Chapter 5

Integrals
5.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The Indefinite Integral

Z

Z
Z

3 dx = 3x + C
( 2 1) dx = ( 2 1)x + C
x5 dx =

5x1/4 dx = 4x5/4 + C
dx

=
3
x

Z
3
Z
Z

1 6
x +C
6

x2

x1/3 dx =

dx =

3 2/3
x +C
2

x2/3 dx =

(1 t0.52 ) dt = t

10w w dw =

3 5/3
x +C
5

1 0.48
t
+C
0.48

10w3/2 dw = 4w5/2 + C

(3x2 + 2x 1) dx = x3 + x2 x + C


Z 
Z
9
4
1
10.
2 t t 2 dt = (2t1/2 t 9t2 ) dt = t3/2 t2 + 9t1 + C
t
3
2
Z
Z

2
4
11.
x(x2 2) dx = (x5/2 2x1/2 ) dx = x7/2 x3/2 + C
7
3
286

287

5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

12.
13.
14.
15.

Z 
Z
Z

2
5

+
3 2
s
s3

(4x + 1)2 dx =

( x 1) dx =
2

(4w 1) dw =
3

ds =

(5s2/3 + 2s3/2 ) ds = 15s1/3 4s1/2 + C

(16x2 + 8x + 1) dx =
(x 2x1/2 + 1) dx =

16 3
x + 4x2 + x + C
3
1 2 4 3/2
x x +x+C
2
3

(64w3 48w2 + 12w 1) dw = 16w4 16w3 + 6w2 w + C

(5u 1)(3u2 + 2) du =

17.

22.

(3 cos x + 4 sec2 x) dx = 3 sin x + 4 tan x + C

16.

(15u3 3u2 + 10u 2) du =

15 4
u u3 + 5u2 2u + C
4

Z
r2 10r + 4
dr
=
(r1 10r2 + 4r3 ) dr = ln |r| + 10r1 2r2 + C
r3
Z
Z
(x + 1)2
2
4

18.
dx = (x3/2 + 2x1/2 + x1/2 ) dx = x5/2 + x3/2 + 2x1/2 + C
5
3
x
Z 1
Z
x x2 + x3
1
1
1
19.
dx
=
(x3 x4 + x5 ) dx = x2 + x3 x4 + C
2
x
2
3
4


Z 3
Z
t 8t + 1
1
1
1 3
1
3
4
2
20.
dt
=
(t

8t
+
t
)
dt
=
ln
|t|
+
4t

t
+C
(2t)4
16
16
3
ln |t| 1 2
1
=
+ t t3 + C
16
4
48
Z
21.
(4 sin x 1 + 8x5 ) dx = 4 cos x x 2x4 + C

23.

csc x(csc x cot x) dx =

(csc2 x csc x cot x) dx = cot x + csc x + C

sin t
dt =
cos2 t

25.

28.

(15x1 4 sinh x) dx = 15 ln x 4 cosh x + C

24.

tan t sec t dt = sec t + C

Z
2 + 3 sin2 x
dx
=
(2 csc2 x + 3) dx = 2 cot x + 3x + C
sin2 x

Z 
Z
2
26.
40
d = (40 2 cos ) d = 40 2 sin + C
sec
Z
27.
(8x + 1 9ex ) dx = 4x2 + x 9ex + C

288

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS


Z 
5
2x3 x2 + 2x + 4
dx =
2x 1 + 2
dx = x2 x + 5 tan1 x + C
29.
1 + x2
x +1

Z 
Z
1
1
1
x6
4
2
dx =
x x +1 2
dx = x5 x3 + x tan1 x + C
30.
1 + x2
x +1
5
3
Z
Z
31.
tan2 x dx = (sec2 x 1) dx = tan x x + C
Z

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

cos2

x
dx =
2

1
(1 + cos x) dx =
2

Z 

1 cos x
+
2
2

dx =

1
sin x
x+
+C
2
2

d
2
1
( 2x + 1 + C) =
=
dx
2 2x + 1
2x + 1


d 1
1
(2x2 4x)10 + C = (2x2 4x)9 (4x 4) = (2x2 4x)9 (x 1)
dx 40
4


4
d 1
sin 4x + C = cos 4x = cos 4x
dx 4
4


d 1
2
sin2 x + C = sin x cos x = sin x cos x
dx 2
2


d
2x
1
sin x2 = x sin x2
cos x2 + C =
dx
2
2


d
1
(2 sin2 x) 0 1 (4 sin x cos x)
cos x

+C =
=
2
dx
2 sin x
4 sin4 x
sin3 x
 
1
d
(x ln x x + C) = x
+ ln x 1 = ln x
dx
x

d
(xex ex + C) = xex + ex ex = xex
dx


Z
d
d 1 3
41.
(x2 4x + 5) dx =
x 2x2 + 5x + C = x2 4x + 5
dx
dx 3
Z
Z
d 2
(x 4x + 5) dx = (2x 4) dx = x2 4x + C
42.
dx
Z
43. y = (6x2 + 9) dx = 2x3 + 9x + C
40.

44. y =
45. y =

(10x + 3x1/2 ) dx = 5x2 + 2x3/2 + C

x2 dx = x1 + C =

1
+C
x

5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

46. y =
47. y =
48. y =

(2 + x)2
=
x5

289

4
1
(4x5 + 4x4 + x3 ) dx = x4 x3 x2 + C
3
2

(1 2x + sin x) dx = x x2 cos x + C
sec2 x dx = tan x + C

R
49. We have f (x) = (2x 1) dx = x2 x + C. Solving 3 = f (2) = 4 2 + C = 2 + C we obtain
C = 1. Thus f (x) = x2 x + 1.

R
50. We have f (x) = x1/2dx = 2x1/2 + C. Solving 1 = f (9) = 2 9 + C = 6 + C we obtain
C = 5. Thus f (x) = 2 x 5.
Z
Z
1
0
2
51. f (x) = 2x dx = x + C1 ; f (x) = (x2 + C1 ) dx = x3 + C1 x + C2
3
R
52. We have f 0 (x) = 6 dx =R 6x + C. Solving 2 = f 0 (1) = 6 + C we obtain C = 8. Then
f 0 (x) = 6x+8 and f (x) = (6x+8) dx = 3x2 +8x+C. Solving 0 = f (1) = 38+C = 5+C
we obtain C = 5. Thus f (x) = 3x2 + 8x + 5.
R
53. We have f 0 (x) = (12x2 + 2) dx = 4x3 + 2x + C.R Solving 3 = f 0 (1) = 6 + C we obtain
C = 3. Then f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 2x 3 and f (x) = (4x3 + 2x 3) dx = x4 + x2 3x + C.
Solving 1 = f (1) = 1 + C we obtain C = 2. Thus f (x) = x4 + x2 3x + 2.
54. f (x) = an1 xn1 + an2 xn2 + + a1 x + a0
55. G is an antiderivative of f . In other words, since G0 (x) = f (x), f is the slope function for
G. Observe where G is increasing, and the graph of f is always positive. Also, G appears to
have no relative extrema on the interval shown, and correspondingly the graph of f does not
cross the x-axis.
56. F is an antiderivative of f . In other words, since F 0 (x) = f (x), f is the slope function for F .
Observe where the tangent lines to the graph of F have positive (negative) slope, the graph
of f is positive (negative). Also, the graph of F has two relative extrema and the graph of f
correspondingly crosses the x-axis.
Z  2 

2 2
57. y =
x dx =
x + C. From Figure 5.1.5 we see that y(0) = 0. Thus, 0 = y(0) = C,
g
2g
2 2
x
and y =
.
2g

 
Z 
qL
q 2
qL 2
q 3
L
58. We have f 0 (x) =
x
x dx =
x
x + C. Solving 0 = f 0
=
2EI
2EI
4EI
6EI
2
qL3
qL3
qL3
qL 2
q 3
qL3

+ C we obtain C =
. Then f 0 (x) =
x
x
and
16EI Z48EI
4EI
6EI
24EI

24EI
3
3
qL 2
q 3
qL
qL 3
q
qL
f (x) =
x
x
dx =
x
x4
x + C. Solving 0 =
4EI
6EI
24EI
12EI
24EI
24EI
q
f (0) = C we obtain C = 0. Thus f (x) =
(2Lx3 x4 L3 x).
24EI

290

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

1
d
(ln | ln x| + C) =
59.
dx
ln x

 
1
1
=
x
x ln x

d 2 x
(x e 2xex + 2ex + C) = x2 ex + 2xex 2xex 2ex + 2ex = x2 ex
dx
R
1
61. Since f 0 (x) = x2 , f (x) = x2 dx = x3 + C. Since y = 4x + 7 is a tangent line to the
3
1
graph of f , then 4x + 7 = x3 + C at some point on f . In addition, the slope at this point
3
1
is 4 = f 0 (x) = x2 , so x = 2. Thus, 4(2) + 7 = (2)3 + C, so C = 37/3 or 5/3. Thus,
3
1
37
1
5
f (x) = x3 +
or f (x) = x3 + .
3
3
3
3

60.

62. e4

= e4 ln |x|+C = eln x eC = C1 eln x = C1 x4



d 1
4
(x + 1) + C = (x + 1)3
63.
dx 4


d 1 4
3 2
3
x + x + x + x + C = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 1)3
dx 4
2
Thus, both results are correct.
dx/x

1
d
sin x = cos x, the antiderivative F of cos x would be of the form sin x + C.
dx

1
3
1
1
1
Solving F (3/2) = 0 = sin
+ C we obtain C = . Thus, F (x) = sin x + .

