2014 PDF

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. 28 ( )
. 2421302598

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...
. 28 ( ) . 2421302598
1
3.1 . | [ / ]
3.1 .
3.1 ................................................................................................................................ 5
..................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 ............................................................................................................................. 9
.........................................................................................................................9
.............................................................................................................................................9
..............................................................................9
................................................................................................................... 10
( f ( x ))
1:
f ( x) e
2:
3:
4:
f ( x ) dx .........................................................10
f ( x)
dx ...................................................................11
f ( x)
dx .............................................................................12
f ( x)
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx , f ( x ) f ( x ) dx ..........13
f ( x)
f ( x)
5: ,
f ( x ) dx , f ( x ) dx ..................................14
7:
6: . .................................................................................................15
ax +
ax +
( x + ) dx
( x + ) dx ...........................................................................................................................................................18
8:
( x + ) ( x + ) dx ,
( x + ) ( x + ) dx ( x + ) ( x + ) dx ...........................................................20
9: v ( x + ) dx v ( x + ) dx ............21
10:
( x + ) dx ( x + ) dx .....22
2k
11:
2k
P ( x)
............................................................................23
Q ( x)
[ / ] | 3.1 .
3
12:
g ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
dx ,
f ( x )dx .........................................................................................................................................................................26
13: .............................................................................................................................27
3.3 ........................................................................................................................... 28
.......................................................................................................................28
................................................................................................................... 29
1. .......................................................................................29
2. ...............................................................................29
3. ........................................31
4. ..................................................................................33
5. ..................................................................37
6. ............................................................................39
7. ..............................................43
3.4 F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt ............................................................................................................ 45
x
................................................................................................................... 46
1. F ( x ) =
2.
f ( t ) dt ................................................................................46
x
g ( x)
f ( t ) dt ,
f ( t ) dt ,
g ( x)
h( x )
f ( t ) dt .....................................................47
3. ............................................................................51
4. ....................................................................................................................63
5. ................................................................................................................................71
6. .................................................................................................................................................81
3.5 ....................................................................................................................... 90
................................................................................................................... 91
1. C f xx ............................................................91
2. C f C g .............................................................94
3. .............................................96
3
3.1 . | [ / ]
3.1 .
4. ..................................................................................................................98
5. .................................................................................................................................101
[ / ] | 3.1 .
3.1 .
f . f
(1) F
F ( x) = f ( x) , x .
f . F f ,

G ( x) = F ( x) + c ,
c ,
G f
G ( x) = F ( x) + c ,

f
f ,
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c ,
f ( x )dx
x x.
f, ,
f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c , c
(1)
3.1 . | [ / ]
3.1 .
0dx = c
1.
8.
2.
1dx = x + c
3.
x dx = ln | x | + c
4.
9.
x dx =
x +1
+ c , 1
+1
5.
xdx = x + c
6.
( ax + ) dx =
7.
ax +
dx
e =
( x + )
a
e ax +
+c
a
+c
xdx = x + c

10.
11.
12.
dx = x + c
dx = x + c
dx = e x + c
x dx =
x
+c
ln
13.
) dx
( x + =
14.
=
dx
ax
+
( x + )
a
ln ax +
a
+c
+c

:
f g ,
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx ,
( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
[ / ] | 3.1 .
1.
x3 + 2 x 2 + 3
dx
) x + x

dx x ,
x
2 2
1
x + 3 2x dx
) f ( x ) =
x3 + 2 x 2 + 3
*
x
f * * .
.
:
3
x3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 2 x 2 3
=
+
+ = x2 + 2x +
x
x
x
x
x
x3 + 2 x 2 + 3
3
3
1
dx = x 2 + 2 x + dx = x 2 dx + 2 xdx + dx = x 2 dx + 2 xdx + 3 dx =
x
x
x
x
x3
x2
x3
+ 2 + 3ln x =
+ x 2 + 3ln x
3
2
3
) f ( x ) = x + x
x
2

,
2 2

,
2 2

, .
2 2

.. :
x + x
7
dx = x x x
dx = xdx + xdx
x
2 x
3.1 . | [ / ]
3.1 .
) f ( x )=
1
+ 3 2 x * .
x
f * * .
:
ln x 3
x + 3 2 x dx =
x dx + 3 2 xdx =
2 x
2
[ / ] | 3.1 .
3.2
f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)dx
f , g
.

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx . :
f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx = f (u )du ,
u = g (x)
du = g ( x)dx
f (u )du

1.
3.
5.
7.
( f ( x ))
=
f ( x ) dx
( f ( x ))
v +1
v +1
+ c, v 1
a f ( x)
f ( x ) a f ( x ) dx =
+c
ln a
f ( x ) + c
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx =
f ( x)
dx
f =
( x)
2
f ( x ) + c
2.
4.
6.
8.
f ( x) e
f ( x)
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x)
dx =
e ( ) +c
f x
ln f ( x ) + c, f ( x ) 0
f ( x ) + c
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx =
f ( x)
f ( x ) + c
f ( x ) dx =
2
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
( f ( x ))
1:
1.
)
( x 4)
dx )
x xdx
(x
2x + 3
+ 3 x + 2007 )
f ( x ) dx
dx
) f ( x=
)
( x 4)
f .
( x 4 ) =
1 :
( x 4)
4
( x 4 ) dx =
1 ( x 4 ) dx =
( x 4 ) ( x 4 ) dx =5 + c
5
) =
f ( x ) 3 x x .
f .
:
4 x
3
3
3 xdx =
xdx
=
xdx
=
+c
(
)
[ / ] | 3.2
10
10
11
3
) f ( x ) =
(x
2x + 3
+ 3 x + 2007 )
f .
x 2 + 3 x + 2007 = 2 x + 3
2x + 3
( x + 3x + 2007 )
( x + 3x + 2007 )
dx=
(x
x
(
+ 3 x + 2007 )
+ 3 x + 2007 )
dx=
(x
5
+ 3 x + 2007 ) ( x 2 + 3 x + 2007 ) dx=
+c
2:
2.
)
3 x +5
dx
f ( x) e
f ( x)
dx
) x e x dx
) f ( x ) = e3 x +5 .
f .
: ( 3 x + 5 ) =
3 :
3 x +5
1
1
1 3 x +5
3 x +5
3 x +5
dx =
e
+c
( 3x + 5) e3 x +5 dx =
1 e dx =
3 3 e dx =
3
3
11
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
) f (=
x ) x e x .
f .
( x ) = x :
x e
dx =
x e x dx =
( x ) e x dx =
e x + c
3:
3.
)
2 x
1 +
dx
x x ln ( x )dx , x 4 , 2
f ( x)
dx
f ( x)
x +1
dx
+ 2 x + 2007
) :
(1 + x ) = 2 x x = 2 x
2
(1 + x ) dx =ln 1 + 2 x + c
2 x
dx
=
(
)
2
1 + x 1 + 2 x
2
) :
( ln ( x ) ) =1 x ( x ) =1 x 1
x
2 x
x
1
x x
:
[ / ] | 3.2
12
12
13
1
x x ln ( x ) dx =
1
1
x x ln ( x ) dx =
( ln ( x ) ) dx =
ln ( x )
ln ( ln ( x ) ) + c
) :
(x
+ 2 x + 2007 ) = 2 x + 2
2
x +1
1
2x + 2
1 ( x + 2 x + 2007 )
1
dx
=
dx
=
dx
ln ( x 2 + 2 x + 2007 ) + c
2
2
x 2 + 2 x + 2007=
2 x + 2 x + 2007
2 x + 2 x + 2007
2
4:
4.
( 2 x + 3) ( x
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx , f ( x ) f ( x ) dx
+ 3 x + 9 )dx
x
2
ln ( x + 1) dx
+1
(e
x ) ( e x + x )dx
) :
(x
+ 3 x + 9 ) = 2 x + 3
( 2 x + 3) ( x
2
2
+ 3 x + 9 ) dx =
( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) + c
( x + 3x + 9 ) ( x + 3x + 9 ) dx =
) :
(e
e x + x
+ x ) =
:
13
3.2 | [ / ]
(e
3.2
x
x
x ) ( e x + x ) dx =
( e x + x ) + c
( e + x ) ( e + x ) dx =
) :
+ 1)
2x
= 2
2
x +1
x +1
(x
ln ( x + 1=
)
2
2x
ln ( x 2 + 1) dx=
+1
( ln ( x
5: ,
5.
)
+ 1) ln ( x 2 + 1) dx= ln ( x 2 + 1) + c
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x ) dx , f ( x ) dx
2
3x 2 + 5
2 ( x3 + 5 x + 9 ) dx
x ( ln x )dx
2
) :
(x
+ 5 x + 9 ) = 3 x + 5
3x + 5
=
2 ( x3 + 5 x + 9 ) dx
(x
+ 5 x + 9 )
( x
2
+ 5x + 9)
dx
= ( x3 + 5 x + 9 ) + c
) :
( ln x ) =
1
x
:
[ / ] | 3.2
14
14
15
1
1
dx 2 x =
dx
x 2 ( ln x=
( ln x )
)
( ln x ) =
2 ( ln x ) dx ( ln x ) + c
6: .
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

.
( x ) g ( x ) dx f
f ( x ) = ( x ) .
( )
h x
e ( )
av x v + av 1 x v 1 + ... + a1 x + a0
ln h ( x )
6.
)
h ( x ) , h ( x )
e ( x
x
+ 3 x + 9 ) dx
x 2 + 2007
( x3 + 5 x ) dx
)
.
(
) .
:
15
3.2 | [ / ]
( e ) = e
x
3.2
x
e ( x
x
+ 3 x + 9 ) dx = ( e x ) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) dx = e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) dx =
= e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) dx
(1)
e ( 2 x + 3)dx :
x
(1) = e x ( x 2 + 3x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) dx = e x ( x 2 + 3x + 9 ) ( e x ) ( 2 x + 3) dx =
=e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) e x ( 2 x + 3) dx =
= e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) + e x 2dx =
= e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) + 2 e x dx = e x ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) e x ( 2 x + 3) + 2e x + c =
= e x ( x 2 + x + 8) + c
) :
(e
2
2
2
= e x + 2007 ( x 2 + 2007=
) e x +2007 2=x 2 x e x +2007
x 2 + 2007
x 2 + 2007
( x 3 + 5 x ) dx = e x
+ 2007
x ( x 2 + 5 ) dx = x e x
+ 2007
( x 2 + 5 ) dx =
2
1
2 x e x + 2007 ( x + 5 ) dx =
2
2
1
1 x2 + 2007
1
dx
e x + 2007 ( x 2 + 5=
dx
e
( x 2 + 5 ) e x + 2007 ( x 2 + 5 )=
)
2
2
2
2
2
1 x2 + 2007
1
1 x2 + 2007
1
e
xdx
e
dx
=
( x 2 + 5 ) e x + 2007 2=
( x 2 + 5 ) e x + 2007=
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
= e x + 2007 ( x 2 + 5 ) e x + 2007 + c
2
2
7.
) ( 3 x + 2007 ) ( x + 7 ) dx
) ( 2 x + 3) x 2 + 3 dx
) :
[ / ] | 3.2
16
16
17
3 ( 3 x + 2007 )
( 3x + 2007 ) ( 3x + 2007 ) =
( ( 3x + 2007 ) ) =
( ( 3x + 2007 ) )
( 3x + 2007 ) =
3
+ 7 ) dx
( 3x + 2007 ) ( x =
( ( 3x + 2007 ) )
3
+ 7 ) dx
(x=
1
( 3 x + 2007 ) ) ( x =
+ 7 ) dx
(
1
1
( 3x + 2007 ) ( x + 7 ) ( 3x + 2007 ) ( x + 7=
) dx
3
3
1
1
= ( 3 x + 2007 ) ( x + 7 ) ( 3 x + 2007 ) ( x + 7=
) dx
3
3
1
1
= ( 3 x + 2007 ) ( x + 7 ) ( 3 x + 2007=
) dx
3
3
( 3x + 2007 )
1
= ( 3 x + 2007 ) ( x + 7 ) +
+c
3
9
=
) :
( ( 2 x + 3) ) = ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) =2 ( 2 x + 3)
( ( 2 x + 3) )
( 2 x + 3) =
( 2 x + 3) ( x
1
+ 3) dx =
( ( 2 x + 3) ) ( x 2 + 3)dx =
2
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) ( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) dx =
2
1
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x )dx =
2
2
1
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) + x ( ( 2 x + 3) ) dx =
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) + x ( 2 x + 3) ( x ) ( 2 x + 3) dx =
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) + x ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) dx =
2
2
2
( 2 x + 3)
1
1
=
( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) + x ( 2 x + 3) +
+c
2
2
4
17
3.2 | [ / ]
8.
)
ln xdx
x ln
3.2
xdx
) .

