y= 10 KN/m’, (GATE-1998 BLO Gt. ELim__WT._V EL3m_sand_en04. Gr 206 BL6m Clay y,,=20KN/m? (a) 18.93 KN/m* © 42.5 KNim? (©) 122.5KN/m* (72.5 KNim?EG Effective Stress ‘Common Data for Questions 6 & 7 A layer of saturated clay 5 m thick is over lain by sand 4.0 m deep. The water table is 3 m below the top surface. The saturated unit weights of clay and sand are 18 KN/m* and 20 KNim? respectively. Above the water table, the unit weight of sand is 17 KNim, ‘w= 9.81 KNim*, (GATE-1999) 6. The effective pressures on a horizontal plane at a depth of 9 m below the ground surface is (@)161 KN/m? (8)102 KN/m* (¢) 137 KN/m? (QU2KNim* 7. What will be the increase in the effective pressure at 9 m if the soil gets saturated by capillary, up toa height of 1 m above'the water table ? 3 Kim? (b)10 KN‘m? (c) 24 KNim? (@12 KNim? Common Data for Questions 8 & 9 A soil profile consists of a surface layer of clay 4m thick (y = 19.5 KN/m’) and a sand layer 2 m thick (y = 18.5 KNim’) over lying an impermeable rock. ‘The water table is at the ground surface. If the water level in a standpipe driven into the sand layer rises 2 m above the) ground surface, Take y= 10 KN/m’, Prefornetin 8. The effective stress at a depth of 6m is (a) 85 KNim? (b) 64 KN/m? (6) 30. KNim? (35 KN/m? 9. ‘The increase in-effective stress at the top of the rock when the artesian head in the sand is reduced by I m, will be (410 Kim? (©) 19.5 KN/m? (b) 18.5 KNim? (@) None (ROSIN) etd | New ens | Hever | Bianca | Viewed | Viaapaa [Tio | ine | Chea]Seepage Pressure and Criticc Hydraulic Gradient Total head = pressure head + velocity head + datum head (or) elevation head. Velocity head in soils is neglected. “. Total head = Pressure head + datum head oH hy £Z 2. Hydraulic Gradient (i) : It is the loss of head er unit seepage distance. i = h/L 3. Seepage Pressure (p,) :It is” the pressure: exerted by water on the soil through which it percolates, Seepage Pressure py = b= i. Z. yy Where h=net head causing flow i hydraulic gradient @ Scepage pressure always acts in the direction of flow. ii) Due to seepage pressure, vertical effective Pressure may be increased or decreased based upon direction of flow: Effective stress increases if flow is down wards. (iv) Effective stress decreases if flow is upwards, ‘4. Critical hydraulic gradient and quick sand condition : If upwards seepage pressure becomes equal to submerged weight of soil, effective pressure reduces to zero. In this case sand looses all its shear strength and soil particles move in upward direction. - This phenomenon is called “Quick condition / boiling condition / Quick sand- Note: “Quick Sand” is not a type of sand but a Condition occurring in ‘Cohesion less” The cohesive soil docs not develop q condition since it possesses some shear stre equal to its cohesive strength even when effective stress is zero. The quick conditio most likely to arise in silts and fine sands, * During quick condition hydraulic gradien called critical hydraulic gradient (i) i. =(G-1l-n) * Generally, the critical hydraulic gradient £ cohesionless soils is about unity, * The critical hydraulic gradient is n affected by depth of water over the so surface. 5. Effect of surcharge on quick condition : In. an upward: flow, at bottom of soil, the effective stress becomes zero, when Ye hay +) The head required to cause quick condition is, 6 To prevent quick sand condition during excavation of trenches : ° Keep certain depth of water ‘Present in excavation pit without completely de watering.Examplel. ‘A layer of clay of thickness 12.5 m is underlain by sand. The Yu: of the clay is 18.5 KNém'. When the depth of an open trench excavated in the clay reached a depth of § m the bottom cracked and the water started entering the trench from below. What is the height to which water would have risen from the top of sand in a bore hole if it were drilled into sand prior to the excavation, is (Take yy = 10 KNim’). (GATE - 1995) Sol: You = 18.5 KN/m* ‘At 12.5 m depth, 6 = Your Zw Hi Here 0’ =0 = 18.5x4.5-10 5 (@) Dis of filter /Dgs of soil) > 5, 08. Graded is filter is one whereit (2) the finest layer is on the upstream side of the filter (®) the coarsest layer. is on the upstream side of the filter (©) the medium coarse-layer is at the upstream side of the filter (@) any layer is at the upstream side the filter, 09. Piping occurs when (a) effective stress is zero () flow is down wards (©) flow is upwards (@) flow is horizontal 10. Assertion (A): Quick Sand is not a type of sand but itis @ condition arising in a sand mass Reason (BR): When the “upward: seepage Pressure becomes equal to the presstfe“due to submerged weight of a soil, the effective Pressure becomes zero GES - 1996) Codes: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false @ Ais false but Ris true 11. Consider the following statements: 1. Quicksand is a special variety of sand, 2. Quicksand is not a material but a hydraulic condition, 38 o1. 02. 03. Geotechnical Engineer 3. In nature, quicksand condition is obser, usually in coarse silt or fine sand, Which of the above statements are correct? (IES -200 (@) 1,2 and3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c)2 and 3 only (@) 1 and 3 only O1-(a) 02.(c) 03.(@) 04.(@) 05. (6) 06. (d) “07.(b) 08.(a) 09.(a) 10. (a) 1. ‘Atvexcavation isto be performed in a stratum o clay, 9m thick, underlain by a bed of sand. In’ trial bore-hole, the ground-water is observed t rise up to an elevation 3 m below grou surface. The unit weight of the soil is 2 KNcum. The depth to which the excavation car be safely carried out without the botton becoming unstable under uplift pressure o ‘ground-water is @3m 45m Jom zer0 In the above: problem, if the excavation is to be safely carried to a depth of 7 m, how much should the water table be lowered in. the Vicinity of the trench ? (@4m (b)6m (am none Jn a 6 m thick stratum of fine sand having submerged density of 11 kN/m’, quicksand condition occurred at a depth of 4.2 m of excavation. What is the depth of lowering of groundwater table required for making an (IES -2009) (a) 3.85 m (©) 1.68 m (lim (d) 0.897 m04.A glass container with pervious bottom containing fine sand in loose state (void ratio = 0.8) is subjected to hydrostatic pressure from underneath until quick condition occurs in the sand. If the specific gravity of sand particles 2.65, area of cross-section of sand sample = 10 cm’ and height of sample = 10 cm. The head of ‘water required to cause quicksand condition is (a) 10cm ) 9.17 (©) 6.87em (d) 8.53em, Common Data for Questions 5 & 6 Water is flowing at the rate of 0,04ml/see"in an upward direction through a fine sand sample whose’ coefficient of permeability is 2x10" em/see. ‘The sample thickness is 10 cm and-¢ross. sectional area. is 45 cm” . The saturated unit weight of sand is 1.93 gicm’, Seepage Pressure & Critical Hydraulic Gradient 5, The head causing the flow is (@) 2.64em (©)8.7em (@14.44em ()444em 6, The effective stress at the bottom of the soil is 4.86 g/cm? (b) 13.44 gem? (©) 6.56 gicm* (@) 9.33 gfem? (REEDS) Now as Bena | Dhatancorar | Venera | Veep | Tra | Pine | CheeSeepage Analysis 1. Flow net :It is a combination of flow lines and equipotential lines. 2. Flow line : It is a path along which a water Patticle travels. It is also called stream line 3. Equipotential line : having equal total head. If piezometers are inserted into the soil” different points along an equipotential line, water would rise to the same’ elevation in all these piezometers. 4 line joining points Note: Along an equipotential line the total head is constant while pressure heads are different, clevation heads are different. 4. Flow path : The space between two adjacéit flow lines. Also called flow channel, 5. Field : Space between any two adjacent flow lines and adjacent equipotential lines. 6. Characteristics of flow net : * Flow lines and equipotential tines are orthogonal to each other (i., perpendicular) * The quantity of seepage in each flow. channel is the same. * Drop in head between adjacent equipotential lines is the same. * Two flow lines or two equipotential line’ can never meet or cross each other Fields are kept approximately squares, ‘* Flow net does not depend on permeability of the soil (K) and head causing flow (H) * Depends on boundary conditions only, 7. Uses of flow net : To compute (@) Seepage loss (© Uplift pressure (b) Seepage pressure (@ exit gradient [esa ee es Viera [VieWapanans [Tinga | Pine | Gan 8. Seepage quantity: q= xn(} k = permeability of the soil For an anisotropic soil, k= Jk k, where k,. = permeability in horizontal direction y= permeability in vertical direction H > net head causing flow (difference between Uis and D/s water levels) ‘Ne= no. of flow channels Na= no, of potential drops The ratio Nr /.Ng is\called ‘Shape factor’ of flow net .For a given boundary conditions, ‘Ne/ Na’ ratio remains same. For a particular set of boundary conditions the flow net will be unique. 9. Calculation of seepage pressure (p,) usi flownet P=%w-h h hydraulic potential or balance hydraulic hhead available after ‘n’ potential drops. H-n AH total “hydraulic head causing flo difference. between U/s and Dis wate levels AH = head drop through field = H/ Na 10. Calculation of uplift pressure from flow net Uplift pressure at any depth p= 1. hy pressure head at that depth = total head ~ elevation head. by 11. Exit gradient from flow net : AH Exit gradient, (,, = 22 AH = head drop, per field AL = average length of last field at exit point * For safety against piping, the icq must always be less than the critical hydraulic gradient (j.)‘+ Factor of safety against piping, © Filters (Graded or inverted) are provided at exit point to Prevent escape of soil particles. and to check piping. 12. Phreatic line: (also called seepage line or top flow tine) : ‘* Along phreatic line pressure head is zero (only atmospheric pressure exists) + A parabolic shape ‘+ Kozey’s solution is also tsed to find seepage through earth dams, Discharge through body of the dam, q=K.S © $= focal distance (distance between focus and directrix of the parabolic shape phreatic line) 13. Seepage in anisotropic soils: ‘+ Equivalent permeability k’ = kk, © Flow lines and equipotential lines get deflected at the interface between two. issimilar soils when they pass from one soil to the other. Soil (1) Soil (2) ks Normal to boundary (ETN oes Henan | aioeer | ome | Veena [eT Gana] 01. Space between two adjacent flow lines is called (@) Flow potential (b) Flow path (©) Flow field (@ Flow length 02. Quantity of seepage in each flow channel of a flow net is (@) Dependent of size of field (b) Dependent of potentiaf drop (©) Same = (@) Dependent on the number of flow channels 03. The quantity of seepage depends on 1, The coefficient of permeability 2. The differential head across the flow path 3. The length of flow path Of these statements (@) 1,2 are comect (©)3,1 are correct (b) 2,3 are correct {d) 1, 2, 3 are correct 04: Drop in head between adjacent equipotential line is (a) Dependent of up-stream head (b) Dependent of downstream head (©) Dependent of number of equipotential lines @ Same 05, For an increase in the length of flow path, the exit gradient will (@) Increase (b) Remain constant (©) Decrease @ Be unity 06, Providing cut — off walls beneath a hydraulic structure. (a) Reduces the exit gradient (b) increases the flow (©) Decreases the flow path (@) none 07. Identify the incorrect flow net property (a) Flow lines and equipotential lines intersect or meet orthogonally (b) Quantity of water flowing channel is the same (©) Potential drop between any two successive equipotential lines is different (@ Flow lines and equipotential lines are smooth curves. through each42 Geotechnical Engineerit 08. In a flow net there are 4 flow channels and 15 equipotential drops, estimate the quantity of seepage if the head loss is 3 m and k=2x10 ‘m/s (@)3.8x10-*m/s (b) 16x10 mis (©)22.5x 10°? mis (d)4.8x10-* m/s 09. It has been mathematically shown that the basic shape of the top flow line in a dam is that of (@) an ellipse (b) aparabola (©)acircle (@) a log—spiral 10. The shape factor of a flow net is given as (a) Nal Ne (b) (Ns DANr (©) Ne/ Na @ONi=DINa LL. The head existing on top flow line is (a) Total head (0) Velocity head (©) Pressure head (d) Elevation head 12, The shape factor for a given flow domain (a) Depends on number of flow lines (b) Depends on number of equipotential fines (©) Depends on number of flow. channels (@) Is relatively unchanged 13. The pressure head at the intersection of phreatic line and any equipotential line is (a) unity (b) zero ©>0 @<0 14. The effective permeability used. in a transformed section is @Ki/Ky ©) (KK (1KiK, OK /K, 1S. To make certain that the backfill material is more pervious than the soil to be drained, the relationship used is (IES-1997) (8) Dis) <5 (Des)porced sot (©) Dis)aie:25 (Disposed sot (©) Dis)aneS5 (Dis) proced si LAF Di ecee >5 (D1 spotted ait 16, Assertion (A): The possibility of piping failure in earth dams is more if black cotton soil is the foundation material Reason (R): The highly expansive black cot soils are the most common soils wherever bas rock is present. (IES-201 Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the corn explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a cor explanation of A (©) Ais true but R is false (@) Ais false but Ris true 17. The figure below shows two flow lines 1 ‘Seepage across an interface between two si media of different coefficients of permeabili If entrance angle 7-30", the exit angle az w be (GATE-200 4, ~10107 me 2K, = 4 0x10" mis (a) 7.50% ©) 14. 03) (©) 66.59 @ 75.96 O1.(b) 02. () 03.(4) 04.(d) 05. (0) 06.(a) 07.(©) 08.(b) 09.(b) 10. (@) 11.(@) 12.@) 13.0) 14.(@) 15. (a) 16.4) 17. ivienbed | Nev Delhi | Bengt | Bhtancsvar | Visyavada | Vaekhapataih | Tinipad | Pane | ChannaSeepage Analysis o1 02, The coefficients of permeability of a soil in horizontal and vertical directions are 3.46 and 1.5 m/day respectively. The base length of a concrete dam resting in this soil is 100 m. When the flow net is developed for this soil with 1: 25 scale factor in the vertical direction, the reduced base length of the dam will be (GATE-2001) 62.63 m (6) 4.00 m (©) 6.08 m (543m Fora sheet pile wall constructed if a soil having effective grain size-0.1 mm, the difference of the upstream and downstfeam water levels is 3 m. If the flow net drawn for the problem yields 2 as the ratio of number of head drops to number of flow channels, then what is the discharge in unit of m‘/S/m length of sheet pile wall? (LES-2009), (a) 3.010 (b) 3.0107, (@) 1.5104 (@) 15x10" 03. The flow net constructed for the dam is shown in the figure below. Taking the coefficient of permeability as 3.8x10~m/s, the quantity of s flow (in cmr’/s) under the dam per meter of dam is U9 eo? (GATE-2014) seco" Tmpermeable satu 04, In the'schematic flow net shown in the given figure the hydraulic potential at point A is. (IES - 1996) 6) 10m of water (0) 25m of water (a) Sim of water (015m of water Hyderabad | New Debi | Bengaluns | Bhubaneswar | Visyarads | Visiiapemam | Tapa Pine | GicaaStress Distribution 1, Bousinesq’s Equation : . Assumptions of Boussinesq theory: Soil is homogeneous, isotropic, semi infinite, elastic medium, weight less and the load is a point load acting on the ground surface. 2. Homogeneous : A material is said to be homogeneous if it has identical properties at different points, in identical directions, 3. Isotropic: A material is said/to be isotropic when it has identical elastic properties in all directions ata point. 4, Semi infinite: A material is said to be semi infinite if it extends infinite in all directions below a horizontal surface. 