LCH S MN LUN L FUZZY

Nguyn Vit-Sn (*)

Chc cc bn du hc Nht ngy xa cn nh nhng cm gic bc bi khi i xe in hay ln

xung thang my, lc khi hnh hay lc dng li mt cch t ngt. Ti cn nh hoi ci cm
gic kh chu lc mi khi cc bc ti x xe in biu din thng gp xe mt nh ga no
, tt c mi ngi ng trong xe u chi mi ng nghing trong xe. Ln thang my ngy
xa cng vy, mi ln thang my ngng mt tng lu no mt cch gp rt, chc cc bn
cn nh mi khng qun ci cm gic bun nn kh t lc .
Ngy nay nu cc bn v Nht i xe in li s cm thy mt mt mt ci g..Cc bc ti xe
in s khng cn dp biu din thng xe nh xa, khng ai ng vo cc bn (d by gi cc
b cc c c toa xe ring) v cng khng ai nh l ngy xa i xe in "b thng xe" n kh
nh th no.. Thang my cng vy, by gi thang ngng mi tng lu mt cch m m,
nh mt chic thm thn mang cc bn bay ln bay xung, khng tht bng ln v cng
chng tr ngi xung..nh ngy xa.
Mng cc bn bc vo thi i ca cc mn "lun l fuzzy" v "mch in no b" , hai
mn hc mi c t khong 30 nm qua trong ngnh in t.
Ngi cha ca mn lun l fuzzy ny l Tin s Lofti Zadeh, ngi gc Ba T (Iran), sinh
vng t nay thuc Nga, tt nghip i hc Teheran, hc hu i-hc M, thnh gios i hc lng danh Columbia , tng l gio-s ri l khoa trng ngnh in t v hin
nay vn cn l gio s i hc California Berkerley, ng t chi khng v hu d l nay
tui rt cao.
&&&
iu k l nht theo li TS Zadeh l ng ngh ra thuyt fuzzy logics vo mt hm ng b
tht hn n ti bi mt ngi bn, lc ng ang tm nh cha m ng New York. Trong
lc mi ngi trong nh u ra ngoi ph, nh ton hc ngi mt mnh (lc ng l khoa
trng UC Berkerley) mi ly tp giy nhp ra tho mt bi vit (paper) mang tn "Fuzzy
Sets". Thng 6 nm 1965, bi nghin cu ny c ng trn t tp ch Information and