( x ) = 1
ln xdx= ( x ) ln xdx=
1
x ln x x ( ln x ) dx= x ln x x dx=
x
c x ( ln x 1) + c
= x ln x 1dx
= x ln x x +=
) :
( x )
( x ) = 2 x x =
2
x )
(
xdx =
2 ln
2
1
1 2 2
1
xdx =
=
x 2 ) ln 2 xdx =
x ln x x 2 ( ln 2 x ) dx =
(
2
2
2
1 2 2
1
1
1 2 2
1 2 2
1
=
x ln x x 2 2 ln x =
dx
x ln x x ln xdx
=
x ln x ( x 2 ) ln xdx
=
x
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 2
1
1
1 2 2
1
1
1
x ln x x 2 ln x + x 2 ( ln x ) dx =
x ln x x 2 ln x + x 2 dx =
=
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 2
1
1
1 2 2
1
x
x ln x x 2 ln x + =
xdx
=
x ln x x 2 ln x + + c
2
2
2
2
2
4
x ln
7: e ax + ( x + ) dx
ax +
( x + ) dx

.
[ / ] | 3.2
18
18
19
ax +
( x + ) dx
I H ( x ) + I
=
9.
) A = e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 ) dx
) :
( e ) =( 2 x + 3) e
2 x +3
2 x +3
=2 e 2 x +3
1
=
) dx
( e2 x+3 ) ( 3x 2007
2
1 2 x +3
1
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( ( 3 x 2007 )=
=
) dx
2
2
1 2 x +3
1
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 3 ( 3 x 2007
=
=
) dx
2
2
1 2 x +3
3
e ( 3 x 2007 ) ( e 2 x +3 ) ( 3 x 2007
=
=
) dx
2
4
2 x +3
( 3 x 2007
=
) dx
1 2 x +3
3
3
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 ) + e 2 x +3 ( ( 3 x 2007 )=
) dx
2
4
4
1 2 x +3
3
3
=
=
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 ) + e 2 x +3 ( 3) ( 3 x 2007
) dx
2
4
4
1 2 x +3
3
9
=
=
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007
) dx
2
4
4
1 2 x +3
3
9
=
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 )
4
2
4
=
19
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
1 2 x +3
3
9
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 )
2
4
4
9
1 2 x +3
3
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 )
=
+
4
2
4
13
1 2 x +3
3
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e 2 x +3 ( 3 x 2007 )
=

4
2
4
2 2 x +3
3 2 x +3
e ( 3 x 2007 ) e
=
( 3 x 2007 )
13
13
( x + ) ( x + ) dx
8:
,
( x + ) ( x + ) dx ( x + ) ( x + ) dx

:
2 = ( ) + ( + )
= ( ) + ( + )
2
= ( ) ( + )
2
10.
) ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 5 x ) dx
2e
3 x xdx
) :
( 3x + 5 ) ( 5=
x)
1
( 2 x + 5 ) + ( 8 x + 5 )
2
dx
) dx ( 2 x + 5) + (8 x + 5)=
( 3x + 5) ( 5 x=
2
1
1
dx
( 2 x + 5 ) dx + ( 8 x + 5 )=
2
2
1
1
= ( 2 x + 5 ) ( 8 x + 5 )
4
18
=
[ / ] | 3.2
20
20
21
2 3 x x = 2 x + 4 x
2e
3 x =
xdx
dx e 2 xdx + e 4 =
xdx
e ( 2 x + 4 x )=
x
= I1 + I 2
1 2.
x
x
I1 =
e x 2 x e x ( 2 x ) dx =
e 2 xdx =
( e ) 2 xdx =
=
e x 2 x + 2 e x 2 xdx =
e x 2 x + 2 ( e x ) 2 xdx =
=e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x 2 e x ( 2 x ) dx =e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x 4 e x 2 xdx =
=e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x 4 I1
I1 =e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x 4 I1 5 I1 =e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x
1 x
2
e 2 x + e x 2 x
5
5
I1 =
2 :
1 x
4
e 4 x + e x 4 x
17
17
I2 =
2e
3 x xdx =
1 x
4
1
2
e 4 x + e x 4 x + e x 2 x + e x 2 x + c
17
17
5
5
9: v ( x + ) dx v ( x + ) dx
=2+1 :
2 +1 ( x ) =
2 ( x ) ( x ) =
(1 + 2 x ) ( x )
v
2 +1 ( x ) =
2 ( x ) ( x ) =
(1 + 2 x ) ( x )
v
=2 :
21
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
1 2 x
1 + 2 x
=
2 x
2
2
2 x
11.
) 4 xdx
) 3 xdx
22
) 2 x 2 xdx
) :
2
2
2
xdx =
x xdx =
(1 + x ) ( x ) dx =
( x ) dx + x ( x ) dx =
= x +
3 x
3
+c
) :
1 + 2 2 x + 2 2 x
1
1
2 x
1 + 2 x
dx +
dx + 2 2 xdx =
dx =
xdx =
2 dx =

4
4
2
4
x 2 x 1 1 + 4 x
x 2 x 1
x 2 x x 4 x
1
=
+
+
+
+ 1dx + 4 xdx =
+
+ +
+c
dx =
4
4
4
2
4
4
8
8
4
4
8
32
) ;
1 2 2 x
1
1
1 2 x 1 + 2 x
=
dx
dx =
dx 2 2 xdx =

2
2
4
4
4
x 1 1 + 4 x
x
x 4 x
1
1
=
+c
dx = dx 4 xdx =
4 4
2
4
8
8
8
32
2
2
x xdx =
10:
( x + ) dx
( x + ) dx
2k
2k
2 x =
12.
1 + 2 x
2 x =
2 x
1 + 2 x
dx
[ / ] | 3.2
22
23
2 x =
dx
=
1
1 + 2 x
( x )
2
dx
=
. :
1
1 + 2 x
(1 + x ) dx
dx
=
x =t ( x ) dx =dt 1 + 2 x dx =dt
t3
3 x
I = (1 + t 2 ) dt = t + = x +
3
3
11:
P ( x)
.
Q ( x)
P(x) Q(x)
.

..
x+2
x+2
2
=
x 4x + 3
x 2x + 3
2
x2
( x 3) ( x + 1)
2
(x )
( ax
x +
+ x + )
<0
x+2
a

=
+
( x 1)( x 3) x 1 x 3
x2
( x 3) ( x + 2 )
2
+
+
x + 2 x 3 ( x 3)2
P(x) Q(x)
P(x):Q(x) :
( x)
P ( x)
( x)

= ( x) +
Q ( x)
Q ( x)
Q ( x)
13.
x 3
) 2
dx
x 3x + 2
23
x3 2 x + 1
) 2
dx
x 4x + 3
x2 2 x 1
)
dx
( x 1) ( x 2 + 1)
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
) f ( x ) =
x 2 3 x + 2 =
( x 1)( x 2 )
x 3
{1, 2}
x 3x + 2
2
x 3
a
=
+
x 3x + 2 x 1 x 2
2
x 3
a
=
+
( x 3) = a ( x 2 ) + ( x 1) x {1, 2}
x 3x + 2 x 1 x 2
2

.
x=1 x=2.
x=1 :
a (1 2 ) + (1 1) a =
2 a =
2
(1 3) =
x=2 :
2 3 =a ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 1) =1
x 3
dx
=
3x + 2
dx
x 1 x 2 =
) x 2 4 x + 3 =
2 ln x 1 ln x 2 + c x {1, 2}
( x 3)( x 1)
f ( x ) =
x3 2 x + 1
{1,3}
x2 4 x + 3
[ / ] | 3.2
24
24
25
(x)
(x)
11( x 1)
x3 2 x + 1
11x 11
11
= ( x + 4) + 2
= ( x + 4) +
= ( x + 4) +
2
x 4x + 3
x 4x + 3
x3
( x 1)( x 3)
x3 2 x + 1
x 2 4 x + 3 dx =
11
x2
x
+
4
+
dx
=
+ 4 x + 11 ln x 3 + c
(
)

x 3
2
x2 2 x 1
{1} .
) f ( x ) =
( x 1) ( x 2 + 1)
:
x2 2 x 1
a
x +
1 a ( x 2 + 1) + ( x + )( x 1)
=
+ 2
x 2 2 x +=
2
( x 1) ( x + 1) x 1 x + 1
x=1
2 =a (12 + 1) + ( 1 + )(1 1) 2a =2 a =1
x=0 = - 1
02 2 0 1 =1( 02 + 1) + ( 0 + )( 0 1) 1 =1 1 =0
x=-1, =-1 =0
( 1)
2 1 1 =1(12 + 1) + ( ( 1) + 0 ) ( 1 1) 0 =1 + 3 =2
2x
x2 2 x + 1
1
2
( x 1) ( x 2 + 1)dx = x 1 + x 2 + 1 dx = ln x 1 ln ( x + 1) + c
25
3.2 | [ / ]
3.2
12:
g ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x )dx

t =
f ( x)
f ( x)
dx ,
dx g ( x ) f ( x )dx
f ( x)
=
dt
f ( x)
f ( x) =
dx dt
2 f ( x)
dx
t =
f ( x ) f ( x ) = t 2 x = g ( t 2 ) dx = g ( t 2 ) dt
t=
14.
)
f ( x ) x
2 x
1 + x
2
dx
(x
+ 1) x + 1dx
) 1 + 2 x =+
2 x ( x ) =
2 x x =
2 x
(1) 2 x =

1 + 2 x =
t
2 x
1
dt
dt
dx =
dt
1 + 2 x dx =
(1 + 2 x ) dx =
2
2 1 + x
2 1 + 2 x
2 x
2dt
dx =
1 + 2 x
2 x
1 + x
dx = 2dt =2t + c =2 1 + 2 x + c
x +1 = t x +1 = t 2 x = t 2 1
dx = ( t 2 1) dt dx = 2tdt
[ / ] | 3.2
26
26
27
(x
+ 1) x + 1dx
=
( ( t 1) + 1) t 2tdt=
2
(t
2t 2 + 1 + 1) 2t 2 dt
=
7
2t 7
t5
t3
2 x +1
x +1
x +1
4
+2
+c
( 2t 4t + 2t )dt= 7 4 5 + 2 3 + c=
7
5
3
6
13:
, .
,
-1 -2 .
, -1,-2 .
.
15.
=
Iv
= 1
= 1
1
1
v 1 x x +
I
v
v 1
dx x x + ( x ) =
xdx x ( x )=
xdx
x =
= x x + ( v 1) x xdx
=
x x ( v 1) x ( x ) xdx
x x + ( v 1) x (1 x=
) dx
x x + ( v 1) xdx ( v 1) xdx =
= 1
I v = v xdx :=
Iv
=
xdx
v 1
v 1
= 1 x x + ( v 1) I v 2 ( v 1) I v
=
I v 1 x x + ( v 1) I v 2 ( v 1) I v I v + ( v 1=
) I v 1 x x + ( v 1) I v 2
vI=
1 x x ( v 1) I v 2 =
Iv
v
27
1
v 1
1 x x
I v2
v
v
3.2 | [ / ]
3.3
3.3
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx = 0
f ( x) 0 ,
f ( x)dx 0 .

.
1
f , g [, ] , .
[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx =
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx =
f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
2
f , , ,
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx
3
f [, ] . f ( x) 0 x [, ]
f ,
f ( x)dx > 0 .
[ / ] | 3.3
28
28
29
1.
1.
f ( x ) dx = 9 , f ( x ) dx = 11
4
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
f ( x ) dx = 13
8
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx .

.
) :
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx =
11
4
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx =
9 11 =
2
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx =
13 9 = 4
2.
13 ( 2 ) = 15

f ( x ) dx ,
a
() F f [, ] :
29
3.3 | [ / ]
3.3
f (=
x ) dx F (=
x ) a F ( ) F ( )
2.
)
(e
1
( x ) ) dx
) :
x dx
x
( x )
0
=
e 1+
=
0 ( e ( x ) ) dx =
0 e dx 0 ( x ) dx =
e 0 +
0
2
= e 1
1
x 1
) :
x dx =
x
3.
x3
1
1 8
1 1
2
7 3 5
2
x
dx
+
=
2 x = 4 2 1 = =
2
2 3
x
x 1 3
3 2 6
3
f [0, 1] f ( 0 ) = 1
f (1) = 2 :
)
f ( x) f ( x)
dx
0
ex
x ( 2 f ( x ) + xf ( x ) ) dx
1
) :
1
1
f ( x) f ( x)
x
x
x
x
dx = 0 ( f ( x ) e f ( x ) e ) dx = 0 f ( x ) e + f ( x ) ( e ) dx =
x
e
1
1
2
x
e x f ( x ) =
e 1 f (1) e0 f ( 0 ) =
=
1
0 ( f ( x ) e ) dx =
0
e
1
) :
[ / ] | 3.3
30
30
31
x ( 2 f ( x ) + xf ( x ) ) dx = ( 2 xf ( x ) + x f ( x ) ) dx = ( x ) f ( x ) + x f ( x ) dx =
1
dx
( x f ( x ) )=
1
x 2 f ( x=
) 0 12 f (1) 0 f =
( 0) 2
1
f f ( x ) 0 f 3 ( x ) + f ( x ) =
0 x [ a, ] .
4.
f ( a ) f ( ) 3 x 2 5 x 1 =
0 ,
f ( x ) dx .
a
f
.
1
f ( x)
3
f ( x) f ( x) =
2
f ( x) =
f ( x) + f ( x) =
0 f ( x) =
f ( x)
f ( x)
3
f ( x ) dx =
1
f (a) f ( )
1
1
(1)
dx =
f
x
f
f
a
f
f
a
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
f ( a ) f ( ) 3 x 2 5 x 1 =
0 .
Vieta .
S=
1
1
5
f ( a ) f ( ) = P = f ( a ) ( f ( ) ) = f ( a ) f ( ) =
3
3
a
3
(1) :
5
f ( x ) dx= 3= 5
1
3
3.
31
( x ) g ( x ) dx f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
f=
3.3 | [ / ]
3.3
5.
x 2 xdx
ln 2 xdx
) .
x 2 xdx=
x 2 ( x ) dx= x 2 x ( x 2 ) xdx=
0
0
2 x (=
x ) dx
( 0 0 )
2
2 x ( x ) dx=
xdx ( 2 2 0 0 ) 2
xdx
=
=
[ 2 x x ]0 0 ( 2 x )
0
=
2 2 [ x ]0 =
2
2
2
x ln 2 x x ( ln 2 x=
) dx
1
1
2
1
dx
2 1 ln 2 1) x 2 ln x =
1
x
2
2
2
2
=
2 ln 2 2 2 ln xdx =
2 ln 2 2 2 ( x ) ln xdx =
2 ln 2 2 [ 2 x ln x ]1 + 2 x ( ln x ) dx =
xdx
( x ) ln =
2
xdx
ln 2=
( 2 ln
2 1
2
2
= 2 ln 2 2 ( 2 2 ln 2 2 1 ln1) + 2 x dx = 2 ln 2 2 4 ln 2 + 2 1dx = 2 ln 2 2 4 ln 2 + 2 [ x ]1 =
1
1
x
2
= 2 ln 2 4 ln 2 + 2
f ( x ) =
6.
) I =
) lim I
ln x
x2
f ( x ) dx , >0
1
x +
) :
I = f ( x ) dx =
1
1
1
ln x
1
1
=
=
( ln x ) dx =
dx
xdx
xdx
x
ln
ln
ln
2
2
1 x
1
x
x
x
1 1 x
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
ln + 2 dx =
ln + =
ln + 1
1
x
x 1
[ / ] | 3.3
32
32
33
3
) lim I=
x +
ln 1
lim
1
+ 1=
x +

