S TAY K THUT TRNG NM

GIAO THY, 2009

S TAY K THUT TRNG NM

NI DUNG
Cu lc b sn xut nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy
HNH NH
Vin Pht Trin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu ti Vit Nam
(CORIN-Asia Viet Nam)
N V H TR
C quan hp tc pht trin Quc t Thy in (SIDA)
Vin Pht Trin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu Vit Nam
Vn Quc gia Xun Thy
THIT K
Nguyn Xun Thun - V Quc t
- CORIN-Asia Vit Nam -

GIAO THY, 2009

MC LC
LI M U
A. CC IU KIN CN THIT SN XUT NM
I. NGUYN LIU
1. Rm, r
2. Bng ph liu
3. Mn ca
4. Thn cy g
5. Cc loi ph gia
II. GING NM
III. NH XNG V L SY
1. Nh kiu ch A
2. Kiu nh bnh thng
3. L sy
IV. LAO NG
V. CC DNG C V VT T KHC
1. Khun g trng nm rm
2. B ngm v x l rm r
3. Mui n v axit xitric
4. K lt ng
5. Ngun nc v dng c ti
6. Cc dng c, vt t khc
VI. LCH THI V TRNG NM RM, NM S, NM M
TRN NGUYN LIU RM, R
B. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH TRNG NM RM
I. C TNH SINH HC
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM RM
1. X l nguyn liu
2. Cy ging
3. Chm sc m nm cy
4. Cch thu hi nm
5. Bo qun v tiu th nm rm

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III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM

1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut
2. S tm tt k thut

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C. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH LM NM S

I. C TNH SINH HC
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM S
1. X l nguyn liu
2. Cy ging
3. m v rch bch
4. Chm sc v thu hi
5. ng gi v bo qun sn phm
III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S
1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t
2. S quy trnh sn xut nm S

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D. C TNH SINH HC & CNG NGH TRNG NM M

I. C TNH SINH HC
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM M
1. X l nguyn liu
2. Ln men ph
3. Vo lung
4. Phng php cy ging
5. t ph v ph t
6. Chm sc v thu hi nm
III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M
1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut
2. S quy trnh sn xut nm m

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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S tay k thut trng nm

LI M U

Vi nh hng gim p lc khai thc ln khu vc Vn Quc
gia Xun Thy, to sinh k bn vng trong cng ng cc x vng m,
Chng trnh Lin minh t ngp nc (WAP) cng vi Vn Quc gia
Xun Thy (VQG) t chc xy dng nhiu m hnh sinh k. Sau hai
gn hai nm thc hin, m hnh mang li nhiu hiu qu thit thc
cho ngi dn. T nguyn liu rm, r s dng trng nm to
thm ngun thu t 1.500.000 n 2.000.000 trong mt thng cho
mi h gia nh. Khng ch c th, vic trng nm gip hn ch
hin tng t rm, r sau mi v thu hoch la, gp phn bo v bu
khng kh trong lnh. Ngoi ra, vi sinh k mi ny, ngi dn ti cc
cng nng thn khng phi i lm thu ti cc a phng khc, gp
phn gii quyt lao ng d tha. n nay, Cu lc b trng nm VQG
c hnh thnh v pht trin vi hn 70 hi vin, thuc a phn
ca 05 x vng m l Giao Thin, Giao An, Giao Xun, Giao Hi, Giao
Lc v mt x vng cn m l Giao Hng.

Nhm ph bin hn na kin thc sn xut trong cng ng,
Vn Quc gia Xun Thy kt hp cng Trung tm dy ngh cng lp
huyn Ngha Hng hnh thnh cun s tay hng dn k thut trng
mt s loi nm c ngun gc t rm, r.

Do y l cun s tay c bin son da trn nhng kin thc
c tip cn ca cng ng v kinh nghim sn xut thc t nn
khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong c s tham gia ng
gp kin ca bn c. Xin chn thnh cm n!
Cu lc b sn xut Nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy

S tay k thut trng nm

A. CC IU KIN CN THIT CHO SN XUT NM

I. NGUYN LIU

Tt c cc loi ph thi ca nng nghip giu cht xenlul u
l nguyn liu chnh trng nm. Di y l mt s loi nguyn liu
thng dng nht.
1. Rm r

Rm v r phi kh, khng b mc, nh ng, bo qun dng
dn. Nu rm, r b mc, c mu en, vn nt do phi khng c
nng , b thm nc ma nhiu th khng nn dng trng nm v
khi nng sut rt thp.
2. Bng ph liu

Nguyn liu c to ra t cc nh my dt si sau khi ly
gn ht si bng, phn cn li l cc ht v bng vn. Nguyn liu phi
khng mc, phi tht kh.
3. Mn ca

Cc loi mn ca g mm, khng c tinh du, phi kh (cao su,
b ).
4. Thn cy g

Cnh l cn xanh tt, c tui t 3-5 nm, g mm c nha
mu trng (mt, sung, ngi, b , so a, giu gia xoan, a bp ,
dui, da, cao su, ). ng kinh thn g 5-20 cm.
5. Cc loi ph gia (phn v c, hu c )

T l phi trn v s lng ty theo tng loi nm khc nhau.
II. GING NM

Ging nm c th c nhn trn cc c cht khc nhau: ht
i mch, thc, mn ca, v tru, bng vn, rm r v cc cht ph
gia.
2
S tay k thut trng nm