Control, volume s 8 v l lun fuzzy ra i, n thay i gn nh c th gii. M, y l

ln u tin tnh t fuzzy c mang vo ngn ng ton hc v k thut. Ring Nht c mt
lc vo khong 1980s, fuzzy tr thnh mt danh t v cng quen thuc trong dn gian.
Mt trong nhng khi nim v fuzzy logic m TS Zadeh mang ra lm th d l tnh cch hi
vin (membership) trong lun l. Th d nh chng ta mun ni mt ngi kia, anh Thomas
chng hn l mt ngi cao. Vic ni Thomas cao n khng th no cho ta mt hnh nh cao
ra sao. Nhng nu chng ta chn mt gii hn cho s cao nh 5'10" chng hn, th ai cao trn
mc th thuc v nhm ngi cao. Anh Thomas cao 6'2" vy anh thuc v nhm cao,
nhng trong nhm cao cn phi c mt con s na thm nh v s . "cao" ca Thomas.
Th d nh chng ta phi nh mt ch s t 0 n 1 cho s cao, v cho Thomas mt con s
0.6 chng hn, th cu tr li cho cu hi fuzzy :"Anh Thomas cao bao nhiu?" tr thnh mt
cu p c tnh cch ton hc:"Thomas 0.6 cao". Dch ra ngha thng l anh Thomas "cao"
(hn 5'10"), v trong nhng ngi "cao", anh c ch s 0.6. Con s 0.6 din t rng trong
nhng ngi "cao", anh Thomas ch hn trung bnh mt t.
Trn cn bn, TS Zadeh ngh ra s lin h gia "ngn ng dn gian" v "ngn ng ton
hc". Nm 1971, ng gp gio s George Lackoft thuc phn khoa ngn ng hc (linguistics)
trong cng trng v c hai cng ngc nhin rng kin thc ca h b xung cho nhau. Khi
chng ta ni ra mt ch no , ch c mt ngha tru tng kh phn bit. Th d nh
"hi nng" (slightly hot) v "tng i nng" (moderately hot) khng th no c th din t
chnh xc s nng ra sao.
Ngoi ra trong fuzzy cn cho ta quan nim v tnh cch "hi vin ca nhiu hi" (multimembership) . Th d ni ng Ba l ngi 0.8 gi, ngha l trong nhng ngi gi ng Ba
thuc hng 0.8, nhng ng Ba c th ch l 0.64 "rt gi" v 0.491 "rt rt gi".
Khi TS Zadeh ngh ra lun l fuzzy, ng th tht ch ngh n n lm cn bn cho cc mn
trit hc v ngn ng, ch khng ngh rng n cn c nhng ng dng k thut ly k (nh
vic thng xe in ni trn). Mt thi gian sau, ng mi nhn nhn ra gi tr k thut ca
n.
Cng nh nhng l thuyt mi khc, ng nhn c nhiu tn thng cng nh ch trch. C
l li khen m p u tin ng nhn c l ca TS Max Black ca Cornell. Quan nim fuzzy
tht s c t TS Black, nhng nh trit v ton hc ny khng i qu xa nh Zadeh. TS
Black l mt ngi sao u tin nm 1967 vit th cho Zadeh khen ngi paper v fuzzy sets m
TS Zadeh vit. Nhng mi hn khng qun ca TS Zadeh c l l s ng trong mt
hi ngh v t ng ch ng Bordeaux nm 1972, ng nhn s ch trch gay gt ca TS
Rudolph Kalman, mt ngi sao v ch ng bng xc sut v thng k. TS Kalman vn l
ngi hc tr c ca TS Zadeh Columbia (nay TS Kalman l gio s hu tr danh d i

hc Florida) v ni danh nh ngh ra mt algorithm mi trong ngnh t ng ch ng mang

tn "b lc Kalman" (Kalman filter). TS Kalman ch trch TS Zadeh rng fuzzy logic khng
th no c th dng vo ch ng v "ch ng cn phi c mt model ton hc chnh xc".
C l y l s nhm ln to nht ca mt ngi sao ln nh Kalman, lch s chng minh
rng TS Zadeh ng. V sau ny c rt nhiu ng dng ca Kalman filter b thay th bng
lun l fuzzy, v ci sau ny li n gin hn v d hiu hn, c bit l khng cn c m
hnh ton hc hay xc sut chnh xc.
M sau paper u tin ca TS Zadeh, mn fuzzy logic khng c ch n cho lm. Mc
d TS Zadeh l ngi sng lp (s t) ca ngnh fuzzy logic, ngi hc tr ng, TS Bart
Kosko mi l ngi c mnh danh l "guru" (bc thy) ca mn fuzzy. Bart Kosko c mt
lch s c nhn rt l k l, ng hc trit, kinh t v m nhc UC Irvine, sang Nht lm vic
v nghin cu (c th ng l mt Exryu ?) v fuzzy logic. ng tr li M trnh lun vn
Ph.D. v ngnh in t Univ. of California-Irvine vi TS Zadeh l gio s ch o (advisor).
Hin nay ng l gio s i hc ngnh in t Univ. of Southern California.
Mt trong nhng iu l th nht m TS Kosko mang vo ngnh ch ng l ng ta tm ra cch
"fuzzy ha" (fuzzycify) Kalman filter. B lc Kalman tng ni ting vi nhng ng dng
trong hng khng v khng gian. Vo cao im ca chin tranh Vit- Nam khong 1968,
khng qun M dng Kalman filter vo vic kim sot cho mt phi c vn ti C130 p
xung an ton trn mt phi o d chin rt ngn trong rng rm Pleiku, v y l mt iu
hnh din nht ca TS Kalman. TS Kosko fuzzy ha Kalman filter v lun l ny c b
quc phng M dng vo lun l kim sot mt cch chnh xc cc phi n Patriots tng ni
ting trong chin tranh vng vnh nm 1991. TS Kosko tht l ngi bit s dng hai l
thuyt khc nhau ca hai ngi nghch nhau lm ra ci g ring cho chnh mnh.
ngoi x M, cng phi mt mt vi nm ngi ta mi nhn ra gi tr ca fuzzy logic
dng n vo vic t ng ch ng (automatic control). Nm 1973, Lauritz Peter Holmblad,
mt k s ngi an-Mch lm vic cho cng ty xi mng F.L. Smith and Company ln u
tin ng dng fuzzy logic vo vic kim sot nhit l nu. Vic ch to xi mng cn s pha
trn ba thnh phn: t st, vi v ct, xong trn n vi qung st (iron ore), lm kh v
cho vi mm ra trc khi vo mt l nung nng khong t 1250 n 1450 C. L nung
trong hng ny hnh ng di 420 feet v ngang 16 feet, c quay vi tc mt vng mt
pht trong 3 gi trc khi xi mng c ng li thnh cc v c mang ra nghin nt thnh
bt trc khi ra th trng. Vn quan trng l lm sao c th kim sot nhit l nung
mt cch u n v va ng vi thnh phn ca cc vt liu cho vo.
Khi tham d mt hi ngh v t ng ch ng (IFAC), Peter Holmblad n nghe bui ni
chuyn ca Assilian, mt du hc sinh n lc ang sa son lun vn tin s i hc