64. Since

5.2

Integration by the u-Substitution

Z
1
1 4x dx =
(1 4x)1/2 (4 dx)
u = 1 4x, du = 4 dx
1.
4
Z
1
1
1
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (1 4x)3/2 + C
=
4
6
6
Z
Z
1
2.
(8x + 2)1/3 dx =
(8x + 2)1/3 (8 dx)
u = 8x + 2, du = 8 dx
8
Z
1
3 4/3
3
=
u1/3 du =
u +C =
(8x + 2)4/3 + C
8
32
32
Z
Z
1
1
3.
(5x + 1)3 (5 dx)
u = 5x + 1, du = 5 dx
dx =
(5x + 1)3
5
Z
1
1
1
=
u3 du = u2 + C =
+C
5
10
10(5x + 1)2
Z
Z
4.
(7 x)49 dx = (7 x)49 (dx)
u = 7 x, du = dx
Z
1
1
= u49 du = u50 + C = (7 x)50 + C
50
50
Z

5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
16.

Z
p
1 p 2
2
x x + 4 dx =
x + 4 (2x dx)
u = x2 + 4, du = 2x dx
2
Z
1
1
1
=
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (x2 + 4)3/2 + C
2
3
3
Z
1
t

(t2 + 9)1/3 (2t dt)

dt =
u = t2 + 9, dt = 2t dt
3 2
2
t +9
Z
3
3
1
u1/3 du = u2/3 + C = (t2 + 9)2/3 + C
=
2
4
4
Z
1
(sin5 3x)(3 cos 3x dx)
sin5 3x cos 3x dx =
u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx
3
Z
1 6
1
1
u5 du =
=
u +C =
sin6 3x + C
3
18
18
Z
1
sin 2 cos4 2 d =
(cos4 2)(2 sin 2 d)
u = cos 2, du = 2 sin 2 d
2
Z
1
1
1
u4 du = u5 + C = cos5 2 + C
=
2
10
10
Z
1
tan2 2x sec2 2x dx =
(tan2 2x)(2 sec2 2x dx)
u = tan 2x, du = 2 sec2 2x dx
2
Z
1
1
1
u2 du = u3 + C = tan3 2x + C
=
2
6
6
Z

tan x sec2 x dx = (tan x)1/2 (sec2 x dx)

u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx
Z
2
2
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (tan x)3/2 + C
3
3
Z
1
1
sin 4x dx =
(sin 4x)(4 dx) = cos 4x + C
4
4
 
Z 

x
x
dx
x
5 cos dx = 10
cos
= 10 sin + C
2
2
2
2

Z
Z

1
2 2 3/2 1
1/2
( 2t cos 6t) dt = 2 t dt
(cos 6t)(6 dt) =
t sin 6t + C
6
3
6
1
1
3/2
= (2t) sin 6t + C
3
6
Z
1
1
sin(2 3x) dx =
sin(2 3x)(3 dx) = cos(2 3x) + C
3
3
Z
1
1
x sin x2 dx =
(sin x2 )(2x dx) = cos x2 + C
2
2
Z
cos(1/x)
dx = [cos(1/x)](dx/x2 ) = sin(1/x) + C
x2

291

292
17.
18.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z
Z

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.
25.
26.

Z
Z

27.

28.

29.

1
x sec x dx =
3
2

csc2 (0.1x) dx =
csc

1
0.1

(sec2 x3 )(3x2 dx) =

Z

1
tan x3 + C
3

(csc2 0.1x)(0.1 dx) = 10 cot(0.1x) + C

x cot x
csc x cot x

dx = 2
dx
u = x, du = dx/2 x
x
2 x
Z

= 2 csc u cot u du = 2 csc u + C = 2 csc x + C

tan 5v sec 5v dv =

1
sec 5v + C
5

Z
1
1
1
dx =
(7 dx)
u = 7x + 3, du = 7 dx
7x + 3
7
7x + 3
Z
1
1
1
1
=
du = ln |u| + C = ln |7x + 3| + C
7
u
7
7
Z
1
1
(5x + 6)1 dx =
(5 dx)
u = 5x + 6, du = 5 dx
5
5x + 6
Z
1
1
1
1
du = ln |u| + C = ln |5x + 6| + C
=
5
u
5
5
Z
x
1
2x dx
1
dx
=
= ln(x2 + 1) + C
x2 + 1
2
x2 + 1
2
Z
1
15x2 dx
1
x2
dx
=
=
ln |5x3 + 8| + C
3
5x + 8
15
5x3 + 8
15
Z
Z
Z
x
x+11
dx
dx =
dx = dx
= x ln |x + 1| + C
x+1
x+1
x+1

Z 2
Z 
(x + 3)2
x + 6x + 9
1
1
dx =
dx =
x+4+
dx = x2 + 4x + ln |x + 2| + C
x+2
x+2
x+2
2


1
1
1
1
u = ln x, du = dx
dx =
dx
x ln x
ln x x
x
Z
1
=
du = ln |u| + C = ln | ln x| + C
u
Z
1 sin
1
u = + cos , du = (1 sin ) d
d =
[(1 sin ) d]
+ cos
+ cos
Z
1
=
du = ln |u| + C = ln | + cos | + C
u


Z
1
1
sin(ln x)
dx = sin(ln x)
dx
u = ln x, du = dx
x
x
x
Z
= sin u du = cos u + C = cos(ln x) + C

5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION

30.

31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

Z
Z

293



1
1
1
dx
u = ln x, du = dx
(ln x)2 x
x
Z
1
1
1
=
du = + C =
+C
u2
u
ln x
Z
1 10x
1
e10x (10 dx) =
e10x dx =
e
+C
10
10
Z
1
1
1
dx
=

e4x (4 dx) = e4x + C

4x
e
4
4
Z
3
3
3
1
1
e2x (6x2 dx) = e2x + C
x2 e2x dx =
6
6
Z
3
3
3
e1/x
1
1
dx =
ex (3x4 dx) = e1/x + C
x4
3
3



Z

1
e x
x
dx = 2 e
dx = 2e x + C
x
2 x
Z

ex dx = ex/2 dx = 2ex/2 + C
1
dx =
x(ln x)2

ex ex
dx =
ex + ex

ex

1
[(ex ex ) dx]
+ ex

u = ex + ex , du = (ex ex ) dx

1
du = ln |u| + C = ln(ex + ex ) + C
u
Z
Z
p
1
3x
3x
(1 + 2e3x )1/2 (6e3x dx)
38.
e
1 + 2e dx =
u = 1 + 2e3x , du = 6e3x dx
6
Z
1
1
1p
=
(1 + 2e3x )3 + C
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C =
6
9
9
Z
1
x

39.
dx = sin1 + C
2
5
5x
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
4x

p
40.
dx =
(4 dx) = sin1
+C
2
2
4
4
3
9 16x
9 (4x)
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
dx
=
(5 dx) = tan1 5x + C
41.
1 + 25x2
5
1 + (5x)2
5
!
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
x
1
3x
1
p
42.
dx =
dx =
tan p
+ C = tan1 + C
2 + 9x2
9
2/9 + x2
9
3 2
2
2/9
2/9
Z
Z
ex
1
43.
dx
=
(ex dx)
u = ex , du = ex dx
1 + e2x
1 + (ex )2
Z
1
=
du = tan1 u + C = tan1 ex + C
1 + u2
=

294

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

Z
1
1

p
d =
(2 d) = sin1 2 + C
44.
4
2
2
2
2
1
1 ( )
Z
Z
Z
1
3
2x 3

dx =
(2x dx)
dx
u = x2 , du = 2x dx
45.
2
2
1x
1x
1 x2
Z
Z
1
1

=
dx = 2(1 u)1/2 3 sin1 x + C
du 3
1u
1 x2

= 2(1 x2 )1/2 3 sin1 x + C

Z
Z
Z
1
1
8
x8
dx
=
(2x
dx)

dx
u = x2 + 2, du = 2x dx
46.
2
2
2
x +2
2
x +2
x +2


Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1 x

du 8
dx = ln |u| 8 tan
+C
=
2
u
2
( 2)2 + x2
2
2

1
x
= ln(x2 + 2) 4 2 tan1 + C
2
2
47.

tan1 x
dx =
1 + x2

48.

sin1 x
dx =
1 x2
=

49.
50.

tan 5x dx =

1
5

ex cot ex dx =
=

(tan

u du =
Z
Z

x)


1
dx
1 + x2

u = tan1 x, du =

1 2
1
u + C = (tan1 x)2 + C
2
2

(sin1 x)1/2
u1/2 du =

1
dx
1 x2

u = sin1 x, du =

2
2 3/2
u + C = (sin1 x)3/2 + C
3
3

1
(tan 5x)(5 dx) = ln | cos 5x| + C
5
(cot ex )(ex dx)

u = ex , du = ex dx

cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = ln | sin ex | + C


1
sin 2x + C
2


Z
Z
1
1
1
52.
cos2 x dx =
(1 + cos 2x) dx =
x+
sin 2x + C
2
2
2


Z
Z
1
1
1
2
53.
cos 4x dx =
(1 + cos 8x) dx =
x + sin 8x + C
2
2
8


Z
Z
1
1
1
2 3
54.
sin x dx =
(1 cos 3x) dx =
x sin 3x + C
2
2
2
3

51.

sin2 x dx =

1
dx
1 + x2

1
1
(1 cos 2x) dx =
2
2

1
dx
1 x2

5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION

55.

56.

57.
58.
59.

60.

61.

62.