Bao b ng ging cc dng: chai thy tinh, chai nha, ti
nilon D trn mi trng hay bao b no, ging nm cng phi m
bo cc yu cu cht lng sau:
Khng b nhim bnh: Quan st bn ngoi ging khng c mu
xanh, en, vng v khng c cc vng loang l.
Ging c mi thm d chu: nu c mi chua kh chu l ging
nm b nhim vi khun, nm di
Ging khng gi hoc non: nu thy c m so hay cy nm
mc trong chai, mu chai ging chuyn sang mu vng, nu en
l ging qu gi. Ging cha n kn ht y bao b l ging cn
non. S dng tt nht l khi ging n kn ht y chai (hoc ti)
sau 3-4 ngy. Mun lu hn phi bo qun nhit lnh: i
vi ging nm s, nm m, nm hng, v nm linh chi bo qun
nhit 2-50C, ko di 30-45 ngy; ging nm rm v mc nh
bo qun nhit 15-200C, ko di 15-30 ngy.
Cc chng ging ph hp vi iu kin v nhit (theo ma
v), nng sut cao v c kh nng chng chu su bnh
Qu trnh vn chuyn ging: phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh va
chm mnh, dng ng chai ging (nt bng quay ln pha trn)
Khng c m nt bng ra xem, ngi ging ni thong
mt, sch s, khng c nh nng trc tip.
S lng ging nm cho khi lng rm r em trng. Ty
thuc tng loi nm khc nhau m t l ging/nguyn liu khc
nhau.

C th ni ging l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s
thnh bi. Nu ging tt nng sut s cao v ngc li. Hin c nhiu
c s sn xut ging nm, bn nn chn n nhng a ch ng tin
cy.
Hin ti, b con c th mua ging ti:
1. Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc thc vt Vin Di truyn nng
nghip. a ch: ng Phm Vn ng T Lim H Ni.
in thoi: 04 3836 296
S tay k thut trng nm

2.Trung tm dy ngh cng lp huyn Ngha Hng

a ch: Liu , Huyn Ngha Hng, tnh Nam nh (Lin h anh Hng
0978 186 202 hoc 0915 704 738)
3. Hp tc x Nng nghip Nam Tin. a ch: Xun Vinh Xun
Trng Nam nh (Lin h anh c 0985 391 099 hoc 0350 3885
378)
III. NH XNG V L SY

Yu cu chung v nh xng trng nm cn m bo cc yu
t:
C h thng ca iu chnh thong khi cn thit
Sch s, cng mt cng tt
m cao nhng khng ng nc trn nn nh

Trc v sau mi t trng nm cn phi v sinh tht tt xung
quanh khu vc nui trng v trong nh. C th xng (t) bt lu
hunh hay phun foocmon t l 0.5% trc khi a nguyn liu vo
nh trng nm mt tun. Mt s dng nh trng nm nh sau:
1. Nh kiu ch A

- Dng cc tre, cy g thng, ng knh 7-12cm c chiu di
2,4m.

- Cc thanh tre, g nh c chiu di ti a 20m lm nan dc
theo nh, thanh di 2,4m lm nan song song vi cc cc tr

- Chiu rng nh khong 2m, c li i gia rng 0.4m.

- Mi ph nilon th sinh, pha trn mi lp mt lp l ma, thn
cy ng, l chui, hoc rm, r, ci to mt (np chc 2 lp li).

Hnh 1. Kiu nh hnh ch A

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(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

Ch thch: E: mi nh bng khung tre, lp nilon, l ma, thn cy ng,

thanh np

F: rnh thot nc hai bn mi

G: ca ra vo c cnh (bng ct, bao da )

h: chiu cao 1.8m

Nn nh di cc tn cy n qu (chui, nhn, vi, mt ) hoc
cy ly g, bng mt Nu khng c tn cy, c th lm trn cc khu
t trng, sn gch ni d thot nc. C th trng cc loi cy c dy
leo (mp, b ng, gc, u ) cho b trn mi cng tt. Phn mi gip
mt t c rnh thot nc.

Hai u hi lm ca ra vo iu chnh nh sng v thng
thong khi cn thit. Loi nh ny thch hp cho trng nm m v nm
rm.
2. Kiu nh bnh thng

Kiu nh ny thch hp cho trng cc loi nm m, nm s,
nm mc nh, nm hng v linh chi.

Kiu nh ny c chi ph cao hn kiu nh hnh ch A cho nn c
tn dng nh c trng nm. Vic sa sang li nh c iu chnh
nh sng v thng thong.

Hnh 2. Kiu nh bnh thng

S tay k thut trng nm

Cc yu cu khi dng mt nh mi c din tch 60m2 nh sau:

a. Nn nh

L nn t hoc nn gch cao, d thot nc. Nu nn nh
di bng cy th cng tt
b. Khung nh

Nh chia thnh 05 gian bao gm cc thnh phn

+ Ct tr - ct hnh: 12 ct, s dng tre loi 1 cao t 2.5-3m

+ Ct ci: mi v 2 ct , tng l 12 ct ci

+ V mi: 06 chic

+ Cu u: 06 chic

+ X qu: 06 chic

+ Song t: Ty theo chiu cao nh b tr lp song t ph hp
buc thm nilon, hoc mnh ci che nh nng mt tri

+ Xung quanh nh c th to lp vch bng t hoc gch xy
cao t 40-50cm. Lu nn cc ca s nh to thong v nh
sng.
c. Mi nh

Mi nh c th chia lm ba lp chnh, th t t trn xung di
c th nh bng sau:
Bng 1. Cu to mi nh
Lp 1

Phn la

S dng phn la c bn sn trn th

trng

Lp 2

Gin tre

Ti thiu mi bn c 06 gin tre

Lp 3

Bt hoc nilon

Lp bt hoc nilon di cng va to

thong, nh sng li trnh c nc ma.