Univ. of London. Gio s hng dn cho Assilian l TS Mamdani. Lc Mamdani cha ni

v fuzzy controllers nhng ang trn chiu hng nghin cu v fuzzy. Qua phn tham kho,
Peter Holmblad tm ra bi paper ca TS Zadeh. Peter rt phn khi khi ngh ra rng ch cn
qua 27 lun l "IF and THEN IF" thng thng ng c th kim sot c nhit l nung xi
mng theo mun. Cng vi ngi bn tn Ostergaard, ng bt u th nghim trong lab v
vit program bng mt ngn ng tn FCL (Fuzzy Control Language, mt bin dng ca
FORTRAN) v cui cng mang ra thc nghim trong 6 ngy lin tip vic kim sot nhit
l nung bng my tnh in t, thay th cho con ngi ln u tin vo thng 6 nm 1978.
Tuy nhin ch mi cho n nm 1980, Peter Holmblad v Ostegaard mi cng b mt bi vit
(paper) v kt qu cng trnh ny. Paper ny ln u tin trn th gii chng t rng mt b
kim sot bng fuzzy logic c th ng dng vo t ng ch ng trong k ngh. y l mt
vic to ln i vi ngi Nht, lc ang nhn ra ngoi khao khc tm kim cho ra nhng
ng dng mi cho nn cng k ngh ang bng n ca x mnh.
Mt vic khc lm fuzzy logic cng c ch n xy ra sng bc Monte Carlo vo
mt m thng 7 nm 1979. Lc Luigi Villa, tay danh th lng danh v ch th gii v
mn backgammon phi thua trn 0-5 v tay ...mt robot tn Gammonoid. Ngi ng sau
Gammonoid l gio s Hans Berliner ca vin i hc Carnegie-Mellon Pittsburg,
Pennsyvania (M). S dng mt my minicomputer PDP-10 vi mt program tn BGK 9.8,
TS Berliner chng t rng fuzzy logic c th bc chc s suy ngh ca con ngi v nh
bi mt tay c danh th backgammon. C sng bc x vo xem cnh fuzzy logic h thng
tay mt nh v ch. Cc bn nn nh mc d my PDP 10 l my tnh tt nht ng thi, n
ch mnh bng mt gc nh ca my personal computer m cc bn ang s dng ngy hm
nay.
Tuy nhin M v u Chu, ngi ta t ra khng li mn fuzzy logic mt cch r rt.
M TS Zadeh b ch diu v ngay c b hm da bi nhng ngi qu khch. u Chu, TS
Mamdani b thi thc khng c s gip no bi k ngh. Anh, cc ngun cung cp tin
nghin cu th li rt t v ngi ta ngh rng fuzzy logic qu n gin khng cn b nhiu
tin vo. Nu khng c ngi Nht v ngi Trung-Quc nhng tay vo tm cch ng dng,
c l fuzzy logic b cht yu hay ng yn thm mt thi gian cc x m ta thng gi l x
"Ty Phng".
Trung Quc, mc d l tnh trng k ngh lc cn km ci nhng nghin cu ton v
fuzzy th li kh thnh hnh, ngi mang mn fuzzy vo TQ l gio s Wang Peizhuang i
hc Bc Kinh. ng cng cc bn lp nhm nghin cu v fuzzy logic v thng hp mt
trong th vin ging bn. Nm 1981, ng thnh lp hi nghin cu Fuzzy Systems v Ton
Hc cho Trung Quc v ng c xem nh mt ngi khai ph cho mn fuzzy TQ.