ln
) = lim 1 = 0
ln De _ l ' Hospital
(
lim
lim
=
=
x +
x +
x +

( )
f f ( x ) = 2 x 2 , x f
7.
I =
f ( x ) dx .
( ) = 1.
f
.
I
=
f ( x ) dx
=
f ( x ) dx
( x ) =
( x ) dx
xf ( x ) 0 xf=
0
x 2 = t ( x 2 ) dx = dt 2 xdx = dt
( ) 0 f ( 0))
x 2 x 2 dx
x = 0 t = 0
x=
t=
x 2 x 2 dx =
tdt =
0 =
2
[ t ]0 =
: =
4.
f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x )dx = f ( u ) du
u2
u1
f , g
u = g ( x ) , du = g ( x ) dx u1 = g ( a ) , u2 = g ( )
33
3.3 | [ / ]
x 2 x 2 dx
8.
1
dx
3x 2
3 x2
x e dx
2 x
dx
1 + 2 x
3.3
4
0
4 x
dx
x3e x dx
1
x 2 =t x 2 dx =dt 2 xdx =dt xdx = dt
( )
.
x = 0 t = 0
x = 1 t = 1
x 3e x dx =
2
x 2 e x xdx =
2
=e e =e ( e e
0
t 1
te dt = t ( e ) dt =
1
1
1
1
tet ( t ) et dt = (1 e1 0 e0 ) et dt =
0
0
0
) =1
) 3 x 2 = t ( 3 x 2 ) dx = dt 3dx = dt dx =
1
dt
3
x = 1 t = 3 1 2 = 1
x = 2 t = 3 2 2 = 4
41 1
1
1 41
1
1
2 ln 2
4
dx = dt = dt = [ ln t ]1 = ( ln 4 ln1) =
1
1
3x 2
t 3
3 t
3
3
3
) 1 + 2 x = t 1 + 2 x dx = dt 2 x xdx = dt 2 xdx = dt
x = 0 t = 1 + 2 0 = 1
x = t = 1 + 2 = 1
2 x
dx
=
1 + 2 x
11
=
1 t dt 0 :
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
[ / ] | 3.3
34
34
35
3
) 2 x =
1
1 + 2 x
=
I
4
0
=
dx
4 x
4
0
( 2 x )
=
dx
2
4
0
1
1 + 2 x
=
dx
2
(1 + x )
2
4
0
dx
x =t ( x ) dx =dt 1 + 2 x dx =dt
x = 0 t = 0 = 0
x =
t =
= 1
:
1
t3
1 4
I = (1 + t ) dt =t + =1 + =
0
3 3
3 0
1
9.
)
2 xdx
4
0
6
0
3 xdx
) 1 + 2 x
1 + 2 x =
( x )
4
0
2 xdx =
4
0
2 x + 1 1dx =
=
1
[ x ]04 [ x ]04 =
(
4
0
x + 1) dx 4 1dx =
0
( x ) dx 04 1dx =
4
0
t = x
) x = t ( x ) dx = dt 1 + 2 x dx = dt 1 + t 2 dx = dt dx =
x = 0 t = 0 = 0
x =
t = =
6
6
3
3
:
35
3.3 | [ / ]
1
dt
1+ t2
3.3
I
=
6
3 xdx
=
0
3
3 3
1
t=
dt
1+ t2
3
3
36
t3
dt
1+ t2
t 3 : t 2 + 1
t 3 = ( t 2 + 1) t t
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
t3
t
t
t
1 33 2t
1 1 33 (1 + t )
3
3
3
I=
dt =
2 0 1 + t 2 dt =
0 1 + t 2 dt =
0 t 1 + t 2 dt =
0 tdt 0 1 + t 2 dt =
2 2 0 1 + t 2
2 0
3
3
1 1
1
3
=
ln (1 + t 2 ) 3 =
+ ln
0
6 2
6
2
10.
1
dx
x 2 x
ln x
dx
x 1 + ln x
) 2 x =

1
dx
2
2
=
6 x x
1
1 + 2 x
1
dx
=
2
1
x
1 + 2 x 1 + 2 x
2 x =
x + 1)
2 x
2 x
.
1 + 2 x
dx
x =t ( x ) dx =dt 1 + 2 x dx =dt
x =
x =
t =
t =
3
3
=
= 1
1
1+ t2
1
1
I=
33 t 2 dt =
33 1 + t 2 dt =
t t
1
1
3
3
2 3
=
[ / ] | 3.3
36
37
3
)
1 + ln x =
2 x 1 + ln x
1 + ln x = t 1 + ln x = t 2 ln x = t 2 1
1 + ln x dx =
dt
1
1
1
dx =
dt
( ln x + 1) dx =dt
2 1 + ln x
2 1 + ln x x
1
1
1
dx = dt 2
dx = 2 dt
dx = 2dt
2 x 1 + ln x
2 x 1 + ln x
x 1 + ln x
x = 1 t = 1 + ln1 t = 1
x = e t = 1 + ln e t =
ln x
dx =
1
x 1 + ln x
(t
1) 2dt =
( 2t 2 ) dt = 23t 2t =
1
2
2 23
2 13
4 2
2
42 2
2
=
2 2
2 1=
2 2 +=
3
3
3
3
3
5.
g ( x ) , x x0
a < x0 <
f : : f ( x ) =
h ( x ) , x > x0
x0
f ( x ) dx =
x0
x0
x0
f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) dx + h ( x ) dx

.
.
11.
) I =
)
x
xe , x < 0
f
x
dx
f
x
=
(
)
(
)
1
ln ( x + 1) , x 0
(x
2
1 + x dx
37
3.3 | [ / ]
3.3
x0 = 0 .
I = f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = x e x dx + ln ( x + 1) dx
2
,
:
0
0
0
0
0
x e x dx = x ( e x ) dx = x e x e x ( x ) dx = x e x + e x dx =
1
= ( 1) e ( 1) ( 0 e0 ) + e x =e e 1 =1
0
2
2
x ln ( x + 1) 0 x ( ln ( x + 1) ) dx =
0
0
0
2
2
2 x +1 1
1
x
= ( 2 ln 3 0 ln1) x
dx
= 2 ln 3
dx
= 2 ln 3
dx
=
0
0 x +1
0
x +1
x +1
2
2
1
= 2 ln 3 1
= 2 ln 3 x ln ( x + 1) =
2 ln 3 ( 2 ln 3 0 + ln1=
) 3ln 3 2
dx
0
0
x +1
ln ( x + 1) dx = ( x ) ln ( x + 1) dx =
2
: I =1 + 3ln 3 2 =3ln 3 3
) .
x 2 1 = x 2 1 x 2 1 > 0
x 2 1 =0 x 2 =1 x =1
+1
x2 1
(x
2
2
2
1 + x dx =
( x + 1 + x ) dx + ( x 1 + x ) dx =
1
x3
x 2 x3
x2
= + x + + x + = 4
2 0 3
2 1
3
[ / ] | 3.3
38
38
39
6.
12.
)
f ( x )dx =
f ( x ) dx
a
f : [ a, a ] . :
) f ,
) f ,
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x )dx
f ( x ) dx = 0
) x =
tx=
t dx =
dt
( t ) dt dx =
x = 0 t = 0
x = a t =a
f ( x )dx =
f ( t ) dt =
f ( t )( dt ) =
f ( t ) dt =
f ( x ) dx
0
) f [ a, a ] x [ a, a ] f ( x ) =
f ( x)
0 :
f ( x ) dx
=
a
f ( x ) dx + f ( x )dx (1)
a
f ( x ) dx
x =
tx=
t dx =
dt
( t ) dt dx =
x = 0 t = 0
x = a t =a
f ( x )dx = f ( t )( dt ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) dx
0
39
3.3 | [ / ]
(1) :
3.3
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x )dx

0
) f [ a, a ] x [ a, a ] f ( x ) =
f ( x)
0 :
f ( x ) dx
=
a
f ( x ) dx + f ( x )dx (1)
a
f ( x ) dx
x =
tx=
t dx =
dt
( t ) dt dx =
x = 0 t = 0
x = a t =a
f ( t ) dt =
f ( x )dx =
f ( t )( dt ) =
f ( t ) dt
0
(1) :
= f ( t ) dt =
f ( x ) dx
a
0
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx =
f ( x ) dx + f ( x )dx =
0
13.
f , :
f ( a + x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx
a + x = t ( a + x ) dx = dt dx = dt dx = dt
x = a t = a + a t =
x = t = a + t = a
f ( a + x ) dx = f ( t )( dt ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) dx
a
[ / ] | 3.3
40
40
41
f : f ( x ) + f (1 x ) =
2
14.
x :
f ( x )dx
1
f ( x ) + f (1 x ) =
2.
( f ( x ) + f (1 x ) ) dx = 2dx f ( x ) dx + f (1 x ) dx = [ 2 x ]
1
2 (1)
f ( x ) dx + f (1 x ) dx =
1
f (1 x ) dx .
1
1 x = t (1 x ) dx = dt dx = dt
x = 0 t = 1 0 t = 1
x = 1 t = 1 1 t = 0
f (1 x ) dx =
f ( t ) dt =
f ( t )( dt ) =
f ( t ) dt =
f ( x ) dx
0
(1) :
f ( x ) dx + f (1 x ) dx =
2 f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx =
2 2 f ( x ) dx =
2
1
f ( x ) dx =
1
1
15.
: f ( x + y =
)

x, y
,
2 2
f ( x ) + f ( y ) + x y + y x
) f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
2 x x , x
f ( x ) dx .
2
) ,
f ( 0 )
41
3.3 | [ / ]
3.3
x= y= 0 .
x= y= 0
0 ) f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) + 0 0 + 0 0
f (x + =
y ) f ( x ) + f ( y ) + x y + y x f ( 0 + =
f ( 0) = 2 f ( 0) f ( 0) = 0
y = x
y= x
f ( x + y=
) f ( x ) + f ( y ) + x y + y x f ( x x=) f ( x ) + f ( x ) + x ( x ) x x
f ( 0)=0
f ( 0=
) f ( x ) + f ( x ) 2 x x f ( x ) + f ( x =) 2 x x
) .
x x.
f ,
.
2
0
f ( x ) dx
=
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
=
I
x = 0 t = 0
x =
f ( x ) dx x = t dx = dt dx = dt
0
t =
2
2
f ( t ) dt =
f ( x ) dx = f ( t )( dt ) =
f ( x ) dx
0
I
=
2
0
f ( x ) dx + 2 f ( x=
) dx
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
) ) dx
( f ( x ) + f ( x=
2 x xdx
I=
[ 2 x x ]02 2 ( 2 x ) ( x ) dx =
2 2 x xdx =
2 2 x ( x ) dx =
0
=
[ 2 x x ]02 + 2 2 xdx =
[ 2 x x ]02 + 2 2 xdx =
[ 2 x x ]02 + 2 [ x ]02 =
0
= 2 + 2 0 0 + 2 0 = 4
2
2
2

[ / ] | 3.3
42
42
43
f , f :
16.
1
f ( ) = , :
f ( )
1
x f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx
f (a)

f ,
f 1 .
f ( x ) =t x = f 1 ( t ) f ( x ) dx = dt
x = a t = f ( a )
x = t = f ( )
f ( )
x f ( x=
) dx
f ( )
f 1 ( t=
) dt
()
f a
7.
()
f a
f 1 ( x ) dx

I
=
I
=
I
=
(
f ( x,
f ( x,
17.
)
1+ x
0
dx
)
a
x a )dx , x =
t
x + a )dx , x= a t
f x, a 2 x 2 dx , x= a t
2 x2
dx
)
x2 + a2 ,
x = t dx =( t ) dt dx = 1 + 2t dt
43
3.3 | [ / ]
x = 1 t = 1 t =
3.3
x = 0 t = 0 t = 0
x
0 1 + x 2 dx =
1
4
0
t
1 + 2t ) dt =
2 (
1 + t
4
0
tdt =
4
0
t
dt =
t
4
0
( t ) dt =
t
2
2
= ln t 04 = ln + ln 0 = ln
+ ln1 = ln
4
2
2
2 x2
dx
a2 x2 ,
=
2 t dx
=
x
=
2 t dt dx
1
2
2 tdt
2
2
x =
1 2 t =
1 t = t = t =
x =1 2 t =1 t =
1
2
t =
t =
2
4
2
2 x2
=
dx
t
4 t dt =
4
2 2 2t
4
1dt = [ t ] =
2 tdt
=
2 t
2 1 2t
=
dt
t
2t
=
dt
2
=
=
4 4 4
2
[ / ] | 3.3
44
44
45
3.4 F ( x ) = a f ( t ) dt
x
f ,
x
F ( x) = f (t )dt , x ,
f . :
xf (t )dt = f ( x) ,
a
x .
( )
f [, ] . G f [, ] ,
f (t )dt = G ( ) G ( )
, F ( x) = f (t )dt f
[, ] . G f [, ] , c ,
G ( x) = F ( x) + c .
(1)
(1), x = , G ( ) = F ( ) + c = f (t )dt + c = c , c = G ( ) .
, x = ,
G ( x ) = F ( x ) + G ( ) ,
G ( ) = F ( ) + G ( ) =
45
f (t )dt + G ( )
f (t )dt = G ( ) G ( ) .
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
F ( x ) = f ( t ) dt
x
1.
. F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt f,
x
f a
, F ( x ) =
( x)

D f f
f ( t ) dt :
(x)
f.
. F ( x ) =
( x)
( ) f ( t ) dt , F :
x
D , D , D f
( x ) , ( x ) D f
1.
1
x
) f ( x ) =
+ ln 1 + et dt
x
)
=
f ( x)
ln x
ln ( et 1) dt
) .
: et + 1 > 0 et > 1 t
f
1
x 0
x
x 0
D f = *
)
.
et 1 > 0 et > 1 t > 0 =
( 0, + )

.
[ / ] | 3.4
46
46
47
ln x > 0 ln x > ln1 x > 1
f D=
f
2.
(1, + )
x
g ( x)
f ( t ) dt ,
f ( t ) dt ,
g ( x)
h( x )
f ( t ) dt
. f a :
f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) x .
. f , g f g x , :
g( x)
f=
( t ) dt f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) , x
. f , g, h f g
f h , :
g( x)
h( x )
) (
f ( t ) dt =
g( x)
f ( t ) dt +
h( x )
) (
f ( t ) dt =
g( x)
f ( t ) dt
h( x )
f ( t ) dt =
= f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) f ( h ( x ) ) h ( x )
, x
1.
.
2. ,