Ngoi ra, trn mi ta c th lp rm, r hoc ci, l ma, ng,
c to mt cho nh xng.
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S tay k thut trng nm

3. L sy

Hin nay i vi cc h gia nh c quy m sn xut nh (din
tch ln tri t 60-70m2) loi l sy thch hp nht l l sy th cng s
dng bp than t ong. V cu to l sy th cng gm cc thnh phn
sau:
Lp di cng: c th s dng nn nh t bp than t ong
(ty theo quy m thit k m c th b tr mt n hai bp than t
ong)
Lp tn nhit : l st hoc inox s dng lm lp ngn cch gia
bp v sn phm nm v l lp trung gian truyn gia bp ti nm.
C th thit k tm tn nhit di dng gn sng tng din tch b
mt.
Lp sn sy nm: c th lm bng phn tre hoc khung b li,
m bo thong v thng kh cho cc lp pha trn. i vi l sy
hai bp than nn thit k t 6 n 7 phn. Trong qu trnh sy phi lu
qu trnh lun chuyn phn sn phm nm sy c u nhit,
tit kim thi gian sy.
Lp bao ph bn ngoi: c th dng ba ct tng bao ph
quanh l sy trnh mt nhit, . Trn cng phi ng thot kh.
Ngoi ra c th tn dng vch tng xy dng l sy.

Hnh 3. L sy mini v cc sn sy
S tay k thut trng nm

Hnh 4. Lp bao ph l sy bng

ba ct tng
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IV. LAO NG

Trng nm khng i hi ngi lao ng phi lm vic lin
tc. Mi loi nm c nh mc cng lao ng khc nhau nhng nhn
chung giai on tiu hao nhiu cng lao ng nht l giai on x
l nguyn liu. Trong giai on chm sc v thu hi i hi ngi dn
phi thu xp mt cch nng ng. Theo kho st, tng s ngy cng
trng cc loi nm trung bnh cho 1 tn nguyn liu t u n khi
kt thc mt chu k sn xut nh sau:
+ Nm m: 30 cng

+ Nm rm: 20 cng

+ Nm S: 30 cng
V. CC DNG C V VT T KHC
1. Khun g trng nm rm

Khun g c cu to hnh thang, mt trong phng, hnh dng
c th nh sau:

Hnh 5. Khun g trng nm rm

Ch thch:
a - Chiu rng y di 0.4m
c - Chiu di y trn 1.1m
e - G hai u khun

b - Chiu rng
d - Chiu di y di 1.2m
h - Chiu cao khun 0.4m

(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

2. B ngm v x l rm r

C th xy b cha nc tm thi, nu xy kin c th vt
liu bng gch v xi mng ct. B khng cn xy kin c, c kch thc:
chiu di 1.5 n 2m; chiu rng 0.8-1m; chiu cao t 0.5 n 0.6m,
y c l thot nc.

tit kim chi ph v din tch, cc h c th quy gch, cp,
tn dng chn tng ro sau lt bt hoc nilon to b ngm.
3. Mui n v axit xitric

Chun b dung dch mui bo ha:

un si nc cho mui vo khuy t t (1 lt nc + 0.3 kg mui
kh) n khi mui khng tan c na l c. dung dch t lng,
gn ly phn trong, l dung dch mui bo ha. nh lng nm
mui nh sau:

+ Nm ti
: 1000kg

+ Dung dch mui bo ha : 200 lt

+ Mui kh
: 300kg

+ Axit xitric
: 03kg
4. K lt ng

Dng cc tre hoc g ng theo kiu dt ging cch mt t
15-20cm. Nn ng thnh 2 tm c kch thc 1.5mX0.75m (hnh C).
Khi ng, ghp hai tm li vi nhau c hnh vung cnh 1.5m.

1.5m

1.5m

0.75m

0.75m

Hnh 6. K lt ng
(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

5. Ngun nc v dng c ti

Ngun nc s dng cho sn xut nm phi sch, pH trung
tnh. Vo ma ng ken, b con phi kim tra mn ca nc tht
cn trc khi ngm v ti nm. Nc mn tuyt i khng s dng
lm nm.

Hin nay trong sn xut ba loi nm rm, nm s v nm m
u s dng chung mt loi bnh ti nn. Loi bnh ti ny c th
to cho nc ti di dng sng.

Ngoi ra c th s dng bnh phun thuc sau ti nm.
Nhng bnh ny ch c s dng cho vic chm sc nm, tuyt i
khng dng vo vic phun thuc su.
6. Cc dng c, vt t khc

a. Cc tre hoc g: c ng knh 10-15cm, chiu di 2-2.2m,
dng thng kh trong qu trnh nguyn liu (c 1 ng 500kg
cn 1 cc tre)

b. Phocmol: s dng v sinh ln tri

c. Dim sinh: ng kn ca, hun khi v sinh ln tri

d. Vi ta: rc trong v xung quanh ln tri v sinh ln tri
trc khi sn xut

e. Vi ti: s dng trong cng on lm t rm r.

f. Nhit k : di trn 30cm, m k o m khng kh, baume
k o mui, giy kh pH

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S tay k thut trng nm

VI. LCH THI V TRNG NM RM, NM S, NM M TRN

NGUYN LIU RM, R

Mi loi nm thch nghi vi mi loi hnh thi tit khc nhau.
Di y l bng thi v i vi mi loi nm rm, nm s v nm m
ph hp vi iu kin thi tit min bc Vit Nam. (Bng lch ma v trang bn)
Bng 2. Lch ma v
Thi gian (Thng dng lch)

Loi nm
1

10 11

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Nm rm
Nm S
Nm m
Ch thch:
: thi im tri v tuyt i khng sn xut
: thi im chnh v
: thi im tri v c th sn xut c

S tay k thut trng nm

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B. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH TRNG NM RM

I. C TNH SINH HC

Nm rm c tn khoa hc Volvariella volvacea gm nhiu loi
khc nhau, c loi mu xm trng, xm, xm en kch thc ng
knh cy nm ln, nh ty thuc tng loi. cc quc gia vng nhit
i rt thch hp v nhit nm rm sinh trng v pht trin.
Nhit thch hp nm pht trin t 30-320C; m nguyn liu
(c cht) 65-70%; m khng kh 80%; pH = 7, thong kh. Nm rm
s dng dinh dng cellulose trc tip t nguyn liu trng.
c im hnh thi

Bao gc (volva): Di v cao lc nh, bao ly tai nm. Khi tai nm
trng thnh, n ch cn li phn trm ly phn gc chn cung nm.
Bao nm l h si t nm cha sc t melanin to ra mu en bao
gc. m nht ty thuc vo nh sng. nh sng cng nhiu th
bao gc cng en.