 Nht, vn thch du nhp cc mi t M, paper v Fuzzy Sets ca TS Zadeh c mang ra

tho lun trong cc i hc. Nht sau . c bit nht l gio s Kokichi Tanaka ca Handai
(Osaka Univ.) v gio s Kiyoji Asai ca Osaka Kodai. Ngi Nht u tin vit paper v
fuzzy logic l Masagharu Mizumoto, hc tr trong phng nghin cu ca TS Tanaka.
Tuy nhin ngi c xem l "Zadeh ca Nht Bn" l Michio Sugeno. Sugeno tt nghip
cao hc i hc Tokyo (Todai) v tr thnh tr th cho GS Toshiro Terano Tokodai (Tokyo
Inst. of Technology) nm 1965. Nm 1974, Sugeno trnh lun n TS trong ng gp phn
rt ln trong vic ng dng fuzzy measures vo ngnh ch ng. Nm 1975, Sugeno sang lm
nghin cu vi TS Mamdani, sau ng sang Php ri tr v Nht. Nm 1978, ng b vic
nghin cu v fuzzy measues sang nghin cu v fuzzy logic control. Cng trong nm ng
mang fuzzy logic vo vic kim sot mt nh my lc nc cho hng Fuji Denki (Fuji
Electric).
Trong lc TS Sugeno chm ch nghin cu v fuzzy cng l lc m c nc Nht ang dn
dn thc s quan trng ca fuzzy logic. Sugeno c s h tr ca hng Matsushita
nghin cu thm v fuzzy. Thng 3 nm 1989, c quan MITI (Ministry of International Trade
and Industry, b. Thng Thng v Cng Nghip) ca Nht b ra 70 triu thnh lp LIFE
(Laboratory for International Fuzzy Logic Research) Yokohama, iu ny ni ln s
quan trng ca ngnh fuzzy logic cho cng k ngh x Nht
&&&
Ngi u tin ngh ra vic thit k mt my micro-computer dng ring cho vic ch ng
li cng l mt ngi Nht, TS Masaki Togai. Vic hi khc mt cht l ng ny l mt s
quan T V i Nht c gi sang hc thm M. ng khng v Nht m sng M sau
khi tt nghip Ph.D. t i hc Duke. ng lm vic cho Bell Labs New Jersey mt thi
gian, cng vi mt ngi bn, ng Hiroyuke Watanabe, bt u thit k mt my tnh dnh
ring cho fuzzy logic. Nm 1986, cm thy Bell Labs bt u rung rinh, hai chng samurai
Togai v Watanabe ko nhau sang u qun Rockwell Science Center Thousand Oaks,
California. y hai ngi bt u thit k mt computer th nh chuyn lm b ch ng
fuzzy. Mt ln na cc chuyn vin v thng gia Nht nghe ting hai ngi, bt u sang
thm ving phng nghin cu v khch l nhit lit vic lm. Tuy nhin bui trnh by v vic
thng mi ha chip in t ny cho ngi vice-president v k thut ca Rockwell li phi
gp mt tr ngi ln. Anh chng VP ny khng mun Rockwell phi i vo vic sn xut chip
in t fuzzy ny. ng VP tuyn b:"Nu ngi Nht lm, Rockwell s mua chip t ngi
Nht, nhng Rockwell s khng lm bn cho Nht". Tng lai ca hai chng samurai
Rockwell xem nh lc vo ng hp t lc .
Li tin tri ca hai chng Togai-Watanabe ny rt ng, nu Rockwell khng lm fuzzy chip
th s c mt hng Nht s lm ra fuzzy chip em ra bn. Ngui may mn c ym tr