5, Vertical stress (63): Where, z=Wertical distance of the point below the load, Q= Point load 1 = radial distance of the point © Radial shear stress, tr. = 02 (1/2) * Note: When 1=0, Ka=3/2n= 0.478 ‘¢”wTheoretically,az is zero only at an infin distance. ‘Example: 1 ‘A rectangular area 2x4 m carries a ud.l of 8 tim? the ground surface. Find the vertical pressures at 5 ‘below the center and comer of loaded area, usit Boussinesq’s equation. : 2 Sol: z pees A qe Stim 4 el é im To find oz at 5 m below centre: Q=LxBxq =2x4x8=64 ton At below centre, (SGM cca | Nev Dats | Renal | Banca | Vpwavads | Venkiayotam | Tropa | Pane | Ghana= $3 1 20/m? Qn To find oz at 5 m comer of loaded area: 52) = 0.774 tim? Isobar : It is a curve of Gontour connecting all points below the ground surface of equal vertical stress, It is a spatial curved surface . The zone within a soil mass bounded by an isobar of given vertical presSure“intensity is called ‘Pressure bulb’. The pressure in the soil. inside an isobar is greater than the pressure present on that isobar. isobar —> Note: (@) Boussinesq theory is best suited to ‘shallow. foundations’. ‘Example 2: A concentrated load of 50 acts vertically at a point on the soil surface. If Boussinesq equation is applied for computation of stress then the ratio of vertical stresses at depths of 3m and Sm respectively vertically below the point of application of load will be Sol: Vertically below the load: 16,0 @ ‘c;’ doesn’t depend upon young’s modulus and poisons ratio of the soil. Hence applicable for any soil eT ee TL 6 variation on a horizontal plane. B35!) atopmax 1z=0.817 92 variation on a vertical ata ‘distance ‘r’ from the load Pe variation on a vertical ‘below the load. 7. Vertical stress due to circular loaded area:- ‘o,’ at a depth ‘2’ on the vertical axis passing through centre of a uniformly loaded circular area of radius ‘yj, Pp Fivdeatad | New Debi | Banglore | Bhubnowar | Vityamads | Viekpatman Tiina Pine] Chena(or) oz=q[1-cos*9] 8. Newmark’s influence chart : (a) To find vertical stress below the loaded area of any shape (b) The point may lie with in or outside the loaded area (©) Each area unit causes equal vertical sttess at the centre of the chart. (@) The Newmark's chart “is-“based on Boussinesq ‘s theory. Vertical Stress, o2=I. n. q I = Influence coefficient = Number of sectors or area units occupied by footing q = Intensity of loading (KN/m* or Kg/m*) Geotechnical Engineeri Example: A raft foundation carries a u.d.l of 30 vim’. To estim the vertical stress at a depth of 9 m below the come raft by Newmark’s influence chart, the plan of | loaded area is drawn to the required scale. The num! cof load blocks occupied by the plan is 62. Influen value is 0.005. What is the vertical stress a the point Sol: oz=Inq 1=0.005 n=62 q=30 tm? ++ = 0.005 % 62 x 30 97 =9.3 tin 9. Westerqaard’s Theory ~ Assumptions: Elastic medium of semi-in fir extent but containing numerous, closely spac horizontal sheets of negligible thickness of infinite rigid material which permits only do ward deformation as a whole with out allow: it to undergo any lateral strain. Westergaard’s theory is suitable for stratif soils or sedimentary soils, varved clays. ‘oz’ (Vertical stress) at a point is given by, lg ry af fee Nz Fenske’s chart is used to find the vertical stre based on Westergaard’s equation Hyderabad | Nev Deli | Bengali | Bhubaoosvar | Visyvads | Viekhapstana | napa [Pune | healACE @® ‘Engineering Academy Stress Distribution a 10. Contact pressure : It is the pressure exerted by foundation soil on the under side of the footing. It depends upon elastic properties of the SOIL and FOOTING. TaTeaine | | Tethoe] | { ial cc UT Clay * * * * Flexible footing | Flexible footing Clay ‘Sand 11. Vertical stress below the comer of a uniformly loaded rectangular area (Newmark’s method). m=Liz n= Biz The parameters ‘m’ and ‘n’ are interchangeable. Vertical stress at the comer is given by a: T.q. ‘Where ‘I’ is an influence coefficient depends on parameters ‘m’ and ‘n’. The ‘T’ value can be read from tables or curves developed by New-mark. [EERE tnd | Now as | Bena | Bhatancorr | Vine | Vena | Tope | Pane | ChomaQO wi Fini Geotechnical Engineering (eon 1. Under a flexible footing, the contact pressure in the case of clayey soils is (@ EEERSRT | () PEI © tttttttt 2. A Newmark’s chart fas an influence coefficient of 0.005. rectangular footing area covers ‘6° sectors when centrally loaded on Newmark’s chart. If the footing is 40 t/m’, the stress at the center of the footing is (a) 0.30 vm? (b) 0.20 im? © 120m? @ Lum 03. A concéntrated load of 2000 KN is applied at the ground surface, Then the:vertical stress. at a point which is 7 m directly below the load as per Boussinesq’s equation is (@) 408 KNim (b) 140 (©) 20 KN/m* (@) 81.6 KN/m* ‘The intensity of radial shear stress at a point 4m. directly below a 2 tonnes point load is, (@) 0.16t/m> ——(b) 0.125 vm? (©) Zero (@) 1m 05. The vertical stresses calculated by the Boussinesq theory and Westergaard’s theory at particular point will be identical when y/Z. ratio is equal to (r = radial distance of , vertical depth of the point) (a) 1 (b) 0.817 © 15 @ 205 07. 08. 10. 9. The vertical cross section of an isobar is (a) parabolic curve ©) lemniscates (b) Circle @ None On a circular loaded area of 2m diameter, th load intensity be 100 KN/m’, The verti stress in the soils at a depth of Im below 1 center of the loaded area will be (a) 45.6 KN/m? (b) 50 KN/m? (©) 64.65 KN/m? (@) 70.7 KNim? In. the construction of Newmark’s influenc chart, ifthe number of annular areas selected 10 and each. annular area is divided into | sectors, the influence value of for the chart is (a) 0.005 (b) 0.05 (©) 0.01 @ 0.001 ‘A point load of 700 KN is applied on t surface of a thick layer of clay. — Usin Boussinesq’s elastic analysis, the estimate vertical stress (6,) ata depth of 2m and a radi distance of 1,0m from the point of applicatic of the load is : (@) 47.5 kPa (© 477 kPa ) 47.6k Pa @ 478kPa The figure given below represents the conta pressure distribution underneath a Footing (a) rigid footing on saturated clay (b) rigid footing on sand (©) flexible footing on saturated clay (d) flexible footing on sand [ New Deli | Bengaana | Bhubaneswar | Vipyavadta | Viakhapaiann [Trap | Pane | Chennal11. Standard Newmarl luence chart is Shown | in the given figure. If loaded equally the areas marked I and 2 will yield pressures at the centre such that (HES - 1995) (@) 1 yield more than 2 | (b) 2 yield more than 1 (©) 1 and 2 yields the same (@) 1 yield exactly half of that of 2 12. Westergaard’s formula for vertical stress gives greater value of stress than that by the Boussinesq’s formula, when r/z exceeds (IES -2005) @15 25 | 35 (dao 13, The change in the vertical stress in the’Soil mass estimated by boussinesq’s equation when Poisson's ratio of soil changes from 0.3 to 0.5 will be (IES - 2002) (@) reduction by 30% (b) increase by 50% (©) reduction by 20% (d) no change OL. () 02. (c) 03.(c) 04. (€) 05. (e) 06.(c) 07.) 08.(c) 09. (a) 10. (a) IL.) 12.) 1344) The Poisson’s ratio for a saturated clay will be (@Zero (025 (HOS @ 0.15 o1 02, A rectangular area 2x4 m carries a ud of 8 Um? at the ground surface. Find the Hyderabad | New Delhi | Benzalurs | Bhutanesvar | Vieywada | Veakbapaaann Ria [Fine | Chea Stress Distribution vertical pressure at Sm below the center and comer of the loaded area. Take the following date, with usual notations. le 1! cua (2) 3.22. & 0.474 um? (B) 1.05 & 0.74 vm? (©) 1.40.74 tim? (a) 1.05228 0 m=VZ n=b/Z Ky 04 02 0.0328 0s 04 —o.o9s1 © 03. A water tank is supported on 3 columns, which form, an equilateral triangle configuration total load of the water tank is 200 t. ‘The spacing of Columns is 3m, Assuming that the load on each footing as a point load, find the vertical stress induced ata depth of 2m, under any one of the footing? . use Boussinesq’s equation (a)3.3 vim? (b) 4.3 vm? (©) 6.66 tim (B8.8vm? A circular ring-type foundation for a water tank exerts_on the soil a uniformly distributed pressure of 20 KNim* The dimensions of the foundation are shown in fig. Find the vertical stress at the center of the foundation at a depth of 10 m, Take the outer inner dampers of the raft as 4m and 3m respectively °" (@)2.3 KNim? (b) 4.43 KNim? (& 1.56 KN/m® (@)2.8KNim* 05. The vertical stress at some depth below the comer of a ImXiL5m rectangular footing due to a certain load intensity is 100 kN/m?, What will ‘be vertical stress in kN/m? below the centre of a 2mX3m rectangular footing at the same depth and same load intensity? (GATE-2007) (25 (6)100 (200 ¢d) 400 A raft foundation carries a ud.l of 30m’, To estimate the vertical stress at a depth of 9 m below the comer of raf by Newmark’s influence chart, the plan of the loaded area is drawn to the required scale. The number of load blocks occupied by the plan is 62. - Influence value is 0.005. The vertical stress is worked out 10 y 06. (a)5.3 KNim* (¢)4.6 KNim? 9.3 KNim* 6.8KNim*| | . x eae Consolidation x BY ¥ 1. Compressibility: It is the property due to which reduction in volume occiirs under compression. In soils, compression takes place due to (a) compression and expulsion of air in the voids. (b) expulsion of water in the voids. © The compression of solid grains’ and compression of water in thé voids are negligibly small and are neglected: 2. Consolidation : It is the compression of the soil mass due to expulsion of water from the voids under a steady, static, Jong term pressure. 3. Compaction: Compression of soil mass by expulsion of air from the voids under short duration, moving or vibratory loads. 4. Factors affecting consolidation (or) ‘compaction : (a) For coars¢ grained soils. (c.g: sand) (i) Permeability (ii) Drainage conditions, (b) For clays : In addition to above (expulsion of dotible layer water from grains, (ii) slipping of particles to new positions of high density. ‘Compaction is a quick process, whereas the consolidation is a slow process and time bound, 5. Stages of Consolidation (@) Initial Consolidation: The reduction in volume just after the application of load. Tn partially saturated soils it is due to expulsion and compression of air in the voids. (b) Primary Consolidation: The reduction in volume of soil due to squeezing out of Hyderabad | water from the voids is termed as Pri Consolidation (or) Primary Compres (or) Primary Time Effect. (© Secondary Consolidation (or) Creep is the compression due to expulsio highly viscous water and —_ pl readjustment of solid particles... Oc after the reduction of all excess Ptessure to zero and primary consolide is. completed, Secondary consolids ‘occurs under constant effective stres very slow fate. Also called “Secon ‘Compression’ (or) ‘Secondary time effe tis proportional to logarithm of time. Secondary consolidation occurs only in case of organic soils and loosely depos clays. Tetzaghi’s theory is not applicable ‘Secondary Consolidation’, 6. Terzaghi’s Piston and Spring Analo Model: valve i { Comparison (Simulation) del Soil grains [Spring Voids and water | Cylinder Permeability Valve opening Effective Stress in the soil_| Load on the sprit ‘Excess pore pressure | Load on water 7. Excess Hydrostatic Pressure (or) Excess F Pressure (a): It is the pressure that builds u pore water of a saturated soils mass duc extemal applied loads. Also called ‘Hy Dynamic Pressure” Dali | Benplurs | Bhubaneswar | Vinyawada | Viaitapatam [Tina | Pane | GhennEngineering Academy 51: Consolidation Hydro Dynamic Lag : It is the delay caused in consolidation by the slow drainage of water out of a saturated soil mass. Note: As water escapes out from the soil during consolidation process, excess. hydrostatic pressure decreases, the effective pressure on soil increases, void ratio decreases, Degree of saturation remains same. At equilibrium (i. after completion of consolidation) the applied pressure becomes equal to the effective stress. The excess pore pressure becomes zero. 9. Consolidation of laterally confined soils : 3 ee Virgin compression ctirve ¢ -recompression t . eee —+ logo Pressure ~ Void ratio variation curves For compression, he=C, vs, 2] a CoB (4) oO Where, C.= Compression Index slope of linear portion of e-log ¢ ' curve. 0 = Initial void ratio at oy!, er= void ratio at final increased pressure, o/', a) C.= 0.007(w,-10%) — For remoulded soil (given by skempton) (RRR NN) ett [New Dats | Bengt | Baer | Viarads | Veep | Tropa | Pe | Clea b) C.= 0,009 (wr ~ 10%) — For undisturbed soil sample and field consolidation (given by Terzaghi & Peck) 10. Coefficient of compressibility (a,): It is the ratio of decrease in void ratio per unit increase of pressure. Units : m/KN. is not constant. As pressure increases, ‘ay? decreases, 1M. Coefficient Coefficient of Volume Compressibility (m,): of Volume Change (or) It is the change in volume of soil per unit of initial volume due to unit increase in pressure. Py ee units : m/KN. ¥y.Aoh For laterally confined soils, ‘oF laterally confined soils, m, = 52 — pee ie « (te,) do" 4 Ae \t bo ‘12, Consolidation Settlement (S,) : 4)" S;=AH= mH. Ao! ii) aut de i Treo 2S Hee og 2 1+e, o o'-= oy! + Ac? . w sr= Hoag [0-2 82") Ire 6 iii) S>= AHGeotechnical Engineering Where, Initial thickness of clay layer undergoing consolidation. C.= coefficient of compression index of the clay = 0.009 (wr — 10%) 9 = original void ratio of the clay undergoing consolidation. 0p! = original effective pressure at center of clay layer. ‘Ao’ = increase in pressure at center of clay layer due to applied loads. Example 1: ‘A footing for a water tower carries a load of 900 tons and is 3.6m square. It rests in dense sand of 9m thickness overlying a clay layer of 3 m depth. The depth of foundation is 1.5 m. The clay layer overlies hard rock. Liquid limit of clay is 54%, void ratio is1.08. The saturated unit weights of the sand and clay are 1.89 tm’ and 1.79 t/m° respectively. ‘Assume the load distribution as 2V to 1H... Assume that the site is flooded. Determine (@ the ultimate settlement due to consolidation of the clay layer and (ii) the max. effective stres layer, atthe end ss atthe centre of the clay lidation Sol: hard rack Wee 54%, €9= 1.08, H=3m Co= 0.009 (wx ~ 10) = 0.009(54~10) = 0.396 y/+1.5y = 9 (1.89 = 1) +15 (1.79 = 1) = 9.195 tm ges Bn Z=9-15+15m=9m 900 67t/m* G.6+9) of =0}, + Ao'=14.865t/m? ane 2) = 0.119 m 6 19.c1 Of =0) + Ao’ = 9.195 + 5.67 = 14.8 m* Example 2: For the clay layer shown in fig my =5 * 10“ m°/KN. If an earth fill of unit weight 20 KNim? and 2m depth is dumped on the clay layer then the ultimate settlement of the clay layer is Sol: m, = 5x10~ , y= 20,H=3m Si=m,H Ag! Ao'=7-2220%2=40 kPa $,= 5104340 =0.06m= 60 mm 13. Consolidation of undisturbed specimens : Based on history of loading, soil deposits 4 divided into 3 classes. 4) Preconsolidataed (or) Precompressed (01 Over Consolidated Soils :If a soil has eve been subjected to a pressure in excess of present over burden, it is said to be ove consolidated. 4) Normailly consolidated : A soil which h not been subjected to a pressure great than the present existing pressure a which is also completely consolidated 1 the existing over burden, is said to | ‘Normally consolidated’. ©) Under consolidated soils : If a soil (cl has not reached equilibrium under t_ ACE peniiee applied over burden loads then it is said to be “Under consolidated’. e.g: Area of the recent land fill. * Normally consolidated soils and over consolidated soils are not different types of soils but these are conditions in which soils exists, The recompression Index (C,) : It is very small compared with compression index (C.). ‘The soils in the over consolidated state have small compressibility, © The settlements of the structures. built on over consolidated soils are smal, 14, Over Consolidated Ratio (OCR): ocr == o Where, o'.= the max. pressure to which an O.C clay had been subjected (consolidated) in the past (preeonsolidation stress) o° = the present existing ‘pressure on the soil. For 0.C.clays, GR >1; N.C.clays, OCR=1; U.Celays, OCR <1. 15. Terzaghi's consolidatio Assumptions : Soil is homogenous, isotropic, fully saturated, soil particles and. water are incompressible, consolidation occurs “due.to expulsion of water from the voids, Darcy's law is valid, soil is laterally confined and consolidation takes place only in vertical direction, drainage takes place in vertical direction. a,, my, k are constant. theory of one diiensional 16. Differential Equation of Consolidation : ee = rate of change of excess of pore pressure with time. rate of expulsion of pote water pressure with depth ‘2’. ‘oefficient of consolidation K = coefficient of permeability. Units of C, are m*/see (or) em*/sec. 17, Solution of the above differential equation ‘gives: Time factor(Tv), Degree of consolidation(U). 18. Time factor, 7, = a Where ime for consolidation, drainage path, 4H, for single drainage (half closed layer), a= ror double drainage (open layer). For the same degree of consolidation, same. ; te) If Cy’ is assumed constant for the soil, t ad’. 2 ae {| =( ta) (de 19, Degree of Consolidation (U) : Settlement at any time Ultimate Settlement u=|*|x100 3; 10ACE ‘Engineering Academy Geotechnical Engineer 20. Degree of Consolidation (U) U= Ratio of dissipated excess pore water pressure to Initial excess pore water pressure, 2 ‘Where = initial excess pore water pressure. = pore water pressure exist at anytime x, 21. ForU <6%; 7, =4 ca Hee For U > 60%, Ty= 1.781 ~ 0.933 logia(100 — U%). Ss Example 3: ; ‘A 2m thick clay layer has Cy = 2x10 om’/sec. If a building is constructed on it, how long will it take to attain half the ultimate settlement under double drainage? Sol: For half settlement, U= 50% 2x10 xt. fooaees 8X10 seos=113.4 days ; 0.196=. 22, Isochrones: The curves indicating the distribution of excess hydrostatic pressure. © The hydraulic gradient at any point is equal to the slope of the isochrone at that point. 23, Determination of coefficient of consolidation: by time fitting methods 24. 