Cung nm: L b h si xp, xp theo kiu vng trn ng
tm. Khi cn non th mm v gin. Nhng khi gi x cng v kh b
gy.

M nm: Hnh nn, cng c melanin, nhng nht dn t trung
tm ra ra mp.

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Hnh 7. Cm nm rm ang pht trin

S tay k thut trng nm

Chu k sng

Qu trnh to thnh qu th nm rm gm 6 giai on:
Giai on u inh ghim (Pichead: n nm).
Giai on hnh nt nh (tiny button).
Giai on hnh nt (button).
Giai on hnh trng (egg).
Giai on hnh chung (clogation: ko di).
Giai on trng thnh (mature: n xe).

Chu k sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm rt nhanh chng.
T lc trng n khi thu hoch ch khong 10-12 ngy. Nhng ngy
u chng nh nh ht tm c mu trng (giai on inh ghim), 2-3
ngy sau ln rt nhanh bng ht ng, qu to, qu trng (giai on
hnh trng), lc trng thnh (giai on pht tn bo t) trng ging
nh mt chic d, c cu to thnh cc phn hon chnh.
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM RM
1. X l nguyn liu

Rm r c lm t trong nc vi ( 3,5 kg vi ho vi 1.000l
nc), nh ng, 2-3 ngy o mt ln, tip 2-3 ngy l c.
Thi gian ko di 4-6 ngy. Nguyn liu qu t (nc chy thnh
dng) cn banh rng ra phi ri mi em trng. Rm r t: khi vt
vi cng rm c nc chy thnh git l tt nht. Nu kh qu cn b
sung thm nc khi o ng .
2. Cy ging

t khun theo din tch hin c sao cho thun li khi i li,
chm sc nm v tit kim din tch. Tri mt lp rm r vo khun dy
10-12cm. Cy mt lp ging vin xung quanh cch mp khun 4-5cm.
Tip tc lm nh vy 3 lp. Lp trn cng tri rng u khp trn b
mt (lp th 4).

Lng ging cy cho mt m khong 200-250g. Mi lp ging
cy xong dng tay n cht, nht l xung quanh lm thnh khun.

Trung bnh mt tn rm r kh trng c trn di 75-80 m
S tay k thut trng nm

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nm nh vy s m bo nn va phi. Khong cch gia cc m

nm t 25-30cm.

Hnh 8. M nm rm hon chnh

3. Chm sc m nm cy

Tu thuc a im trng trong nh hay ngoi tri (sn bi, di
tn cy, ng rung) m cch thc chm sc s khc nhau.
a) Nu trng trong nh

Sau 3-5 ngy u khng cn ti nc, nhng ngy tip theo
quan st b mt m nm, thy rm r kh cn phun nh nc ti trc
tip xung quanh. Ch phi ti nc kho, nu ti mnh (ht nc
ln) d lm si nm tn thng, nh hng ti nng sut v lc ny si
nm pht trin ra tn pha ngoi thnh m. n ngy th 7-8 bt
u xut hin nm con (giai on ra qu). Ba n bn ngy sau nm
ln rt nhanh to bng qu to, qu trng; thm vi ting ng h
c th nm s n d.

Nm ra mt dy, kch thc ln cn ti 2-3 lt nc cho
mt ngy. Lng nc ti mt ln rt t (0,1 lt cho 1 m/ngy). Nu
ti qu nhiu nm d b thi chn v cht ngay t lc cn nh.
b) Nu trng ngoi tri

ng m nm ngoi tri thng b cc t ma ln hoc nng
nng lm h hng. Cn che ph thm mt lp rm r kh trn b
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S tay k thut trng nm

mt m nm. Lp rm r ny cn tt, xp theo mt chiu, ph theo

kiu lp mi nh. Chiu dy 4-5cm. Tt c cc b mt ca nhng m
mp ngoi khu vc trng cng cn che ph bng lp rm ph o,
kim tra nu thy m nm b kh c th ti trc tip ln lp o ph
nhiu ln trong ngy, sao cho lp rm pha ngoi ca m nm khng
b mt nc.

trnh ma v tin cho vic chm sc m nm, c th cm
cc cc tre, hoc an thnh chic lng cch mt m nm 10-15cm,
pha ngoi bc mt lp nylon, pha trn cng ph rm r kh cng
tt..

Nhit m nm trong nhng ngy u khong 38-400C l tt
nht. Vic ti nc tng t nh vi nm trng trong nh.

Khi thu hi ht t nm 1 cn nht sch tt c cc gc nm v
cy nm nh cn st li, dng nylon ph li cho n khi nm ra th g
b. Ngng 3-4 ngy sau ti tr li nh ban u, thu tip t 2.
Sn lng nm thu hi tp trung n 70-80% trong t u, t 2 cn
li 15-25%.
4. Cch thu hi nm

K t lc trng n khi hi ht t 1 khong 15-17 ngy, nm ra
r vo ngy th 12 n ngy th 15. Sau 7-8 ngy ra tip t 2 v hi
trong 3-4 ngy th kt thc mt t nui trng (tng thi gian 25-30
ngy).

Dn v sinh sch s: Ti nc vi ( ging nh vi qut tng)
3-4 ngy li trng t tip, hi nm cn giai on hnh trng (trc
khi nm n ) l tt nht, m bo cht lng v nng sut cao. Trng
hp nm mc tp trung thnh cm, ta c th tch nhng cy ln hi
trc, nu kh tch th hi c cm (c to, nh u hi ht). Mt ngy
hi nm 2-3 ln. Nhng ngy nng nng, nhit khng kh cao, nm
pht trin rt nhanh, v vy ngi hi nm phi quan st k, khi nm
hi nhn u l hi c ri.