295
Z

1
(9 12 sin x + 4 sin x) dx = 9x + 12 cos x + 4
(1 cos 2x) dx
2


1
= 9x + 12 cos x + 2 x sin 2x + C = 11x + 12 cos x sin 2x + C
2
Z
Z
Z
1
2
2
(1 + cos 4x) dx
(1 + cos 2x) dx = (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2x) dx = x + sin 2x +
2


1
1
3
1
= x + sin 2x +
x + sin 4x + C = x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C
2
4
2
8
Z
Z

3
3
y=
1 x dx = (1 x)1/3 (dx) = (1 x)4/3 + C
4
Z
Z
1
(1 tan x)5
dx
=

(1 tan x)5 ( sec2 x dx) = (1 tan x)6 + C

y=
2
cos x
6
R
We have f (x) = (1 6 sin 3x) dx = x + 2 cos 3x + C. Solving 1 = f () = + 2 cos 3 + C =
2 + C we obtain C = 1 . Thus f (x) = x + 2 cos 3x + 1 .
Z
1
1
We have f 0 (x) = (1 + 2x)5 dx =
(1 + 2x)6 + C. Solving 0 = f 0 (0) =
+ C we obtain
12
12
1
C = . Then
12



Z
Z 
1
1
1
1 1
6
6
7
(1 + 2x)
dx =
[(1 + 2x) 1] dx =
(1 + 2x) x + C.
f (x) =
12
12
12
12 14
 
1
1
1
1
1
1
Solving 0 = f (0) =
+C we obtain C =
. Thus f (x) =
(1+2x)7 x
.
12 14
168
168
12
168
Z
Z
u = sin x, du = cos x dx
(a)
sin x cos x dx = sin x(cos x dx)
Z
1
1
= u du = u2 + C1 = sin2 x + C1
2
2
Z
Z
(b)
sin x cos x dx = cos x( sin x dx)
u = cos x, du = sin x dx
Z
1
1
= u du = u2 + C2 = cos2 x + C2
2
2
Z
Z
1
1
sin 2x dx = cos 2x + C3
(c)
sin x cos x dx =
2
4


d 1
(a)
sin2 x + C1 = sin x cos x
dx 2


1
d
2
cos x + C2 = cos x sin x
dx
2


d
1
1
cos 2x + C3 = sin 2x = sin x cos x
dx
4
2
(3 2 sin x) dx =
2

296

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS


1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
= cos2 x + C2
(b) sin x + C1 = (1 cos x) + C1 = cos x + C1 +
2
2
2
2
2
Z
Z
1
1
2
2
(c)
sin x cos x dx + sin x cos x dx = sin x + C1 cos x + C2
2
2
Z
1
2 sin x cos x dx = (cos2 x sin2 x) + (C1 + C2 )
2
Z
1
1
sin x cos x dx = (cos2 x sin2 x) + (C1 + C2 )
4
2
1
= cos 2x + C3
4
r
 
L
s
(a) From the given derivative, we have t(s) =
sin1
+ C. Solving t(0) = 0, we
g
sC
obtain Cs
= 0.
s
  s
L
sC
L
L
1
1
(b) t(sC ) =
sin
=
sin 1 =
g
sC
g
2 g
r
 r 
L
L
= 2
.
(c) By symmetry, T = 4t(sC ) = 4
2 g
g
Z
Z
Z
y = cos3 x dx = cos2 x cos x dx = (1 sin2 x) cos x dx
Z
Z
= cos x (sin2 x)(cos x dx)
u = sin x, du = cos x dx
Z
Z
1
1
= cos x u2 du = sin x u3 + C = sin x sin3 x + C
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
Solving f (/2) = 0 = 1 +C = +C we obtain C = . Thus f (x) = sin x sin3 x .
3
3
3
3
3
2
Z
Z
Z 
Z
1
1
cos4 x dx = (cos2 x)2 dx =
(1 + cos 2x) dx =
(1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
2
4
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= x + sin 2x +
(1 + cos 4x) dx = x + sin 2x +
(1 + cos 4x) dx
4
4
4
2
4
4
8
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
= x + sin 2x + x +
sin 4x + C = x + sin 2x +
sin 4x + C
4
4
8
32
8
4
32
2
Z
Z
Z
Z 
1
1
4
2
2
(1 cos 2x) dx =
(1 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
sin x dx = (sin x) dx =
2
4
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= x sin 2x +
(1 + cos 4x) dx = x sin 2x +
(1 + cos 4x) dx
4
4
4
2
4
4
8
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
= x sin 2x + x +
sin 4x + C = x sin 2x +
sin 4x + C
4
4
8
32
8
4
32
Z
Z
1
1

dx =
(2x dx)
u = x2 , du = 2x dx
4
2
x x 16
2x x4 16
Z
u
1
1
1
1
x2
 

=
du = sec1   + C = sec1
+C
2
4
4
4
4
u u2 42

5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION

297


Z 
ex
x
dx
e x
e +1
Z
Z
1
= ex dx
u = ex + 1, du = ex dx
(ex dx)
ex + 1
Z
1
= ex
du = ex ln |u| + C = ex ln(ex + 1) + C
u

68.

e2x
dx =
ex + 1

69.

1
dx =
1 cos x



Z
Z
1
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
dx
dx =
dx
=
1 cos x 1 + cos x
1 cos2 x
sin2 x

Z 
Z
cos x
1
+
=
dx
=
(csc2 x + csc x cot x) dx
sin2 x (sin x)(sin x)
= cot x csc x + C
Z



Z
Z
1
1 sin 2x
1 sin 2x
1 sin 2x
70.
dx =
dx
dx =
2
1 + sin 2x 1 sin 2x
cos2 2x
1 sin 2x

Z 
Z
1
sin 2x
=

dx = (sec2 2x sec 2x tan 2x) dx

2
cos 2x (cos 2x)(cos 2x)
1
1
= tan 2x sec 2x + C
2
2
Z
Z
1
71.
f 0 (8x) dx =
f 0 (8x)(8 dx)
u = 8x, du = 8 dx
8
Z
1
1
1
=
f 0 (u) du = f (u) + C = f (8x) + C
8
8
8
72.

73.

74.

1
dx =
1 + sin 2x

Z
1
u = 5x2 , du = 10x dx
xf (5x ) dx =
f 0 (5x2 )(10x dx)
10
Z
1
1
1
=
f 0 (u) du =
f (u) + C =
f (5x2 ) + C
10
10
10
0

Z p
Z
1
f (2x)f 0 (2x) dx =
u = f (2x), du = 2f 0 (2x) dx
[f (2x)]1/2 [2f 0 (2x) dx]
2
Z
1
1
1
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = [f (2x)]3/2 + C
=
2
3
3
Z

Z
f 0 (3x + 1)
1
1
dx =
[3f 0 (3x + 1) dx]
u = f (3x + 1), du = 3f 0 (3x + 1) dx
f (3x + 1)
3
f (3x + 1)
Z
1
1
1
1
=
du = ln |u| + C = ln |f (3x + 1)| + C
3
u
3
3

75. For any f ,

Z
1
f 00 (4x)(4 dx)
u = 4x, du = 4 dx
4
Z
1
1
1
=
f 00 (u) du = f 0 (u) + C = f 0 (4x) + C
4
4
4

f 00 (4x) dx =

298

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Given f (x) =
Z

x4 + 1 = (x4 + 1)1/2 , we have f 0 (x) = 2x3 (x4 + 1)1/2 . Thus,

f 00 (4x) dx =

1 0
1
32x3
f (4x) + C = {2(4x)3 [(4x)4 + 1]1/2 } + C =
+ C.
4
4
256x4 + 1

16384x6
96x2
p
,
256x4 + 1
(256x4 + 1)3
4x6
6x2
p
, we have f 00 (4x) =
which should be the same as f 00 (4x). Since f 00 (x) =
x4 + 1
(x4 + 1)3
4(4x)6
96x2
6(4x)2
16384x6
p
p
=
.
p
256x4 + 1
(4x)4 + 1
[(4x)4 + 1]3
(256x4 + 1)3
Z
76. First evaluating
sec2 3x dx, we get
To check this, take the derivative of the above function, yielding

Z
1
(sec2 3x)(3 dx)
u = 3x, du = 3 dx
3
Z
1
1
1
=
sec2 u du = tan u + C = tan 3x + C
3
3
3


Z Z
Z 
1
Next, evaluating
sec2 3x dx dx =
tan 3x + C dx, we get
3

Z 
Z
1
1
tan 3x + C dx = (Cx + C1 ) +
tan 3x dx
3
3
Z
1
= (Cx + C1 ) +
(tan 3x)(3 dx)
u = 3x, du = 3 dx
9
Z
1
1
= (Cx + C1 ) +
tan u du = (Cx + C1 ) ln | cos u| + C2
9
9
1
= Cx ln | cos 3x| + C3 .
9

5.3

sec2 3x dx =

The Area Problem

1. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
2. 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
3. 2 + 2 + 8/3 + 4
4.

3
9
27
81
+
+
+
10 100 1000 10, 000

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5. +
+

+
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
6. 1

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+

4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

299

5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM

7. 0 + 3 + 8 + 15
8. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25
9. 1 + 1 1 + 1 1
10. 1 + 0
11.

7
X

1
1
+0+
3
5

(2k + 1)

k=1

12.

6
X

2k

k=1

13.

13
X

(3k 2)

10
X

(4k 2)

k=1

14.

k=1

15.

5
X
(1)k+1

k=1

16.

5
X
(1)k k

k+1

k=1

17.

8
X

k=1

18.

9
X

k=1

19.

4
X
(1)k+1

k=1

20.

20
X

k=1

22.

cos

k
x
p

5
X
(1)k+1 f (k) (1)

k=1

21.

k2

50
X

k=0

2k 1

2k = 2

20
X

(x 1)k

k=2

k=1

(3k) = 3

50
X

k=1

20 21
2

k = 3

= 420

50 51
2

= 3825

300
23.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
10
X

(k + 1) =

k=1

24.

6
X

(2k 1) = 2

(k 2 + 3) =

k=1

26.

5
X

10
X

1000
X
k=1

k2 +

k=1

(6k 2 k) = 6

10
X
i=1

1000
X

1=2

k=1

6
X

3=

k=1

5
X

k=1

k2

(p3 + 4) = 0 + 4 +

p=0

28.

10 11
+ 10 1 = 65
2

1=

k=1

6
X

k=1

27.

10
X

k+

k=1

1000
X
k=1

25.