25, 26. a) Square root of time fitting method, ) logarithm of time fitting method. Total Compression : Initial compression + Primary Compression Secondary compression. Consolidation Test : (Apparatus used consolidometer or oedometer) : a) Floating ring cell type : Both top bottom porous stones are free to mov compress the soil. Fixed ring cell type : Bottom porous s Temains stationary while top stone move © The floating ring cell has the advantag ‘having smaller effects of friction betw the specimen ring and the soil specimen. * Direct measurement of permeability of specimen at any stage of loading can made only on the fixed ring type. ») Determination of Void ratio at various | increments during consolidation : a) Helgi of solids method : Applicable tot saturated and unsaturated soils. H, - “ae Gyn s P= ‘Void ratio at any stage, e= Hy = H- AH b) Change inVoid ratio method : Applicabl for saturated soils only. eben? Ai Ite, Hr Where A= Cross sectional area of specimen, Hg = Height of solids H= original specimen height (total), H;= height at any state = (H - AH). Ae = change in void ratio ‘AH = change in thickness of the sample inal void ratio r= final thickness of soil ‘wi final water content of the sample er we. (SRE a [Nor Da Benes | Bhataneswar | Viewed | Viaapanam | Tapa | Pane | ChomaOve A Finn Consolidation Example 4: Br & A soil sample which has been subjected to consolidation test has an area of 50cm’, dry weight AA rectangular footing (3 m.x 2m ) exerts a pressure ‘of sample is 190.24g. Initial height of the sample ‘of 100 kN/m* on a cohesive soil (Ex= 5 x 10° kN/m* is 25mm. Taking G = 2.67, determine the height of solids and the initial void ratio of the soil. Sol: A= 50 cm’, G=2.67, wa= 190.249 190.24 = 1.425em 67%1%50 + Ho= 25mm. 25-1425 = -015 1425 27. Immediate settlement (elastic settlements): All highly permeable soils undergo immediate settlement. Immediate settlement also occurs in fine-grained soils, Immediate settlement, S00 } Where qn = net intensity of contact pressure (KN/m”) B = least lateral dimension of loaded area (m) £ = undrained modulus of elasticity (kN/m”) 1 = influence factor, depends on rigidity, shape of loaded areay L/B ratio v= Poisson’s ratio of the Soi Influence factors for Vertical Displacement due to Elastic Compression(IS 8009.part-I) | Shape Flexible Rigid | | Centre [ Comer | Cirete 1.00 | 0.64 0.80 rca es ol RE Rectangle (UB) [1.0 112 [036 [095/090 15 136 [0.68 [1.20 | 1.09 20 153 [077 | 131 [1.22 AGREE yet [Nev Deni | Rens oer | Vigo | Vinge [Ti Pee [ea] ‘and. p= 0,50). Determine the immediate settlement atthe centre, assuming (a) the footing is exible, (b) the footing is rigid. Take influence factor for flexible footing as 1.36 for L/B ratio of 1.5. To find: ) Immediate settlement at centre of the flexible footing: x 2[1=0.57] «1.36 5x10* S;= 0.00408 m= 4.08 mm b) Assuming the footing as Rigid T=0.8 times of I for flexible footing = 0.8X1.36=1.09 100 2 x21 =0.5°] 1.09 Sor : =3.27 mm 5,Owed Fnsen 56. Geotechnical Enginee etic Fagince 01, Consolidation of soils due toa load which is (@) Static and short term (®) Dynamic and short term. (©) Dynamic and log term (@ Static and log term 02. Time is an in the consolidation of {a) Sands only (b) Clays only (©) Both sands and clays (d) None important parameter 03. During consolidation process a8 water escapes out (2) Both neutral and effective pressure reduce (©) Both Neutral and effective pressure increase (©) Gradual decrease in Neutral pressure, a gradual increase in effective (@)A gradual increase in Neutral pressure and a gradual decrease in effective pressure takes place and sum of two is constant 04. “Primary compression’ is mainly due to expulsion of @ Air (©) Both air and water (b) Water @ None 05. ‘Secondary consolidation’ is mainly due to expulsion of (a) Highly Viscous water (b) Plastic readjustment of solid particles (©) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above 06. The change in voids ratio due to increase in effective pressure by 1 kg/cm? is 0.1. Initial Voids ratio is 0.4. ‘The thickness of soil stratum = 7m. Consolidation settlement in ‘cm’ is (5 )50 (500d) None 07. A clay layer of thickness 10 em and initial void ratio 0.5 under goes settlement so that the final Yoid ratio is 0.2. The settlement of the layer in ‘om’, is @1L0 (b) 1.5 (20 (@2s 08, Ifa soil has ever been subjected to a press excess of its present over burden, the soil is tobe (@) Preconsolidated (b) Normally consolidated (©) Under consolidated (@ None of the above 09. Which of the following is not an assumptic Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensi consolidation (a) Soil mass is homogeneous and isotropic (b) Soil is fully saturated (©) Darey’s law is valid (@) Drainage of water occurs both in ver ‘and horizontal directions 10. Coefficient of consolidation depends upon (a) permeability (b) Coefficient of volume change (©) Unit weight of water (d) All the above 11. The unit of coefficient of consolidation is (@) cm/sec (b) em*/sec (©) cm/sec? (d) No units 12. The ratio of settlement at any time ‘t’ to 1 final settlement is known as (a) Coefficient of consolidation (b) Degree of consolidation (©) Time factor (@) Consolidation of undisturbed soil 13:“‘sochrones’ are the curves showing distributi of (@) Total settlement (b) Total pressure (c) Excess hydrostatic pressure (@) None 14, The slope of isochrone at any point at a give time indicates the rate of change of (a) Effective stress with depth (b) Effective stress with time (©) Pore water pressure with time @ Pore water pressure with depthyaw 15. Time factor is, (a) anon dimensional parameter (b) a function of degree of consolidation (©) directly proportional to permeability of soil (@ Alllthe above are correct 16. Two idemtically clay samples of the same size designated as ‘A’ and ‘B’ are subjected to consolidation tests under identical conditions. Drainage takes place through one face in sample ‘A’ and through both the faces in sample “B’, 50% consolidation of sample “A” occurs in 10 minutes. The required for 50% consolidation to occur in sample *B’ in ‘minutes? will be (IES-1995) @40 ()10 ©5 (a 25 17. In the soil sample of a consolidometer test, pore ‘water pressure is (@) Minimum at the center (©) Maximum atthe top (©) Maximum at the bottom (@) Maximum at the centers 18, Which of the following soils. will” generally have maximum compressibiliy, (a) Gravels. (b) Sands (©) Silts (@) Clays 19, The ultimate consolidation settlement of a soil of (a) Is diteetly proportional to the compression Index (b) Decrease with the increase in the initial voids ratio (©) Both (a) and (b) (d) None 20. A saturated clay layer with single drainage face takes 4 years to attain 50% degree for ‘consolidation. If the clay layer had double drainage, then the time required to attain 50% consolidation is @8 ()4 (2 @1 21. In. consolidation testing, curve fitting method is used to determine (@) Compression Index (b) Swelling Index (©) Coefficient of consolidation (@) Time factor (SSE Feet | Noa Besre | Bhabancavar | Vinvevad | Vienna | Tia | Pane | he 22. Secondary consolidation is (@) caused by hydrodynamic lag. (b) Caused by creep (©) Large for the pressures below the pre ‘consolidation pressure (@) Very small for highly plastic clays and organic clays. 23. The recompression index is about ...... of the compression index (@)Stimes (6) 1/5 (1/2 (@) 1/20 24, Consolidation time of a soil sample (@) increases with an increase permeability (b) increases, with a decreases. in compressibility (© increases With decrease in unit weight of water (d) increases with a decrease in permeability 25. The ultimate settlement of a soil deposit increases with a) an increase in the compression index (b) an increase in the initial void ratio (©) a decrease in thickness of the stratum (@) an increase in time 26. A fully saturated clay specimen is subjected to @ pressure of 200 KN/m’ in the consolidation test. After a period of time when the average pore Pressure is 60 kN/m’, the degree of consolidation is (a) 60 (70-30. @ 50 27. The immediate settlement of a rigid footing is about...times the maximum settlement of an equal flexible footing @09 O08 (0.7 @06 28. If coefficient of permeability is doubled and coefficient of volume compressibility is halved, the coefficient of consolidation. (a) increases by 2 time (b) decreases by 2 time (0) decreases by 4 time (@) increases by 4 times@..AS: Academy Geotechnical Engineering ical Engineering 29. The laboratory consolidation. data for an undisturbed clay sample are as follows e=1 6) =85 KNim? 0.8 oy! =465 KN/m* The ‘e’ for a pressure of 600 KN/m?. will be (a) 0.68 (6)0.77 (0) 0.584 @0as 30. A consolidation test is carried out on a clay sample of thickness 20mm. During the test the Void ratio was reduced from 0.80 to 0.70. The settlement that would occur is @) 123mm (0) 1.56 mm (111mm @ 145mm Old 026 03/6 9048.b 05.c 06.b 07. Oa 09d 104 Ib 12b Bee 14d 15.4 16d 17d 1d 196 204 Qe 2b Bb 24d 25,4 26.6 27.b Bd 29.6) _.30.c 01. A normally consolidated clay'layer settles 1 em when the pressure increases from”1-kg/cm? to 2 g/kg’, Additional settlement for the same Soil for further increase of pressure form 2 kg/cm? to4 kg/em? will be in (in ‘ctt')=s————= 1° )2 ©3 W4 02. A building constructed on a compressible layer settles 80mm in 4 years. Assuming that the degree of consolidation at both the times is less than 60%, the settlement in 9 years is (a) 80mm (b) 100mm (120mm (none of the above 03. A clay layer 6m thick under double drainage was subjected to a certain load. Its final consolidation settlement is calculated as 120mm. If a layer of sand of negligible thickness is assumed to be present at a depth of AGREED) ies kes ee re aie eo 05, 1.5m from the top of the clay layer what will its final settlement ? (@) 60mm (120mm (b) 90 mm @ 180mm A square footing is to be established in a clay soil at a depth of 2m, where water table has risen up to the ground level as shown in the figure. (GATE-1995) Assume that the net load for the given is a constant and that the same is dispersed in to clay as shown. Load dispersion is 2V to 1H Take yy =10 KNim? and Yat = 19.3 KN/m? Netload = 500 KN C.=0.36 ¢ = 0.92 ‘The width of the footing, if it is permitted to settle by-120mm, for the data given above is (@)2.7m. 63.5. ©L15m (6)2.35m ‘The soil profile at a building site consist of dense sand up to 2 m depth, normally loaded soft clay from 2m to 6m depth, and stifi impervious rock below 6m depth. The ground- water table is at ground level, The sand has a density 1.90 vim3 below WT. For the clay, natural water content is 50%, liquid limit is 65% and grain specific gravity is 2.65, Calculate the probable ultimate settlement resulting from a uniformly distributed surface load of 4.0 tim? applied over an extensive area of the site. (a) 14.7 em (b)6.2 cm (©) 13.54em 294m,Le 06, An 18mm thick laboratory specimen drained top and bottom reached 25% consolidation in 10min. How long will take the same specimen to reach 50% consolidation (2)20 min (b) 40 min * (©) 80 min (2) 160 min 07. A fully saturated clay specimen is’ placed in a consolidometer and 2 Kg/om’ is applied. After some time the pore pressure is found to be 0.60 Keg/em’. Find the corresponding settlement that has occurred if the ultimate settlement is going to be 20mm. (a)12mm (14 mm (b)13 mm, (15mm 08. The time for a clay layer to! achieve 90% consolidation is 15 years. The time required to achieve 90% consolidation, if the layer were twice as thick, 3times more permeable and 4 times more compressible would be(GATE-98) (@) T5years (b) 120years (c) 80 years (d) none Common Data for Qs. 9 & 10 During a pressure increment, a test specimen 20 mm thick under double drainage attained 50% primary consolidation in 45 minutes 9. How long will take a 10 m thick layer of the same soil to reach the same degree of consolidation if the clay layer was drained on both surfaces ? (@) 21.4years (©) 12.6years (b) 85.6years (d) 48.Syears 10. If the clay is drained on the top surface only, then time required to reach the same degree of consolidation will be (@) 34.45 years (b) 85.6years (©) 62.6years (@) none 11. In the laboratory test on a clay sample of thickness 25mm, drained at top only, S0%consolidationoccurred in 11 minutes. Assume Tsp = 0.197, Tr= 0.405 Find the time required to undergo 70% consolidation. (GATE-1995) (SSRI) scar | Noy Dani | Benes | Bhabancsna | Vinyovadh | ViaMapatnam [Tia] Fine | Cheon] (a) 153-days (©) 56.5 days (b) 27.5 days (@) 145 days 12. A settlement analysis carried out for a proposed’ structure indicates that Som of, settlement will occur in 5 years and the final settlement will be 45em based on doubled drainage condition. A detailed site investigation indicates that only single drainage exists, Estimate the settlement at the end of 5 years for the changed condition. Use T, = (mi4yU* (GATE-1997) (@),14om (&)6em ©45em (a) 13.5em ‘Common Das, Qs. 13, 14 & 15 ‘A building consimictedion a compressible layer with doubled drainage settles ‘by 80 mm in 4 years. The final settlement is expected to be about 300 mm. 65%, 035 10% 0.403 60%, + 0.29 13. The settlement that would occur in 9 years will be i (@) L6mm, j ()1s6mm b) 162 mm. (d) 120mm 14. The settlement that would occur in 25 years, will be (@) 198mm (b) 195 mm (c)215 mm (@) 235mm 15. The time=required to settle by 210mm, will be (@) 15.Syears (©) 26.5 years 16, The loading period for a building extended from February 1957 to February 1959. In February 1962 the average measured settlement was found to be 90 mm. The Ultimate settlement was expected to be 360mm.Estimate the settlement in February 1967.Assuming double draining to occur? (@) S4mm (©) 135 mm (0) 12years (d) none (b) 116 mm () 120mm— Common Data for Qs. 17 & 18 A 5m depth of sand overlies a 6 m layer of clay. The water table is at top of the s The permeability of clay is very low. The saturated unit weight of the sand and clay are respectively 18 KN/m* and 20 KN/m’* A 4m. depth of fill material of unit weight 19 KN/m’, is placed on the surface over an extensive area, ‘Assume yy = 10 KN/n’, 17, The effective vertical stress at the center of the clay layer immediately after the fill has been placed, assuming this to take place. rapidly, will be (a) 76 KN/m? (b) 70 KN/m* (6) 146 KNim? (@ none 18, The effective vertical stress at the center of the clay layer , many years after the fill has been. placed will be (a) 226 KN/m? (b) 70 kN/m? (©) 146 kNim? @) none 19. A saturated clay layer of Sm thickness takes 1.5 years for 50% primary consolidation, when drained on both sides. It's coefficient of 60; 20. 21 Geotechnical Engineering volume change, is 1.5x10° m/KN. The coefficient of permeability of the soil will be (@) 2.56 m/year (©) 1.53 miyear (©0012 m/year (A) 1.25 m/year Representative samples of a clay layer of silt clay Sm thick, were tested in a Consolidomete and the following results were obtained initic void ratio = 0.90; pre consolidation pressure 120. KN/m*, Recompression index = 0.0: compression index = 0.27 Estimate th consolidation settlement if the present averag ‘over burden stress on the layer is 70 KNim? an the increase in average stress on the layer i 80 N/m”. (a) 65mm, (b) 87 mm © 13 mm (@) 126mm The circular foundation of a ground level 0 tank of 20 m diameter, transmits to the soil a uniform contact pressure of 250 KN/m? at 3 depth. Determine the immediate settlemer under, the centre. Take E.=6x10* kNim*, y=2. kN/m’, “Poisson's ratio=0.45. The influeno factor. [SERED ceria | New Del] Benga | Bhabanesvar | Vinjorada | Viskapamam | Trail | Pune | GheapalCompaction Compaction: It is compression of soil mass by mechanical means to improve Engineering Properties. It is due to escape and compression of ait present in the soil mass. Volume reduction occurs due to escape of ait under short term loading under constant water content. © Permeability, void ratio, compressibility decreases. at ‘© Shear strength increases. ‘Compaction tests are done to-determine a) amount of compaction ») the optimum moisture content (OMC) 3. Indian standard light compaction Test (Similar to Standard Proctor Test): © Test results used for highways, embankments, canal banks «= ‘© Mould volume is 1 litre., Soil in 3 layers. Each layer is given 25 hammer blows. © Hammer weight 2,60 kg and height of fall 31m. 4, Indian standard Heavy Compaction Test (Similar to Modified Proctor Test): © Results used for modem express highways and Runways. : ‘© Mould capacity 1 litre, soil in 5 layers;-each layer 25 hammer blows. =a ‘© Hammer weight 4.90kg and height of fall 45 cm. 5. The Compactive effort in the modified proctor test is about 4.55 times than that in the standard proctor test: 6. 1£% soil retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve is > 20%, large mould of capacity 2.25 litres is recommended. In such case no. of blows per each layer shall be 56 for both SPT, MPT. (ACRE TI ced NorDa | Benera | Babar | Viera | Vinkapatan | Toma] Pans | Chena] é (1). Standard proctor test 2 ic ohana Zero air voids line (0%) noe aa 100% saturation line 2) D . omc ~- Well.graded soil ‘Low plastic silt (see * a plastic thay Cr).6 7. Dry density 7, =F 8. Equation of zeto air voids line: y, = f 9. Factors affecting compaction: Say Water content: As w.c. increase, the ya inereases, reaches max value and then decreases b) Amount of Compaction: As compactive effort increases, the Yq increases and OMC decreases ©) Type of soil: Pure Sands do not have well defined OMC 10. Soils compacted dry of optimum, have more swelling and more shear strength, 11. Soils compacted wet of optimum, have low swelling and tow shear strength,12. Placement water content: It is the water content that is used actually in the field for compaction. © Under pavements, floors and for core of earthen dam, the soil shall be compacted “wet of optimum’ to avoid large expansion and swelling pressiires. © For Highways embankment and for outer shells of earthen dam, soil shall be compacted dry of optimum to have more strength and less compressibility. 13. Compaction Equipments: a) Tampers — for compacting in confined areas like trenches, behind bridge abutments ete. b) Smooth wheel rollers — for granular soils, to provide smooth surface at the end of days work to quickly drain off rain water. c) Pneumatic tyred rollers — for cohesive and non-cohesive soils d) Sheep foot rollers»— for cohesive soils (clays) e) Vibratory compactors — for granular soils (for sands best method) 14. Relative compaction a dry density inthe field aid Max.dry density obtained in thelab 15, Proctor needle (plasticity needle) It is punched by 7.50cm in to the soil to know. the penetration resistance, there by the placements water content and dry density. 01. The results (cures A, B, C, D) of four compaction tests on different soils are shown in the graph Tests: 1. Silty sand, modified test 2. Silty sand, standard test 3. Fat clay, modified test 4. Fat clay, standard test Curves A,B,C D correspond respectively to tests age Geotechnical Engineerin (a) 1,3,2,4 (b) 1,2,3,4 (©) 3,2,1,4 (d) 2,1,3,4 02. Match List — I with List — II and select t correct answer using the codes given below t lists: List-I A. Sheep foot roller B. Smooth heavy roller C. Pneumatic roller D. Vibrating roller List- I 1. Hearting of earthen dam 2:Dry sand 3. Casing of earthen dam 4. Gravel in WBM road Codes: A Bec D A @ 3 iva Bre (bjrle 14 ims) (C3 RA (dy 02: bend BNO 03.In a compaction ‘est, with _increai incompactive effort (a)'maximum dry density increases but OM decreases (b) the compaction cure is shifted to the left ar higher (©) both the above (d) both maximum dry density and OM increase 04. Plasticity needle is used to determine (a) Plastic limit of the soil. (b) Penetration resistance to control field compaction. (©) Penetration value of bitumen used in road construction. (d) Swelling index of black cotton soils. 05. The number of blows required for compactin each layer of soil in compaction test is (@25 (v)36 (c) 56 (a) 45 06. Factors affecting the compaction is/are (a) water content ——_(b) compactive energy (c) soil type (d) all the above 07. The following soil has highest O.M.C. (a) Gravel (b) Sand (©) Silt (d) Clay@.25... 