Nng sut nm dao ng t 12-20% so vi nguyn liu kh
(mt tn rm r cho thu hoch khong 120-200kg nm ti). Nng
sut nm cao hay thp tu thuc vo cht lng ging nm, k thut
S tay k thut trng nm

15

nui trng v yu t kh hu.

5. Bo qun v tiu th nm Rm

Khi hi nm xong, nm rm vn tip tc pht trin, nu thm
vi ting sau, t giai on hnh trng c th b n , v vy cn tiu th
nhanh trong 3-4 gi. Dng c ng nm cn thong, khng qu
nhiu nm (chiu cao dng c ti a 25cm). Mun nm qua ngy
th bo qun nhit 10-150C. Nhiu gia nh nng dn xa cc
trung tm tiu th nm ti th sng sm (5-6 gi) phi dy hi nm
v chuyn ngay n im cn nhn. T lc hi n tay ngi s dng
trong khong thi gian 2-3 gi l tt nht.

Nm rm l loi thc phm rt ngon v b. Nm c hm lng
m cao, giu cc axit amin, cht khong v cc vitamin. Ch bin nm
thnh nhiu mn n khc nhau nh nm xo, canh nm, cho nm,
sp nmTrc khi n nn chn qua nc si khong 1-2 pht. Nu
nm phi chn, khng cn phi cho m chnh v bn thn nm rt
ngt. nh lng: mt ngi ln cho mt ba n 200g nm l va .
III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM
1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut
Nguyn liu c t va phi
Mt tn nguyn liu lm thnh 75-80 m
3 ngy u tin khng cn ti nc
Ti nc di dng phun sng
Hi nm khi giai on hnh trng
Khng nn sy nm rm do qu th nm to, kh sy tiu hao
nhin liu
Sau mi t sn xut phi v sinh ln tri tht k, khong thi
gian hp l gia cc t sn xut lin tip ti thiu l 01 tun
c trng ca ln tri sn xut nm rm l rt nhiu con mt v
vy khi chm sc, thu hi nn lu mang qun o di v kn.
La chn thi im ph hp, linh ng da trn c s lch ma
v.
16

S tay k thut trng nm

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm rm

S 1. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM
Rm r lm t bng nc vi (4kg vi
ti/1m3 nc)

ng
(2-3 ngy)

o chnh m
ng (2-3 ngy)

Nguyn liu l bng ph thi

thm 1-2 ngy

ng m
Cy ging

Chm sc, Thu hi (20 ngy)

Bn ti/ sy kh

Ph thi nm phi kh lm nm m,
Hoc li lm phn bn
S tay k thut trng nm

17

C. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH LM NM S

I. C TNH SINH HC

Nm s thng c nhiu loi, chng khc nhau v mu sc,
hnh dng, kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin nhit . Nm c
dng phu lch, mc thnh cm tp trung bao gm 3 phn: m, phin,
cung.

Hnh 9. Nm S n k thu hoch

n giai on trng thnh nm s s pht tn bo t, nh gi,
bo t ri ra khp mi ni, gp iu kin mi trng thch hp s hnh
thnh h si nm s cp vi mt nhn. H si nm s cp pht trin
y to nn mt mng ri hnh thnh h si nm th cp, sau
c s kt hp ca h si nm th cp hnh thnh qu th nm hon
chnh.
Cc iu kin ph hp cho nm S
Nhit thch hp nht:

- i vi nm chu lnh l 13-200C

- i vi nm chu nhit cao hn l 24-280C.
(Nm S c th trng c quanh nm nhng thun li nht t thng
10 n thng 3 dng lch hng nm)
m c cht (gi th trng) t 65-70%, m khng kh
80%
18
S tay k thut trng nm

 pH = 7 ( trung tnh)
nh sng: Khng cn thit trong giai on nui si (pha si).
Khi nm hnh thnh qu th cn nh sng khuych tn (nh sng
phng- c th c sch c).
thng gi: Cn thit trong giai on nui si. Khi nm ln
cn thng thong va phi.
Dinh dng: S dng trc tip ngun xenlul, c th b sung
thm cc ph gia giu cht m, vitamin trong giai on x l nguyn
liu.
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM S
1. X l nguyn liu

Ngun nguyn liu ph bin nht l: Rm r, bng ph thi,
mn ca. C hai phng php x l cc loi nguyn liu trn:
a. Phng php 1

nguyn liu thnh ng vi khi lng ln tng nhit
trong ng t 60-700C, thi gian ko di 6-7 ngy. Trung bnh
mt ng m bo c khi lng ti thiu t 300kg tr ln.
* i vi bng ph thi theo phng php 1:

Ngm bng nhanh trong dung dch nc vi (theo t l phn
trn), vt nh, li thnh ng, che kn bng tm bao da hoc nylon.
Thi gian 12-24 gi. X l theo phng php ny c th lm s lng
t nhng vn m bo. Khi trng nm cn lm tht ti nguyn liu
bng cch dng tay hoc co st x bng vn.
* i vi rm r, theo phng php 1:

Rm r kh c lm t bng nc vi theo t l: 3,5 kg vi
ti ho tan vi 1.000 lt nc. rm r c 3 ngy (khng cn phi
trn thm ho cht), o ng; tip 3 ngy; o ln 2 tip 2 ngy
l c. Trong khi o, chnh m tht chun. Pha ngoi ng nn
dng nylon hoc bao da quy xung quanh nhit ng ln
cao (khng che kn nh ng ). Qu trnh ny c th hin theo s
sau:
S tay k thut trng nm

19

S 2. QUY TRNH - O NGUYN LIU SN XUT NM RM

Rm r c 6-8 ngy m bo yu cu:

m t 65% ( vt cht, ch c nc t vn tay). Nu qu m
hoc qu kh cn chnh li bng cch phi hay b sung thm nc,
li 1-2 ngy sau mi trng
Rm r c mi d chu, mu vng sng mm. Thi gian 8 hoc 9
ngy ph thuc theo tnh cht rm r. Rm r cng 9 ngy, rm
r mm 8 ngy. Tip tc bm rm r thnh tng on 15-20cm,
hoc nh hn cng tt chun b cy ging.
b. Phng php 2