10
X

10
X

5
X

k=1

p3 +

29. Using x =

10
X
i=1

1000 1001
2

10
X

5 6 11
6

4=4+

p=1

i3 5

6
60
= and f
n
n

1000 1 = 1, 000, 000

6 7 13
+ 6 3 = 109
6

k=6

p=1

(2i3 5i + 3) = 2

10
X

i+

a+k

3=2

ba
n

56
= 315
2

102 112
+ 10 4 = 3069
4

i=1

i=1

10
X

=f

102 112
4

6k
n

10 11
2

+ 10 3 = 5805

6k
we have
n




n 
n
X
36 X
36 n(n + 1)
1
6k 6
A = lim
= lim
k = lim 2
= lim 18 1 +
= 18.
n
n n
n
n n n n2
2
n
k=1

30. Using x =

k=1

2
31
= and f
n
n

a+k

ba
n

=f

1+

2k
n

=2+

4k
we have
n

!

n 
n
n
X
8k
8 X
2
4
4X
= lim
+
1+ 2
k
A = lim
= lim
n
n
n n
n n2
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1





8 n(n + 1)
1
4
n+ 2
= lim
= lim 4 + 4 1 +
= 8.
n n
n
n
2
n
n 
X

4
31. Using x = and f
n

4k
2+
n

ba
a+k
n

=3+

8k
we have
n

!

n 
n
n
X
4
12 32k
12 X
32k X
= lim
+ 2 = lim
A = lim
1+ 2
k
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1





32k n(n + 1)
1
12
n+ 2
= lim 12 + 16 1 +
= 28.
= lim
n n
n
n
2
n
n 
X

8k
3+
n

301

5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM

2
32. Using x = and f
n

ba
a+k
n

6k
we have
n




n 
n
X
6k 2
12 X
12 n(n + 1)
1
A = lim
= lim
k = lim 2
= lim 6 1 +
= 6.
n
n n
n
n n n n2
2
n
k=1

k=1

2
33. Using x = and f
n

ba
a+k
n

n 
X
4k 2

=4

4k 2
we have
n2



n
8 X 2
8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
A = lim

= lim 3
k = lim
n
n n
n n3
n2
6
k=1
k=1


4
8
3
1
= lim
2+ + 2 = .
n 3
n n
3
34. Using x =

3
and f
n

a+k

ba
n

12k 9k 2
+ 2 we have
n
n


n 
X
12 36 27k 2
3
= lim
2+ 3
n
n n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
!
n
n
n
12 X
36 X
27 X 2
= lim
1 2
k+ 3
k
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1


12
36 n(n + 1) 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim
n 2
+ 3
n n
n
2
n
6





9
3
1
1
= lim 12 18 1 +
+
2+ + 2
= 12 18 + 9 = 3.
n
n
2
n n

A = lim

35. Using x =

2
and f
n

n 
X

a+k

12k 9k 2
+ 2
n
n

ba
n

=f

4k 4k 2
2 we have
n
n

!

n
n
8 X 2
4k 2 2
8 X
2
= lim
k 3
k
A = lim
n
n
n
n n n2
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
 



1
4
3
1
8
4
= lim 4 1 +

2+ + 2
=4 = .
n
n
3
n n
3
3
n 
X
4k

36. Using x =

2
and f
n

a+k

ba
n

3 +

2k
n

= 21

24k 8k 2
+ 2 we have
n
n

!

n
n
n
42 X
24k 8k 2 2
48 X
16 X 2
2
= lim
A = lim
21
1 2
k+ 3
k
n
n
n
n n n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1





8
3
1
70
1
16
+
2+ + 2
=
.
= lim 42 24 1 +
= 42 24 +
n
n
3
n n
3
3
n 
X

302

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

ba
4k
k2
a+k
=3+
+ 2 we have
n
n
n
!


n
n
n
n
X
4k
k2 1
3X
4 X
1 X 2
A = lim
3+
+ 2
= lim
1+ 2
k+ 3
k
n
n
n
n n n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1





1
1
1
3
1
16
=3+2+ =
= lim 3 + 2 1 +
+
2+ + 2
.
n
n
6
n n
3
3

1
37. Using x = and f
n


4k
ba
4k 2
a+k
= 2
+ 1 we have
n
n
n
!

n
n
n
n 
X
4k
2
8 X 2
8 X
2X
4k 2

+1
= lim
k 2
k+
1
A = lim
n
n2
n
n n n3
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
 




4
3
1
1
8
2
= lim
2+ + 2 4 1+
+2 = 4+2= .
n 3
n n
n
3
3

2
38. Using x = and f
n


ba
k3
= 3 we have
n
n




n
n
X
k3 1
1 X 3
1
2
1
1
A = lim

= lim 4
k = lim
1+ + 2 = .
3
n
n
n
n n
n
4
n n
4

39. Using x =

1
and f
n

a+k

k=1

k=1

2
ba
8k 3
12k 2
and f a + k
= 3 2 + 4 we have
n
n
n
n
!


n
n
n
n
X
12k 2
2
16 X 3 24 X 2 8 X
8k 3
2 +4
= lim
k 3
k +
1
A = lim
n
n3
n
n n n4
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
 




2
1
1
3
= lim 4 1 + + 2 4 2 + + 2 + 8 = 4 8 + 8 = 4.
n
n n
n n

40. Using x =

41. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) = 2 on [0,

1) and A2 is the area under
ba
1
= 2, and
f (x) = x + 1 on [1, 4]. For A1 , we have x = , f a + k
n
n

n 
n
X
2X
1
2n
= lim
= 2.
A1 = lim
2
1 = lim
n
n
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1


3
ba
3k
For A2 , we have x = , f a + k
=2+
, and
n
n
n
!

n 
n
n
X
3k 3
6X
9 X
A2 = lim
2+
= lim
1+ 2
k
n
n n n n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1



1
9
21
6n 9
+
1+
=6+ =
.
= lim
n
n
2
n
2
2

303

5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM

Then A = 2 +

21
25
=
.
2
2

42. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) =x + 1 on [0,

 1) and A2 is the area under
ba
k
1
= 1 , and
f (x) = x + 2 on [1, 3]. For A1 , we have x = , f a + k
n
n
n

n 
X
k 1
A1 = lim
1
= lim
n
n n n
k=1

For A2 , we have x =

A2 = lim

Then A =

n 
X

k=1

2
,f
n

2k
3
n

a+k

n
n
1X
1 X
1 2
k
n
n
k=1

ba
n

2
= lim
n n

=3+

k=1




1
1
1
= lim 1
1+
= .
n
2
n
2

2k
, and
n

n
n
6X
4 X
1+ 2
k
n
n
k=1

k=1




1
= 10.
6+2 1+
n
n

= lim

1
17
+8=
.
2
2
3

1 2 1 1 1 2 1
77
+ + + =
2 3 2 2 2 5 2
60
1 2 1 1 1
25
1
AL = 2 + 1 + + =
2
2 3 2 2 2
12

43. AR = 1

2
1
1

2
44. AR =
+1
2 4

2
AL = 0 +

4
2

2
+
+0
4
2 4

2
+1 +

4
4
2

(1 + 2)
=
4
4

(1 + 2)
=
4
4

!
2

!
2
-1

304

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
2 (1)
3
3
= and xk = 1 + (k 1) we obtain
n
n
n
(

2 )
n
n
X
X
3
3

A = lim
f (xk )x = lim
4 1 + (k 1)
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1


n
3X
k1
(k 1)2
= lim
3+6
9
n n
n
n2
k=1
" n
#
n
n
X
3
9 X 2
6X
= lim
3
(k 1) 2
(k 2k + 1)
1+
n n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
" n
#
n
n
n
n
n
X
3
6X
9 X 2 18 X
9 X
6X
= lim
3
k
1 2
k + 2
k 2
1
1+
n n
n
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1


9
18 n(n + 1) 18
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 54 n(n + 1) 27
= lim
n+ 2
2n 3
+ 3
3n
n n
n
2
n
n
6
n
2
n









1
18 9
1
1
27
1
27
= lim 9 + 9 1 +

1+
2+
+
1+
2
n
n
n
2
n
n
n
n
n

45. Using x =

= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.

3
2k 1 3
2 (1)
= and xk = 1 +
we obtain
n
n
2 n
"

2 #
n
n
X
X
2k 1 3
3

A = lim
f (xk )x = lim
4 1 +
n
n
2 n
n
k=1
k=1


n
2k 1 9 (2k 1)2
3X
3+3
= lim

n n
n
4
n2
k=1
#
" n
n
n
X
3X
9 X 2
3
1+
(2k 1) 2
(4k 4k + 1)
3
= lim
n n
n
4n
k=1
k=1
k=1
#
" n
n
n
n
n
n
X
3
6X
3X
9 X 2
9 X
9 X
= lim
1+
k
1 2
k + 2
k 2
1
3
n n
n
n
n
n
4n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1


9
18 n(n + 1)
9
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 27 n(n + 1)
9
= lim
n+ 2
2n 3
+ 3
3n
n n
n
2
n
n
6
n
2
4n









9
9
1
1
27
1
9
1
= lim 9 + 9 1 +

1+
2+
+
1+
2
n
n
n 2
n
n
2n
n
4n

46. Using x =

= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.

305

5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM




ba
47. Identify b a = 2. Taking a = 0, we have f a + k
=
n
  s
 2

2k
2k
. Then A is the area under f (x) = 4 x2
f
= 4
n
n
from x = 0 to x = 2.

-2

2
-2



ba
=
48. Identify b a = . Taking a = 0, we have f a + k
n
 
k
k
f
= sin
. Then A is the area under f (x) = sin x from
n
n
x = 0 to x = .

-2

X 1
1
1
1
+ 2 + + 8 =
10 10
10
10k

49. 0.11111111 =

k=1

37
37
37
50. 0.3737373737 =
+
+ +
= 37
100 1002
1005
51.

60
X

k2 =

k=1

k=21

52.