) =
f ( x)
5 x
g( x)
f ( t ) dt , :
t
x
t x, x .
, ,
-
x.
2.
ln x
t 1dt
.
) =
f ( x)
1
x
x +3
t 3dt
) f :
f.
47
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
t 1 t 1 0 t 1 = [1, + )
48
( 0, + )
ln x x > 0
=
5 x
ln x 5 x
ln x 1 ln x ln e x e
5 x 1 x 1 5 x 4
D f = [ e, 4]
f (
) :
f ( x )=
f (=
x)
f =
( x)
t 1dt f ( x )=
ln x
5 x
ln x
t 1dt
5 x
ln x
t 1dt +
5 x
t 1dt f (=
x)
t 1dt
ln x 1 ( ln x )
( 5 x ) 1 ( 5 x )
ln x 1
+ 4 x
x
) t 3 0 t 3 x 0
x + 3 3 x 0
1
1
1
: 3 x
x
3
x
f D f = 0,
3
f :
1
x +3
1
f ( x ) = x t 3dt f ( x ) = 1x t 3dt + 4 t 3dt f ( x ) = 1x t 3dt 1

t 3dt
x +3
x +3
4
1
1
f (=
x)
3

( x + 3) 3 ( x + 3)
x
x

1
3
1
1
x
f ( x) =
x
3 2 x + 3 3 f ( x) =
x2
x
x
[ / ] | 3.4
48
49
3
f g ( x ) =
3.
( x ) xf ( x ) + 2
g=
f ( t ) dt
x
( f (u ) du ) dt
t
g .
g,
x, . x,
, g.
, ,
.
=
g ( x)
=
g( x)
dt g ( x ) x ( f ( u ) du ) dt
( f (u ) du )=
t
dt ) g ( x ) x ( ( f ( u ) du ) dt ) + ( x ) ( f ( u ) du ) dt
( x ( f (u ) du )=
x
( x ) x f ( u ) du +
g=
x
( f (u ) du ) dt
t
( x )
g=
( x
g (=
x)
( x ) ( x f ( u ) du ) + ( ( f ( u ) du ) dt )
( f (u ) du ) dt ) g=
f ( u ) du + x ( f ( u ) du ) + f ( u ) du g (=
x ) f ( u ) du + xf ( x ) + f ( u ) du
f ( u ) du +
( x ) 1
g ( x ) =
x f ( x ) + f ( u ) du g ( x ) =
x f ( x ) + f ( t ) dt
x
4.
) f ( x ) =
x + t ( x t ) dt , x ,
x
) f ( x ) = 1 + x
1
2
1
ln ( 2 xt ) dt , x > 0
) f
.
.
x .
x =
t u ( x t ) dt= du dt= du dt= du t= u x
49
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
t x
.
50
t =1 u = x 1
t = x u = x x u = 0
f ( x) =
x + t ( x t ) dt f ( x ) =
x+
x ( x u ) udu
( x u )u ( du ) f ( x ) =
1 x
1 x
f ( x) =
x+
1 x
f ( x) =
x+
1 x
1 x
x + ( x u u u ) du
( x u )udu f ( x ) =
0
x udu
1 x
1 x
1 x
u udu f ( x ) =
x + x udu
u udu
f .
f
.
1 x
1 x
f ( x) =
x + x udu
1 x
f ( x ) =1 + ( x ) udu + x
0
) (
1 x
u udu f ( x ) =
( x ) + x udu
1 x
1 x
u udu
udu (1 x ) (1 x ) (1 x )
1 x
f ( x ) =1 + udu + x (1 x ) (1 x ) + (1 x ) (1 x )
0
1 x
f ( x ) =1 + udu x (1 x ) + (1 x ) (1 x )
0
1 x
1 + udu + (1 2 x ) (1 x )
f ( x) =
0
)
x. :
: 2 xt = u ( 2 xt ) dt = du 2 xdt = du dt =
du
2x
t =1 u =2 x
t =
1
u = x
2
:
1
f ( x) =
1 + x 2 ln ( 2 xt ) dt f ( x ) =
1 + x ln ( u )
1
2x
du
1 x
1 x
f ( x) =
1 + x ln ( u ) du f ( x ) =
1 + ln udu
2x
2x 2x
2 2x
1 2x
f ( x) =
1 ln udu
2 x
[ / ] | 3.4
50
51
f
.
f :
1
1
1 2x
f ( x) =
1
ln
udu
f ( x) =
ln 2 x ( 2 x ) ln x ( x ) f ( x ) =
( 2 ln 2 x ln x )
2
2
2 x
3.
f ( t ) dt ( ) f, :
x
!!!

.
.

. , .
. ,
0 .
!!! ,
.
, , c.
5.

=
f ( x)
( 0, + ) .
1
x
t + ln t
dt ln x
t2 +1
f ( 0, + )
( 0, + ) .
f .
51
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
x t + ln t
x t + ln t
( x ) 1 2
( x ) 1 2
f=
dt ln x f=
dt ( ln x )
t
t
1
1
+
+
x
1
1
1
+ ln
ln x
x + ln x x
x + ln x x
x 1 1
1 1
f =
f =
2
( x)
( x)
2
2
2
1
x +1
x +1
x x
1
+1 x x
2
+1
x
x
1
1 x ln x
ln x
x + ln x x
1 1
x + ln x
1 1
f =
+ 2
2 f =
+ 2x
2
( x)
( x)
2
2
x +1 x
x +1 x
x +1
x
x +1
x
2
2
x
x
2
x + ln x x (1 x ln x ) 1 1
x + ln x 1 x ln x 1
f =
+
2 f =
+

( x)
( x)
2
2
x +1
x
x 2 + 1 x ( x 2 + 1) x
x ( x + 1) x
f ( =
x)
x 2 + x ln x 1 x ln x
x2 + 1
x 2 + x ln x + 1 x ln x x 2 1
f
=
x
(
)
x ( x 2 + 1) x ( x 2 + 1) x ( x 2 + 1)
x ( x 2 + 1)
0
f ( x) =
f ( x ) = c , c
f .
x = 1
f (1) = c
t + ln t
dt ln1 = c c = 0
t2 +1
f ( x ) = 0 x ( 0, + )
6.
x
1

=
f
x
dt
(
)
x
1+ t2
2
f : 0,
f 0,
0,
1
1
x 1
f ( x)
dt
f ( x)
x )
=
=
x )
(
2
2 (
2
x 1 + t
1 + ( x )
1 + ( x )
[ / ] | 3.4
52
52
53
1
1
1
1
1 + 2 x )
x )
x ) f ( x ) =
f ( x) =
( 1 2 x )
2 (
2 (
2 (
1 + x
1 + x
1 + x
1 + 2 x
0
f ( x) =
1 + 1 f ( x ) =
f .
7.
G ( x) =
f F=
( x)
f ( t ) dt du , F , G .
( x u ) f ( u ) du ,
x
F ( x ) = G ( x ) x
F ( x) G ( x) =
0 x .
H=
( x ) F ( x ) G ( x ) x
H
.
) ( (
x
H ( x ) =( F ( x ) G ( x ) ) H ( x ) = ( x u ) f ( u ) du
0
) )
f ( t ) dt du
( ( xf (u ) uf (u ) du )) ( ( f (t ) dt ) du )
( x ) ( x f ( u ) du uf ( u ) du )
( xf (u ) du uf (u ) du ) f (t ) dt H =
x ( f ( u ) du ) + ( x ) f ( u ) du ( uf ( u ) du ) f ( t ) dt
H ( x=
)
H =
( x)
=
H ( x)
H ( x ) = xf ( x ) + f ( u ) du xf ( x ) f ( t ) dt H ( x ) =
0
x
H ( x ) = c x .
x = 0 :
H ( 0 ) = c ( 0 u ) f ( u ) du
0
f ( t ) dt du = c c = 0
H ( x ) =
F ( x) G ( x) F ( x) G ( x) =
0 F ( x) =
G ( x ) x .
8.
1
f : [ 0, + ) ,
g ( x ) = 4 2 tf ( 2 xt ) dt x0 = 0
0
53
3.4 | [ / ]
f ( t ) dt
3.4
54
x 0 :
2 xt = u t =
u
2x
t = 0 u = 2 x 0 u = 0
1
1
u = 2x u = x
2
2
1
u
dt du
dt
du
=
=
2x
2x
t =
g .
uf ( u ) du
uf ( u ) du g ( x ) =
x
1
2
0
u
1
1
g ( x) =
4 tf ( 2 xt ) dt g ( x ) =
4
f ( u ) du g ( x ) =
4 2
0 2x
2x
4x
x
x2
x = 0 :
1
2
t
=
g ( 0 ) 4 tf ( 2 0=
t ) dt 4 tf (=
0 ) dt 4 f ( 0 ) =
tdt 4 f ( 0 ) =
2 0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
f ( 0)
2
f x0 = 0 lim g ( x ) = g ( 0 )
x 0
lim g=
( x ) lim
x 0
x 0
uf ( u ) du
x
uf
u
du
(
)
)
(
lim
=
0

0
De l' Hospital
x 0
( x )
2
xf ( x )
f ( x)
lim = lim =
x 0
x 0
2x
2
f ( 0)
= g ( 0)
2
g x0 = 0
9.
f 2=
( x)
f : [ 1, + )
1 + f 2 ( t )dt , x 1 . f (1) = 3 f.
:
:
[ / ] | 3.4
54
55
x
x
2
2
2
f 2 ( x) =
1 + f ( t )dt ( f ( x ) ) = 1 + f ( t )dt
1
2 f ( x) f ( x) =
1+ f 2 ( x)
1 + f ( x ) )
(
=
1
2
1+ f
( x)
(2 1+ f
x = 1 :
2 f ( x) f ( x)
1+ f 2 ( x)
2 f ( x) f ( x)
=
=
1
1
1+ f 2 ( x)
( x ) 2
( x) ) =
1+ f 2 ( x) =
x+c
2 1 + f 2 (1) =1 + c 2 1 + 3 =1 + c 4 =1 + c c = 3
2
x+3
x+3
x+3
2
2 1+ f 2 ( x) =
x + 3 1+ f 2 ( x) = 1+ f 2 ( x) =
f ( x) =
1
2
2
2
2
f [ 1, + ) :
f ( x)
=
x+3
x+3

1
1 f ( x) =
2
2
2
: f (1) = 3
f ( x)
=
10.
:
) f ( x ) = 1 +
x+3
1 x [ 1, + )
2
2
f : ( 0, + )
f (t )
dt
x
) f ( x=
) x2
xf ( t )
dt
t2
)
.

.
f ( x) =
1+
f (t )
1 x
dt f ( x ) =
1 + f ( t ) dt
x
x 1
1

x
.
x.
55
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
x
1 x
1 x
1 + f ( t ) dt xf ( x ) =
f ( x) =
x + x f ( t ) dt xf ( x ) =
x + f ( t ) dt (1)
1
x 1
x 1
(1) :
( xf ( x ) ) =
( x + f (t ) dt )
x
( x ) f ( x ) + xf ( x ) =
( x ) +
f ( t ) dt
x >0
1
f ( x ) + xf ( x ) =
f ( x) =
1 + f ( x ) xf ( x ) =
1 f ( x ) =
( ln x )
x
f ( x) =
ln x + c
x = 1 f (1) =
1+
f (t )
dt f (1) =
1
1
f (1) = 1 ln1 + c = 1 c = 1 f (=
x ) ln x + 1 x ( 0, + )
) .
x f (t )
xf ( t )
f ( x) x
f ( x ) =
x2
dt f ( x ) =
x2 x
dt
=
2
2
1
1
t
t
x
x
x f (t )
f ( x)
=
x
dt
1
x
t2
2
f (t )
dt
t2
x f (t )
xf ( x ) ( x ) f ( x )
f ( x )
x f ( t )
x
dt
x
=
( ) 1 2 dt

1 t 2
x2
t
x
xf ( x ) f ( x )
f ( x)
xf ( x ) f ( x )
f ( x)
f ( x)
1 2
1 2
1
=
2 =
=
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x 2
x2
x f ( x) =
f
x
f ( x) =
=
+c
(
)

2
2
x = 1 :
1 f ( t )
dt f (1) =
1
1
t2
f (1) =
12
f (1) = 1
x2 1
x2 + 1
12
1
x ( 0, + )
+ f ( x) =
+ c =1 c = . f ( x ) =
2 2
2
2
2
11.
f :
x xf ( t )
x
xf ( t ) ln =
dt f ( x ) +
dt , x =
1
t
t2
( 0, + )
[ / ] | 3.4
56
56
57
f ( 0, + )
:
x xf ( t )
x
x f (t )
x
xf ( t ) ln dt =f ( x ) +
dt x f ( t )( ln x ln t ) dt =f ( x ) + x
dt
2
1
1
1
1
t
t
t2
x
x f (t )
dt
x ( ln x f ( t ) ln t f ( t ) ) dt= f ( x ) + x
1
1
t2
x
x
x f (t )
dt
x ln x f ( t ) dt x ln t f ( t ) dt =f ( x ) + x
1
1
1
t2
x
x
x f (t )
dt
x ln x f ( t ) dt x ln t f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) + x
1
1
1
t2
x.
x f (t )
x
f
x
( ) 1 t 2 dt
1
1
=+
x
x
x
x
x
x
x f (t )
f ( x)
ln x f ( t ) dt ln t f ( t ) dt=
+
dt
1
1
1
x
t2
x ln x f ( t ) dt
x
x ln t f ( t ) dt
x
f ( x)
x
x
x f (t )
ln x f ( t ) dt ln t f ( t ) dt =
dt
+