Kh trng nguyn liu trong hi nc nhit 100- 1250C
ko di t 90-180 pht.
* X l rm r, bng v mn ca theo phng php 2

Rm r cht ngn 10-15cm, ngm trong nc vi 15-20 pht,
vt ra ro nc 1-2 ngy. Bng ph thi lm t, li 4-6 ngy. Cc
phi liu ny sau khi kim tra m, phi trn thm vi 5-10% bt
cm hoc ng. Cho nguyn liu vo ti nylon chu nhit, trng lng
ti 1,5-2 kg/ti ( kch c ti rng 20cm, di 40cm), nt c ti bng ng
nha v bng khng thm nc ri a vo thanh trng cc ch
nhit khc nhau:

Hp trong thng phuy (hp cch thu) khi nhit trong gia ti
t 950C th bt u tnh gi, ko di 10-12 gi
20

S tay k thut trng nm

Ly nguyn liu ra, ngui, cy ging trong t v phng v

trng
Cc c s sn xut ln, c trang thit b, p dng phng php x
l nguyn liu theo phng php hai rt m bo: hn ch t l nhim
bnh, dng t ging nhng vn m bo nng sut cao.
2. Cy ging

Sau khi nguyn liu rm r, bng x l (theo mc 2-a) th
chun b ti nylon: nu trng trn rm r nn dng ti kch thc
30x40cm.

T l ging cy cho mt ti khong 40-50g tc 40kg ging cho
mt tn nguyn liu. Khu vc cy ging cn sch s, nu c iu kin
th cn chun b mt phng ring bit hn ch cc bo t nm mc
trong khng kh ri vo trong ti nm gy kh nng nhim bnh ln.

Cho mt lp nguyn liu vo ti gp y vung, cao 5-7cm,
rc mt lp ging nm chung quanh thnh ti. C lm nh vy 3
lp, lp trn cng rc ging u b mt. Sau ly mt lng bng
bng ming chn ung nc (hoc to c ti bng nha), cun dy
cao su cht nt bng.

Bch (ti) cy gng nm phi m bo cng trn, nn va
phi. Trng lng ca mt ti i vi nguyn liu v rm r khong 2-3
kg/ti, i vi bng ph thi v mn ca l 1,2-1,5 kg/ti.
3. m v rch bch

Bch nm c cy ging chuyn vo phng m, t trn
gi hoc trc tip xung nn t thun chiu (nt bng pha trn).
Khong cch gia cc bch t 5-10cm, nh m cn thong mt, sch
s, khng cn nh sng. Thi gian m ko di khong 25-30 ngy.

Si nm pht trin, n dn vo nguyn liu to nn mu trng
ng nht, bch rn trc l tt. Nu ging khng n kn nguyn liu
hoc khng pht trin c th do nguyn liu b nhim bnh, nn
vt b cc ti xa khu vc nui trng. Trng hp nhn thy bch
nm c mu xanh, en do b nhim nm mc cng nn loi.
S tay k thut trng nm

21


Khi si nm n trng bch, g nt bng, nn nh, rt cng
ming ti buc cht bng dy chun treo bch ln. Khi treo bch cn lu
: p ming ti quay xung pha di v t bch cch nhau 15-20cm.
Nt bng sau khi g ra c th phi, sy kh, a vo thanh trng
nhit 121-1250C dng cho nhng ma v sau.

Hnh 10. Cc bch nm S c treo

Rch bch: Bch nm pht trin tt sau 25-30 ngy ( k t lc
cy ging), dng dao nhn, sc, rch 4-6 ng xung quanh. Khong
cch gia cc ng rch u nhau, chiu di vt rch 3-4cm.
4. Chm sc v thu hi
a. Ti nc:

Khi bch rch c 4-6 ngy, nm bt u ln, tin hnh ti
nc bn ngoi ti. Tu theo lng nm ra nhiu hay t, to hay nh,
m khng kh cao hay thp iu chnh s ln ti v lng nc ti
trong ngy. V nguyn tc ti nc di dng phun sng, lng t
nhng ko di thi gian ti trong mt ln sao cho nhn b mt m
nm lc no cng c mt lp nc ng trn m nm. Trung bnh mt
ngy ti 4-6 ln.
22

S tay k thut trng nm


Trong giai on ny nm rt cn m, nu thiu nc cy
nm ra cn ci, nh cn, n rt dai. Ngc li, nu ti qu nhiu, nm
c mu vng, thi ra. Sau khi thu hi ht mt t, ngng vic ti
nc, khong 5-7 ngy sau nm li ra tip t 2,3,4,5.
b. Thu hi nm

Nm s mc tp trung thnh cm, khi nm ln cn hi c
cm. Hi nm ng tui s t nng sut, cht lng cao nht. Nu
hi nm qu gi, n s khng ngon. Hi nm ng tui l hi trc
lc nm pht tn bo t. Khi nhn thy ln khi trng bay t cy nm
l cc bo t nm (biu hin nm qu gi). Hi nm khng c
st phn gc trn bch nm. Nu trng hp st, ta phi cu sch
nm ra t tip theo tt hn. Tng s thi gian thu hi nm ko di
trong phm vi 30-45 ngy k t ngy hi u tin.
5. ng gi v bo qun sn phm
5.1. i vi sn phm nm ti

Sn phm nm ti c ng vo ti nilon khi lng 0.5kg.
Yu cu i vi sn phm nm S ti:

- ng knh cnh nm t 2-2.5cm

- Nm phi c ct sch gc, khng li r vng

- Cnh nm khng b nt
- Nm c mu trng t nhin khng b vng, a
- Nm khng c t qu d b thi nt
5.2. i vi sn phm nm S kh
Nhng sn phm nm S ti khng t tiu chun cc h c th s
dng sy. i vi nhng h sn xut qui m nh c th s dng l
sy th cng nhng cn lu mt s im v cht lng sn phm:
Cnh nm khng c to qu d vn nt
Nm sau khi sy c mu vng nht, khng b thm
Phi c tm tn nhit nm khng b khm khi
S tay k thut trng nm

23

III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S

1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut
Thi gian ng i vi nguyn liu rm t 5-6 ngy, i vi
nguyn r c th ln ti 12 ngy
Nu lm nm S vo thi im tri v tuyt i phi hp nguyn
liu
m bch t 25-30 ngy. Bt u ti nm sau 5-6 ngy rch
bch, ti di dng phun sng
Hi nm trc khi nm pht tn bo t s dng bng in (i
vi ln 70m2 nn s dng hai bng 75w)
Nm S c th sy rt hu ch.