6
X

60
X

k2

k=0
n
X

xk

n
X

n
X

8
X

(k + 5);

k=1

x=

1
1
1
+
+ +
100 1002
1005

= 37

5
X

k=1

1
100k

60 61 121 20 21 41

= 70, 940
6
6

k=1

k=1

54. (a)

k2 =

k=1

7
X

(k + 6);

53. 0 =

20
X

(k + 4)

k=2
n
X

k=1

xk nx;

x=

1X
xk
n
k=1

[f (k) f (k 1)] = [f (1) f (0)] + [f (2) f (1)] + [f (3) f (2)] +

k=1

+ [f (n 1) f (n 2)] + [f (n) f (n 1)]

= f (n) f (0)
(b) f (k) =

k;

400
X

( k k 1) = 400 0 = 20

k=1

55. (a) Identifying f (k) = (k + 1)2 in part (a) of Problem 54, we have
(n + 1)2 12 = n2 + 2n.
(b)

n
X

k=1

[(k + 1)2 k 2 ] =

n
X

(2k + 1) =

k=1

n
X

[(k + 1)2 k 2 ] =

k=1
n
X

k=1

2k +

n
X

k=1

1=2

n
X

k=1

k+n

306

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
(c) Comparing the results of (a) and (b), we find that equating them leads to summation
formula (ii):

n
X

n
X

k + n = n2 + 2n;

k=1

k=1

k=

n2 + n
n(n + 1)
n2 + 2n n
=
=
2
2
2

Using f (k) = (k + 1)3 similarly to (a), we obtain

n
X

[(k + 1)3 k 3 ] = (n + 1)3 13 = n3 + 3n2 + 3n.

k=1

Analogously for (b), we also have

n
X

[(k + 1)3 k 3 ] =

k=1

n
X

(3k 2 + 3k + 1) = 3

k=1

n
X

k2 + 3

k=1

n
X

k + n.

k=1

Combining these, we obtain

n
X

k2 + 3

k=1

n
X

k2 +

k=1

n
X

k + n = n3 + 3n2 + 3n

k=1

3n(n + 1)
+ n = n3 + 3n2 + 3n
2
3

n
X

k=1
n
X

k 2 = n3 + 3n2 + 2n
k2 =

k=1

3n2 + 3n
2

2n3 + 3n2 + n
2n3 + 6n2 + 4n 3n2 3n
=
6
6
n(2n2 + 3n + 1)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
.
6
6

56. The pattern illustrated in Figure 5.3.9 indicates that the summation of cubes is the square
!2
n
n
X
X
3
of the summation of the numbers being cubed. That is:
k =
k . Expanding the
summation, we get

n
X

k=1

k3 =

n
X

k=1

!2

n(n + 1)
2

2

k=1

k=1

n (n + 1)
.
4
2

307

5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM

h2 h1
57. The equation of the line through (0, h1 ) and (b, h2 ) is f (x) =
x + h1 .
b


 
ba
kb
k(h2 h1 )
b
=f
=
+ h1 we find
Using x = and f a + k
n
n
n
n
"
#

n 
n
n
X
X
k(h1 h2 )
b
b
bh1 X
A = lim
(h2 h1 )
+ h1
= lim
k+
1
n
n
n n n2
n
k=1
k=1
k=1




b(h2 h1 )
1
bh1 n
b(h2 h1 )
= lim
1+
+
=
+ bh1
n
2
n
n
2


bh2 bh2 + 2bh1
h1 + h2
=
=
b.
2
2

(b, h2)
h2

h1
b

58. Since the total number of cans is 136 and there is one additional can per row, we have
n
X
n(n + 1)
k=
= 136. Solving for n will yield the number of cans in the bottom row, so
2
k=1
we have n2 + n 272 = 0 and (n 16)(n + 17) = 0, yielding n = 16 or n = 17. Thus, there
are 16 cans in the bottom row.
4
59. Using x = and f
n

A = lim

n 
X
128k

k=1

ba
a+k
n

384k 2
512k 3
256k 4
+

2
3
n
n
n4

512k 3
256k 4
128k 384k 2

we have
n
n2
n3
n4


4
n

!
n
n
n
n
512 X
1536 X 2 2048 X 3 1024 X 4
= lim
k 3
k + 4
k 5
k
n
n2
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1









1
1
1
3
2
512
15 10
1
+ 2 4
= lim 256 1 +
256 2 + + 2 + 512 1 + + 2
6+
n
n
n n
n n
15
n
n
n
1024
256
= 256 512 + 512
=
.
5
5

2
60. We note that A2 = 1 A
1 where A1is the2 area under y = x from 0 to
1
ba
k
1. Using x = and f a + k
= 2 we find
n
n
n



n  2 
n
X
k 1
1 X 2
1
3
1
1
=
lim
k
=
lim
2
+
+
= .
2
3
2
n
n n
n 6
n n
n n
3

A1 = lim

k=1

Thus, A2 = 1

k=1

1
2
= .
3
3

A1
A2
1

308

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

61. We note that A2 = 16 

A1 where A1is the area under y = x3 from 0 to
2
ba
8k 3
2. Using x = and f a + k
= 3 we find
n
n
n
A1 = lim

n 
X

k=1

8k 2
n3 n
3

= lim

Thus, A2 = 16 4 = 12.
x0
and f
62. (a) Using x =
n

16
n4

n
X

k=1

k 3 = lim 4 1 +
n

2
1
+
n n2

A1

= 4.

A2
8





kx0
ba
kx0
k 2 x2
a+k
=f
= a 20 + b
+ c we have
n
n
n
n

!

n
n
n
n 
X
kx0
x0
x30 X 2
x20 X
x0 X
k 2 x20
+c
= lim a 3
k +b 2
k+c
1
A = lim
a 2 +b
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
 3




x
1
x2
3
x2
1
x3
= lim a 0 2 + + 2 + b 0 1 +
+ cx0 = a 0 + b 0 + cx0 .
n
6
n n
2
n
3
2
(b) Let A1 be the area under the graph on [0, 2] and A2 the area under the graph on [0, 5].
Then the area under the graph on [2, 5] is
 3
  3

5
52
2
22
A = A2 A1 = 6 + 2 + 1.5 6 + 2 + 1.2
3
2
3
2
= (250 + 25 + 5) (16 + 4 + 2) = 258.

63. By (8) of this section,



n
n
X
X
1 1
1
f 0 + [k 1]
e(k1)/n
= lim
n
n n n
n
k=1
k=1
i
1h
1 + e1/n + e2/n + + e(n1)/n
= lim
n n
i
1h
= lim
1 + e1/n + (e1/n )2 + + (e1/n )n1 .
n n

A = lim

Using a = 1, r = e1/n , we obtain



1
1 (e1/n )n
1
A = lim
1
= (1 e) lim
1/n
n n
n
1e
n(1 e1/n )
1 e1/n
n
1/n

Now, lim n(1 e1/n ) = lim

n

e1/n (1/n2 )
= lim e1/n = 1,
n
n
1/n2

= lim
so A = (1 e)

1
1

(form 0)

= e 1.

309

5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

64. 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 =

n
X

(2k 1) = 2

k=1

n
X

k=1

n
X

k=1

1 = n(n + 1) n = n2

The total distance moved is thus proportional to 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 = n2 .

5.4

The Definite Integral

1. From x1 = 1, x2 = 2/3, x3 = 2/3, and x4 = 2/3 we see that the norm of the partition
is kP k = 1. Using f (x1 ) = 5/2, f (x2 ) = 5, f (x3 ) = 7, and f (x4 ) = 9 we compute the
Riemann sum
 
 
 
4
X
2
2
2
33
5

+7
+9
=
.
f (xk )xk = (1) + 5
2
3
3
3
2
k=1

2. From x1 = 1, x2 = 1/2, x3 = 1, x4 = 5/2, and x5 = 2 we see that the norm of the

partition is kP k = 5/2. Using f (x1 ) = 11/2, f (x2 ) = 9/2, f (x3 ) = 4, f (x4 ) = 2, and
f (x5 ) = 0 we compute the Riemann sum


 
 

5
X
9
1
5
67
11

(1) +
+ (4)(1) + (2)
+ 0(2) = .
f (xk )xk =
2
2
2
2
4
k=1

3. From x1 = 3/4, x2 = 1/2, x3 = 1/2, and x4 = 1/4 we see that the norm of the
partition is kP k = 3/4. Using f (x1 ) = 9/16, f (x2 ) = 0, f (x3 ) = 1/4, and f (x4 ) = 49/64 we
compute the Riemann sum
 
 
 
 
4
X
1
1 1
49 1
189
9 3

.
+0
+
+
=
f (xk )xk =
15 4
2
4 2
64 4
256
k=1

4. From x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1, and x3 = 1/2 we see that the norm of the partition is kP k = 1.
Using f (x1 ) = 41/16, f (x2 ) = 65/16, and f (x3 ) = 10 we compute the Riemann sum
 
 
3
X
41 1
1
65
331

f (xk )xk =
.
+ (1) + 10
=
16 2
16
2
32
k=1

5. From x1 = , x2 = /2, and x3 = /2 we see

that the norm of the partition is kP k = .
Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 1/2, and f (x3 ) = 2/2 we compute the Riemann sum
! 


 
3
X
1

(3 2)

f (xk )xk = 1() +

+
=
.
2
2
2
2
4
k=1

6. From x1 = /4, x2 = /4, x3 = /3, and x

4 = /6 we see
that the norm of the
partition is kP k = /3. Using f (x1 ) = 1/2, f (x2 ) = 3/2, f (x3 ) = 2/2, and f (x4 ) = 1/2
we compute the Riemann sum
   

4
X
1
3
2
1   (5 + 3 3 + 4 2)

f (xk )xk =
+
+
+
=
.
2 24
2 4
2 3
2 6
24
k=1

310

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

7. We have xk = 1 and xk = k for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 0, f (x3 ) = 1,

f (x4 ) = 2, and f (x5 ) = 3 we compute the Riemann sum
5
X

k=1

f (xk )xn = 1(1) + 0(1) + 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(1) = 5.

k1
for k = 1, 2, 3. Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 7/9, and
3
f (x3 ) = 7/9 we compute the Riemann sum
 
 
 
3
X
7 1
7 1
23
1

+
+
=
.
f (xk )xn = 1
3
9 3
9 3
27

8. We have xk = 1/3 and xk =

k=1

9.

10.