2
1
1
1
x
t
f ( x ) x f ( t )
x
x
ln x f ( t ) dt ln t f ( t ) dt=
+ 1 2 dt
1
1
t
x
x
x
xf ( x ) ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )
ln x f ( t ) dt + ( ln x ) f ( t ) dt=
ln x f ( x )
+ 2
1
1
x2
x
xf ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )
1 x
ln x f ( x )
ln x f ( x ) + f ( t ) dt =
+ 2
x 1
x2
x
x
f ( x)
1 x
f ( t ) dt =
f ( t ) dt =
f ( x)
( 2)
1
x 1
x
) (
f ( 0, + )
( 0, + ) .
f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) ( f ( t ) dt )
x
= f ( x ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x )
x
f ( x ) e x + f ( x ) e=
f ( x ) e x + f ( x ) e x ( f ( x ) e x =
)
57
( f ( x ) e ) f ( x ) e=
3.4 | [ / ]
f ( x ) ex + c
( 3)
3.4
x = 1 :
1 1 f ( t )
1
1
f
t
ln
dt
=
f
1
+
(
)
(
)
1
1 t 2 dt f (1) = 0
t
1
(2)
f ( t ) dt = f (1) f (1) = 0
1
(3) x = 1 : f (1) =
e1
f (1) e1 + c =
c 0
f ( x ) = f ( x ) x ( 0, + )
f ( x ) =f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) =0 f ( x ) e x f ( x ) e x =0
( f ( x ) e x ) =0 f ( x ) e x =c f ( x ) =ce x
x = 1 f (1) = ce1 0 = c e c = 0
f ( x ) =0 e x f ( x ) =0 x ( 0, + )
12.
f ( x ) = 2
f : :
( tf (t ) ln xdx ) dt
e
!!! x
.
:
t
.
=
f ( x ) 2
) dt f ( x )
( tf (t ) ln xdx=
e
2 tf ( t )
x
( ln xdx ) dt (1)
e
ln xdx
e
e
e 1
e
e
ln xdx = ( x ) ln xdx =[ x ln x ]1 x ( ln x ) dx =[ x ln x ]1 x dx =
1
1
1
x
1dx [ x ln x ]1 =
e 1)
[ x ln x ]1 =
[ x ]1 ( e ln e 1 ln1) (=
1
e
(1) :
f ( x=
) 2 tf ( t )
x
e =
e +1 1
ln xdx dt f ( x=
) 2 tf ( t ) 1dt f ( x=) 2 tf ( t ) dt (2)
x
[ / ] | 3.4
58
58
59
(2) :
x
x
f ( x) =
2 tf ( t ) dt f ( x ) =
2 tf ( t ) dt f ( x ) =
2 xf ( x ) f ( x ) ( x 2 ) f ( x ) =
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
0 e x f ( x ) =
0 e x f ( x ) =
c f ( x) =
c ex
e x f ( x ) ( x 2 ) e x f ( x ) =
x = 0 (2) :
f=
( 0 ) 2 tf ( t ) dt f =
( 0) 0
0
f ( 0 ) = c e0 0 = c f ( x ) =0 e x f ( x ) =0 x .
2
13.
f :
x f (x t)
1
f ( x=
dt
) x + 0
e
ex
e x .
x f (x t)
1
1 1
f ( x) = x +
dt f ( x ) = x + x
x
0
e
e
e e
e x f ( x ) =1 + f ( x t ) dt
x
f ( x t ) dt e x f ( x ) =e x
(1)
x =
t u ( x t ) dt= du dt= du dt= du
t = x u = x x u = 0
t = 0 u = x 0 u = x
(1) :
ex f ( x ) =
1 + f ( x t ) dt e x f ( x ) =
1 + f ( u )( du )
x
ex f ( x ) =
1 f ( u ) du e x f ( x ) =
1 + f ( u ) du (2)
0
(2) :
59
3.4 | [ / ]
1
1
+ ex x
x
e
e
f ( x t ) dt
x
(e
x
f ( x ) ) = 1 + f ( u ) du ( e x ) f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) = (1) +
0
3.4
f ( u ) du
e x f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) = f ( x ) e x f ( x ) f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) =0
( e 1) f ( x ) + e f ( x ) =0
x
f ( x ) + (1 e x )
(e
1)
f ( x ) + f ( x ) =0
ex
x
x
f ( x ) = 0 e x + e f ( x ) + (1 e x ) e x + e f ( x ) = 0
x
x
c
0 e x+e f ( x ) =
e x+e f ( x ) =
( 3)
x = 0 (2) :
e0 f ( 0 ) =
1 + f ( u ) du f ( 0 ) =
1
0
(3) : e0+ e f ( 0 ) = c c = e
0
e x+e f ( x ) =
c e x+e f ( x ) =
e f ( x) =
e e x e f ( x ) =
e1 x e x
x
14.
f ( x )= x +
x2
1
t
f : ( 0, + )
t
f dt
x
f ( 0, + )
( 0, + )
t
=u t =u x dt =( u x ) du dt =xdu
x
t = x u =
x
u =1
x
x2
t = x u =
u= x
x
2
f ( x) =
x+
x2
1
t
x 1
x1
t
f dt f ( x ) =
x+
f ( u ) xdu f ( x ) =
x+
f ( u ) du (1)
1 ux
1 u
x
[ / ] | 3.4
60
60
61
x1
x1
1
1+ f ( x)
f ( x) =
( x ) 1 f ( u ) du f ( x ) =
x + 1 f ( u ) du f ( x ) =+
u
x
xf ( x ) f ( x ) x
xf ( x ) f ( x ) 1
xf ( x ) =
=
x + f ( x ) xf ( x ) f ( x ) =
x
x2
x2
x2
x
f ( x)
f ( x )
ln x + c
=
( ln x )
=
x
x
x = 1 (1) : f (1) =
1+
1
f ( u ) du f (1) =
1
1 u
f (1)
= ln1 + c c= 1
1
15.
f ( x)
f ( x)
= ln x + c
= ln x + 1 f ( x =
) x ln x + x x ( 0, + )
x
x
f :
f ( x )= x e1 x f ( x ) dx
1
c =
1 x
f ( x ) dx
f ( x) =
x e1 x f ( x ) dx f ( x ) =
xc
1
c.
e1 x
f ( x) =
x c e1 x f ( x ) =
e1 x ( x c ) e1 x f ( x ) =
xe1 x ce1 x
61
3.4 | [ / ]
e1 x f ( x ) = xe1 x ce1 x e1 x f ( x ) dx =
1
e1 x f ( x ) dx=
1
=
c
( xe ) dx c e
1
1 x
1 x
( xe
1
1 x
dx c=
3.4
ce1 x ) dx
( xe ) dx c e
1
1 x
1 x
dx
1
1 x
1 x 1
1 x 1
e1 x dx + c e1 x 1
x
e
dx
e
=
c
xe
x
(
)
(
)
0
0 0
0
1
c = (1 e11 0 e10 ) e1 x dx + c e11 e10 c = 1 e1 x + c (1 e )

1
c =1 + (1 e ) + c e c e c = 2 e c =
f ( x )= x
2e
e
2e
x
e
f : [ 0, + )
16.
x f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( t ) dt , x 0
1
f ( 0 ) = 1 f .
.
.

f ( t ) dt = a
1
x f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( t ) dt x f ( x ) = f ( x ) + a (1)
1
x = 0 (1) :
0 f ( 0 ) =f ( 0 ) + a 0 =+
1 a a =1 f ( t ) dt =1
1
x f ( x=
) f ( x ) + a x f ( x=) f ( x ) 1 x f ( x ) f ( x=) 1
x 0 :
x f ( x ) f ( x ) =1
x f ( x) f ( x)
f ( x ) 1
1
=
=
x2
x2
x x
f ( x) 1
= + c f ( x) =1+ c x
x
x
f x0 = 0 ( f ).
t2
c
f ( t ) dt =1 (1 + ct ) dt =1 t + c =1 1 + =1 c =4
0
2 0
2
f : f ( x ) =
1 + cx f ( x ) =
4 x + 1 x [ 0, + )
[ / ] | 3.4
62
62
63
4.
f ( t ) dt
x

.
f ( x ) =
17.
ln x
1
dt
t 1
) f.
) f .
) t 1 0 t 1 ln x 1 0 ln x 1 x e x > 0
f =
Df
( 0, e ) ( e, + )
) f
.
1
1
1
1
ln x 1
f ( x) =
dt f ( x ) =
ln x ) f ( x ) =
f ( x) =
(
ln x 1
ln x 1 x
x ( ln x 1)
e t 1
x ( 0, e ) ( e, + )
f ( x ) > 0
: f ( x ) > 0
x >0
1
1
> 0
> 0 ln x 1 > 0 ln x > 1 x > e
x ( ln x 1)
ln x 1
f.
H f ( 0, e )
63
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
f ( e, + )
f f.
1
=
=
f ( x )
f ( x )

x ( ln x 1)
=
f ( x )
=
f ( x )
( x ( ln x 1) )
( x ( ln x 1) )
( x ( ln x 1) )
( x ( ln x 1) )
x ln x 1 + x ln x 1
) (
)
( ) (
( ln x 1) + x x=
f ( x )
ln x
( x ( ln x 1) )
f ( x ) > 0
f ( x ) > 0
ln x
( x ( ln x 1) )
> 0 ln x > 0 x > 1
f.
f (1, e ) ( e, + )
f (0, 1)
f x0 = 1
18.
F ( x ) =
) f, F.
) F .
f (t )
f ( t ) dt =
u 2 udu
) :
u 2 u 0 u ( u 1) 0 u 1 u 0
x 1 , f D=
f
[ / ] | 3.4
[1, + )
64
64
65
F
DF= [1, + ) .
) :
( x)
F=
( x ) f ( x )
f ( t ) dt F=
F ( x ) =
f ( x ) F ( x ) =
F ( x )=
u 2 udu F ( x ) =x 2 x
x 2 x > 0 x (1, + ) F
F :
F ( x ) > 0 F [1, + )
x > 1 F ( x ) > F (1) F ( x ) >
u 2 udu F ( x ) > 0
F .
19.
f (=
x)
x dt
x
+ 2 1 2
ln x
e ln t
) f.
) f , ,
.
ln 2 t 0 ln t 0 t 1 t > 0 t ( 0,1) (1, + )
x ( 0,1) (1, + )
1
( 0,1) (1, + ) x ( 0,1)
e
f D f = ( 0,1)
) f (0, 1)
(0, 1).
:
65
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
x dt
x
ln x 1
2
ln x + 1
f ( x ) =
+ 2 1 2 f ( x ) = 2 + 2 f ( x ) = 2
ln x ln x
ln x
e ln t
ln x
f
f ( x) > 0
ln x + 1
1
> 0 ln x + 1 > 0 ln x > 1 x > e 1 x >
2
ln x
e
f.
1
e
1
f ,1
e
f 0,
1
1
dt
1
1
1
x = f f = e
+ 2 1e 2 =
e
e
e ln 2 1
e ln t

e
f
f.
1 2
1
ln x ( ln x + 1) 2 ln x
ln x + 1
x
f ( x=
) 2 f ( x=) x
4
ln x
ln x
2
2
ln 2 x 2 ln x
ln x 2 ln x 2 ln x
=
f ( x )
=
f
x
( )
x ln 4 x
x ln 4 x
f ( x ) > 0
ln 2 x 2 ln x
> 0 ln 2 x 2 ln x > 0 ln x ( ln x + 2 ) > 0
4
x ln x
x < 1
ln x > 0
ln x < 0
x ( 0,1) f ( x ) > 0 x > e 2
2
ln x + 2 > 0
ln x > 2
x > e
[ / ] | 3.4
66
66
67
x
f
e 2
f e 2 ,1
f 0, e 2
x = e 2 f
f =
( x)
20.
1
1 t
1
+
e
2 t dt
x
) f
) f
1
1 t
+
e
1
2 t dt 2 e e x < 0
x
) f :
t 0 t ( , 0 ) ( 0, + )
x ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) 2 ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) D f =
( , 0 )
) f
.
1
1
x 1 1t
1 x
x +1 x
=
+
=
f ( x) =
1
e
dt
f
x
1
e
f
x
e
( )
( )
2
x
x
t
f ( x ) > 0
1
x +1
x +1 x
f ( x) > 0
e
>0
> 0 x ( x + 1) > 0
x
x
x ( x + 1)
67
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
f ( , 1)
f ( 1, 0 )
1
1 t
f x = 1 f ( 1=
) 2 1 + e dt
t
) :
f x = 1 f ( 1=
)
f ( x ) f ( 1)
1
1 t
1
+
e
2 t dt
1
1
1
1 1t
1 t
+
+
1
e
dt
1
2 t
2 t e dt x < 0 (1)
x
f ( 1=
)
1
t
u = t =
t =
1 u =
t =
2 u =
1
1
1
dt = du dt = 2 du
u
u
u
1
u =
1
1
1
1
u =
2
2
1
u
u
1
1 e ue
1 t
u 1
1
1
+
e
dt
=
u
e
du
=
2 t
12 ( ) u 2 12 u 2
1
eu
=
1
2 u
1
1
1 t
+
1
e
2 t dt
1
u
u
1 ue e
du
=
12 u 2
du =
eu
2 e e
=
du =
u 1
2
1
1 t
(1) : 1 + e dt 2 e e x < 0
2
t
x
[ / ] | 3.4
68
68
69
3
f ( x ) =
21.
t
dt
ln t
) f
) f
f ( x ) dx 0
3
) t > 0 ln t 0 t 1 .
=
A
( 0,1) (1, + ) .
e ( 0,1) (1, + ) x ( 0,1) (1, + ) f
[1, + )
D=
f
) f D=
f
D=
f
[1, + ) .
[1, + )
x
x t
f ( x) =
dt
e
f ( x ) = > 0 x [1, + ) ( ln x > 0 x > 0
ln x
ln t
x [1, + ) )
f .
) :
x > e f ( x ) > f ( e ) f ( x ) >

:
x +1
t
dt f ( x ) > 0
ln t
f ( x ) dx 0
3
f : ( 0, + ) ,
22.
g ( x) =
f ( t ) dt .
g ( 0, + )
( 0, + ) .
g ( x )=
x +1
f ( t ) dt g ( x )= f ( x + 1) f ( x )
f :
x + 1 > x f ( x + 1) > f ( x ) f ( x + 1) f ( x ) > 0 g ( x ) > 0 x ( 0, + )