263: Compaction 08. Clayey soils are best compacted by (@) vibration (b) kneading (©) impact (d)all the above 09. Optimum moisture content is te moisture content at which (a) Settlement is maximum (b) Permeability is more (0) dry density is maximum (@) shear strength is less 10. Clay particles on the wet side of optimum moisture content exhibit (a) single grained structure (b) disperse structure (©) honeycomb structure (@) flocculent structure 11 Compaction of a soil is measured in terms of (@ ary density (b) specific gravity (©)compressibility (4) permeability 12, Vibrator roller are useful for compacting (@ clayey soil (b) cohesion tess soil (©) Gravel (@) crushed rock 13, The 95% saturation line and 5% air voids line are @) same (b) different (©) some times same & some times different (@) can’t be said 14, To avoid large selling pressure under pavements, and floors, the soil is compacted. (a) atOMC (b) dry of optimum (©) wet of optimum — (d) none 15, Relative compaction is (@) similar to relative density (b) a compaction process (©) ratio of yd of field to the yd of lab (@) dry density obtained in the field 16, For pure sandy soils (@) Compaction curve is not useful (b) a well defined OMC exists (©) Modified proctor test is recommended (@ Jodhpur miniature compaction testis recommended (SSD at | Now Deh Beneara | Bhubaneswar | Viayawadh | Viakiapamann | Trad | Pane | Channa 17. 19, 18, For Conducting a Standard _—_procotor Compaction Test, the weight of hammer (P in kg) the fall of hammer (Q in mm), the number of blows(R) and the number of layers (s) required are respectively. (ES— 1995) P QenaiioRigit' 8 (@) 589 550 503 (b) 489. 450-2503 (©) 260 310 35 4 @ 260 310 25 3 Match List ~ I (Roller type) with List- II (soil type) and select the correct answer using the odes given below the lists: List-1 A. Pheumatic roller B, Tampers C. Sheep foot roller D. Vibratory roller List 1. Cohesive and granular soils 2. Plastic soils 3. Cohesionless soils 4. Behind retaining walls Codes: AB C By A B.C D ya? 1 MUM) 3 1 2 4 © 1 4 2ggera 3 201 4 Assertion (A): In a compaction test at yqax and ‘OMC, the degree of saturation is never 100%. Reason (R): It is not possible to expel all the air entrapped in soil by compaction, (TES -2011) (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A (© Ais true But R is False. @ Ais False but R is true O1.b 02b 03.c 04b 05.a 06d 07.d ORB Oe 10.b Tar ite Bt ee i.c 16a. 17-4 186. . 18Orbison Geotechnical Engincerin ——_ Cesttchnic nine O1. A cohesive soil yield a max. dry density of 1.8 gm/co at OMC of 16% during a Standard roctor test. If the value-of G is 2.65, what is degree of saturation, void ratio, air content, % air voids. What is the max. dry density it can be further compacted to at the above OMC. (GATE-1992) 02. A core cutter 125 mm ‘high and 120 mm diameter weighs 10.80 N when empty, It used to determine the in-sin density of compacted soil in an embankment. The weig of the core-cutter full of compacted soil is 30.1 N. The water content of the soil is 12.29 Determine the in- situ dry unit weight and voi Tatio. Assume G=2.65 aie é SeShear Strength ‘The shear strength of soil is constituted-by (@) Structural resistance due to interlocking (b) Frictional resistance and (©) Cohesion 1. Coulomb’s Law : Sort, Coulomb's envelope S=C+o tang ‘Where ‘C’ and ‘* ate empirical constants. S= shear strength ...... KN? ‘ohesion KNim’. }=Slope of the straight line of above equation. = Angle of intemal friction or angle of shearing resistance. NOTE: ‘C’ and “$* are not constant for @ particular soil, In fact they depend on the drainage conditions and test conducted. 2.Mohr’s Theory: Very much used for determination of shear strength of soils. Assumptions : Material fails essentially by shear. The critical shear stress causing failure depends upon the properties of the material as well as normal stress on the failure plane. The ultimate strength of the material is determined by the stresses in the potential failure plane, the intermediate (03) principal stress does not have any influence on the strength of the material, [SGN ete [New Deni Henprs | Bhutanese | Viayanada | Vinkiapaiem | Tropa [Pane | Gham] Mobr's envelope s =f). is a function of normal stress. ‘The effective stress principle (Terzaghi’s concept): In fact, the effective normal stresses control the shearing resistance of soils Revised Mohr ~ Coulomb equation, s Ci+o' tang! = C+(-u) tang Where C! = effective cohesion intercept '= effective angle of shearing resistance. For any combination of applied principle effective stresses oy’, 03° failure will occur only if the stress circle touches the failure envelope. B=angle of obliquity66 Geotechnical Enginee: IMPORTANT NOTE : The shear stress at | @ Unconsolidated — Undrained Test failure i less than the maximum sheer stress, Quick Test (0 ~ test or UU ~ test) Thus the failure plane docs not carry the drainage is permitted either du fonsolidation stage or shear ste Therefore, there is no dissipation of P maximum shear stress and the plane which Ine ‘maximum shear stress is not the failure plane. Pressure during the test and test ca 4. In terms of total pressure the shear strength is, fonducted in few minutes (Sto 10), Application: Generally done for | S=Cy+o tang, Peimeable soils such as clays, for short te Stability analysis and also for earth da Cyapparent cohesion during construction, $= apparent angle of shearing resistance (6) Consolidated undrained test (CU Tesy ge is permitted under the initia) SPplied »normal stress only and fal Primary consolidation or softening c=0 allowed: to take place. No drainage j $ allowed in shear stage, Application : For sudden draw dow cass og (O Consolidated 16. Sensitivity (S) Mohr circle for Unconfined test : Failure envelope bo i oa Example 3: ‘An unconfined compression test was conducted on an undisturbed sample of clay. The sample had a diameter of 37.5 mm and was 80 mm long. The load at failure measured by the proving ring was 28 N and the axial deformation of the sample at failure was 13 mm. Determine the unconfined compressive and the ‘undrained shear strength of the clay,ACE Qc ASE aie Geotechnical Engineering Sees oo eiinical Engineering Sol: Given 0 d=37.5 mm, L= 80 mm, Load =28'N, AL=13 mm Qu=28 N= 0.028 KN _Mtav L,-av AV =0 for an undrained test like UCC Test =1.103 x 10m? — 1103x107 AL 10. Vane Shear Test : Quick Test, to determine the undrained shear strength oP softelays in the lab. or field. > * Torque, ranac( Zed) “+ When both ends pat take in shearing ‘Cy = undrained cohesion Bag T=nc,( 2.4 a ( 2 +3) —> When only bottom end part takes in shearing Where, d= overall dia, of vane H = height of vane, as ‘per IS recommendation , H= 24 The sensitivity of soil can be conveniently determined, This testis not suitable when clay AU =B(As; + A Aay) iE a [Benen | Biabiensr | Vina | Valinpa ‘Tina | Pine | Chena un. contins sand or silt laminations or fissured clay Example 4: A vane 10 cm long and 8 em in diameter was pressed into soft clay atthe bottom of a bore hole. ‘Torque’ was applied and gradually increased to 450 kg-em, when failure took place. Subsequently, the vane was rotated rapidly so as to completely remould the soil, The remoulded soil was sheared at a torque of 180 kg-cm, Calculate the cohesion of the clay in the natural and remoulded states and also the sensitivity, “|, Solt T= 450 kp-cim Remouilding Torque, T= 180 kg-cm Using the relation: nararc( 2.8) met 10 8 fe) Solving, C.=0.35 kg/cm? 450,= 7 (8 C, Using Remoulding Torque, T = 180 kg-em, we get C= 0.14 kofem’ eng Sensitivity = 935 _5 so enstvity = Fe = 2.5 Pore water pressure parameters: ),_AU;=B Acs, For fully saturated soil, 1 Where B= pore water pressure parameter ‘AU; = increase in pore water pressure due to increase of confining pressure by Acs, ii). AUJ=A.B. Aoy Where ‘AUs = increase in pore pressure due to increase of deviator stress by Ac (Aoq = Aoi - Acs) Total increase in pore water pressure,Civil Gate Geotechnical Book final ie A, B= Skemptons pore pressure parameters Ap at failure, Aemay be >I and — ve also. ‘Ar is > 1 for loose soils and -ve for over consolidated soils due to volume increase. 12, Liquefaction: When saturated sandy soil is subjected to earth quakes loads, the pore pressure suddenly increases and thus decreases the shear strength of soil and it ‘may become zero also. The soil ‘momentarily liquefies and behaves as a dense fluid. This phenomena when sand loses itis shear strength duc to oscillatory ‘motion is called ‘Liquefaction of sand. Soils most susceptible to liquefaction are ‘saturated fine sands and saturated medium sands. 13. Shear Characteristics of Cohesionless soils: Jin the case of loose sad, the specimen bulges. | and ultimately fails by sliding simultaneously | en numerous planes. The failure is known as the plastic failure, In the case of dense sand, the specimen shows a clear failure plane and the failure is known as the brittle failure 01. Which one of the following statements provides the best argument that direct shear tests are not suited for determining shear parameters of a _| clay soil. (a) Failure plane is not the weakest plane (b) Pore pressures developed cannot be measured (©) Satisfactory maintained (d) Adequate consolidation cannot be ensured strain levels cannot be 02. An undrained triaxial compression testis carried ‘out on a saturated clay sample under a cell pressure of 100 KN/m* . The sample failed at a deviator stress of 200 kN/m?. The cohesion of the given sample of clay in KN/m? is (a)50 (6)100 (©) 200 (4) 300 (SR era | New Dea | Benhra | Dhabanenvar | Vina | Vinkapatan | Tina | Rie | Chena Shear Strength 03. Which one of the following planes is most likely to be the failure plane in sandy soil. (a) Plane carrying maximum shear stress (b) plane carrying maximum normal stress (©) Plane with the maximum angle of obliquity (@) A principle plane. 04, During shearing, the negative pore pressures are likely to develop in (@) N.C clay and dense sand (0) 0.C. clay and loose sand (©) Loose and 0.C clay (@) Dense sand and 0.C. clay 05, For a highly fissured clay the best method to find the shear strength is (@ Direct shear test (b) Triaxial test-with os = 0 (© Field vane shear test (@ Unconfined compression test 06. The phenomenon wien the sand losses its shear strength due to oscillatory motion in saturated condition is known as (@) Quicksand (©) Liquefaction 07. Ina consolidated indrained test on a normally consolidated clay , (2) The cohesion is zero (0) The apparent friction angle is zero (©) The apparent cohesion will be maximum for ‘particular clay (@ Bothrthe cohesion and angle of internal friction are present (@) Plastic sand (@) all the above 08. The maximum shear stress occurs on filament which makes angle with the horizontal plane, ‘equal to (a) 90° (b) 60° 09. The constants cohesion ‘C’ and angle of intemal friction 4” obtained from a shear test are (a) Constant for a soil (b) Mere coefficients which depends on drainage conditions (0) Inherent values of soil (@) None of the above 4s" (a) 30?@ sc 2 Fier Geotechnical Engineering 10. With usual notations, the Coulomb’s equation for shear strength under drained condition is @S = C+otane )S = C'+(o- U)tan@ (S = C'+Utane @S = o+C' tne 11. The Strength envelope of a pure cohesive soil is (@) Vertical (b) inclined (©) Horizontal (@ Curvilinear 12. The angle between the direction of the, failure’ plane and the direction of major principle plane is equal to (290? +8 (b) 90° 0/2 (0) 45° - 0/2 (45° + 62 13. The direct shear test iS ideally suited for conducting drained tests on (@) Cohesive soils _ (6) Cohesion less soils (©) Any soil (@) Clayey soils 14, The failure plane in direct shear testis (@) Vertical (b) Inclined (©) Horizontal (@)None 15. Unconfined compression test is generally performed on (@) Sandy soils (b) Silty soils (©) Intact saturated clay (@) Fissured clay 16. If a pure cohesive soil specimen is subjected to a vertical compressive load only, the inclination of crack to the horizontal is (a) 30° (b) 45° (©) 90” @o 17. If the cohesion of a pure clay found in an unconfined compressive strength test is 1 kg Jem? = jee compressive strength in *kg/em” @os (I (2 @4 ie CSA) [Nanri | ane | View | nora [ Taga Ps [Gea] 18, The shear test that is more suitable in the field i () Direct shear (b) Triaxial shear (© Unconfined compression (@) Vane shear 19. The shear strength of a soil is a function of (@) Cohesion only (b) Angle of internal friction only (©) normal stress also (d) none of the above 20. The angle of inclination of the coulomb’: failure envelope with the horizontal is called (a) Angle of repose (b) Angle of friction (©) Angle of internal friction (@) Frictional resistance 21. A sensitive clay has a shear strength of 45 KN/m* in natural state and 15KNim? in temoulded state. The sensitivity of the soil is (@) 3 (630 ©3 (@) none 22. In a triaxial compression test on a soil, the relation between a1, o2 , and 03 @or =o. $6, Wb) =a. o On =o (@ none of the above 23. For a normally consolidated clay tested in a CD test, the cohesion of the clay will be (@) Zero, (b) Maximum (©) Minimum (@ Can not be said 24. The shear strength of plastic undrained clay depends upon (a) Internal friction _(b) Cohesion (©) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) and (b) 25, For’ saturated, normally consolidated soils, ‘Skempton’s pore pressure coefficients can be represented as (@) A<1,B=1 (A>1,B<1 (b) A>1, B>I (@A1_ACE Engineering Academy 73 Shear Strength 26. Which one of following figure gives the failure Codes: envelope for a normally consolidated saturated aemBHsCe Dida GAs Bio) clay sample tested in triaxial test under drained pl, Sarda Die Byeeln All. 2.004 conditions? (IES - 1996) (o)gis AIT 20045 tea) “Give cid 02 oe co) x i 30. For the stability analysis of an earth dam for poco steady seepage case, the most appropriate test u ‘would be the ete uty @UUtest ——(b) CUtest © @ fs (©)CD test @ UD test y 1 ee 27. Consider the following statements: j ORES (3c 04.4. 05.8 Liquefaction is a phenomenon 6.6 Pyle 09.5 a SSL alee Ie Bb 140 15 2. Associated with development of positive Tb TSA 4.196. 20.0 poms Qc 2c “9a 2b 25.0 Which of these statements is/are correct? 2a Ne 27 Wea 29-6 30.8 (IES 2007) (@) 1 only (b) 2 only (@)Both and? (@) Neither nor? (Ge cwcton ] 28.In a Mobr's diagram, a point above Mohr’s i. f eyelet (UES ~ 1998) | 01. The results of a consolidated drained triaxial (@ imaginary condita shear test on a normally consolidated clay are (b) safe condition shown the figure. The angle of internal friction (©) imminent failure condition (@ condition of maximum obliquity 2 29. Match List ~ I (Field problems) with List-II 100 200 (Type of laboratory shear test) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the)? lists: (IES - 1999) | 02. A soil sample is tested under a direct stress of 5 List-1 ‘kg/cm’ and an all-round stress of 3.2 kg/cm”. If A. Stability of a clay foundation of an the shear on failure plane is 0.9 kg/cm? the embankment, whose rate of construction is angle of intemal friction is such that some consolidation occurs @O 45 (©)30 (d) none B. Initial stability of a footing on saturated clay | + i C. Long -term stability of a slope in stiff, | 03. Ona saturated triaxial cylindrical test specimen fistured clay of soil if the major and minor principle stresses D. Foundation on soft marine clay deposits. applied are 200 and 60 KN/m? respectively. List -11 Check whether the test specimen will fail if it is 1, Undrained triaxial test assumed that soil will have C'=5 KN/m*, 6! 2. Drained triaxial test 25° with pore pressure developed equal to 20 3. Consolidated undrained test KN/m’. (GATE-1990) 4. Quick vane shear test Hivdeabad | New Deli | Bergan | Bhubaneswar | Visjawala | Viakiapanam | Twupail| Pane | Chennai@ AF 4 Geotechnical Engineer 04.In a consolidated drained triaxial test a speciment of clay fails at a cell pressure of 60 KN/m’. The effective shear strength parameters are C'=15 KN/m? and $!=20°. The compressive Strength of the soil will be (GATE-1991) (a) 105.22 KPa (b) 165.2 KPa (©) 134.6 KPa (@)88.9 KPa Common Data for Qs. 5 & 6 ‘When an unconfined compression test is conducted on a cylinder of soil, it fails under axial stress of 1.2 kg/cm’. The failure plane makes an angle of 50° with the horizontal. (GATE-1987) 05. The cohesion of the soil is (@) 0.6 kg/em? (b) 1.2 kg/cm* (©) 0.5 kg/cm? (@) zero ietion of the soil is (30° @) zero . The angle of intemal (@)50° (b) 10° 07. The following data were obtained in a direct shear test. Normal pressure = 20° KN/m’, tangential pressure = 16 KN/m*, Compute the principle stresses. Take angle internal friction-20°, Cohesion = 8 KN/m’, 08, In a CU test on a normally consolidated clay, a sample consolidated under a stress of 200KN/m2 failed at an additional axial stress of 150 KN/m?, The pore pressure at failure was 75 KN/m2. Determine analytically the shear strength parameters both in terms of total and effective stresses. 9 09. An undrained tri-axial compression test was conducted on a sample of compacted clay. Pore water pressure was measured after the application of cell pressure and also at failure as given below. Find the pore pressure ‘coefficients ‘A’ and ‘B’ (a) Consolidation Stage: Change in cell pressure = 0 to 100 KN/m?, Change in pore pressure = -60 to 10 KN/m? (b) Shearing Stage: Deviator stress at failure = $00 KN/m?. Pore pressure at failure = - 70 KN/m*. 10, In an undrained triaxial compression test, sample failed at a deviator stress of 200 KN when the cell pressure was 100 kNim’, cohesion intercept is (a) 200 kN/m? 2 peta (B) 100 kN/m’ (@) 50 kNim? 11. A dry sand specimen was tested in a tria machine with the cell pressure of 50 kPa. If deviator stress at failure was 100 kPa, the an of shearing resistance is (30° (b) 15” A Sample of dry sand is subjected to a tria test, The angle of internal friction is 37°. If ‘minor principle stress is 200 KN/m’, the va of deviator stress at which the sample will: will be (@) 804.5 KPa +(b) 604.5 KPa (©) 234.6 KPa (4) 288.9 KPa Common Data for Qs. 13 & 14 (45° () 60" 12. A triaxial test was conducted on a granular s under CD condition, The sample failed wh the effective minor principle stress was I KN/m? and the principle effective stress ra was 42. 