/4

9 + x2 dx

tan x dx

11. Identify a = 0 and b = 2. Then


 



 

ba
ba
ba
2k
2k
2k 2
= f a+k
and f a + k
=f
=1+
.
1+
n n
n
n
n
n
n

Z 2
n 
X
2k 2
1+
=
(x + 1) dx.
Taking f (x) = x + 1 we have lim
n
n n
0
k=1

12. Identify a = 1 and b = 4. Then

3
 




 
3

3
ba
ba
ba
3k
3k
3k
= f a+k
and f a + k
=f 1+
= 1+
.
1+
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
3
Z 4
n 
X
3
3k
1+
=
x3 dx.
Taking f (x) = x3 we have lim
n
n
n
1
k=1


4
ba
ba
4k
= and f a + k
we have
13. Using
= 3 +
n
n
n
n
!

Z 1
n 
n
n
X
16 X
4k 4
12 X
= lim
1+ 2
k
x dx = lim
3 +
n
n n n
n
n
3
k=1
k=1
k=1



12n
1
= lim
+8 1+
= 12 + 8 = 4.
n
n
n


ba
3
ba
3k
14. Using
= and f a + k
=
we have
n
n
n
n

 

Z 3
n 
n
X
3k 3
9 X
9
1
9
x dx = lim

= lim 2
k = lim
1+
= .
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
n
2
0
k=1

k=1

311

5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL



k
k
k2
1+
= + 2 we have
n
n n
!

Z 2
n 
n
n
X
k
k2 1
1 X
1 X 2
2
(x x) dx = lim
+
= lim
k+ 3
k
n
n n2 n n n2
n
1
k=1
k=1
k=1

 


1 1
1
1
1
3
1
5
= + = .
= lim
1+
+
2+ + 2
n 2
n
6
n n
2 3
6

ba
1
= and f
n
n

a+k

ba
n

5
ba
16. Using
= and f
n
n

ba
a+k
n

ba
a+k
n

15. Using

1+

5k
2 +
n

k
n

2

2

4=

20k 25k 2
+ 2 we have
n
n

!

n 
n
n
X
20k 25k 2 5
100 X
125 X 2
(x 4) dx = lim

+ 2
= lim 2
k+ 3
k
n
n
n
n n
n
n
2
k=1
k=1
k=1





1
25
100
1
125
3
125
= .
= lim
1+
+
2+ + 2
= 50 +
n
2
n
6
n n
3
3

1
ba
= and f
17. Using
n
n
Z

n  3
X
k

ba
2
18. Using
= and f
n
n
Z

19. Using f
Z


b

n
n
1
1 X 3 1X

1
=
lim
k

1
(x 1) dx = lim
n
n3
n n n4
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
 


1
1
3
2
n
1
= lim
1+ + 2
= 1= .
n 4
n n
n
4
4
3

k3
1 we have
n3

ba
a+k
n

=3

8k 3
we have
n3

!

n
n
6X
16 X 3
8k 3 2
= lim
1 4
k
(3 x ) dx = lim
3 3
n
n
n n n
n
k=1
k=1
k=1



2
1
= lim 6 4 1 + + 2
= 6 4 = 2.
n
n n
n 
X

ba
a+k
n

=a+

k(b a)
we have
n

"
#

n 
n
n
X
k(b a) b a
a(b a) X
(b a)2 X
x dx = lim
a+
= lim
1+
k
n
n
n
n
n
n2
k=1
k=1
k=1



a(b a)n (b a)2
1
(b a)2
= lim
+
1+
= a(b a) +
n
n
2
n
2
ba
ba
b2 a 2
=
(2a + b a) =
(b + a) =
.
2
2
2

312

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS


20. Using f
Z

23.

25.

(2) dx = 2(5 + 2) = 14

26.

1 3
28
[3 (1)3 ] =
3
3

4 dx = 4(6 3) = 12

24.

1 2
[3 (1)2 ] = 4
2

x2 dx =


2
2ka(b a) k 2 (b a)2
k(b a)
= a2 +
we have
= a+
+
n
n
n2


n 
X
2ka(b a) k 2 (b a)2 b a
2
x dx = lim
a +
+
n
n
n2
n
k=1
#
"
n
n
n
2a(b a)2 X
(b a)3 X 2
a2 (b a) X
1+
k+
k
= lim
n
n
n2
n3
k=1
k=1
k=1

 2



a (b a)n 2a(b a)2
1
(b a)3
3
1
= lim
+
1+
+
2+ + 2
n
n
2
n
6
n n
3
(b a)
ba 2
= a2 (b a) + a(b a)2 +
=
[3a + 3a(b a) + (b a)2 ]
3
3
ba 2
b3 a 3
=
(b + ab + a2 ) =
.
3
3

x dx =

22.

ba
n

21.

a+k

1
1
dx = (2 4) = 3
2
2

10x4 dx = 0

27.
28.

10x dx = 10

(3x + 1) dx =

29.

30.

x dx = 10(4) = 40

3x dx +

t2 dt =

(3x 5) dx =
2

t2 dt =
Z

28
3

3x dx
2

1 dx = 3(4) + 1[3 (1)] = 16

5 dx = 3

28
3

5[3 (1)] = 8

313

5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

31.

(3x2 + 4x 5) dx = 3

x2 dx + 4

x dx

5 dx

28
+ 4(4) 5[3 (1)] = 32
3
 
Z 3
Z 3
Z 3
Z 3
28
2
2
32.
6x(x 1) dx =
(6x 6x) dx = 6
x dx 6
x dx = 6
6(4) = 32
3
1
1
1
1
Z 3
Z 3
Z 0
28
33.
x2 dx =
x2 dx =
x2 dx +
3
1
0
1
Z 1.2
Z 1.2
Z 1.2
Z 3
Z 3
Z 3
34.
2t dt
2t dt =
2t dt +
2t dt =
2t dt = 2
t dt = 2(4) = 8
= 3

35.

x dx +

36.

t2 dt +

37.

38.

x2 dx +

x3 dx +

5x dx

[x + (9 x)] dx =
Z

u2 du =

t3 dt =

1.2

(9 x) dx =

x3 dx

x2 dx +

1
3

1
4

9 dx = 9(4 0) = 36

x2 dx +

40.

f (x) dx =

41.

42. Since

f (x) dx
Z

(x 4) dx =

x dx

4 dx

g(x) dx = 2

1
f (x) dx + (3)
3
1
2

g(x) dx

1
3g(x) dx = 6.8 + (12.6) = 6.8 + 4.2 = 11
3
1
2

[f (x) 5g(x)] dx = 24, we have

28
3

f (x) dx = 2.4 (1.7) = 4.1

1
= 2(3.4) +
3
2

x2 dx =

x3 dx = 0

2f (x) dx +

[2f (x) + g(x)] dx =

(x 4) dx = 0 +

x2 dx =

= 4 4[3 (1)] = 12
Z 5
Z 5
Z 2
39.
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx
f (x) dx = 8.5 6 = 2.5
Z

f (x) dx

5g(x) dx = 24

2
Z 2

2
Z 2

g(x) dx = 24
g(x) dx =

f (x) dx



Z 2
24 + 14
38
1
24 +
f (x) dx =
= .
5
5
5
2

314

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

43. (a)

(b)

f (x) dx = 2.5
f (x) dx = 3.9

(c)

(d)

f (x) dx = 1.2
f (x) dx =

(e)

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx +

44. (a)

(f)

c
c

f (x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 = 1.4

f (x) dx = 3.9 1.2 = 2.7
f (x) dx +

f (x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 1.2 = 0.2

f (x) dx = 6.8

(b)

(c)

f (x) dx = 7.3
f (x) dx = 9.2

(d)

f (x) dx =

(e)

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

(f)

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx +

c
c

f (x) dx = 6.8 7.3 = 0.5

f (x) dx = 7.3 + 9.2 = 1.9
f (x) dx +

-4

2
2

-2

f (x) dx = 6.8 7.3 + 9.2 = 8.7

47.

-2

46.

45.

-4

-2

48.
1
2

-2

-1

-2

49. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph is a triangle with
a base and height of 6. Thus, the area from geometry is

6
4

bh
6(6)
A=
=
= 18.
2
2

2
-4

-2

315

5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

50. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of two
triangles; one has a base and height of 1 while the other has a base and
height of 2. Thus, the area from geometry is

b1 h1
b2 h2
1(1) 2(2)
5
A=
+
=
+
= .
2
2
2
2
2

51. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of onefourth of a circle of radius 3. Thus, the area from geometry is
A=

r
(3)
9
=
=
.
4
4
4
2

-2

52. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of a
semicircle of radius 3 above a rectangle of width 6 and height 2. Thus,
the area from geometry is
A=

53.

4
2

r2
(3)2
9
+ wh =
+ 6(2) =
+ 12.
2
2
2

54.

-2

55.

56.

4
2

-2
2

-2

-2

6
-2

-4

-2
-4

-2

57. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 2 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 8. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is

8
6
4
2

b1 h1
b2 h2
4(8) 1(2)
A=

= 15.
2
2
2
2
58. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 2 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 2. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is

-2

b1 h1
b2 h2
4(2) 4(2)
A=

= 0.
2
2
2
2

-2

-2

316
59.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

(x

Z
p
1 x2 ) dx can be rewritten as

x dx

1 x2 dx, so the net signed area

of the graph below left is the same as the difference between the net signed areas of the graphs
below right. This difference, in turn, is the area of a semicircle of radius 1 subtracted from
the net signed area of two triangles with bases and heights of 1. From geometry, this is




b2 h2
r2
1(1) 1(1)
(1)2

b1 h1

= .
A=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

60. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 1 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 2 and a height of 1. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is

-2

b1 h1
b2 h2
2(1) 1(1)
1
A=

= .
2
2
2
2
2

-2

61. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
negative of the area of a triangle with a base of 2 and a height of 2. Thus,
the net signed area from geometry is
A=

2(2)
bh
=
= 2.
2
2

-3

3
-3

62. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 1 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is

-3

b1 h1
b2 h2
3(3) 1(1)
A=

= 4.
2
2
2
2
63. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 4 subtracted from
the sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3,
and a rectangle of width 2 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from
geometry is
b1 h1
b2 h2
3(3)
4(4)
5
A = (wh +
)
= [2(3) +
]
= = 2.5.
2
2
2
2
2

3
-3

-3

3
-3

317

5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

64. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3, and
a rectangle of width 7 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from
geometry is

3(3)
51
bh
= 7(3) +
=
= 25.5.
A = wh +
2
2
2

-3

65. For 1 x 0, ex 1 and ex 1. Then ex ex on [1, 0] and by Theorem 5.4.7(i) we

Z 0
Z 0
have
ex dx
ex dx.
1

66. For 0 x /4, tan x 1. Then sin x/ cos x 1 and sin x cos x. Thus, by Theorem 5.4.7(i) we have
Z

/4

and

/4

cos x dx

/4

sin x dx,

/4

cos x dx

/4

sin x dx 0,

(cos x sin x) dx 0.