24

S tay k thut trng nm

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm S

S 3. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S
Rm r lm t bng nc vi
(3-4kg vi t/1m3 nc)
ng (3-4 ngy)

o ln 1, tip (3 ngy)

o ln 2, Bm rm r (7-10 cm),
(1-2 ngy)

ng ti, Cy ging

m bch (20-25 ngy)

Rch bch
Treo bch hoc trn gin
Chm sc
Thu hi, ch bin kh, (40 - 45 ngy)
Ph thi nm li lm phn bn
(30 ngy)
S tay k thut trng nm

25

D. C TNH SINH HC & CNG NGH TRNG NM M

I. C TNH SINH HC

Nm m c tn khoa hc l Agaricus gm loi A.bisporus v
A.bitorquis mu trng, mu nu. Nm m c ngun gc t nhng nc
c kh hu n i. Qu th cy nm rn chc gm phn m v cung
r rt. n giai on pht trin, mng bao b rch, bo t bt u pht
tn t phin nm, trng nm m nh mt chic .

Cc bo t pht tn trong khng kh gp iu kin thun li
tip tc pht trin thnh h si s cp v th cp, cc h si kt hp vi
nhau hnh thnh qu th nm.

Hnh 11. Nm m ang ra qu th
Cc iu kin ph hp cho nm m:
Nhit thch hp trong giai on h si pht trin l 24-250C,
giai on hnh thnh cy nm l 16-180C.
m c cht ( mi trng nui nm) t 65-70%. m khng
kh 80%. pH = 7-8 (mi trng trung tnh n kim yu).
nh sng : Khng cn thit
thng thong : Va phi
Dinh dng : Khng s dng xenlul trc tip.
26

S tay k thut trng nm

Hm lng cc cht khong trong thc n ca nm nh sau:

N(m)
: 2,2 2,5 %
P (phtpho)
: 1,2 2,5 %
Ca (canxi)
: 2,5 3,0 %
T l C/N
: 14 16/1
Lng NH4( amoni) : < 0,1%
W ( m)
: 65 70%

Qu trnh x l nguyn liu trng nm m cn phi phi trn
thm cc ph gia (phn hu c, v c) vi nguyn liu chnh to
mi trng thch hp nht cho nm pht trin gi l Composts.
II. CNG NGH TRNG NM M
1. X l nguyn liu
a. Thi gian nguyn liu

trng nm m tt nht i vi cc tnh pha bc (khi cy
ging) bt u t 15/10 n 15/11 dng lch hng nm. Nu lm sm
hoc lm mun hn s gp thi tit khng thun li, dn n nng
sut thp.
b. Cng thc ch bin composts tng hp
- Cng thc 1:

Rm r kh
1.000kg

m sunfat amon 20 kg

m Ur
5kg

Bt nh ( CaCO3)
30kg

Supe ln
30kg
- Cng thc 2:

Rm r kh

m ur

Phn g

Bt nh ( CaCO3)
S tay k thut trng nm

1.000kg
3 kg
150 kg
30kg
27

* Cch lm t rm r: Rm r kh c lm t trong nc vi ( theo

t l 1 tn nguyn liu cn 10kg vi ti) bng cc cch sau:

- nc vi gn trong t t vo b ngm rm r chm trong
nc15-30 pht, vt ra ng.

- Ngm rm r xung ao h, knh rchvt ln b, c mt lp
r 20-30cm li ti mt lp nc vi (dng doa ti).

- Ri rm r ra sn bi, phun nc trc tip bng my bm hoc
doa trong nhiu gi kiu ma dm thm o) n khi rm r t
s c mu nu sm, ly nc vi ti ln lt cui cng v ng.

- Li dng tri ma, tung rm r ra sn, ti li bng nc vi
t cui, ng.
* ng: Khi rm r c lm t theo cc cch trn, ro nc
(12gi) bt u cht ng theo s sau:
S 4. QU TRNH O NGUYN LIU NM M

Cht ng rm r lm t (1 tn) ro nc b
sung 5kg Ur, 20kg Sunfat

Vo khay (lung)

o ln 1

Gi ti
(Ln men ph)

o ln 2 (b sung
30kg bt nh
CaCO3)

o ln 4

o ln 3 b sung
30kg ln

28

S tay k thut trng nm

Qu trnh ng v b sung ho cht c tin hnh c th:

- Kch thch ng theo k lt (1,5mX1,5m). Chiu cao 1,5m, ti
a im gia c cc thng kh.

- B sung ho cht dng kh v tht nh, c mt lp rm r
cao 30cn th rc mt lp ho cht.

- o u nguyn liu t trn xung di, t trong ra ngoi.

- Ngy u c th nn cht rm r, cc ln o tip sau khng
c nn. Cn to thng thong ng ln men tt.

- Mt tn rm r nh ng o c 13 m3

- Kim tra m trong mi ln o. Nu thy nguyn liu kh
(vt rm khng c nc chy ra tay), cn b sung thm nc; Nu
nguyn liu qu t (vt rm c nc chy thnh dng), cn banh
rng phi li cho thot vi hi nc m bo ng m sau mi
ng.