13. The “6” value of the soil is te) 37.90") 18°) 30° (d) zero 14, The deviator stress at failure is (a) 630 KPa (b) 360KPa (©) 560 KPa (A) none Agee [ic tase Axion SRY ‘Veakhepaoams | Tina | Pie | ChenaEarth Pressure 1, Plastic Equilibrium : A soil is ‘said to be in plastic equilibrium if every point of it is on the verge of failure. The stress condition during plastic equilibrium satisfies the following equation. 1 = 93 tan? [45 + (/2)] + 2C tan [45 + ($/2)] Depending upon movement of the wall with reference to the backfill soil, there. are three | types of lateral earth pressures 4) at rest pressure b) active pressure ©) passive pressure 3. Coefficient of Earth Pressure (K) : It is the Tatio of horizontal stress (@,) to vertical stress (ov). k on! oy 4, Atrest Earth Pressure : ‘+ Occurs when the retaining wall is stationary without any lateral movement. No yielding of the soil mass. Horizontal earth pressure, oh = ky.oV ko= coefficient of earth pressure at rest wes Ip + oy = Vertical pressure = y.Z Ee a se where jt is poisson’s ratio of the soil mass Approximately, ky =(1— siné)..for cohesionless soil 5. Active Pressure : ‘+ Occurs when the retaining wall moves away from the back fil + Soil yields due to stretching. Plastic equilibrium condition. Failure wedge moves downward, DEED) No ee Bishsiewvar | Vnjovads | Wiskopanan | Ties | Pine | Chem] + Failure plane inclination is [45 + (/2)] with horizontal, Wall movement ified Failure plane 4546/2 ‘Active State 6. Passive Pressure : Wall movement, Passive State ‘+ Occurs when wall moves towards the backfill, ForAllicom=="~ *+ Plastic equilibrium condition. + Failure wedge moves upwards, + Failure plane inclination is [45 - ($/2)] with horizontal 7. Relative Magnitudes of Earth Pressures : * Active earth pressure will be minimum. * Passive pressure will be maximum. 8. Practical Applications : + For the design of Bridge abutments, basement walls, the at-rest earth pressure shall be used. + For the design of ordinary retaining walls the active pressure is used. * Passive pressure shall be considered in case of sheet piles.‘Wall movement away Wall movement towards backfill < > 9, Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory: : ‘Assumptions : «Soil is homogeneous, semi — infinite, dry and cohesionless. © Ground surface is planar (horizontal or. inclined). + Retaining wall back is smooth aid vertical. + Plastic equilibrium condition. 10, Rankine’s Lateral Pressure for Dry Cohesion less Soils : + Active pressure, ps = K,-ov oy = vertical pressure = 7.Z. K, ~ Rankine's coefficient of active earth pressure 1 cot [45 (6/2) an [+O Ws (6/2)] = tan’ [45 wast when $= 0 (for pure cohesive soils), Ka = 11. Passive Earth Pressu Pp ~ Ke. ov. Kp = Rankine’s passive earth pressure coefficient Kp = VKy NOTE : For = 30°, ks = 1/3, ky =3, riky ky =9 for 6 12. Variation of Lateral Pressure: a ap. ye Yh Wwe 13, Rankine’ Earth Pressure when Ground Surface is Inclined(at surcharge angle): cosfi+ Jeos® B—cos* } = ou et fc0s* B—cos obferet | Pecosp SosP-leos. B—cos" PL c0sB=ye0s? B—cos? & 14. Earth Pressure in Cohesive Soil: Active pressure, pa =x oy -2 Ck, .. Bell’s equation for Cohesive soils. Where oy =_y.Z ‘Attoprwhen Z = 0, p, = -2C yk, (ie., tension is developed at top) 15. Tension decreases to zero at depth,Ze =[45+(6/2)] (piensa | New Dal | Benson | Bhubanerar | Wisyewada | Viakhapaian | Trwpat | Pone | ChenaKenta 17. Total active force, P,: P, =Equal to area of the pressure diagram applicable before formation of tension rack, 18, Total active force, 2, = kt 20 fea 2 2 iu --~applicable ater oeeurtence of tensile crack acts at a eigh le 19. The effect of the cohesion is to reduce the active pressure every where by 2C,/k, 20. Because of the negative pressure; ~a-tension crack usually develops in the soil near top of the wall upto a depth Ze called tension crack depth. 21, Critical Height (or) Unsupported Vertical Cut GH) + _ Itis the depth upto which the total net force ‘will become zero in case of cohesive back fill. (or) + It is the depth upto which vertical excavation of cohesive soil can stand without any lateral support. GREER ind | Nov Dai [ Boas | Bhhancvar | Vineveda | Vinupamnon | Tra Re | Chea] In case of pure clays (f= 0), H, x 22. Passive Pressure in Cohesive Soils (With C, a: cf " Kpa+2c/K, Passive pressure, pp =p. oy +2C Jk, Total passive force, P, 23. The effect of the cohesion is to increase the passive pressure every where by 2C./k, Example 1: ‘A 5m high retaining wall is shown in the figure. Determine the Rankine active pressure on the wall 5 fe" C=5kNim? 175 @) before the formation of the crack. (b) After the formation of the crack Sol: a) Before the crack formation: # oY 20K HGeotechnical Engineerin P,=0.3307.5)5-2(5)$033 (5) =43.45 KN/m ) After the formation of crack : ° > 2x8? =0.3%17.5)—-2x5x¥0,33x5+— A ar} sl WS P, = 46.8 KNim Example 2: ‘A smooth vertical wall 4m high is pushed against a mass of soil having a horizontal surface and a shearing resistance given by Coulomb's equation in which C=20KN/m*, ¢ = 30° and unit weight 20kN/m’. Its surface carries a uniform load of 20kN/m?. What is the total passive Rankine pressure? (IES - 1994) Sol: Smooth vertical wall H = 4m C= 20 Nim’, 6 = 30°, 7=20 kN/m? Surcharge, q = 20 kNim” Lising sing To find Passive pressure at top: o-q=20 kPa p,=K, 0, +2C\K, K, =3(20)+ 2(20)V3=130.2 kPa To find Passive pressure at hase: 6, =q+7H = 20+ (20%4)= 100 p,=K, o,+2C)K, P, =3(100)+2(20) V3 = 369.28 kPa Total force, Pp: P, = area of pressure diagram = 997 KNin To find centre of pressure, [369.28 +(2%129.8)) 4 [369.28-+129.28] °3 68 m (from base) 24. Coulomb’s Wedge Theory: While Ranki has considered the equilibrium of an eleme with in the mass of the material, coulon considered the equilibrium of the whole of t ‘material supported by a retaining wall. Assumptions : 1. The back fill is dry, cohesionles homogeneous, isotropic and ideally plas ‘material. 2, The slip surface is a plane which pass through the heel of the wall. 3. The wall surface is rough. The result ‘earth pressure on the wall is inclined at: angle ‘8 to the norinal to the wall whe 8? is the angle of friction between the w: and the back fill. 4. The sliding wedge itself acts as a rig body. The magnitude of earth pressure ‘obtained by considering the equilibrium the’sliding wedge as a whole. 5, In Coulomb's theory, a plane fail surface is assumed and the force requin to maintain, the equilibrium of the wed is found from using the principles statics. ‘The procedure is repeated { several trial surface. The trial surfa which gives the largest force for the acti case, and smallest for the passive case the actual failure. 25, Applications : This method can be used | active and passive cases. The method read accommodates the friction between the w and backfill, irregular backfill, sloping ws surcharge loads etc. The method is al extended for Cohesive soils. Thus, Coulomt theory is more general then the Rankin theory. rium of Sliding Wedg The sliding wedge is in equilibrium under thr forces : 1. Weight of wedge *W? 2. Reaction ‘R’ on slip surface. (SRT sees | Now Dati | ena | Bhabaneorr | View | Wistar | Tropa | Pe | Chea27. Line of action of “P,”: In fact Coulomb theory does not give the point of application of the resultant earth pressure. However, the pressure Gistribution is assumed to be Hydrostatic on the ‘back of the wall, and the resultant pressure *P,” is assumed fo act at one third the height of the ‘wall from the base. Appraximate values of 8? : 2 Forsmooth walls ,8 = §/3 2 For ordinary retaining walls, concrete walls, 8 = (2/3) 6. 3. For rough walls with well drained back fill, 8 = 3/44. 4. Back fill subjected to vibrations, Rehbann’s Construction for Lateral Earth Pressure: Graphical method for determining total active and passive pressure according to Coulomb's theory. Also known as “Poncelet’s method”. 29. Culmann’s Construction for Lateral Earth Pressure : Graphical method to determine Coulomb's earth pressure for active and passive conditions. It is ‘more general than Rahbann’s method. Can:be used for ground surface of any configuration, for various types of surcharge loads and for layered back fill of different densities, effect of line load such as Railway track or a long wall of a building running paratiel to the retaining wall, (SSRN) Feed [Neve | Benzara | Bneswar| Viewed | Vinkapatam [Tinga ne Glam] 1. The maximum vertical depth of excavation that can be made in a saturated soft clay, having C=30 KNim? and 20 KN/m’ without any lateral support, is (3m ()6m (c)2.67m @8m 02. The basement walls are generally designed for (@) Active pressure (b) Passive pressure (6) At rest pressure (@None 03. Coulomb's theory is applicable for (@) homogeneous soils only (b) non homogeneous soils also (©) smooth retaining walls only @ soils which have angle of internal friction only 04. Cohesion (@) Increases the active pressure and decreases the passive pressures (b) Decreases the both active and passive resistance, (©) Increases both active pressure and passive resistance (@) Decreases active pressure and increases passive resistance. 05. The average angle of wall friction, 6, in terms of 4, according to Terzaghi, is @s=2A)o (b)s © =(13)6 @s 06. Coulomb’s earth pressure theory is based on the following assumptions : 1. The backfill is saturated cohesionless soil 2. The position and line of action of the earth pressure are known 3. The single wedge is considered to be a Gi2) o body. 4, The failure surface is a continuous non- plane surface. Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) 1&2 (b)2.&3 (3&4 (d)4 and 5Ob Ginn Geotechnical Engineerin 07. In passive case, the wall moves (a) towards the backfill (b) away from backfill (6) no movement at all (@) downwards : 08. Weep holes are provide in retaining walls for the following reason {a) to improve the appearance (0) to provide drainage of backfill (©) to avoid cracks due to shrinkage (d) to avoid friction behind the wall 09. Gravity — type retaining wall primarily mobilizes active earth iy fe (@) the free deflection at the top (b) the free defection at the base (©) uniform translation (@) sudden overturning - 10. For a loose backfill the angle of wall friction, ow @=o O 23. If a uniform surcharge of 120 kN/Mn’ is placed: ‘on the backfill with 6! = 30°, the increasein pressure is (a) 12 KN/m? (b) 30 KN/m? (©) 40 kN/m* (@ 120 kN? 24, Earth pressure and resultant possibilities of wall movement are shown in the diagram below. Earth pressure «Away from Towards, backfill backfill Lateral movement of retaining. wall. The point ‘marked X in the diagram denotes. (IES - 1997) (a) Earth pressure at rest (b) Active earth pressure (0) Arching active Pressure (d) Passive earth pressure 25. The lateral earth pressure coefficient of a soil, K, for active state, K, for passive state and Ky for at-rest condition, compare as (IES -2011) (0) Ko 13b 14b 15.4 16.c 17a 18b 19a 20.b 2la 22a 230 24.4 25.b D6FOOE Za 2BAC @ wich Fiore Geotechnical Engineering ol. 02. 03, A retaining wall, 7.5 high, retains a cohesion less backfill. The top 3m of the fill has a unit ‘weight of 18 kN/m® and 4 = 30° and the rest has a unit weight of a 24kN/m’ and = 20°. Determine the pressure distribution on the wall. ‘Assume water table at 3m depth. Ptco Jind total cutive fore Estimate the total active thrust on the back of a rigid retaining wall shown. Neglect effect of | tension zone. # ‘Assume that there is no friction between! soil and wall (GATE-1989) KN/a 3m 6=05 Ya=20 beg 2m $=30% sand pom ‘Yo = 18KN/m? i A 4m high vertical wall supports, a saturated | cohesive soil (f, = 0) with horizontal surface. The top 2.5m of the back fill has bulk density of 17.6kN/m3 and “apparent cohesion of | 15kN/m*, The bulk density and apparent | cohesion of the bottom 1.5m is 19.2kN/m’ and | 20kN/m? respectively. If tension cracks develop, what would be the total active force on the wall ? ~~ (IES-1996) 04. To have zero active pressure intensity at the ti of a wall in cohesive soil, one should apply uniform surcharge intensity of (GATE-2000) (a)2ctana (b)2.¢ cot a (©) -2ctana. (@) ctan a. 05. A vertical wall 10m. high supports a horizonts back fill of sand of 7 = 1700Kg/cum. Th active earth pressure of at the base of the wall $000 kg/Sqm. Later, a uniform surcharge 0 2000 kg/sq.m is placed over the fill. Estimat the maximum earth pressure and the resultan “force on the wall after the surcharge is placed. (GATE-1987 (06. Consider the following statement: Rankine’s theory and Coulomb’s theory giv same values. of coefficients of active an passive earth pressures when 1, the retaining wall has a vertical back 2 the backfill is cohesionless 3. angle of slope of backfill is equal to the “angle of internal friction 4, ‘angle of slope of backfill is 0” 5. angle of wall friction 6 is 0° 6. angle of wall friction is equal to 6 ‘Which of these statements is/are correct? (ES-1998 (b) 1,24 and 5 (@) 14.and6 (@) 1.2.3 and 5 (c) 2,3, and 6 (RGU ceca [Nov Dans [Beats | Dhataaeona | Vierwrade | Vinkhapama | Tropa | Pane | ChenaStability of Slopes 1. Slope failure may take place due to + + Gravitational forces, seepage forces, earth quake ete. 2. Types of slopes a) Infinite slopes: The slope of semi infinite soil mass. ‘+ Soil properties for all identical depths below the surface are constant. ) Finite slope: Slope length is limited Ex: Earthen dams, cuts etc 3. Types of slope failures : «@) Translational B) Rotational 4, Translation failure Failures occurs along..a Jong surface parallel to the slope, at some depth. 5. Rotational failure :Failure occurs by rotation along a slip surface (curved) 6. Stability of infinite slope: In this case, generally transnational failure occurs + Factor of safety against translational faiture p-5_Shear strength 1 — Shear stress 7. Infinite slope in cohesion less soils (C = 0) tang F= DC | for dry and submerged soils tani ‘Where i = angle of infinite slope ; = Effective angle of internal friction of the soil. + For stable slopes, i<@ For seepage parallel to the slope, re Yor tani (RCE) certaa | Nov Dai | Beng | Bhubaneswar | Vinjoroda | Viskfapatam | Till | Pune | Cheam 8. Infinite slope in c- @ soil : C+yzc0s? itang ‘yzeosi sini F. 9. Stability analysis of finite slopes Feats ay sob ATPL TTT TTTT TTT Hard stratum C} + Generally rotational failure occurs + Factor of safety against rotational Resisting moment Driving moment a) Face failure ) Toe failure ©) Base failure Failure R= 10. Depth factor, p, — Denti of hardstratum below the top ‘ it of slope For face failure, Dy < 1 For toe failure, Dp = 1 For base failure, Dr > 1 11. Methods to analyse finite slopes : a) du = 0 Analysis = ) Swedish circle method or method of slices ©) Bishop’s method 4) Friction circle method ¢) Stability number methodACE 0 Analysis : ‘Applicable for fully saturated clay under undrained condition. 9, R ‘ IIe, w Failure surface is assumed as an arc. ofa circle ai Factor of safety, F==e— “The circle corresponding t6 mitimam foto of safety isthe eel sp ec a ical Beige ‘Yaa = 20 KNim®, C= 25 KNim’, @=0 a) When canal runs full with the water level at the top of slope: Area, a= 33 mr CER wx m L=RxOx 28x96x—— 180 180 xIxy (Use 7’ for submerged slope condition ) x 1x (You = Yo) = 331 x (20-10) =330 2DSRBXIBA _ 4 6 330x2 b) When there is sudden draw down “My w= a x 1 x You: (Use You for sudden draw down condition ) = 33% 20 = 2660 kN 25x 8x96 = x8 4 =2.03 66052 13, Swedish cicele method or method of slices = = iptions : Surface of sliding is an arc of a circle. 2. Forces between the slices are neglected. The error due to above assumptions is on positive side of factor of safety. i) Normal components will passthrough ‘center of rotation and hence do not caus any driving moment on the slice. Only the ‘Tangential component “T" causes a drivingtang! With steady seepage = Arc length, = Normal component of weight of a slice = Tangential component of weight of a slice, N= Weosa; T = Wsina U = Pore pressure force, fs Fellenius li ‘ellenius line’ I 43H Note: The method satisfies only the overall ‘moment equation of equilibrium. 14, Fellenius method to locate center of critical slip circle. + Center of critical stip circle lies over the follenins line. a. and Pare called direction angles. ‘The point ‘P” shown, represents center of critical slip circle for , = 0 soils. 15. Application of the method : It is a general method which is equally applicable to homogeneous soils, stratified soils, fully or partially submerged soils, non uniform slopes, with or without seepage. 16. Stability of slopes of an Earth dam : It is tested under the following conditions. 1. Stability of downstream side during steady seepage.(D/s slope is critical for steady seepage) 2. Stability of upstream side slope during sudden draw down.( Us slope is critical for sudden draw down condition) SS esas Dena | Bhncver | Viewed | Viagem | Tina | Pane | Chea @uchS. Es Academy Stability of Slopes CL+SN.tang 3. Stability of upstream side and downstream Dike ian ee as Pe side slopes during and immediately after construction. Example 2: ‘An embankment 10m high is inclined at an angle ‘of 36° to the horizontal. A stability analysis by method of slices gives the following forces per rumiing meter. © Shearing forees = 450 KN, E normal forces = 900 KN and E =216 KN. The length of failure arc is 27m. C 20 KNim® and 4) = 18°. Determine the factor of safety of the slope with respect to Shear strength and Cohesion Sol: Given: H= 10m, 0 = 36° ‘YT = shearing forces = 450 KN N= Normal forces = 900 kN Length of failure arc, L = 27 m C'=20KN/m? 5 = 18° ¥ neutral force, BU =216 kN FOS of the slope with respect 10 shear strength: CT +3(N-U) tang! F =T 20%27+3(900. 