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2013
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, 2012 (David Wineland)
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and Technology, Boulder, Colarado) ,
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(Microsoft Windows)
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1275 - , ( !)
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1920 .
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1968 (Seiko
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1920 1930 (radio transmitters)
. 1928 , , (Bell Labs)
. (pendulum) (escapement)

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.
1950
.

21

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(time standard) . ,
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1.
2.
3.
4.

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(time display)
(electronic circuit)
(battery)

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. (FM) ,
(time standards institution)
. (receiver)
(time signal) , , .
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,
:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhdgHGciVYc
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9,192,631,770 .
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25

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27

 ... 5
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Standards Conference) , ,
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2. (laser driven lattice)
. laser atomic trapping
3. 10,000 . ,

4. , .

28

5.
. , 10

, ,

. CSAC
(Chip Scale Atomic Clocks)
.


..
3


? 4 .
CSAC ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad5brt5f6Mo
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29

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(encrypted time and data signal) . ,
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30

 (electrical power distribution)

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. 5 , 4
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; , ,
.
(signal) . ,
31

 , . ,

. (time synchronization)
. GSM4
. GSM4 - .
, :
1. 400 .. , 11 36
.
2. , 5
, 0.2
3. 0.2 ( 10 )
,

(collision avoidance)
.
,
.

32

 . 6
, ,
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.
, (NIST)
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. , .
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, 20
. , (theory
of relativity) ,
.
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. , ;
50 100 .
, , ,

33

 4 .
, .
, , 1950
. , , . ,
,
. , ,
:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdRmCqylsME
, , ,
,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDvmN_Pw96A
, , ,
, Time dilation . ,
300,000 .. .
:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHRK6ojWdtU
2011 , ( 1915
), 100 ,
. ,
.. . ,
. ,
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,
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34

 15 ?
!
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oscillator). , .
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(energy transition) .
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.
, , (
) .
, , (stable energy transitions)
, .
, 2012 ,
, , :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuxVDkqzrQA
.
. ?
? .
.
35

 ,
LHC
. , .
. -272
. ,
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-273 .
, .
, .
? . ,
, .
Star Wars ,
. , ,
.
(frequency tuning
of lasers). .

(atomic beam) . ,
. , ,
36

,
. , ,
Doppler Shift , .
, .
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
(Bill Philips)

:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNuQcsFIvyw
(Ultra cold atom physics)
. . ,
, .
. ,
, , (new matter state)
. Bose
Einstein condensate (BEC) . ,
, . ,
BEC .
; , (
) , BEC .
( atomic evaporation
) BEC
.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksdqxVxpjmA
, , BEC ?
. BEC

37

 ,
. . ,
.
. superposition
.
.
; (,
)
.
. ,
1,800
. ,

. ,
(charge field) . ,
.
. ,
. 21

.

.
.

38

Quartz

..

GPS receiver

()

precision metal machining

time zone

stable energy transitions

Atomic beam

Ultra Cold Atomic Physics

:

http://nrich.maths.org/6070 -
http://andersoninstitute.com/history-of-time-measurement-devices.html
http://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-history.html
http://www.teapot.orconhosting.net.nz/brief_history.htm
http://www.ayton.id.au/gary/History/H_time1.htm
http://physics.unipune.ernet.in/~phyed/23.4/23.4_Kagal.pdf
http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/Mahoney/articles/huygens/timelong/timelong.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Measurement_of_Time.aspx
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-chronicle-of-timekeeping
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsULOvIWSUo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T8uyD0AvzI

39


http://www.islandnet.com/~jar/streetscapes/topics/clocks.htm
http://www.clockworks.com/ -
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/clocks-watches/inside-clock.htm
http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211_fall2010.web.dir/Justin_Cannon_WEBPROJECT/BodyPageThree.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8ZEJTNW3OM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGcoIue1Bs8

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/clocks-watches/quartz-watch.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d4ioQP6Y4w

http://tf.nist.gov/cesium/atomichistory.htm - ,
http://www.slideshare.net/NageshMaley/vig-tutorial-8520
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/amazing-atomic-clock.html
-
http://www3.nd.edu/~techrev/Archive/Winter2002/a4.html
http://optics.org/news/4/8/28
http://www.ogfj.com/content/ogfj/en/whitepapers/pennenergy/06/new-technologyenables.whitepaperpdf.render.pdf CSAC
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/2003papers/paper44.pdf - CSAC

40

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2BxAu6WZI8 ..

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gboufc5iiHY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EE_rYOwW9Cw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFkyvkBV5dM -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rp8h_yB6mck
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdRmCqylsME - Time dilation
http://www.livescience.com/39096-new-atomic-clock-built.html
http://www.phys.virginia.edu/Announcements/Seminars/Slides/S1203.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNuQcsFIvyw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuxVDkqzrQA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdRmCqylsME - Time dilation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDvmN_Pw96A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFyAQkIOkio

- Time dilation
-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHRK6ojWdtU

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/may/07/scientists-prove-einstein-right
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1314656/Scientists-prove-time-really-does-pass-quicker-higheraltitude.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAGPAb4obs8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksdqxVxpjmA

- BEC
- BEC

41

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