69
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
g .
23.
f : ,
. g=
( x)
( x t ) f ( t ) dt .
x
g ( x) =
( x t ) f ( t ) dt g ( x ) = ( x
x
2 xt + t 2 ) f ( t ) dt
g=
( x ) x 2 f ( t ) dt 2 x tf ( t ) dt + t 2 f ( t ) dt
x
g
.
x
x
x
g ( x ) = x 2 f ( t ) dt 2 x tf ( t ) dt + t 2 f ( t ) dt
0
=
g( x)
=
g( x)
( x f (t ) dt ) ( 2x tf (t ) dt ) + ( t f (t ) dt )
x ( f ( t ) dt ) + ( x ) f ( t ) dt 2 x ( tf ( t ) dt ) ( 2 x ) tf ( t ) dt + ( t f ( t ) dt )
x
g ( x ) = x 2 f ( x ) + 2 x f ( t ) dt 2 x 2 f ( x ) 2 tf ( t ) dt + x 2 f ( x )
x
( x ) 2 x f ( t ) dt 2 tf ( t ) dt
g=
x
g
.
( x )
g=
) (
(
f ( t ) dt + 2 x ( f ( t ) dt ) 2 ( tf ( t ) dt )
x
x
( x )
2 x f ( t ) dt 2 tf ( t ) dt g=
=
g ( x )
( 2 x ) 0
x
x
2 x f ( t ) dt 2 tf ( t ) dt
0
g (=
x ) 2 f ( t ) dt + 2 xf ( x ) 2 xf ( x ) g (=
x ) 2 f ( t ) dt
x
f : f ( x ) =
f ( x ) x .
x = 0 f ( 0 ) =
f ( 0) 2 f ( 0) =
0 f ( 0) =
0
f
x > 0 f ( x ) > f ( 0 ) f ( x ) > 0 f ( t ) dt > 0 g ( x ) > 0

x
g
[ / ] | 3.4
70
70
71
5.
f [ , ]. f ( x ) 0 x [ a, ]
f , :
f ( x ) dx > 0
a
(1)
f [ , ]. f ( x ) 0 x [ a, ]
f , :
f ( x ) dx < 0
a
g ( x ) = f ( x ) . :
g [, ]
g ( x ) 0 x [ a, ]
g [, ]
g ( x ) dx > 0
f ( x ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx < 0
(2)
f g [ , ]. f ( x ) g ( x ) x [ a, ] f
, :
f ( x ) dx > g ( x ) dx
a
h=
( x)
f ( x ) g ( x ) . :
h [, ]
h ( x ) 0 x [ a, ]
h [, ]
h ( x ) dx > 0 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx > 0
f ( x ) dx > g ( x ) dx
71
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
(3)
f : [ a, ] . m f [, ],
m ( a )
f ( x ) dx M ( a )
a
f :
m f ( x ) M x [ a, ]
mdx dx f ( x ) Mdx m ( a ) f ( x ) dx M ( a )
!!! .
!!! 1 , 2 3
.
.

f ( )
F ( x ) =
F ( x ) =
24.
2 x x
4
0 x 2 + 3 dx ln 3
1
F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt
x
f ( t ) dt (
2
0
dx
3 x + 1 2
x
x2 + 1
f ( t ) dt
x
dx 2 1
) :
2 x x
2x
x [ 0,1] ( x 1 x )
2
2
x +3 x +3
[ / ] | 3.4
72
72
73
2 x x
2x
2
0 x [ 0,1] .
2
x +3 x +3
1 2 x x
1 2x
1 2 x x
1 2x
2x
2 x x
2
dx 0 2
dx 2
dx 0 2
dx 2
dx (1)
2
0
0 x +3
0 x +3
0 x +3
0 x +3
x +3 x +3
1
2x
dx
x +3
2
x 2 + 3 =
2 x . :
2x
dx =
2
x +3
(x
+ 3)
1
4
2
dx
=
ln
x
+
3
= ln 4 ln 3 = ln
(
)
2
0
x +3
3
(1)
(1) 0
1 2x
1 2 x x
2 x x
4
dx 2
dx 2
dx ln
2
0
0
x +3
x +3
x +3
3
) x x
x
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
0 x [ 0,1] .
1 x
1
1 x
1
x
x
x
x
0
0
dx
dx
dx
dx
0 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1
0 x 2 + 1 0 x 2 + 1
0 x 2 + 1 0 x 2 + 1 dx (2)
1
x2 + 1
: x 2 + 1 =
2 x
dx
x2 +
=
1
:
(2) :
x2 + 1
2x
=
2 x2 + 1
x
x +1
2
dx = x 2 + 1 = 2 1
2
0
x +1
dx
x
x2 + 1
dx
) 0 x 1 x 0,
.
73
3.4 | [ / ]
x2 + 1
dx 2 1
3.4
0 x 1 0 3 x 3 1 3 x + 1 4 1 3 x + 1 4 1 3 x + 1 2
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2
3 x + 1 2
3 x + 1

2
0
1
1
1
1
dx 2
dx 2 1dx [ x ]02 2
dx [ x ]02
0
0
0
2
2
3 x + 1
3 x + 1
1
1
1
2
dx 0 2
dx
0
0
0
2 2
4
2
3 x + 1
3 x + 1
25.
)
ln x 1
x
e
ln x 1
x ( 0, + )
x
e
f (=
x)
ln x 1
D=
f
x
e
f D=
f
D=
f
( 0, + ) .
17
17
x e dx < e x dx
1
( 0, + )
( 0, + )
1 ln x
ln x 1
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x2
x e
f ( x ) = 0
1 ln x
= 0 1 ln x = 0 ln x = 1 x = e
x2
f.
[ / ] | 3.4
74
74
75
f ( 0, e ]
f [ e, + )
f x = e f ( e ) =
ln e 1 1 1
= =0
e e e e
ln x 1
x ( 0, + )
x
e
f ( x ) f ( e ) f ( x ) 0
) :
e
ln x 1
e ln x x ln x e x eln x e x x e e x x ( 0, + )
x
e
x [1,17 ] .
17
17
x e dx < e x dx
1
26.
F ( x) =
f : [ 0, + ) f ( x ) > 0 x > 0
1
f ( t ) dt . x F ( x ) < F ( x ) x > 0
x
f ( x ) > 0 x > 0 . f
.
( x)
F=
( x ) f ( x ) .
f ( t ) dt F=
F ( x ) .
=
F ( 0)
f ( t ) dt 0 .
=
0
F
F. .
F [ 0, x ]
F ( 0, x )
( )
... ( 0, x ) : F=
< x F ( ) < F ( x )
75
F ( x ) F ( 0)
F ( x)
( )
F=
x0
x
F ( x)
< F ( x ) x > 0 .
x
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
f : [ 0, + ) f ( x ) > 0 x 0 .
27.
( x t ) f ( t ) dt > 0 x > 0
x
F ( x ) =
( x t ) f ( t ) dt F ( x ) =x f ( t ) dt tf ( t ) dt
x
F [ 0, + )
[ 0, + ) .
F =
( x)
( x
F( x) = x
x
f ( t ) dt tf ( t ) dt F =
( x)
( x
) ( tf (t ) dt )
f ( t ) dt
x
x
f ( t ) dt + ( x ) f ( t ) dt xf ( x ) F ( x ) = xf ( x ) + f ( t ) dt xf ( x )
0
F( x) =
f ( t ) dt
x
F [ 0, + )
[ 0, + ) .
x
F ( x ) = f ( t ) dt F ( x ) =f ( x ) > 0 x [ 0, + )
0
F [ 0, + )
x > 0 F ( x ) > F ( 0 ) F ( x ) >
f ( t ) dt F ( x ) > 0 x ( 0, + )
x > 0 F ( x ) > F ( 0 ) F ( x ) >
F [ 0, + )
x ( 0, + )
f ( x ) > 0 x 0
) F ( x ) =
0 ( x t ) f ( t ) dt 0 ( x t ) f ( t ) dt > 0
x
f : [ 0, + ) f ( 0 ) = 1
28.
x0 = 0 .
xf ( xt ) dt CF
x (1 f ( xt ) ) dt 0 x 0 .
1
[ / ] | 3.4
76
76
77
) lim F ( x ) = +
x +
) F ( x ) =
u = xt t =
xf ( xt ) dt
=
( xt ) dt du
u
du
=
x
xdt
t = 0 u = x 0 x = 0
t =1 u = x 1 u = x
F ( x ) =
f ( u ) du
x
F [ 0, + )
[ 0, + ) .
( x)
F=
( x ) f ( x ) F=
( x ) f ( x ) > 0 x 0
f ( u ) du F=
F .
=
F ( 0 )
( 0 ) f=
f ( u ) du 0 F=
( 0) 1
=
0
CF x0 = 1 y F=
y x
( 0 ) F ( 0 )( x 0 ) =
) F [ 0, + ) :
F ( x ) x xf ( xt ) dt xdt 0 xf ( xt ) dt + xdt
1
0 ( x xf ( xt ) ) dt 0 x (1 f ( xt ) ) dt x (1 f ( xt ) ) dt 0
1
) F ( x ) x
lim x = + . lim F ( x ) = +
x +
29.
x +
) f : [ 0, + ) =
f ( 0)
x > 0 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < x , :
x >0.
77
tf 3 ( t ) dt <
3.4 | [ / ]
( 0 ) 0 .
f=
tf ( t ) dt
3.4
) f : ( 0, + )
x > 0 . :
f ( t ) dt > x ln x
)
=
F ( x)
tf 3 ( t ) dt
f ( t ) dt < x ln x , x ( 0,1)
x
f ( t ) dt < x ( f ( x ) 1)
x
tf ( t ) dt
F [ 0, + )
[ 0, + )
x
F ( x ) = tf 3 ( t ) dt
0
tf
t
dt
F
x
=
xf
x
xf
x
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
)
(
0
0 tf ( t ) dt
( x ) xf ( x ) f 2 ( x ) 2 tf ( t ) dt
F=
x
f 2 ( x ) 2 tf ( t ) dt
=
h ( x)
h ( 0, + )
( 0, + ) .
h ( x ) =
(f
( x ) 20 tf ( t ) dt
x
) h ( x ) =
2 f ( x ) f ( x ) 2 xf ( x ) h ( x ) = 2 f ( x ) ( f ( x ) x )
f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < x f ( x ) x < 0
h ( x ) < 0 x ( 0, + ) h [ 0, + ) .
x > 0 h ( x ) < h ( 0 ) h ( x ) < f 2 ( 0 ) 2
F (=
x ) xf ( x ) f 2 ( x ) 2
tf ( t ) dt h ( x ) < 0
0
x)
tf ( t ) dt ) F (=
xf ( x ) h ( x ) < 0
F ( 0, + )
tf 3 ( t ) dt
> 0 tf 3 ( t ) dt >
tf ( t ) dt
tf 3 ( t ) dt
x > 0 F ( x ) > F ( 0 )
tf ( t ) dt
> tf 3 ( t ) dt
0
tf ( t ) dt
tf ( t ) dt
)
2
[ / ] | 3.4
78
78
79
30.
f [, ]
f ( x ) < 0 , x [ a, ] .
xf ( x ) dx <
a+
2
xf ( x ) dx <
a+
2
f ( x ) dx xf ( x ) dx
a

=
g ( x)
a+
2
f ( x ) dx .
a
f ( x ) dx < 0
a
a+x
tf ( t ) dt 2 f ( t ) dt x [ a, ]
x
g [ a, ] [ a, ]
a + x x
a+x x
a+x x
x
g ( x ) = tf ( t ) dt
f
t
dt
g
x
xf
x
f
t
dt
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
f ( t ) dt
2 a
2 a
a
2 a
1 x
1 x
a+x
xa
g ( x ) = xf ( x )
f ( x ) f ( t ) dt g ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( t ) dt
2
2 a
2
2 a
1 x
xa
xa
1 x
=
g =
x
f
x
f
t
dt
g
x
f
x
( ) a f ( t ) dt
( )
( ) a ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
xa
xa
1
1
1
x a
g ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) =
f ( x) +
f ( x) f ( x)
f ( x) +
2
2
2
2
2
2
xa
g ( x ) =f ( x )
2
f ( x ) < 0 x a > 0 x ( , ) g ( x ) < 0
x ( , )
g [ a, ] x = a
g ( a ) =
aa
1 a
f ( x ) f ( t ) dt =0 .
2
2 a
x > a g ( x ) < g ( a ) g ( x ) < 0 .
g [ a, ] .
> a g ( ) < g ( a )
tf ( t ) dt
a
79
a+
2
tf ( t ) dt
f ( t ) dt < 0
a+
2
a+a
f ( t ) dt < tf ( t ) dt 2 f ( t ) dt
tf ( t ) dt <
a+
2
f ( t ) dt
a
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
) f [ a, ] ,
31.
f ( a + x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx
) f [ a, ] , :
i.
a+
f ( x) + f (a + x) 2 f
ii.
a+
f ( x ) dx ( a ) f 2
) a + x =
u ( a + x ) dx= du dx= du dx= du
x = a u = a + a u =
x = u = a + u =
f ( a + x ) dx = f ( u )( du ) = f ( u ) du = f ( u ) du = f ( x ) dx
a
) f [ a, ] , f [ a, ] .
i.
g ( x=
)
f ( x) + f (a + x)
g [ a, ] [ a, ] .
g(=
x)
x)
( f ( x ) + f ( a + x ) ) g ( =
f ( x) f (a + x)
g( x) > 0 f ( x) f ( a + x) > 0 f ( x) > f ( a + x) x < a + x
2x < a + x <
x
f
a+
2
a+
2
[ / ] | 3.4
80
80
81
a+
+
+
g =
f
2
2
2
g x =
+
2
g ( x ) g
ii.
f ( x ) + f ( + x ) 2 f
+
f + =
2f
x [ a, ]
2
f ( x ) dx +
+
2f
2
dx
+
f ( + x ) dx < 2 f
1dx
2 a
( f ( x ) + f ( + x ) ) dx <
+
+
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx < 2 f
a ) 2 f ( x ) dx < 2 f
(
( a)
a
a
a
2
2
+
f ( x ) dx < ( a ) f
a
2
6.
.
Bolzano, , , Rolle
. ,
f ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt .
x
f ( x ) dx ,
a
f ( t ) dt ,
, Rolle
.
.

f ( x ) dx , = x ,
a
f ( t ) dt .
x
32.
f [1, 2] f ( x ) < 1
x [1, 2] .
f ( t ) dt=
x
=
F ( x)
f ( t ) dt x
x
x 2 3 (1,2)
+ 3 , x [1, 2]
F (1, 2) (1, 2).