3 2 3
x (x + 1)1/2 . For 0 x 1, f 0 (x) 0 and
2
f (0) f (x) f (1). Since f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 2 < 1.42, we identify m = 1 and M = 1.42.
Then by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)

67. Letting f (x) = (x3 + 1)1/2 we have f 0 (x) =

1(1 0)

(x3 + 1)1/2 dx 1.42(1 0)

and

(x3 + 1)1/2 dx 1.42.

68. Letting f (x) = x2 2x we have f 0 (x) = 2x 2 and f 00 (x) = 2. Solving f 0 (x) = 0 we obtain
the critical number 1, and since f 00 (x) > 0 for all x, the graph of f is concave up with the
absolute minimum at x = 1. Since f (0) = f (2) = 0, we identify m = 1 and M = 0. Then
by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)
1(2 0)

(x2 2x) dx 0(2 0)

and

(x2 2x) dx 0.

69. On [0, 1], x x = x (1x) 0, so x x . Thus by Theorem 5.4.7(i),

2

70. On [0, 1], x2 x = x(x1) 0, so x2 x. Thus,

Z 1p
Z 1

2
4 + x dx
4 + x dx.
0

4 + x2

71. Since f (x) 0 on [a, b], by (12),

2

f 2 (x) dx 0.

1
2

x dx

x3 dx.

4 + x, and by Theorem 5.4.7(i),

318

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

72. We will use the fact that any interval with nonzero length contains both rational and irraZ 1
n
X
f (x) dx = lim
f (xk )xk .
tional numbers. Let P be a partition of [1, 1]. Then
First, choosing each
choosing each
Since 0 6= 2,

xk

xk

to be rational, we obtain

to be irrational, we obtain

kP k0

f (x) dx = lim

kP k0

f (x) dx = lim

f (x) dx does not exist.

kP k0

n
X

k=1

n
X

k=1

k=1

0 xk = 0. Then,

1 xk = 1 (1) = 2.

k2
(k 1)2
2k 1

=
we have
2
n
n2
n2
r 

Z 1
n
n
X

k 2 2k 1
1 X 2
x dx = lim
(2k k)
= lim 3
n
n n
n2
n2
0
k=1
k=1
!


n
n
2 X 2
1 X
1 n(n + 1)
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim
k

k
=
lim

n
n n3
n3
n3
6
n3
2
k=1
k=1




 
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
= lim
1+
2+

1+
= 0= .
n 3
n
n
2n
n
3
3

73. Using x =

  1   (2k 1)

=
. Then
2n
2 2n
4n


Z /2
n 
X
(2k 1)

cos
cos x dx = lim
n
4n
2n
0
k=1
 
 
h
n
io
= lim
cos
+ cos 3
+ + cos (2n 1)
n 2n
4n
 4n  4n


sin
sin 2n 4n
 
 2 
= lim
lim
=
n 2n
n
4
2 sin
n sin
4n
4n
4

1
  = = 1.
=
lim
4 n n sin
4
4n

74. The midpoint of the kth subinterval is k

5.5
1.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Z

2.

10

3.

dx = x]3 = 7 3 = 4

10

(4) dx = 4x]2 = 40 (8) = 32

2
(2x + 3) dx = (x2 + 3x) 1 = 10 (2) = 12

319

5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

4.

t2 dt =

5.

6.

8.

/2

10.

11.

/2

/4

cos d =

/4
sin ]/3

/2

cos 3t dt =

1
sin 3t
3

/4

3/4

1
1
du =
u2
u

3/4
1/2

= 51 5 = 46

= 34 200 = 234

= 0 (1) = 1

2
=

/2

/4

!
3
2+ 3

=
2
2

1
3 1
3
1
2
2+ 2
sin
sin
=
=
3
2
3
4
3
6
6

4
2
= (2) =
3
3

2
1
dx = 2 ln |x|]3 = 0 2 ln 3 = ln 9
x
1

14.

1
1
1
1
sin 2x dx =
cos 2x
= (cos 2 cos ) =
2
2

1/2
1/2

13.

1

3

1/2

12.

1
[64 (125)] = 63
3

sin x dx = cos x]0

/3

9.

(12x5 36) dx = (2x6 36x)

4

(6x2 4x + 5) dx = (2x3 2x2 + 5x)

7.

1 3
t
3

ex dx = ex ]1 = e

1
e

(2x 3ex ) dx = x2 3ex

Z

2
0

= (4 3e2 ) (3) = 7 3e2



x(1 x) dx =

(x x2 ) dx =

1 2 1 3
x x
2
3

2

8
2
0=
3
3
0
0
0
3

Z 2
Z 3
25
1 3
16.
x(x 2)(x + 2) dx =
x 2x2
=
(x3 4x) dx =
4
4
3
2
2
1

Z 1
7 4 2 3 5 2
17.
(7x3 2x2 + 5x 4) dx =
x x + x 4x
4
3
2
1
1

 

7 2 5
7 2 5
28
=
+ 4
+ + +4 =
4 3 2
4 3 2
3

1 

Z 1
1 3
1
122
18.
(x2 4x + 8) dx =
x 2x2 + 8x
= 2 8 (9 18 24) =
3
3
3
3
3
15.

=2

320
19.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

20.

21.

x1
dx =
x

22.

1/4

23.

12

(1 + 8x2 ) dx = (x 8x1 )

1
1

dx =
2
2
1 4x

z + 4 dz

16

u1/2 du =

x
dx
+ 16

t
dt
(t2 + 1)2

1
2

27.

1/2

28.

8
x

4
2

= 2 (2) = 4

1
1+
x

p
3

2

dx =

1 (2x)2


1  1 1/4  1 

=
sin 2x 0
0 =
2
2 6
12

2 3/2
u
3

16

128
3

1
2

1
2

u1/3 du =

3 2/3
u
2

8
1

=3

3
9
=
4
4

25

16

1
1
du =
2
u

25

u1/2 du =

16

25
u 16 = 5 4 = 1

u = t2 + 1, du = 2t dt
=

 

16
2
8
4
2 =
3
3
3

u = x2 + 16, du = 2x dx

x2

26.

u = 2x + 1, du = 2 dx

(2x + 1)1/3 dx
=

25.

u = z + 4, du = dz

1/4

7/2

4

4

24.

2 3/2
x 2x1/2
3

 3
1

dx = tan1 x 1 = =
2
1+x
3
4
12

(x1/2 x1/2 ) dx =

x2 + 8
dx =
x2

1
dx
x2

1+4 x

dx
x

1
1/2
du =
2
u
2

1
du = u1
2

5
2

1
=
2

1 1

5 2

1
1
, du = 2 dx
x
x
3
Z 2
Z 3
1 4
81
65
3
3
=
u du =
u du = u
=
4=
4
4
4
3
2
2
u=1+

2
u = 1 + 4 x, du = dx
x

9
Z 9
1
1 3 4/3
3
1/3
=
u du =
u
= (94/3 54/3 )
2 5
2 4
8
5

3
20

321

5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

29.

x+1
dx
+ 2x + 3

u = x2 + 2x + 3, du = 2(x + 1) dx

x2

=
30.

1
2

u +u
du
(u4 + 2u2 + 1)5

31.

/8

sec2 2x dx
1
2

=
32.

1
4

Z
Z

/4

3/2

(x cos x) dx =

cos x
dx
2 x

u=
Z

35.

/2

/3

/2

/4

1
csc u cot u du = csc u
2

/6

21
2

1
x, du = dx
2 x

u = cos x, du = sin x dx

u du =

u1/2 du =

2 3/2
u
3

1
0

2
3

u = sin x, du = cos x dx

sin x cos x dx
Z

3/2

1/2

37.

cos x sin x dx

=
/2

/4

1
= (1 2) =
2

3/2



 

9
1 2 1
1
1
1
x sin x
=

=1
2

1/2

/6

/2

cos u du = sin u]1 = sin 2 sin 1

=
36.

/4
1
1
tan u
=
2
2
0

u = x2 , du = 2x dx

6
u 3 = 6 3

1
dz = 0
z5

sec2 u du =

x csc x2 cot x2 dx

=
Z

u1/2 du =

/4

1/2

34.

1
=
2
33.

u = 2x, du = 2 dx

Z /2

z = u4 + 2u2 + 1, du = 4(u3 + u) du
=

1
1
du =
2
u

1 + cos
d
( + sin )2

1
u du = u2
2

3/2
1/2

3 1
1
=
8 8
4

u = + sin , du = (1 + cos ) d
=

(+2)/2

(+3)/6

u2 du =

1
u

(+2)/2
(+3)/6

2
6
4 + 6
+
=
+2 +3
( + 3)( + 2)

322
38.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

/4

(sec x + tan x)2 dx =

/4

/4

/4

/4

/4

/4

/4

39.

3/4

(sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x) dx

(sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x 1) dx
(2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x 1) dx
/4

= (2 tan x + 2 sec x x)]/4



 
 8
= 2+2 2
2 + 2 2 +
=
4
4
2

1
(1 cos 2x) dx =
2
0
3
1
3
3
1
=
sin
= +
8 4
2
8 4

sin2 x dx =

3/4

1
1
x
sin 2x
2
4

3/4
0

40. Using the fact that f (x) = cos2 x is even, we have

Z

/2

cos2 x dx = 2

/2

41.