thit k fuzzy chip ny li l mt ngi trong qu trnh nghin cu khng bit g v fuzzy
logic. Ngi l TS Takashi Yamakawa, ngi gc Kyushu nhng li tt nghip Ph.D.
Tohoku Univ. (Sendai, Tohoku, Japan). Sau khi lm nghin cu Tohoku Dai thm mt nm,
Yamakawa v lm tr th Kumamoto Dai, nghin cu v mt ngnh khc: in t cng sut
cao (power electronics).
tip tc vic lm c ca mnh Tohoku Dai, Yamakawa lm ra mt fuzzy chip dng
vo vic ch ng trong power electronics v ng thnh cng. ng no nc ln gp ngi khoa
trng (gakubu-cho) hi xem c th no gip ng tm ra hng ym tr vic sn xut fuzzy
controller chip. ng c gii thiu n Omron Tateshi Denshi v ng c hng Omron
nhit lit hng ng. Cho n nm 1990, trong s 389 bng sng ch ca Nht v fuzzy logic,
Omron chim 107 bng v hu nh tt c my mc in t c nhn ca Omron lm nh cash
registers, my o huyt p, o mch p tim, my bn v xe in, my tnh lu thng
...vv..u c fuzzy logic chip bn trong.
&&&
Nhng vic ln nht trong cuc cch mng dng lun l fuzzy Nht phi k n vic t
ng ha h thng kim sot xe in ngm thnh ph Sendai (Tohoku). Trung tm nghin
cu ca Hitachi Kawasaki b ra nhiu tin vo vic nghin cu ng dng, trong c fuzzy
logic. T 1979, hai nghin cu gia Miyamoto v Yasunobu bt u ngh v vic t ng ho
ng xe in ngm dng lun l fuzzy. Cho n nm 1983, hai chng samurai ny mi tht
s chng minh c l vic t ng ha bng lun l fuzzy cho ng xe in ngm s thnh
cng. Phi mt thm my nm kh cc na Hitachi mi c th chng minh cho chnh phu?
Nht c l h thng ny s rt l an ton. Ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1987, Hitachi khnh thnh
h thng t ng kim sot cho xe in ngm Sendai, Tohoku. Hai ngy sau, Hitachi mi
mi TS Zadeh, s t ngnh fuzzy, sang xem h biu din ng xe ngm. Xe in ngng rt
m i cc nh ga, ch cch mc tiu vi centimeters. Tht l mt cuc cch mng ln v
Hitachi sau c trng thu ng dng fuzzy logic vo cc h thng subways ca thnh ph
Tokyo.
&&&
gii thch cho vic ti sao fuzzy logic li c mt ng dng tt mc d n kh n s, xin
ly th d cho vic hm thng mt chic xe in. Trong vic ny v c hc th c ba bin s
cn phi ch ng: khong cch, vn tc v gia tc. Ba bin s ny lin h vi nhau bng ba
phng trnh vi phn bt tuyn tnh. Trong quan nim c v ch ng, ngi k s phi bit r
cc thng s cn thit, chng hn trng lng ca chic xe, sc mnh ca u my, ma st
ca cc ng ry cng nh s phn b ca s ngi trn xe. Nhng con s ny khng bao
gi c c mt cch chnh xc trn thc t. V gi s c i na th ngi k s phi gii mt