81
3.4 | [ / ]
F ( x=
)
3.4
f ( t ) dt x 2 + 3 F ( x=
) f ( x) 2x
: f ( x ) < 1 f ( x ) 2 x < 1 2 x
x [1, 2] 1 x 2 2 2 x 4 4 2 x 2 1 4 1 2 x 1 2
3 1 2 x 1 1 2 x 1 1 2 x < 0 f ( x ) 2 x < 0 F ( x ) < 0
F [1, 2]
Bolzano
F [1,2]
x = 1 :=
F (1)
F (1) 2
f ( t ) dt 1 + 3 =
x = 2 :=
F ( 2 ) f ( t ) dt 2 + 3 =
F ( 2 ) f ( t ) dt 1
1
f ( x ) < 1 f ( x ) dx < 1dx f ( x ) dx < 1 f ( x ) dx 1 < 0 F ( 2 ) < 0

2
F (1) F ( 2 ) < 0
Bolzano x0 (1, 2 ) : F ( x0 ) =
0 , F
f ( t ) dt=
x
x 2 3 (1,2)
0 < < < 1 f : [ , ]
33.
f ( x ) dx 0 x ( a, ) ( x
0
( x0 1) a
x0
1) f ( t ) dt =
x0 f ( t ) dt .
x0
x0
f ( t ) dt =x0 f ( t ) dt ( x0 1) f ( t ) dt x0 f ( t ) dt =
0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0 f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt + x0 f ( t ) dt =
0 x0 f ( t ) dt + f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt =
0
x0
x0 f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt =
0

=
F ( x) x
f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt , x [ a, ]
F [, ] [, ].
F=
( a ) a f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt F =
( a ) a f ( t ) dt
a
F ( ) =
f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt F ( ) =
( 1) f ( t ) dt
[ / ] | 3.4
82
82
83
F ( a ) F ( )= a f ( t ) dt ( 1) f ( t ) dt = a ( 1)
f ( t ) dt
< 1 1 < 0 )
) < 0 (
2
Bolzano x0 ( a, )
0 ( x0 1) f ( t ) dt =x0 f ( t ) dt
F ( x0 ) =
34.
x0
x0
1
x
e e dx e x [1, 2]
2
i.
ii.
i.
(x
e t=
dt
x [1, 2] 1 x 2 1
2
1
2
1
x
3) e (1, 2].
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 e 2 e x e1
x 2
2 x
e dx e dx edx e
1
1
2
( 2 1) 1 e
2
1
x
dx e ( 2 1)
1
x
e e dx e
1
F ( x=
)
ii.
1
t
e dt ( x 2 3) e , x [1, 2]
F [1,2] [1, 2]
1
F (1) = e t dt (12 3) e F (1) = 2e > 0

1
F=
( 2)
1
t
e dt ( 2 3) e F =
( 2)
2
1
t
e dt e 0 ( )
F (1) F ( 2 ) < 0 Bolzano x0 (1, 2 ) : F ( x0 ) =

0
F ( 2 ) =0 x0 =2
35.
i)
1 + t 2 dt + 1 + 2 =
0
ii)
83
e t=
dt
(x
3) e (1, 2]
( 0,1)
f f ( x ) 1 , x ,
3.4 | [ / ]
f ( t ) dt = x
x
i)
3.4
=x
1 + t 2 dt + 1 + 2 =
0
1 + t 2 dt + x 1 + x 2 =
0
x
( x ) 1 + t 2 dt + x
1
=
g ( x) x
x
1 + t 2 dt =
0 x 1 + t 2 dt =
0
1 + t 2 dt , x [ 0,1]
g [0, 1] [0, 1]
g (0, 1)
(0, 1)
g ( 0) =
0
g (1) =
1
1 + t 2 dt =
0
g (1)
g ( 0) =
1 + t 2 dt =
0
Rolle
( 0,1) : g ( ) =0
1 + t 2 dt + 1 + 2 =0

=
F ( x)
ii)
x = 0 =
F ( 0)
f ( t ) dt x , x
dt 0
f ( t )=
0
0 . x = 0 F ( x ) = 0 .
F
.
F ( x )=
f ( t ) dt x F ( x )= f ( x ) 1
F ( x ) 0, x F . F
.
F x = 0 F ( x ) = 0 .
36.
f : [ a, ]
( , ) f ( ) = 0
f ( x ) dx = 0 .
a
F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt , x [ a, ]
x
F [, ]
( x)
F (, ) F=
( x) f ( x)
f ( t ) dt F=
[ / ] | 3.4
84
84
85
a
=
f ( t ) dt 0
F ( )
F (a) =
=
F ( ) =
f ( x ) dx 0
a
=
F (a)
Rolle ( , )
F ( ) =
0 f ( ) =
0
!!! Rolle
.
f : [ a, ] > 0
37.
f ( x ) dx = 0 . ( a, ) f ( t ) dt = f ( ) .
a
x f ( x ) f ( t ) dt x f ( x ) =
0 ( x ) f ( t ) dt x ( f ( t ) dt )
f ( t ) dt =
x
0
=
x
0
x f ( t ) dt =
a
F ( x ) = x
f ( t ) dt , x [ , ]
x
F [, ] [, ].
F (, )
(, )
a
=
F ( a ) a=
f ( t ) dt 0
F ( )
F (a) =
=
F ( ) =
f
t
dt
0
(
)
a
Rolle ( , )
f ( )
F ( ) =
0 f ( t ) dt =
a
38.
f : [ 1,1]
f ( x ) dx = 0
1
( x 1) f ( tx t ) dt x [0,1] . ( 0,1)
F ( x ) =
f (1 ) + f ( 1) =
0.
F ( x ) =
( x 1) f ( tx t ) dt .
1
85
3.4 | [ / ]
3.4
u= tx t
t =1 u = x + 1
t =1 u = x 1
du =( tx t ) dt du =( x 1) dt
: F ( x ) =
x 1
x +1
( x 1) f ( tx t ) dt F ( x ) =
f ( u ) du
F [-1,1] .
F (-1, 1)
F ( x=
)
f ( u ) du F ( x=
) f ( x 1) ( x 1) f ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
x 1
x +1
F ( x )= f ( x 1) + f (1 x )
0
F (1)
F ( 0) =
0
0
0
Rolle ( 0,1) F ( ) = 0 f (1 ) + f ( 1) = 0
F ( 0)
=
f ( t ) dt
=
F (1) =
f ( t ) dt
=
1
f : [ 0,1]
39.
F ( x ) = f ( t ) dt . F (1) < 0 ( 0,1)

x
f ( ) < 0 .
F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt [0, 1].
( x)
: F=
( x) f ( x)
f ( t ) dt F=
... ( 0,1)
F (1) F ( 0 )
=
f ( ) F (1)
1 0
: F (1) < 0 f ( ) < 0
( )
F=
40.
i.
ii.
f : [1, 2]
(1, 2 ) f ( ) > 0
f ( x ) dx > 0 .
2
f (1) < 0 x0 (1, 2 ) f ( x0 ) = 0

[ / ] | 3.4
86
86
87
3
f ( x ) 0 x [1, 2] g ( x ) =
iii.
F ( x ) =
i.
f ( t ) dt
x
f ( t ) dt , x [1, 2]
x
F [1, 2] (1, 2).
( x)
F=
( x) f ( x)
f ( t ) dt F=
...
(1, 2 ) : F ( =
)
F ( 2 ) F (1)
f ( =
)
2 1
f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt
2
f ( t ) dt f ( ) > 0
f ( =
)
f [1, ] f (1) f ( ) < 0
ii.
Bolzano x0 (1, 2 ) f ( x0 ) = 0
f [1, 2] f ( x ) 0, x [1, 2] f ( ) > 0 ( i.) .
iii.
Bolzano f ( x ) > 0 x [1, 2] .
g ( x) =
g( x) =
f ( t ) dt [1, 2]
x
f ( t ) dt g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) > 0
g [1, 2]
41.
f : ( 0, + )
f ( x ) dx =
e
1 + e
g ( x) =
1 + x ln x f ( t ) dt 0 x > 0 C f x = e .
x
g ( e ) =
1 + e ln e
1 + e 1 e g (e) =
0
f ( t ) dt g ( e ) =
e
g ( x ) g ( e ) x > 0 . g x = e
g ( 0, + ) .
87
3.4 | [ / ]
x
g ( x) =
1 + x ln x f ( t ) dt g ( x ) =
( x ln x )
1
3.4
f ( t ) dt g ( x ) =
ln x + 1 f ( x )
Fermat g ( e ) = 0 ln e + 1 f ( e ) = 0 f ( e ) = 2
C f x = e A e, f ( e ) A ( e, 2 ) .
42.
F ( x ) =
f , g [, ]
x
f ( t ) dt , G ( x ) = g ( t ) dt F ( x ) > G ( x ) x ( , ) .
x
( , ) , A CF , B CG ,
. C f , C g .
A x, F ( x ) B x, G ( x )
)
F ( x ) G ( x ) F ( x ) > G ( x )
=
AB
x ( , ) :=
AB F ( x ) G ( x )
x = F ( x ) G ( x ) F ( ) G ( ) x [ , ]
H ( x) = F ( x ) G ( x ) H ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt g ( t ) dt , x [ , ]
x
(, ) .
x
x
H ( x ) = f ( t ) dt g ( t ) dt H ( x ) =f ( x ) g ( x )
a
x =
Fermat H ( ) =
0 f ( ) g ( ) =
0 f ( ) =
g ( ) C f , Cg
43.
f :
( f ( u ) du ) dt 1 e
x
(0, 1).
x . f ( x ) = 1

=
F ( x)
( f ( u ) du ) dt + e 1 , x [0,1]
x
[ / ] | 3.4
88
88
89
F ( x ) 0 x .
du ) dt + e 1
( f ( u )=

F ( 0 )
=
0 . F ( x ) F ( 0 ) x ,
F x = 0
F (0, 1)
.
=
F( x)
F( x)
( ( f (u ) du ) dt + e 1) =
x
Fermat : F ( 0 ) = 0
d ( x ) =
f ( u ) du + e
x
f ( t ) dt + e
0
f ( t ) dt , x [0,1]
= 0 f ( t ) dt = 1 f ( t ) dt = 1
0
...
89
( x)
H d [0, 1] d=
( 0,1) : d (=
)
d (1) d ( 0 )
f (=
)
1 0
f ( t ) dt f (=)
1
( x) f ( x)
f ( t ) dt d=
3.4 | [ / ]
3.5
3.5
f , xx
x = a x = :
E ( ) = f ( x ) dx
a
f ,
g x = a x = :
=
E ()
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
[ / ] | 3.5
90
90
91

C f xx
1.
C f xx
x = a x = , < :
1. f [, ]
2. f ( f ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) > 0 )
x [ , ] : f ( x ) 0 E ( ) = f ( x ) dx
x [ , ] : f ( x ) 0 E ( ) =
f ( x ) dx
a
f [, ] , 1 , 2 ,...,
f [, ], 1 < 2 < .... < , f.
: ()
=
f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx + ... +
f ( x ) dx
f
xx x = a x = .
1. f [, ]
2. f ( f ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) > 0 ).
1 , 2 ,..., f [, ] 1 < 2 < .... <
=
()
f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx + ... +
f ( x ) dx
!!!
.
!!!
.
C f xx
x = a () x = () :
> a E ( ) = f ( x ) dx
E ( ) = f ( x ) dx
a <
91
3.5 | [ / ]
3.5
xx
1.
f ( x ) =
x2 3
x = 3 x = 5
x2
f [3, 5] .
f ( x) > 0
x2 3
> 0 ( x 2 ) ( x 2 3) > 0
x2
( x 2 ) ( x 2 3) =0
x
0 x2 3 = 0 x = 2 x = 3
x2=
3
+2
f ( x)
f ( x ) > 0 x [ 2,3] . :
2
2
5 x 3 1+1
5 x 4 +1
x2 3
dx
dx
dx
=
=
3
3 x 2
3 x 2
3 x =
2
2
5 x 4
5 ( x 2 )( x + 2 )
5
1
1
1
dx
dx
=
+
=
+
=
x+2+
dx =
3 x 2 x 2 3 x 2
3
x2
x2
E ()
=
f ( x ) dx
=
x2
= + 2 x + ln x 2 =12 + ln 3 . .
2
3
2.

f ( x=
) x 2 x , xx x = 1
f ( x ) = 0 x 2 x = 0 x ( x 1) = 0 x = 0
x =1
+1
f ( x)
:
=
E ()
=
(x
0
10
=
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx + =
f ( x ) dx
1
x x
x x
x ) dx ( x 2 x ) dx = = 1 . .
0
3 2 1 3 2 0
3
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx =
[ / ] | 3.5
92
92
93
i.
ii.
0 < x 1
a + ln x,
1 + x 1, x > 1
f ( x ) =
3.

C f , xx
x=
1
, x=2
2
f f x0 =
1 lim f ( x ) =
lim+ f ( x ) =
f (1)
i.
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) =lim ( a + ln x ) =a + ln1 =a
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ 1 + x 1 = 1 + 1 1 = 1
x 1+
x 1
f (1) =a + ln1 =a
lim f ( x=
) lim+ f ( x=)
x 1
x 1
f (1) =
a 1
0 < x 1
1 + ln x,
1 + x 1, x > 1
=1 f ( x ) =
ii.
E ( =
)
1
2
f ( x ) dx=
f ( x ) dx +
1
1
2
f ( x ) dx=
1
2
: ln x + 1 > 0 ln x > 1 x > e 1 x >

x [1, 2]
(1) :
(1 + ln x ) dx + (1 +
E ( =
)
1
2
93
1
1
x ,1 1 + x 1 > 0
e
2
x + ln x dx =
1
1
x
2
2
1 1 1
=
1ln1 ln = ln 2
2 2 2
1
x 1 dx (2)
(1 + ln x ) dx =
1 + ln x dx + 1 + x 1 dx (1)
1
1
( x (ln x ) + ( x ) ln x ) dx = [ x ln x] =
3.5 | [ / ]
1
1
2
3.5
2
1
3
+1
1
2
( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
1 + x 1 dx = 1 + ( x 1) 2 dx = x +
=
= x +
1
1
3
+1
2
1
2 1
(
2
= x+
( x 1) 2
= 2+

3
1
3
( 2 1)
3
(2) : E ( ) =
2.
2 (1 1)3
1 +

3

= 5
3
5 1
+ ln 2 ..
3 2
C f Cg
C f
Cg :
1. f, g [, ]
2. f ( x ) = g ( x ) ( f ( x ) > g ( x ) )
f-g
( x = a x = )
=
()
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
( x = a x = )
1 , 2 ,..., [, ] 1 < 2 < .... <
() =
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + ... +
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

( ) =
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + ... +
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx ,
1 , 2 ,..., f ( x ) = g ( x ) 1 < 2 < .... <
!!! f
:=
y x + .
=
()
f ( x ) =
y dx
f ( x ) ( x + ) dx
( g ( x=
) x + )
[ / ] | 3.5
94
94
95
4.

f : f ( x ) = x 2 : y = 1
f ( x ) =y x 2 =
1 x=
1
+1
f ( x) y

f ( x ) = y C f .
:
E ( ) =
f ( x ) y dx =
ii.
x3
4
x 1 dx = ( x 1) dx = x = . .
1
3
1 3
2
1
x2
C f +
5.
i.
f ( x )= x +
C f ,
x =1 , x = 2
C f + :
i.
lim f ( x ) = lim x + 2 = +
x +
x
x +
C f +
x+ 2
f ( x)
x
1
x
= lim
= lim
+ x = lim 1 + 3 =1 =1
lim
x +
x +
x + x
x
x
x x + x
1
lim ( f ( x ) x ) = lim ( f ( x ) x ) = lim x + 2 x = lim 2 =0 =0
x +
x +
x +
x
x + x
: y = x + y = x C f +
95
3.5 | [ / ]
3.5
f ( x ) > y f ( x ) > x x +
ii.
E (
=
)
dx
f ( x) y =
2
3.
96
1
1
> x 2 > 0 x [1, 2]
2
x
x
2
2 1
1
1 1
x + 2 x dx = 1 2 dx = = . .
x
x
x 1 2

.