450 16) tan 18 F=169 }b) With respect to cohesion po CE 20x27 ET 450 17. Bishop’s method : ‘The method considers the forces acting on the sides of slices which were neglected in swedish method. «Failure surface is assumed as an are of a circle.This is most accurate method.Qh Sinton Geotectnical Engineering 18, 19, Factor of safety with respect to cohesion, Critical height (ctual height of slope + Factor of Safety with respect to friction _frictiona angle ‘Mobilised friction angle ear strength, Crotang p=_tetalshear sro Mobilised shear si where c is full cohesion Cm is mobilised cohesion 6 is full angle ofinternal friction x is mobilised angle of intemal Friction circle method + Failure surface is assumed as an arc of a circle we + Friction circle : A small circle of radius R.. Sind, Also called > + The resultant reaction of normal-reaction and frictional force is tangential. to the friction circle. (ERR esa |New Dat | Beas Baneswar | Viigawads | Viakispatan | Taupai| Pune | Cheam] + Stability number, 5, Fol YH He Stability factor: Reciprocal of stability number. + Stability curves were given by Taylo ‘using friction circle method for finite slopes and for values of “a” and ‘i? + In using Taylor's stability curves, at effective value of gm (mobilised friction angle) should be taken where oq’ = tan [tang / F] + For purely frictional soils, C = 0,S, = 0 and therefore stability curves do not apply. +, Maximum value of S.= 0.261 |, and for i= 90, Dy = 1. Ifslope is fully submerged, S, Ryu 2. Ifslope is saturated by capillary water, c "Fetal 3.In case of sudden draw down, weighed friction angle (6) and ya. should be used. 6, (Ey ( Yast © Sys read against the $y value (ie., $m is taken equal to $m for sudden draw down) 21. -Faylor’s stability number gives factor of safety with respect to cohesion only. Tt is assumed that frictional force is fully mobilised. «For @=0 and i < 53°, base failure is likely to occur «© Fori > 53. and for small values of }. toe failure is likely to occur. ‘Example 3: ‘A slope is to be constructed at an inclination of 30°to the horizontal. Determine the safe height of slope at a factor of safety of 1.5, C=1.5 vm’. = 225°, y = 1.9 tm’. Stability numbers for ilized friction angles are as flows For $n= 22.5%, S.=0.02 For $n = 15°, € (GATE-1988)a 187: Stability of Slopes Sol 8= 30°; F=1.5. Therefore Fe=F 1. CH 15th 6= 22.5%, y=1.9 tm Tang * Tanda Tan (225") Tand, tan 62 =0.27 = bm= 15° For 6x of 15°, $,=0.046 15: c = "Rye oss — 1S 1.5x19xH Safe height, H = 11.44 m 01. An excavation was made at a slope angle of $4” in homogeneous clay .when the depth of excavation reached 8 m, a slip occurred. The slip surface was likely to have passed through a point (a) above the toe of the slope (b) below the toe (6) through the toe (d) near the mid — point of the slope 02. Tayior’s stability number curves are used for the analysis of stability of slopes: The angle of shearing resistance used in the chart is the {@) effective angle (©) apparent angle (©) mobilised angle (@) weighted angle 03. Consider the following statements regarding the swedish circle method of analyzing stability of slopes. 1. It is a general method of analyzing stability of slopes. 2. Itsatisfies only the overall moment equation of equilibrium. 3. It considers the forces acting on the sides of individual slices. 4, It gives a factor a safety which errs on the safe side. {sda | New Dai | Beagians| Bhoanesvar | Visrwada | Viakhapaiain | Tirupal | ne | Open 05. 07. 09. 10. (Of these statements the incorrect statement is/are (@) 3,4 ©24 (b) 1, 4,3 (d)3 only The factor of safety of an infinite slope in a sand deposit is found to be 1.732. The angle of shear resistance of the sand is 30°, The average slope of the sand deposit is given by (@) Sin “"(0.333) (b) Cos “1(0.252) (©) Tan (0.333) (d) Cot "(0.621) ‘The maximum value of stability number is (a) 0.465, (b) 0.261 (0) 0.542 @t Pick up the incorrect statement regarding Bishop’s method of analysis for embankment slopes (a) Considers the effect of forces acting on the sides of slopes (b), Most accurate and economical method. (c) ‘Assumes the slip surface as an arc of a cirele. (a) None of the above Which of the following will have a finite slope (@) Embankment (b) Earth dam (©) Canals (@) Allthe above Pick up the correct statement : (Dr = Depth factor) (@) For toe failure, Dr > 1 (b) For toe failure, Dy = 1 (© For base failure, Dr = 1 (@ For base failure, Dr <1 In the stability analysis of finite slopes, the swedish finite circle method assumes that the surface of sliding is (a) Anarcofaparabola (b) a straight (@)Anarcofacircle (d) Anelliptical arc Base failure of a finite slope occurs when the soil (@) Below the toe is relatively soft and weak (b) Above the toe is relatively soft and weak (©)is purely cohesive (@) is cohesionless11. Given that *R’ is the radius of failure are and “° is the angle of internal friction of the soil the radius of ‘friction circle’ in the slope stability analysis by friction circle method is (@Rtang ()Rsin (Ros @RI6 12. Fora pure cohesive soil, friction circl (2) apoint (b) a greater circle (©asmall circle (@) None 13, Taylor’s stability number ‘S, & c Ona os CH gh — (d) © Rey @ Eyal 14, Bishops method of analysis (@) consider the effect of forees acting on the sides slices (b) is economical (©) Assumes the slip surface as an arc of #€ircle (@) All the above 15. If is the angle of internal friction of soil and i? is the slope of angle, the factor of safety of an infinite slope is given by (@)Tang/TanI (6) Tan i/Tan (©)Cotg/Cotl —(@) Coti/ Cot > 16. A plane inclined at an angle “6” to the horizontal at which the soil is expected to stay in the absence of any lateral support, is'known as (a) Repose line (b) $line (©) Natural slope line (d) All the above 17. Failure of a slope occurs only when total shear force is (2) Greater than total shear strength (b) Equal to total shear strength (c) Less than total shear strength () None of the above 18, The method of slices of swedish circle method is applicable in (a) Homogeneous soils only (b) Uniform slopes only (©) Stratified soils only (@) Non — uniform slopes also (SSRN) 56 Noy Det [Henson | Bhabcsvar | Vass | VieNtamn | Tipe | Pane | Cheat] Geotechnical Engineering 19. According to fellonious method in a purely cohesive soil, the critical centre lies at the intersection of (@) directional angles (b) perpendicular bisector of slope and locus of center (©) side slope and top force (@) None of the above 20. A base failure is likely to occur when @oz0&B<53° (by oz 0° &B>53° ©}o=0P &P<53 (d)o> 0 &B<53" 21. An infinite slope represents the inclined face of (@) an earth dam (b) an embankment (c) an excavation (@)a natural high hill slope 22, Fellenius stability analysis by method of slices considers {(@ shear stress on the interface of slice (b) normal stress on the interface of slice (©) both #86 (d) no interface forces between slices 23. Taylor's stability charts are based on the total stresses using the (@ friction cirele method (b) method of slices (©) 4 =O analysis (@) none of the above 24.The method of slices for the stability of slopes (@) can be used for stratified soils (®) can be used when seepage occurs and the pore pressure exists within the soil. (© Gives the factor of safety based on moments and not the forces @ Allthe above 25. In stability analysis, the term mobilized shear strength is referred to as @ shear strength (b) maximum shear stress (© applied shear stress (@) none of the above26. The stability of the upstream slope of earth dam has to be checked for the (a) sudden draw down condition (b) steady seepage condition (©) steady seepage with sustained rainfall condition (d) none of the above 27. The upstream and down stream slopes of an earth dam is critical for the (a) reservoir partial pool condition (b) sudden draw down condition (©) steady seepage condition (@) earthquake condition 28. A canal is excavated toa depth of Sm below ground level C = 1.5 4 /m?, You = 2 t / m’. If stability number for the soil is 0.1, the factor of safety of slope when it runs full is @1 wis ©2 @3 29. Ina stability analysis for a given slip surface by the method slice, E shear forces © normal forces and ¥ neutral forces are 500 KN, 900 kN, 200 KN respectively. The length of the failure arc is 27 m . if the cohesion and friction of the soil are 20 KN/m* and 20° respectively , then the factor of safety with respect to shear strength is @120 W170 (159 © @192 30. The cohesion and density.of a soil are 2 t / m? and 2 t / m° respectively. For a factor of safety of ‘2° and stability number 0.1, the safe height ofslope is @25m )10m Sm 50m 31, A trench is to be cut with vertical sides. It is a pure cohesive soil having bulk density of 2.0 t / m’ and cohesive C= 2.6 tm’, if i= 90°, S, 0.261,. the depth upto which trench can be excavated with out any lateral supports is (@0Sm (6) 5m (50m (@) None Oc 02¢ 03d Oe 05.b 06.d 07d 08b 0%.c 10a Lb 12a Ia 14d 15a 16d 17.8 18d 19a 200 2d 2d Ba Wd 25.¢ 26.a 27d 28d 29.c 0c 31.6 1. Inclination of a clay slope (g) can be greater than the angle of shearing resistance (b) cannot be greater than the angle of shearing resistance (@),cannot be greater than angle of repose (d) Cannot be greater than 45 02, In case of sands and over consolidated clays, the analysis used is (effective stress anialysis (b) total stress analysis (c) core pressure analysis (@any of the above 03. Ifthe slope of a canal cutting is fully submerged under water:then the factor of the slope against sliding @ increases (b) decreases (©)remains same (4) None 04, A slope is to be constructed on a soil for which C=O and $= 36. It is to be assumed that the water level may occasionally reach the surface of slope, with scepage taking place parallel to the slope. Determine the maximum slope angle for a factor of safety of 1.5 ‘assuming a potential failure surface parallel to slope. What would be the factor of safety of slope, constructed at this angle, if W.T. should be well below the age! ‘The Yst=19KNim’. - (GATE-91,94) EE iia Ora Hera | New Deli | Bengal | Bhabanesvar | Viayavoda | Visabapauann Tuna | Pane | Chena* Geotechnical Engineerin; rr Seminal Engincerin 05. Figure below shows the cross section of a ‘cutting in homogenous saturated clay. What is the factor of safety against immediate shear failure along the slip eycle? (@) Ignoring tension crack and (b) Allowing for tension crack. Take y= 18 KN/m’ and un drained cohesion is Cy=27KNim’, = 0. 6. A cutting is to made in a soil deposit with a slope of 25° to horizontal and for a depth of 25m.The soil has © = 35 KN/m* , = 15%and =20 KNim? (@) Find the factor of safety with respect to cohesion if the factor of safety desired with respect to friction is 1.5, (b) Instead, if factor of safety with respect cohesion is 1.5, what would be the factor safety with respect to friction. Given: For ¢=15° and i=25°, 8,=0.03 For$= 10° and i=25%, § =0.06 For$=12.5° and i=25", S,=0.05 . A new canal is excavated at a depth of 5 below G.L. through a soil having C = 1.4 tim = 15°, Yau = 1.945 Um’, The slope of bank i 1 in 1. Calculate the factor of safety wit Tespect to cohesion when canal runs full. If iti suddenly emptied, what will be factor of safety Forg=15°, S, = 0.083 For§= 7.5% S,=0.122 An embankment is to be made of a soil whict "has. shear strength parameters of C! = 5 KNiim’, 6" = 15°. The mobilized values o cohesion and friction are Cn = 22 KNim’ n= 12°, what is the factor of safety wit ‘espect to ~ @) Cohesion, (0) Friction. If the average value of normal effective stress on the failure surface is 120 KN/m’, what is the value of factor of safety with respect to shear strength? Also find Fy when Fe = 1 and Fe when Fy = 1. SS) Noa nce [Va a]Bearing Capacity Foundations are of two types : 1. Shallow 1 2. Deep foundations Shallow foundation: A foundation is considered shallow if a rotational bearing failure is possible. According to Terzaghi, if depth is equal to or less than the width, it is shallow. Ex: Spread footings, continuous footingy Raft foundation etc... Deep foundations: Load’ is transmitted. at considerable depth below G.L. Ex: Pile, Pict Caisson ete. Gross pressure(q) : Total pressure at the base of the footing due to weight of super structure, self weight of footing and weight of earth-fil, ifany. Net pressure (qx): Gross pressure — Original overburden pressure qn 9-yD D=Depih of foundation Ultimate bearing capacity(qa): The minimum ‘gross pressure at the base of the-foundation at Which soil fails in shear. Net ultimate bearing eapacity(qn): The ‘minimum net pressure that causes shear failure of the soil. w= Gv -YD Net safe bearing capacity(qn): The net pressure which can be applied safely with out shear failure. m= Gn )F Where F = Factor o safety , usually taken as 3. Gross safe beating capacity or Safe bearing capacity,(q,): It is the maximum gross pressure which the soil can carry safely with out shear failure is + D % 9. Net safe settlement pressure (qup): It is the net pressure which the soil can carry with out exceeding. the allowable settlement. 10. Net allowable bearing pressure(qua): It is the net pressure at which the soil neither fails in shear nor undergoes excessive settlement. Also called allowable bearing pressure or allowable bearing capacity. + Thisis adopted for design of foundations. # It is theysmaller of the net safe bearing ‘capacity and net safe settlement pressure. qua=least of dex & dup 11. Requirement for the design of foundation ‘A) no shear failure B) no excessive settlement 12. Q= stper imposed load + Net footing pressure (q,) is approximately equal to Q/A, PRG = =| Area, A + To determine area of footing required, the equation to be used is ds $ dre ie, Q/ASqu__ if footing is backfilled. (QA -7D) < das if footing is not backfilled. 13. Compensated Raft or Floating Raft : The load carrying capacity of a foundation is considerably increased if it is not back filled. For compensated raft foundations, the net footing pressure will be zero. For not back Trdcnbad | Nov Dali | Benga] Bhubsnesrar | Vinyevada | VeeRtapatam [/Tiwpai| Pane | Chennaifilled raft foundation, the net footing pressure will be zero if 7D = (Q/A) ie., the pressure applied is just balanced by the pressure released. 14, Types of Shear Failures : A) General Shear Failure (G.S-F) B) Local Shear Failure (L.S.F) ) Punching Shear Failure (P.S.F) a) GS.F : Properties are such that a slight downward movement of footing develops fully plastic zones and soil bulges out. A heaven’ sides is always observed. * “Occurs in dense sands and stiff clays. b) L.S.F : Large deformations occur below the. footing before the failure zones are fully developed. Heaving (or bulging) occurs only after considerable vertical settlement. occurs in medium dense sand, clays of medium| consistency. ©) P.S.F : * failure surface do not extend up to the ground level * no heaving occurs. * occurs in loose sand or soft delays. 15. Criteria for General Shear Failure and Local Shear Failure. GSR. LSF. Ifg> 36 ifo<28° If failure strain < 5% iffstrain 10 to 20% Ifrelative density (Ip) > 70% if Tp<20% If N>30 if N<5 If ¢<0.55 if e>0.75 For purely cohesive soil, local shear failure may be assumed to occur when the soil is soft 10 medium with shear strength C, < 50 KN/m? 16, Rankine’s Analysis : Occasionally used to find minimum depth of foundation as follows : Re -[ 54] yLi+sind- where q = load intensity at the base. (ISSR repaid | New Dat Beng | Bohanenvar | Verona | Vink [Tian | Pine | Chena Geotechnical Engineering 17. Terzaghi’s Theory : Assumptions : Footing base is rough, shallow foundation, shear strength of soil is governed Mobr-Coulomb equation, continuous footing, the soil above the base of footing can be replaced by Equivalent surcharge ‘yD" and offer no shear resistance. GSF is assumed yp. uL Zone 1 is elasti¢ zone. Zone Il is radial shear zone, Zone Ill is Rankine’s Passive zone. 18 Terzaghi’s General Bearing ‘equation for continuous footing : Capacity qu=CNc+YDNy+05yBN, Where Ne, Na Ny are Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity factors (dimensionless). ‘No Ny, N; are based on angle of internal friction (@) only. Safe bearing capacity, qs: a2 EN. + PW, -0+05x7BxN,]+ 0 19. For circular footing, qu=13CNe+7DNq+037BNy here B = diameter of footing For square footing, qu= 13 CNo+yDNg+04yBN; For rectangular footing, qe =CN,(+0. 3B) 44DN, +05xyBxN,(1-022)@ vet Fic 298: Bearing Capacity 20. For pure cohesive soil ($= 0), No=5.7, Range of Ry” and *Rya’ is from 0.50 to 1 N=1 and N,= - For clays, qu=5.7+ yD, qm=57C e net safe bearing capacity, qu, =(1/F)5.7C B 21, For local shear failure, the cohesion and“ | Zsa K values shall be reduced as follows Mobilized cohesion Cn=(2/3)C Mobilized angle of shearing resistance ($i) ee ase Shall be found from : tan dm = (2/3)tanb NOTE: ‘The bearing capacity factors shall be read (1) WT. has remarkable effect on ‘q,’ of sandy corresponding to the reduced 6” value (ie. bn) and gravelly soils (around 50% reduction when WT rises upto GL ) For local shear failure, the Terzaghi’s bearing (2) W-T. effect on clayey soils is negligible. capacity equation is Example 1: Qo (2/3) CN YBN, + 0.59BN'Y Find the safe bearing capacity as per Terzaghi’s 1 5 theory for a granular soil with y = 18 KN/m’, Where No, N'g, Nh are corresponding to the | Width of footing Se ete hae ar eae foundation=1m, N,=12, Ny = 30, N,= 40. 22, Effect of water table on Bearing Capacity : Rector obentetyas + If water table is at or above G.L., *y'* shall be used in the entire Bearing Capacity | gol: Given: equation. = 2 + IFW. is above base of footing, “7” shall Tes be used for the soil below the footing Sneed (05 7'BN)), Depth of footing D = Im + TEW.T. is at a depth equal to or greater than Ne#=12, Ny=30,N;=40; F=3 “B’, below the footing, no correction is Safe bearing capacity ; 4, required. + For intermediate positions of W.T., linear as = fen, -1) +05 yBN,]+ yD interpolation for reduction is to be made by F 2 introducing correction factors ‘Ry.’ and ‘i ‘Ryo’ as follows. qs =~[18x1G0-1) +0.5 x18x 2x 40]+18x1 © qu=CN.