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Phan 1 - Phuong Phap Phan Loai DHDT
Phan 1 - Phuong Phap Phan Loai DHDT
Mt s vn nguyn l
Nguyn l ca phng php ny c xy dng trn khi nim cho rng tp hp
Vn chn v phi hp t l
T l l vn quan trng trong vic l gii thng tin trn nh v thng c
hiu trn c s kch thc pixel. Tuy nhin, trong thc t bn thn cc i tng c
sn t l ca n v vic nh ra t l phn tch s quyt nh s lng cc lp ca php
phn loi. Cng chnh v vy m chng ta s da vo mc ch phn loi xc nh t l
s s dng chit tch cc i tng khc nhau (Ursula C. Benz, Peter Hofmann et al.
2004). Cn phn bit r s khc nhau gia phn gii v t l khi phn loi. phn
gii l khong cch gia hai ln o sung lin tc ca b cm hay cn c hiu l kch
thc ca mt pixel. Trong khi , t l li l quy m hay mc khi qut i tng m
chng ta cn m t v ph thuc ng thi vo mc ch phn loi v hin trng ca khu
vc nghin cu. Vi cch hiu nh vy, khi p dng PLHT vo khu vc Duy Tin
chng ti la chn mt s t l khc nhau phn mnh nh. Trn hnh 6 l th d so
snh kt qu phn mnh nh vi cc t l 20 v 30. Nh ta thy trn hnh a, i tng t
trng kh ng nht khi nh c phn mnh vi thng s t l 30.
5.
PLHT
Tnh bt nh c th lin quan n b cm, n phng php thu nhn v nn, lc
d liu v c bit l khi nim v hin trng quan st c trn t liu nh. Di y
chng ti xin ln lt trnh by tng nhm yu t gy ra tnh bt nh c th gp trong
kt qu phn loi.
Bt nh do b cm gy ra ch yu lin quan phn gii bc x bin dng
hnh hc ca d liu. phn gii bc x s nh hng n khong cch gia cc lp
trong khng gian ph m chng ta khng th khc phc mt cch tuyt i ngay c khi
p dng cc m hnh nh chun (calibration) cho d liu. Cng vi hn ch v phn
gii khng gian phn gii bc x l nguyn nhn chnh l xut hin cc pixel hn hp.
Nh ta thy trn hnh 7, gi tr ph C ca pixel cha 60% thng tin ca t trng A v
40% thng tin ca thc vt B. Kt qu cho ta mt pixel cha thng tin v thc vt. Nh
vy 60% thng tin v t trng b ln vo thc vt.
6.
Khi nim m (fuzzy concept) v ng dng trong phn loi nh vin thm
thc a cha cha ni ti kh nng vch chng trn d liu nh vin thm. Hin nay c
mt s cch tip cn theo hng phn loi mm (soft classifier) trong c tnh m
n tnh bt nh ca cc kt qu. Tnh bt nh ca cc i tng c phn loi chnh
l mt phn ca kt qu phn loi theo logic m v c nhiu tc gi cp n
trong lnh vc x l nh vin thm (Benz 1999; Nedeljkovic I. 2000; Jaeger and Benz
2000 ; Suzuki, H. Matsakis et al. 2001; Geneletti D. and Gorte B.G.H. 2003; Shackelford
and Davis 2003; L. Wang, W. P. Sousa et al. 2004; Ursula C. Benz, Peter Hofmann et al.
2004; JEONG CHANG SEONG and USERY E. Lynn 2001).
7.
i tng nh v c im ca i tng
1
n
rAB
PA
PB
( xn )
1
n
( xn )
(1)
Vic dng mi c trng Pixel-based ca i tng cho php tng cng tin
cy ca kt qu phn loi. Trong phn loi Pixel-based, chng ta ch c th s dng mt
trong cc c trng Pixel-based ca cc pixel phn loi; th d nu ta mun s dng
gi tr xm trung bnh hay gi tr lch chun phn loi th ta phi chy 2 ln
ring bit, Tng khi o, PLHT cho php ta k hp ng thi nhiu c trng v
chnh l nguyn tc m m chng ti cp n trn.
9.
Sng, Sui
Ao, H
Sng, Sui
Ao, H
10.
i t ng nh
Mc phn o n nh
Pixel
Hnh 8: Quan h topo v khi nim khong cch dng trong PLHT
(Denfinies 2007).
To i tng nh
cch ng u trn khng gian nh. Tuy nhin, do n b rng buc bi bn thn qu trnh
x l cc pixel v cc i tng nn cch lm nh vy gy ra mt s thay i nh
trong kt qu phn mnh nh. V l do m ngi ta phi s dng cc tiu ch ti u
ha mc tng th khc phc tnh trng do th tc cc b gy ra ni trn.