.
!!! xx y = 0 , yy
x = 0 .
5.5
6.
5.0
4.5
4.0
e
f ( x ) = e , g ( x ) =
x
: y = 2
x
3.5
3.0
2.5
0.6
h ( x=
) ex
1.2
1.4
g ( x) = y
1.0
f ( x ) = y e x = 2 x = ln 2
e
e
=2 x=
x
2
e
f ( x ) =g ( x ) ex =
x
e
ex =
0
x
0.8
10
E2
E1
2.0
4
2
1
2
4
e
x , x *
[ / ] | 3.5
96
97
e
h (1) = e1 = 0
1
x = 1
e
e
h ( x ) = e x h ( x ) =e x + 2 > 0
x
x
h ,
h ( x) = 0
x =1
, (
) 1 2.
E= E1 + E2
1 f ,
x = ln 2 x = 1
x
e x 2 x
E1 =
f ( x ) y dx =
( e 2 ) dx =
1
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
E2 =
g ( x ) y dx =
..
e
e
e
2
2 dx = [ e ln x 2 x ]1 = e ln e + 2 = 2 e ln 2
2
x
..
E = E1 + E2 = e + 2 ln 2 4 + 2 e ln 2 = ( e 2 )(1 ln 2 )
f ( x=
)
7.
i.
..
x 1
C f .
ii.
i.
=
e + 2 ln 2 4
2 g ,
e
x=
2
x = 1
C f , xx
f D=
f
f ( x ) =
x 1 f ( x) =
[1, + )
1
2 x 1
M x0 , f ( x0 ) . C f
: y =
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) y =
x0 1
1
( x x0 )
2 x0 1
O ( 0, 0 )
97
3.5 | [ / ]
3.5
O ( 0, 0 ) ( ) 0 =
x0 1
2
x0 1
x0
1
x0 1
( 0 x0 ) =
2 x0 1
2 x0 1
= x0 2 x0 2 = x0 x0 = 2
2.5
1
1
2 1
2) y
x
: y =
(x =
2
2 2 1
ii.
2.0
1.5
B(2,1)
f ( x) = 0 x 1 = 0 x = 1
f ( x) = y x 1 =
1.0
x
x= 2
2
0.5
E1
1
2
A(2,0)
0.5

E=
( ) ( OAB ) E1 , () 1
f , xx x = 1
x=2
1
2
1
2
2 1 ( OAB ) =
OA AB ( OAB ) =
1 ..
( OAB ) =
2
E1 =
1
+1
1
2
( x 1) 2 2
x 1 dx = ( x 1) 2 dx =
=
1
1
+1
2
1
E ( ) = ( OAB ) E1 E ( ) = 1
( x 1)
3
= 2 ..
3
1
2
1
E ( ) = ..
3
3
4.
f 1
.
f 1
f 1 f 1
f.
f 1 f ( ) y = x
x = f ( t )
[ / ] | 3.5
98
98
99
i.
ii.
f ( x=
) x 2 + x , x 0,
8.
f .
f 1
xx , yy =
x
i.
16
+1
f ( x) =
2x +
( x 2 + x ) f ( x ) =
x
2
2 x + 2 x + 1 )
> 0 ( f ( x ) =

, f 1-1 .
2
f 0,
ii.
+1
E = 16
0
f 1 ( x ) dx
f 1 f f 1 ( x ) 0 .
:
2
+1
E = 16
0
f 1 ( x ) dx
x = f ( t )
x = 0 f ( t ) = 0 t 2 + t = 0 t = 0 ( f
)
x=
16
+ 1 f ( t )=
16
+ 1 t 2 + t=
16
+ 1 t=
dx = f ( t ) dt dx = ( 2t + 2t + 1) dt
+1
E=
f
16
0
( x ) dx =
f ( f (t ))
4
0
f ( t ) dt =
t f ( t ) 04 4 ( t ) f ( t ) dt =
04 tf ( t ) dt =
0
9.
i.
t3
4 2 ln 2
= t f ( t ) 04 4 ( t ) f ( t ) dt = f 4 ( t 2 + t ) dt =
+ 1 ln ( t ) =
0
4 4 0
4 16 3
4
0
( f
=
f ( x ) e x , x [ 0,1]
2
f f 1 .
99
3.5 | [ / ]
3.5
1 C f , xx , yy
ii.
x = 1 2 C f 1 xx
f 1 . :
E1 + E2 =
e
i.
e ( x ) f ( x ) =
2x e
( ) f ( x ) =
f ( x) =
ex
x2
x2
> 0 x [ 0,1]
f [0, 1] , f .
f 1 f .
D f=
f
1
([0,1]) D =
f 1
f ( 0 ) , f (1) D f=
[1,3]
1
f ( x ) = y e x = y x 2 = ln y x = ln y f 1 ( y ) = ln y f 1 ( x ) = ln x , x [1, e]
2
ii.
f 1 ([1,3]) =
[0,1] f 1 ( x ) 0
E f ( x ) dx =
E e
f ( x ) dx =
1
=
E1
=
E2
f 1 ( x ) dx
=
E2
x2
([0,1]) =[1,3] f ( x ) 0
dx
f 1 ( x ) dx
x = f ( t )
x = 1 f ( t ) = 1 t = f 1 (1) t = 0
x = 3 f ( t ) = 3 t = f 1 ( 3) t = 1
dx = f ( t ) dt
=
E2
=
f 1 ( x ) dx
E2
=
f 1 ( f ( t ) ) f ( t ) dt
E2
=
tf ( t ) dt
E2
xf ( x ) dx
1
E1 + E2 = f ( x ) dx + xf ( x ) dx = ( f ( x ) + xf ( x ) ) dx = x f ( x ) 0 = x e x = e
0
0
0
0
1
[ / ] | 3.5
100
100
101
5.
f ( x ) = e x
10.
i.
C f .
() C f , , xx
ii.

=
x a, a > 0
lim E ( a )
iii.
a +
iv.
3 ./sec, ()
= 1.
( )
f ( x ) =
e x
e x f ( x ) =
i.
M x0 , f ( x0 ) . C f
: y f ( x0 ) =f ( x0 )( x x0 ) y e x =e x ( x x0 )
0
O ( 0, 0 )
O ( 0, 0 ) ( ) 0 e x0 =
e x0 ( 0 x0 ) e x0 =
x0 e x0 x0 =
1
: y =e x
ii.

E ( a )= E ( OAB ) . (
C f , xx
x = 1 x = a )
B(-1,e)
1
A(-1,0)
1
e
OA AB ( OAB ) =
2
2
( OAB )=
x
e x =
E=
f ( x ) dx =
e dx =
=
e + e
E ( a ) =e a + e
iii.
iv.
e
e
E ( a ) = e a ..
2
2
e e
( lim e x = 0 )
lim E ( a =
lim e a + =
)
a +
a +
x
2 2
101
3.5 | [ / ]
3.5
e a
E ( a ) =
e a a
e E ( a ) =
2
a = 1 a = 3 E ( a ) =e 1 3 E ( a ) =
f : f (1) = 1
11.
f=
( x)
i.
ii.
+ f 2 ( t )dt x , > 0
f
C f , xx
i.
3
e
x = 2 .
x = 1 f (1) =
+ f 2 ( t )dt f (1) = 0
f ( x ) =
+ f 2 ( t )dt f ( x ) = + f 2 ( x )
x = 1 f (1) = + f 2 (1) =1 =1 . f ( x=
)
f :
f ( x) = 1+ f 2 ( x)
1 + f ( x ) )
(
=
2
2 1+ f 2 ( x)
f ( x)
1+ f 2 ( x)
f ( x)
=1
f ( x) f ( x)
1+ f 2 ( x)
1+ f 2 ( x) = f ( x)
1+ f 2 ( x)
=f ( x )
(1)
2 f ( x) f ( x)
2 1+ f 2 ( x)
=f ( x )
( 2)
f .
( 2)
f ( x ) =+
1 f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) =1 + f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
f ( x) + f ( x)
e x f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) =e x f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) ( e x f ( x ) ) =( e x f ( x ) ) e x f ( x ) =e x f ( x ) + c1
x = 1 e1 f (=
1) e1 f (1) + c1 =
c1 e
e x=
f ( x ) ex f ( x ) + e
[ / ] | 3.5
102
102
103
ex f ( x ) ex f ( x )
ex f ( x ) ex f ( x )
e
x
e f ( x) e f ( x) =
e
e 2 x +1
=
=
2x
2x
2x
e
e
e
f ( x)
f ( x ) e 2 x +1
e 2 x +1
x =
+ c2
x =
2
e
e 2
x
f (1)
1
e 21+1
x = 1
=
+ c2 c2 =
1
e
2
2e
ii.
f ( x)
e 2 x +1 1
e x 1 e1 x
x
=
=
f
x
( )
2
2e
2
ex
f ( x ) = 0
f ( x) = 0
e x 1 e1 x
= 0 e x 1 = e1 x x 1 = 1 x x = 1
2
E=
()
f ( x=
) dx
12.
x , f ( x ) 0
) dx
f ( x=
2
e x 1 + e1 x
e x 1 e1 x
e 1 + e
=
dx
=
=
1
2
2
2
( e 1)
2e
..
f :
( f ( u ) du ) dt 1 e
x
Cf , xx , yy
x =1 .

=
E
( f ( u ) du ) dt 1 + e

=
F ( x)
f ( x ) 0
f ( x ) dx=
E
x
f ( x ) dx
1
, x
F .
=
F( x)
( (
x
f ( u ) du dt 1 + e x
x = 0 F ( 0 ) =
=
F( x)
f ( u ) du + e
( f ( u ) du ) dt 1 + e
0
F ( 0) = 0 1 + 1 F ( 0) = 0
: F ( x ) 0 F ( x ) F ( 0 ) . F x0 = 0 .
Fermat
F ( 0 ) = 0 f ( u ) du + e0 = 0 f ( u ) du + 1= 0 f ( u ) du = 1 E = 1
0
103
3.5 | [ / ]

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( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx = f (u )du ,

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x )dx

ln x > 0 ln x > ln1 x > 1

f ( x ) = x t 3dt f ( x ) = 1x t 3dt + 4 t 3dt f ( x ) = 1x t 3dt 1

c = (1 e11 0 e10 ) e1 x dx + c e11 e10 c = 1 e1 x + c (1 e )

> 0 ln x > 0 x > 1

x > 1 F ( x ) > F (1) F ( x ) >

ln 2 t 0 ln t 0 t 1 t > 0 t ( 0,1) (1, + )

e ( 0,1) (1, + ) x ( 0,1) (1, + ) f

x > e f ( x ) > f ( e ) f ( x ) >

x + 1 > x f ( x + 1) > f ( x ) f ( x + 1) f ( x ) > 0 g ( x ) > 0 x ( 0, + )

x > 0 f ( x ) > f ( 0 ) f ( x ) > 0 f ( t ) dt > 0 g ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx < 0

h ( x ) dx > 0 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx > 0 f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx > 0

x > 0 F ( x ) > F ( 0 ) F ( x ) >

x > 0 F ( x ) > F ( 0 ) F ( x ) >

x > 0 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < x , :

f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < x f ( x ) x < 0

x > 0 h ( x ) < h ( 0 ) h ( x ) < f 2 ( 0 ) 2

f ( x ) < 0 x a > 0 x ( , ) g ( x ) < 0

x > a g ( x ) < g ( a ) g ( x ) < 0 .

g( x) > 0 f ( x) f ( a + x) > 0 f ( x) > f ( a + x) x < a + x

F (1, 2) (1, 2).

3 1 2 x 1 1 2 x 1 1 2 x < 0 f ( x ) 2 x < 0 F ( x ) < 0

f ( x ) < 1 f ( x ) dx < 1dx f ( x ) dx < 1 f ( x ) dx 1 < 0 F ( 2 ) < 0

0 < < < 1 f : [ , ]

F (1) = e t dt (12 3) e F (1) = 2e > 0

F (1) F ( 2 ) < 0 Bolzano x0 (1, 2 ) : F ( x0 ) =

F ( x ) = f ( t ) dt . F (1) < 0 ( 0,1)

f (1) < 0 x0 (1, 2 ) f ( x0 ) = 0

F [1, 2] (1, 2).

f [1, ] f (1) f ( ) < 0

f [1, 2] f ( x ) 0, x [1, 2] f ( ) > 0 ( i.) .

Bolzano f ( x ) > 0 x [1, 2] .

f [, ], 1 < 2 < .... < , f.

1 , 2 ,..., f [, ] 1 < 2 < .... <

lim f ( x ) =lim ( a + ln x ) =a + ln1 =a

: ln x + 1 > 0 ln x > 1 x > e 1 x >

1 , 2 ,..., [, ] 1 < 2 < .... <

1 , 2 ,..., f ( x ) = g ( x ) 1 < 2 < .... <

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