+4DNg - Rui +0.5 YBN; Rao aes Where ‘Rui’ and ‘Rea? ee es Featoei ic imttrecairee ‘ Field Test to determine ‘q,’ and probable Roi = 0.50 [1 + (Ze / D)] settlements under a given loading. + ‘qu’ is taken as the load at which the plate Reo = 0.50 [1 + (Zaz /B)] starts sinking at a rapid rate. (Ee a et nce | Wire| Vinapoman Tn] [ Gis]Cr Geotechnical Engineering Test pit width “B’ is taken as 5 times width of plate. BIB, = D/D, =5 level of foundation. + Generally a square plate is used. + Minimum thickness 25 mm, ‘+ Minimum size is 30 emx 30 em, + maximum size is 75 em x 75 cm. + For clayey, silty and sandy soils, normally met within the field, 60 em x 60cm plate is used. For gravelly and dense sandy soils, 30 cm x 30 com plate is used, + The maximum load that is to be applied corresponds to 1.50 times the probable ultimate load or 3 times the proposed allowable bearing pressure, + IE W.1. is above the level of footing, it should bbe lowered just below the footing level. Even if W.T. is located within 1 m below the footing, test should be conducted at the level of the W.T. itself. + When a load settlement curve does fot indicate any marked breaking point, failure may alternatively be assumed corresponding to a settlement equal to (1/5) of width of test plate. + Safe bearing capacity=qu/F, F=2 or2.5. log q. Yield point settlement Log-log plot (recommended by IS-1888) [SRE sid Ne Dai | toner Vinee | lino a [Pine] Chennai] 24. Limitations : 1. Test results reflect only the character of soi! Tocated with in a depth less than twice the width of bearing plate (corresponding tc isobar or pressure bulb of one tenth the loading intensity at the test plate (0.1 q). 2. A short duration test. Hence does not give ultimate settlement, Particularly in case of cohesive soils. 3. Effect of size of foundation : For clayey soils the ultimate pressure for a large foundation is the same as that for test plate. But in sandy soils, the b.c. increases with the size of the foundation. And tests on smaller size bearing plates tend to give conservative values, 25. Effect of size of plate on settlements (Corrections for plate load test results settlements): Empirical relations for settlements are as follows a) In Clayey Soils : & poi, b) In Sandy Soils : S, _[BAB,+03)] S, |B, +03) Where Br=width of footing (m), B, = Width of plate (m) S;= settlement of footing, Settlement of plate 26. Corrections for BC of plate load test. a) For clayey soils : Bearing Capacity is independent of size of footing, dp = dr b) For sandy and gravelly soils:For all practical purposes, earing capacity for footing 4qp = bearing capacity obtained in a plate load testQ wit Froicy 205; Bearing Capacity eudipie?? Sol: B=Im; L=2m, D-2m ib > A seitlement of 6mm was noted under a pressure aoe intensity in a plate load test with size of plate was c, 10 30 x 30 om in a sandy soil. Then the settlement under a footing of size 1.80 x 1.80 m under the same pressure intensity (in mm) is Sol: S.= 6mm ; B;=30 em=0.3m Br=1.8m 8, _[B.(, +03) 8, [B,@, +03) 8, _[1.803+03)] 6 (030.8+0.3) 7.63. mm, 27. Skempton’s Method : Applicable for cohesive soils only (based on) investigations). ‘Net ultimate bearing capacity, “qui = C.Ne- Where C N shesion of the soil rearing capacity factor. 2 +02 3 B Minimum value of Ne = 5.14 and maximum value is 7.5 for strip footing, For rectangular footing, No=9t+022]i+022| B L. For rectangular footing, minimum Ne = 6.2 and maximum Ne=9. For strip footing, N, Example 3: ‘What is the safe bearing capacity of a rectangular footing Im x 2m, placed at a depth of 2m in a saturated clay having unit weight 20 kN/m’ and ‘unconfined compression strength of 100 kN/m*. ‘Assume a factor of safety of 25. Use Skempton’s theory. (RCE) Fh aeated [Nowa | Benga | Bhuhancor | Viewed | Vowkhapamars | Taupe | Pune [Cheam] —==S0kPa; F=2.5 Zz Using Skemptons’s theory: (CN.)+7D =< -[50xN,]+20x2 zl ic nefred]ont =17 4, Fels 72+ 20x2 = 194kPa 28. Meyerhof’s Method : This method considers the shearing resistance of the soil above the base of the footing while Terzaghi’s Theory Tieglects it. The Mayerhof's Method can be applied for shallow and deep foundation. Whereas. Terzaghi’s method is applicable for shallow foundation only. 29. Where the combination of wind load, live load, dead load is taken, the bearing capacity can be taken as 1.25 x safe bearing capacity. (i.e., 25% excess can be allowable) 30. Settlements : For foundations on coarse grained soils, the settlements should be estimated corresponding to full dead load, live load and wind (or scismic) load. ‘+ For foundations on clays, settlements are estimated corresponding to _ permanent Toads. Generally, 50% of the live load is taken as permanent live load along with full dead load. 31. Allowable Settlements + Differential settlement will be nearly equal to 75% of the maximum settlement. ‘+ The allowable settlement depends on the type of soil, type of foundation and structural framing system,® amh 296: Geotechnical Engineering D2 pngneerng Academy © As per general practice, the maximum differential settlement is limited to 25 mm in sandy soils and 40 mm in clayey soils. «AS per IS 1904, 1978, the allowable settlement is as follows. | T_ Tolated Foundations_| Fé | sand and nar clay | __ 500m [—asieny [75mm [Hm OL. The minimum depth for all foundations below the natural ground level is (as per IS) (a) 500 mm () 1200 mm (©) 250mm. (@) 100mm. 02, The pressure intensity on a foundation soil having ¢- 30° is 40 thm®. If unit weight of soil ig? tm’, minimum depth of foundation as per Rankine’s theory is (2M. (b) 222M (c) 022M (11M 03. Net allowable bearing pressute is (a) Net safe bearing capacity (b) Net safe settlement pressure (c) Smaller ofa and b (d) None of the above 04, Terzaghi’s analysis is based on the assumptions (a) Base of footing is rough (b) Footing is shallow (c) The shear strength of soil is governed by Mohr coulomb equation (4) All of the above (05. In Terzaghi’s analysis, ‘the loading conditions are similar to that on a retaining wall under (a) Active pressure case (b) Passive pressure case (c) Neutral pressure (d) Effective pressure isabel | New Dai | Benga | Banca | Visvownda Teatbapatant | Tina | Pune | Cheat 06. Terzaghi's bearing capacity factors depend upon (a) Angle of internal friction only (b) Cohesion also (c) Cohesion only (@) Density of soil 07. General sheat failure is characterized with (@) Low strain before plastic failure (b) Soil behaves like an ideally plastic material (©) Occurs in stiff soils (d) All of the above 08. If the angle of internal friction of a soil is about 20°, the shear failure that can be expected is (@) General shear (b) Mixed shear (c) Local shear (@) Punching shear 09, The ultimate bearing capacity of cohesion less soil depends upon (a) Width of footing _(b) Depth of footing (©)Relative density (4) All ofthe above 10. The beating’capacity of a footing in pure clay soils is independent of (a) Depth of footing (b) Width of footing (6) Shape of footing (4) Water table 11. If water table rises to the ground level of 2 footing resting on cohesionless soils, the ‘bearing capacity. approximately (@) Reduces to half (b) Reduced to one third (©) Remains same (@) None of above 12. Which of the following factors affect the bearing capacity of a soil (a) Cohesion and angle of internal friction only (b) Width and depth of footing (6) Inclination factors also (@) None of the above 13.As per IS code, Maximum permissible ‘differential settlement on clayee soil is 25 (0) 40 (65 (@) 10097: Bearing Capacity 14, Match the following using the codes given type of foundation and foundation soil allowable settlement List A. Isolated foundations on clay B. Isolated foundation s on sand . Raft foundations on clay D. Raft foundations on sand List-II 1.40 mm 2.65 mm 3.40. mm to 65 mm 4.65 mm to 100 mm ch corBrs KCl (Oey yaa ® 2 1.4 g @ 1 2 4 gy @2.1 3g 15. The recommended size of a square bearing plate to be used in plate loads test for determining the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, should be 30 em square to 75 em square with a°minimum thickness of (a) 10mm (c)20mm (b) 15 mm @ 25 mm 16. The size of plate recommengied for gravelly and dense sandy soils is (a) 30 cm square (c) 75 em square (b),60 cm square (@) None 17. The width of test pit for plate load test is made °X’ times width of plate, X = (@5 3 ©25 @2 18. The seating load for plate load test is (a) 1 KN/m? (0) 5 KN/m? (c)7 KNim? (@ 10 KN/m* 19. The ultimate load carrying capacity of a plate 30 cm square determined from plate load test made on a clayey soil is 10 KN/m’, If the width of the foundation is 1.2 M x 1.2 M, the ultimate bearing capacity of proposed foundation in ‘KNim’is (a) 160 (by) 16 ©@10 — @None 20. If the ratio of width of foundation to the width of plate is 5 times, the ratio of corresponding settlements in clayee soils is @il OLS © IS: @S:1 21, In very soft clayey soils, the shear failure is generally (@) General SF (LSF ()Punching shear (d) None 22, The load carrying capacity of a foundation, if it is not back filled is (@)lncreased (©NO effect (b) Decreased (@) Zero 23. The allowable soil pressure for foundations in cohesive soils is generally controlled by (@) settlements (b) bearing capacity (©) both (a) and (6) (A) neither (a) nor (b) 24, The permissible settlement is the maximum in the case of (a) Isolated footing on clay (b) Raft’on clay (0) Isolated footing on sand (@) Raft on sand 25, If the gross bearing capacity of a strip footing 1.5 m wide located at a depth of 1 m clay is 400 keN/m®, its net bearing capacity for y = 20 kN/mn” is (@) 370 KN (b) 380 kN/m? (6) 390KNim* (@) 360 kNim* 26. Identify the incorrect statement. Bearing capacity of @ footing on sand depends on (a) depth of footing (b) width of footing (©) position of water table (@) undrained shear strength 27. Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation was, developed based on the modified bearing capacity theory by (a) Vesic (b) Hansen (©) Spangler (@) Prandtl (ERO | New Dati | Beara | Bianco | Vingowads | Viegas | Tiropat| Pane | Channa@.A5., 98 Geotechnical Engineering 28, Plate load test results reflect only the character of the bearing plate. Choose the correct statement. (a) offless than twice () equal to Ola 02.b Oe 04d 05.0 (©) equal to 2.5 times (d) of more than twice 06.a 07d O8%c¢ O%.a 10.b 29. The bearing capacity factors Ne, Ny and N, are Ma 12¢ 13.b0 Ib 15.d functions of (IES -2005) 16a 17a 18%¢ 19%¢ 20d GONE IPs fer ae Ene Qe 2a 23.b 4b 25.b (b) density of soil (©) Cohesion of soil 26.4 27,4 Ba 29d 30d (@) angle of internal friction of soils 31. 30, Match the list-(Ef¥ect) with) List-Il (Reason) | and select the correct answer using the codes sziven below the lists (IES 1997) List me A. Excessive settlement O1. In pure clay the safe bearing capacity of footing B. High Expansivity De eel ee C. Reduction of bearing Capacity nes, 7 phonies oe strength D. Acceleration oF consolidation | censngvane ie. ih List : (@) none of the above 1. Rise of water table | 2. High Compressibility || 02. A. 3.0 square footing is located in a dense sand 3, Montmorillonite | at a depth of 2M. Determine the ultimate Pandcene bearing capacity for the following water table — || positions: Codes : * iy at ground surface, Aor pe Biie Cyd fi) at footing level and @ 4 1 2 hee iii) at Im below the footing. Gysnder lige eg ou iv) at Im below the ground level (oy asa. ‘The moist unit weight of sand above the water @ 2 3 Tacit table is 18KN/m’ and the saturated unit weight 31. Two circular footings of diameters D, and D2 are resting on the surface of a purely cohesive soil. The ratio D,/Dz = 2. If the ultimate bearing capacity of the footing of diameter D, is 200 N/m, then the ultimate bearing capacity (in kiNim’)of the footing of diameter Dz will be (IES - 2001) (0) 571 (a) 100 (6) 200 (@) 314 [ New Dei | Bengaars | Bhubaneswar | Visjavada | Viaklaparara | Tupaa| Pune | Cheanal 03. is 20KN/m’, @ = 35°, Cr = 0, Nq = 33 and Ny =340 (IES-1998) A 2m wide strip footing is placed 1m below the G.L. of clayey soil having the following properties. Cy = 80KN/m’, C’= 0, dy = 0 and '=30" unit weight above water table is 16KN/m’ saturated unit weight is 20KN/m* If water table is at foundation level, calculate the net safe bearing capacity of the footing using a factor of safety of 2, for a) short term and ») long term conditions. (GATE 93)Deeg o) LO 307372 225 9197 04, Find the safe bearing capacity of a strip footing in saturated clay given the density = 2 vm’, depth of footing = 1m, unconfined compressive strength of clay = 20 t / m? and factor of safety of 2. Assume a smooth contact surface. (GATE-1988) 05. A column carries a load of 1000 KN. The soil is a dry sand weighing 19KN/m’ and having an angle of internal friction of 40°. A minimum factor of safety of 2.5 is required and Terzaghi factors are required to be used. (N, = 42 and N, = 21). Assume Yau: = 21 KN/m®, (i) Find the size of a square footing, if it is placed at the ground surface. 06. A strip footing is to be designed to carry a gross load of 300KNim at a depth of 1m in a clayey soil, The approximate shear strength parameters are C = 60 KN/m’.and @ = 0. Determine the width of footing if a factor of safety of 3 against shear failure to be assured. Water table is found to be at the foundation level. Above water table unit weight is I8KN/m3 and below the water table 20KN/m’. Bearing Capacity 07. Ina load test conducted at a depth of Im below ground with a square plate of 30 cm square on a granular soil, load required to caus: 25 mm settlement was 7.2 tones. If the settlement is limited to 10 mm, the allowable bearing pressure will be (a) 800M? (b) 32M" (© 8uM* @N 08. A raft foundation is provided for a building which has provision for cellar, is a soil which has y= 20 KN/m’. If the total pressure intensity at the base of the raft is 150 KN/m. Find the depth of foundation for a ‘compensated raft” 09. In a plate load test conducted on « cuhesionless soil with a plate size of 30 cm x 30.cm, the safe bearing capacity is found to be 6 tin”, What will be the total safe load in tons that ean be applied on a footing of size 1.50 x 1.50m? 10. Ina braced. vertical excavation of $ m height and 2.50 m width in a cohesive soil having undrained cohesion equal to 20 kN/m°, and bulk: unit weight of 20 kN/m? what is the factor of safety against heave failure at its bese? (ies -2006) @10 (@)20 (b) 1.20 @140 (RGR) Feta | Novak ene | Dinter | Vane | Vinkdnpanaen [pa | Pane [Gea]Pile Foundation 1) Necessity of Pile Foundation: When subsoil is very week and the loads are heavy, to reduce settlements, to transfer loads through deep ‘water or soft soil to a firm strata, to resist ! horizontal loads and uplift loads, in expansive Q soils, ete 2) Classification of Piles Based on load transfer : ie End bearing and friction pile a) Friction Piles : Qu=Q+Q © Load is transferred by skin friction | 3) Classification based on function : between soil and pile, a) Tention piles © Used when a hard siratum does not © To anchor down the structure subjected exists at reasonable depth to uplift forces. © Also called * Floating piles’ © Piles are under tension. b) compaction piles : For compaction of b) End bearing Piles: Joose granular soil. © Loadis mw: CIVHE nc Fe Anch« LE To provide anchorage ’ . www: nggForAlicom = d) Fender pile and dolphins : Sheet piles o Used when hard strata or bed rock is avalos ae: te depth ‘used to protect water front structures from impact of ships. © Also called ‘ Point bearing Piles’ , : ©) Batter pile: Piles provided at an inclination, © To resist lateral forces or inclined forces. ©) Combined end bearing and friction Piles: © Load is transferréd:by. combination of | 4) Classification based on method of, end bearing at the bottom and. friction installation: along surface of pile 4) Driven piles : Piles are driven into soil by applying hammer blows. b) Driven and cast-in-situ piles: Piles are formed by driving a casing with a closed end to the soil. The casing is filled with reinforcement and concrete. The casing may or may not be with drawn. ©) Pre-east Driven piles: A pre cast pile is Friction Pile End bearing Pile lriven into the soil. Qu =O Qu = Qe d) Board cast-in-situ piles : Piles are formed by making a hole into the ground and then filling reinforcement and concrete. Hyderabad | New Delhi] Benplare | Blbancsvar | Vnyawads | Viaklapataas | Tipe | Poe | Chena2101: Pile Foundation 5) Classification based on displacement of soi a) Displacement pile: Piles which cause lateral displacement of soil when installed. Ex: All driven piles. b) Non displacement piles: No lateral displacement of soil when the pile is installed. Ex : Bored piles, 6) Pile driving hammers: a) Drop hammer : hammer is raised by a winch and allowed to drop under gravity. b) Single acting hammer : hammer is raised by steam or air pressure and allowed to drop under gravity. ©) Double acting hammer : Air or steam pressure is used to raise the hammer and also to push down the hammer. 4d) Diesel hammer : Air and Diesel oil mixture is ignited when the hammer falls and that causes automatic lifting of the hammer and pushing down the pile ‘Vibration technique is used for pile driving. Used where vibrations _and.noise of, conventional hammer driving is not permitted. 7) Load carrying capacity of Pile a) Static formulae b) Dynamic formulae ©) Penetration tests 4) pile load tests, 8) Static formulae : Too Ultimate load capacity Q,= Q, + Q, [ New Deli | Benplura | Bhabanorear | Vineet | Veaihapamam | b) Q = Base resistance at pile tip Q.= Shaft resistance or side friction resistance Q= As f Qe= As fy ‘Where Ay = Area at base of the pile ‘A,= Surface area of the pile (Perimeter x length) f, = Bearing capacity at pile tip f,= Average skin friction Piles in Sands: 1 Ng Nq= Beating capacity factor ov! = Effective vertical stress at pile tip level =7'L, ifL