h thng phng trnh vi phn bt tuyn tnh (non-linear differential equation system), mt
cng vic nng n cho my tnh trc khi tm ra mt li gii chp nhn c. Ngy xa,
ngi ti x xe in c th thng xe bng cch qua kinh nghim v phng chng, cc bc ti
nhiu lm ch gii c bi ton mang khong cch v vn tc v s khng, nhng gia tc th
may mn lm mI c bng s khng, do hnh khch d b ng chi mi.
Fuzzy logic gii bi ton cng bng cch phng chng, nhng c cho mt h s fuzzy vo cc
bin s. Vi mt phng trn (matrix) c 7 blocks cho mi chiu, tt c 7 x 7 x 7 = 343
blocks cho ba chiu ca 3 bin s, trong c cha mt lun l "IF and THEN IF" trong mi
block, b ch ng fuzzy c th tm ra nhanh chng mt gii p trong khong cch, vn
tc v gia tc cng tr v bng s khng trong cng mt lc, do ngi hnh khch s cm
thy m i thoi mi, khng phi chi mi nh ngy xa.
Trong h thng autofocus cho my nh, ngi ta khng phi dng mt s logic block ln nh
vy, mt phng trn (matrix) hai chiu vi 5 x 5 = 25 blocks l qu
&&&
Nu mun ghi ra ht cc ng dng ca fuzzy logic c l phi mt vi trang giy, ngi Nht l
ngi mang n cc ng dng thc tin cho mt l thuyt gn nh l "tri bin" t lc
ngi ta ngh n ra. Trong tt c nhng b in t thng thng nh h thng autofocus ca
tt c my chp nh, my quy video, ri my toilet t ng, my git, my xy, my lnh,
my nng, robots.etc. ngi Nht u dng fuzzy. Qu tnh ngi Nht rt "crazy" vi hai
ch fuzzy logic.
&&&
Ti (tc gi bi ny) c hn hnh gp TS Zadeh trong mt bui ni chuyn ca ng do lin
hi c kh v in t Chicago t chc cch nay hn 10 nm. ng c ci u hi v c i
mt rt l sng, ng rt ci m v phng khong. ng hi ti c c cc sch ng vit v
fuzzy logic hay khng. Ti ni tht tnh ti ch c c mt quyn v ng dng fuzzy logic do
ngi hc tr c ca ng, TS John Yen, vit vi tn ng l co-author. Tuy nhin ti phi th
nhn rng quyn sch v lng ca ti v system v circuit theory l do ng vit lc ng dy
Berkerly. ng ci v ni rng ng chng cn nh r ng vit g trong cc quyn sch .
Tuy nhin mi hn c trong lng ng li c dp ni ln. Lc gn nh 25 nm k t lc
TS Kalman ch trch ng nng n hi nghi. IFAC. ng ni vi chng ti:" Cc anh xem ti
ng hay TS Kalman ng ? ng Kalman l ngi hc tr c ca ti Columbia m sao li
ch trch nng n ti nh vy".
Vng, ti ng l ng ng, v c th gii ngy nay u tri n TS Zadeh v nhng g ng
mang n cho nhn loi qua thuyt fuzzy. Nhng huy chng cao qu nht ng u nhn c

(xin xem website ca ng nh km). ng c gii thng cao nht ca hi IEEE (M) v
gii Okawa ca chnh phu? Nht.
Ti nhn ra mt kinh nghim sng i:" Nu mnh c kin mi, mnh s nhn khng t g
nhng k ch trch, nhng nu mnh cn rng chu ng cho n lc thnh cng, mnh s
chng t c ci ng ca mnh cho nhng k th ch".
Nguyn Vit-Sn
Websites:
[1]- Gio s Lofti Zadeh: http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~zadeh/scv.html
[2]- Gio s Barb Kosko: <http://sipi.usc.edu/~kosko/>
[3]- Gio s Hung T. Nguyen: <http://www.math.nmsu.edu/~hunguyen/>
Gio s Hung T. Nguyen l ngi Vit-Nam duy nht tng vit sch vi cc gio s Nht v
fuzzy logic.
[4]- Gio s Michio Sugeno: <http://www.brain.riken.jp/bsinews/bsinews25/no25/speciale.html>
Tham kho:
[1]- Fuzzy Logic, Daniel McNeill and Paul Freiberger, Touchstone, New York 1993.
[2]- Heaven in a Chip, Bart Kosko, Three River Press, New York 1999.
[3]- Fuzzy Logic Toolbox 2 User's Guide, The Mathworks Inc., Boston 2007
(*) Vi dng v tc gi: Nguyn Vit-Sn tt nghip i hc k thut VN, cao hc i hc
Kobe, Nht Bn v Ph.D. v EE i hc Illinois. Anh cng gia nh hin c ng thnh ph
Rockford, bang Illinois, USA.
Ngun http://www.erct.com/2-ThoVan/3-Unna/Fuzzy.htm