- Tri qu nng, gi mnh, qu lnh cn che pha ngoi thnh
ng gi nhit trong ng .
- Nu tri ma to, ng ngoi tri cn to mi ng, c hnh mui
ra hoc che y pha nh trnh nc ma thm su vo trong ng
.

- Nn (y) ng phi thot nc tt

- Nhit ca ng phi t 75-800C vo ngy th t n th
by sau khi ng.

Khi kt thc qu trnh ng (giai on ln men chnh 14-16
ngy), composts t tiu chun: m 65-70%, PH = 7-7,5; rm r c
mi thm d chu, tuyt i khng cn mi khai (amoniac) v c mu
nu sm l c).
2. Ln men ph

R ti ng tin hnh ln men ph, h thp chiu cao ng
cn 60-80 cm, chiu rng t 1-1,2m. Nguyn liu xp nh tay, khng
nn cht. Sau 2 n 3 ngy nhit t khong 50-550C, lt bn trong
ng thy c nhiu x khun mu xm tn thuc l l tt. Sau 5 n
7 ngy th kt thc.
S tay k thut trng nm

29

3. Vo lung

C th v ri hoc cun thnh b, chiu cao 18-20cm, cht
tng i, b mt bng phng. Trung bnh 1 tn rm r kh sau khi
vo lung ht mt din tch 35-40m2. Sau khong 1 ngy o nhit
lung thp hn 280C, ht mi khai (Amoniac) th tin hnh cy ging.
4. Phng php cy ging

Dng que st un cong ly ging trong chai ra. Kim tra tht
k xem ging c b nhim bnh khng, b ti cc ht ging, rc u trn
b mt. Lng ging cy cho 1m2 khong 300-350kg. Ly tay hoc co
t to (ging nh bn tay) gi nh cc ht ging lt xung di lp
rm r 3-5cm. Lp phng b mt nguyn liu nh lc ban u, ly giy
bo hoc giy d thm nc ph kn b mt lung nm. Hng ngy
ti nc ut lp giy ph. Khong 15 ngy sau tin hnh ph t.
5. t ph v ph t

t ph c kt cu vin, giu cht hu c (thng ly tng
canh tc la, rau mu), c PH = 7, kch thc t 0,3-1cm.

* Cch lm t: Dng cuc xng p nh, ly so c nan tha
lc nh, loi b cc ht t dng tm, bi. Phn cn li to bng ht
go n ht ng l c. Lng t ph khong 20-25kg/m3, chiu
cao 2-2,5cm. Khi ph t xong, tin hnh ti nh ln b mt. Thi
gian khong 3-4 ngy sau khi ti, nc thm t ton b lp t
ph l c. Gim lng nc ti trong ngy, duy tr m lin tc
nh vy n khi thy nm ln (sau 15-20 ngy ph t)
6. Chm sc v thu hi nm

Khi thy nm bt u ln (xut hin cc chm nh mu trng,
ln dn bng ht ng, ming chn) iu chnh lng nc theo mt
v ln ca cy nm. Nm ra cng nhiu v cng ln th lng
nc ti cng nhiu hn. Tu thuc vo thi gian v thi tit (nhit
, m tc gi) iu chnh h thng ca ra vo v lng nc
phng rng ln cao. Tng cng m ca nhiu ln trong ngy iu
30

S tay k thut trng nm

ho khng kh.
- Khi nhit khng kh thp hn nhit phng cn thng thong
nhit phng gim xung nhanh hn v ngc li.Khi nhit
phng tng cao, thng thong km, nm pht trin nhanh, cung di
v nh, m b v cp.
III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M
1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut
Chun b y vt t trc khi sn xut
S dng khu trang, gng tay, ng bo bo h trong qu trnh
o nguyn liu

S tay k thut trng nm

31

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm m

S 5. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M
Lm t rm r
ro (1-3 ngy)
ng, B sung m Sunfat, Ur
(3 ngy)

o ln 1
(3 ngy)

o ln 2, B sung bt nh
(3 ngy)
o ln 3, B sung phn ln
(3 ngy)
o ln 4
(3 ngy)
Ln men ph
(5-7 ngy)
Vo lung
(2-3 ngy)
Cy ging
(15 ngy)
Ph t
(15 ngy)
Chm sc, Thu hi
(3 thng)

32

S tay k thut trng nm

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
i Vn Ngc (2008). Nui trng v ch bin nm n v nm
dc liu Trung tm dy ngh cng lp huyn Ngha Hng, Nam
nh.
2.
inh Xun Linh, Thn c Nh - Nguyn Hu ng - Nguyn
Th Sn (2010). K thut Trng, ch bin Nm n v Nm Dc liu Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
3.
Ths Nguyn Tun Phong (2005). K thut trng nm rm (Volvariella volvacea) - S 10- http://www.tiengiangdost.gov.vn/tsan/ndung_tsan.aspx?ma=39 .

S tay k thut trng nm

33

Cu lc b sn xut nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy c

chnh thc thnh lp ngy 27/2/2009 vi s h tr ca
Vn Quc gia Xun Thy v Vin cc ngun lc Chu
(CORIN-Asia) ti Vit Nam trong Chng trnh Lin minh
t ngp nc (WAP). Cu lc b c vai tr lp k hoch
sn xut, o to k thut, m bo u ra v lin kt vi cc c quan, t
chc trong v ngoi nc.

Vin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu (CORINAsia Vit Nam) l mt t chc phi li nhun,
hot ng trong lnh vc qun l cc vng t
ngp nc v vng ven bin trong s hp tc vi
mng li CORIN-Asia. CORIN-Asia c nhiu nm kinh nghim trong vic
pht trin ngun nhn lc x hi nhiu cp khc nhau bng vic
bin nhng kh khn ca a phng thnh nhng c hi. Mc tiu l xy
dng nng lc a phng hng ti pht trin sinh k bn vng v tng
cng kh nng thch ng vi s bin i ca mi trng.