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5794)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1090)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (838)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (599)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1712)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1103)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (895)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (588)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (537)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2100)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (344)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1015)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1839)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (120)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (440)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (399)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4609)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1937)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4200)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2322)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1891)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (73)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Introduction On Photogrammetry by Koert Sijmons

  

  Document124 pages

  Introduction On Photogrammetry by Koert Sijmons

  Vishal Mishra

  No ratings yet
• CinemaReporter 05june2014 by TEB

  

  Document12 pages

  CinemaReporter 05june2014 by TEB

  rachamadugu

  No ratings yet
• Mechanics of Soil - 2 Marks Questions

  

  Document14 pages

  Mechanics of Soil - 2 Marks Questions

  rachamadugu

  No ratings yet
• Pellamtho - Pelli by Mynampati

  

  Document286 pages

  Pellamtho - Pelli by Mynampati

  rachamadugu

  75% (4)
• JNTU HYD B.Tech First Year Syllabus

  

  Document28 pages

  JNTU HYD B.Tech First Year Syllabus

  rachamadugu

  No ratings yet
• 200 Questions and Answers On Practical Civil Engineering Works 2008

  

  Document84 pages

  200 Questions and Answers On Practical Civil Engineering Works 2008

  ramdj

  100% (4)
• EIA India

  

  Document7 pages

  EIA India

  rachamadugu

  No ratings yet