13. nh ngha bt ng nht s dng to i tng nh trong
eCognition
Trong eCognition bt ng nht dng cc c trng mu v hnh dng lm i
tng nguyn thy v c s dng chit xut i tng nh nhiu phng n khc
nhau (Ursula C. Benz, Peter Hofmann et al. 2004). S gia tng bt ng nht f khng
c vt qu mt ngng nht nh nh biu din trong cng thc di y:
(3)
Vi:
nmerge l s lng pixel trong i tng c gp
nobj _ 1 l s lng pixel ca i tng 1
nobj _ 2 l s lng pixel trong i tng 2
obj_1
obj_2
dng ch cc i
10
(4)
Vi:
hsmooth nmerge .
hcompt nmerge .
l merge
bmerge
(nobj _ 1 .
lmerge
n merge
l obj _ 1
bobj _ 1
(nobj _ 1.
nobj _ 2
lobj _ 1
n obj _ 1
l obj _ 2
bobj _ 2
nobj _ 2
lobj _ 2
n obj _ 2
(5)
) (6)
11
12
hn,
13
tng.
V phng din thc nghim m ni th mng phn cp to ra cc c s tt cho
vic chit xut thng tin mt khi tn dng c mi quan h to ra t tnh phn cp ny.
Ta c th ly th d khi s dng cc c trng ch s thc vt i din cho i tng thc
vt trong qu trnh phn lai cc cy trng.
17. Phn loi m (fuzzy classification)
Nh cp n trn, phn loi m cng thuc nhm cc thut ton phn loi
mm (soft classifier) v c ng dng kh rng ri trong x l nh c phn gii siu
cao (Nedeljkovic I. 2000). Cng cn nhc li l khi phn loi theo nguyn tc i tng
nh hng th chng ta cn tnh m n cc im sau (Ursula C. Benz, Peter Hofmann
et al. 2004):
(7)
14
m(X)
=0.5
A(X )
=0.0
15
Nh ta thy trn hnh, hai hm thnh vin dng ch nht v dng hnh thang c
s dng xc inh tp tng minh M ( X ), M ( x ) {0,1} v tp m A( X ), A ( x ) {0,1}
trn gii gi tr X ca c tnh i tng. Ty thuc vo hnh dng ca hm thnh vin th
s chuyn t thnh vin y hay khng thnh vin c th l tng minh (vi hm
hnh ch nht) hay m.
Mi gi tr thuc tnh ca i tng m c gi tr thnh vin cao hn 0 u thuc
tp m. Nhn chung, hm thnh vin cng ln th m ca nh hng phn loi cng
ln ; khi gi tr ca thnh vin cng nh th vic gn gi tr cho tp s cng bt nh
(Suzuki, H. Matsakis et al. 2001). Mt im cn nhn mnh na l trong phn loi m th
ta s khng dng cc gi tr thuc tnh ca i tng m phi dng cc tp m dc xc
nh cho cc thuc tnh ca i tng. Chnh v vy tt c cc php tnh ton u da vo
mc thnh vin dao ng t 0 cho n 1 v hon ton c lp vi gi tr gc ca i
tng. iu ny s gip cho ta d lm vic hn trong 1 khng gian nhiu chiu. Trong
ta phi s dng d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau v l cc d liu c th nguyn khc
nhau.
c c kt qu phn loi tt, th vic chn cc hm thnh vin v vic tham
s ha. Cc hm ny phi c chn sao cho n thch hp nht vi vic xy dng c
quan h gia cc c im ca i tng v cc lp. Chnh v vy qu trnh phn loi
phi c thit k trc v phi s dng rt nhiu kin thc chuyn gia. y l bc
quan trng ca qu trnh phn loi. Ta cng bit tt v cc i tng trn thc t th cng
t c kt qu tt.
Nhn chung c th xc nh dc nhiu tp m cho 1 c im ca di tng, v
d ta c th xc nh ti 3 tp m cho 1 c im ca i tng : thp, trung bnh, cao.
Khi cng nhiu thnh vin b chm ln nhau th i tng cng tr nn chung cho cc tp
m. V vy, kt qu phn loi s tr nn m h hn. Ta ly th d : Vi 1 i tng nh
c gi tr x=70, c mc thnh vin gn vi lp THP l 0,4, vi lp TRUNG BNH l
0,2 v vi lp CAO l 0. Nu gi tr x=200 th mc thnh vin gn vi cc lp s ln
lt l 0.0, 0.0, 0.8.
18. B quy tc m
B quy tc l t hp ca quy tc m s dng phi hp cc tp m khc nhau. B
quy tc m n gin nht ch ph thuc vo 1 tp m l quy tc If Then. iu c
Trung tm Quc t Nghin cu Bin i Ton cu (ICARGC)- HQGHN
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0.8
0.6
0.3
th
Nc
Thc vt
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20. Bng so snh phn loi Pixel-Based v phn loi nh hng i tng
Mu sc/ Hnh
Din tch/
ph
kch
dng
Cu trc
cnh/
ng cnh
thc
Phn loi Pixel-
Bi
based
Phn
loi
nh
hng i tng
(Sun Xiaoxia Zhang Jixian Liu Zhengjun
Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, No16, Beitaiping Rd, Haidian
District,Beijing, 100039, China )
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