1
dx
1 + 2x

/2

cos2 x dx = 2

x+

1
sin 2x
2

/2
0

1
(1 + cos 2x) dx
2
0



=
+0 0= .
2
2
/2

u = 1 + 2x, du = 2 dx
=

1
2

11

1
1
du = ln |u|
u
2

11
3

1
(ln 11 ln 3)
2

42. Since f (x) = tan x is an odd function on [1, 1], we have

43.

d
dx

d
dx
d
dt

d
46.
dx

45.

tet dt = xex

44.

ln t dt = ln x

1
t

(3x2 2x)6 dx = (3t2 2t)6

p
3

u2 + 2 du =

p
3

x2 + 2

tan x dx = 0.

5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

d
dx

d
48.
dx

47.

6x1

4t + 9 dt

1
u = x = x1/2 , du = x1/2 dx
2
Z u



d
du
1 1/2
1
2
2 du
sin t dt
=
= sin u
= sin x
x
= sin x
du
dx
dx
2
2
x

!
!
Z 0
Z x2
Z 3x
Z x2
1
d
1
1
1
dt +
dt =

dt +
dt
3
t3 + 1
dx
t3 + 1
t3 + 1
3x t + 1
0
0
0

sin t2 dt

49. F 0 (x) =

u = 6x 1, du = 6 dx
Z u


d
du
du
=
4t + 9 dt
= 4u + 9
du
dx
dx
3
p

= 4(6x 1) + 9 6 = 6 24x + 5

d
dx

u = 3x, du = 3 dx; z = x2 , dz = 2x dx
 Z u
Z z


d
1
du
d
1
dz
=

dt
+
dt
3
3
du
dx dz
dx
0 t +1
0 t +1
1
2x
3
1
(3) + 2 3
(2x) = 6

=
(3x)3 + 1
(x ) + 1
x + 1 27x3 + 1

Z 0 p
Z 5x p
d
0
2
2
50. F (x) =
t + 1 dt +
t + 1 dt
dx
0
sin x
!
Z 5x p
Z sin x p
d
=
t2 + 1 dt +
t2 + 1 dt

dx
0
0

u = sin x, du = cos x dx; z = 5x, dz = 5 dx



 Z up
Z z p
du
dz
d
d
2
2
=
t + 1 dt
+
t + 1 dt

du
dx dz
dx
0
0
p
p
p
p
2
2
2
= sin x + 1(cos x) + (5x) + 1(5) = 5 25x + 1 cos x sin2 x + 1

x
d
(2t3 4t2 + 5t) 1
dx
1
d
=
[(2x3 4x2 + 5x) (2 4 + 5)] = 6x2 8x + 5
dx


Z
d t
x
d 
x it
d
t 

t
52.
sin dx =
3 cos
=
3 cos 3 cos
= sin
dt
3
dt
3
dt
3
3
3

51.

d
dx

(6t2 8t + 5) dt =

53. (a) f (1) =

ln(2t + 1) dt = 0

(b) f 0 (x) = ln(2x + 1), so f 0 (1) = ln[2(1) + 1] = ln 3.

2
2
2
(c) f 00 (x) =
, so f 00 (1) =
= .
2x + 1
2(1) + 1
3

323

324

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
4
4
4
, so f 000 (1) =
= .
(2x + 1)2
[2(1) + 1]2
9

(d) f 000 (x) =

Z

54. (a) G(x2 ) =

x2

f (t) dt

Z x2
d
d
2
G(x ) =
f (t) dt = 2xf (x2 )
dx
dx a
Z x3 +2x
(c) G(x3 + 2x) =
f (t) dt

(b)

d
d
G(x3 + 2x) =
dx
dx

(d)

55.

f (x) dx =

56.

57.

58.

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

x dx +

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

/2

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

/2

/2

= cos x]0

4 dx +

= (8 0) + (3 2) = 9
Z

/2

0

1
+ x3
3
1

2
0

3 dx

dx = 4x]0 + x]2

sin x dx +

1
x dx = x2
2
2

(2x + 3) dx +

0
2
= (x2 + 3x) 1 + 3x]0 = [0 (2)] + 6 = 8

f (x) dx =

f (t) dt = (3x2 + 2)f (x3 + 2x)


19
1
1
= 0
+ (8 0) =
2
3
6
Z 0
Z 2
Z
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx +
f (x) dx =

x3 +2x

cos x dx

/2

+ sin x]/2 = (0 1) + (0 1) = 0

59. Using the fact that f (x) is an even function on [2, 2], we have
Z

f (x) dx = 2

60.

f (x) dx = 2

=2
Z

bxc dx =
=

4x]0 +

bxc dx +
0 dx +

1
2

1 3
x
3

Z

2 !
1

1 dx +

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx = 2

Z



1
38
= 2 (4 0) + (8 1) =
.
3
3

bxc dx +
Z

bxc dx +

2 dx +

= (2 1) + (6 4) + (12 9) = 6

4 dx +

bxc dx
2

3 dx = x]1 + 2x]2 + 3x]3


x dx
2

325

5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

0
1
1
1
9 1
x dx = x2
+ x2 = + = 5
2
2
2 2
3
3
0
3
0
Z 4
Z 3
Z 4
3
4
62.
|2x 6| dx =
(2x 6) dx +
(2x 6) dx = (x2 + 6x) 0 + (x2 6x) 3
61.

|x| dx =

x dx +

= (9 0) + [(8) (9)] = 10
0
3
Z 0
Z 3
Z 3p

2
2
3/2
3/2
|x| + 1 dx =
x + 1 dx +
x + 1 dx = (1 x)
63.
+ (x + 1)
3
3
8
0
8
8
0
2
2
= (1 27) + (8 1) = 22
3
3

1 
2
Z 2
Z 1
Z 2
1
1 3
x x
64.
|x2 1| dx =
(x2 1) dx +
(x2 1) dx = x3 + x
+
3
3
0
0
1
0
1

 


2
2
2
=
0 +

=2
3
3
3
65. Using the fact that f (x) = | sin x| is an even function on [, ] and sin x > 0 for 0 x ,
Z
Z
Z

| sin x| dx = 2
| sin x| dx = 2
sin x dx = 2 cos x]0 = 2(1 1) = 4.

66.

67.

| cos x| dx =

/2

cos x dx +

/2

/2

( cos x) dx = sin x]0

sin x]/2

= (1 0) + (0 1) = 2
e

1/2

(ln 2t)5
dt
t

1
dt; u(1/2) = 0, u(e) = 1 + ln 2
t
1+ln 2
Z 1+ln 2
1
(1 + ln 2)6
1
=
u5 du = u6
3.9266
= [(1 + ln 2)6 0] =
6
6
6
0
0
u = ln 2t, du =

68. (Ask Scott for analytic value of arctan sqrt(2)/2, if any)

(While were at it, 5.2.63 and 64 include definite integral notation, seemingly before it is used,
so ask about their placement also)
(One last set of questions: 84 and [misnumbered] 86 seem to be open-ended; 86 has a few
typos in addition to the numbering)
(And, of course, dont forget to ask about whatever is blank)
Z 1
1
dx

1
x)(1 + x2 )
2/2 (tan

dx; u( 2/2) = tan1 ( 2/2), u(1) =

2
1+x
4



1

2

/4
du = ln |u|]tan1 2/2 = ln ln tan1
 0.2438

u
4
2 

u = tan1 x, du =
=

/4

tan1 ( 2/2)

326
69.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

70.

e2x
dx
+1

u = e2x + 1, du = 2e2x ; u(0) = 2, u(1) = 1 + e2

e2x

1
=
2

1/ 2

1+e2
1
1
1
du = ln |u|
= [ln(1 + e2 ) ln 2] 0.2831
u
2
2
2

1+e2

u = x2 , du = 2x dx; u(0) = 0, u(1/ 2) = 1/2

x
dx
1 x4
=

1
2

1/2

1/2

1
1
1 

du = sin1 u
=
0 =
0.2618
2
2
6
12
1 u2
0

2
2
71. (a) Since erf 0 (x) = ex > 0, erf(x) is increasing for all x.

dy
2
2
= 2 + 2ex x[1 + erf(x)], so
(b) The derivative of y = ex [1 + erf(x)] is
dx

2
2
dy
2xy = 2 + 2ex x[1 + erf(x)] 2xex [1 + erf(x)] = 2
dx

Also, y(0) = e0 [1 + erf(0)] = 1 + 0 = 1.

Z x
sin x
sin t
, and so Si0 (x) = 0 for x = n, n = 1, 2, . . . . The first
72. (a) Si(x) =
dt, Si0 (x) =
x
t
0
x cos x sin x
four positive critical numbers are then , 2, 3, and 4. Now, Si00 (x) =
,
x2
therefore
1
1
1
1
Si00 () = < 0, Si00 (2) =
> 0, Si00 (3) =
< 0, Si00 (4) =
>0

2
3
4
shows that there are relative maxima at x = and x = 3 and relative minima at x = 2
and x = 4.
(b)
2

73.
74.

lim

kP k0

lim

kP k0

n
X

(2xk + 5)xk =

k=1
n
X

cos

k=1

xk
xk =
4

(2x + 5) dx = (x2 + 5x)

cos

75. Letting xk = /n we have

n

k=1

= 24 (4) = 28

x
x i2
dx = 4 sin
=4
4
4 0

X
X
lim
sin xk = lim
(sin xk )xk =
n n
n
k=1

3

sin x dx = cos x]0 = (1 1) = 2.

327

5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

76. Letting xk = 2/n we have
n

X
2X
xk = lim
xk xk =
n n
n
lim

k=1

77.

78.

Z

/2

Z

k=1


Z
12t2 dt dx =


Z
sin x dx dt =

4t3

/2

x 

dx =

f (x) dx =

a
Z 0

x dx =

1 2
x
2

1

1
(1 1) = 0.
2

2
(4x3 4) dx = (x4 4x) 1 = 8 5 = 3

Z

t
cos x]0 dt =

/2

( cos t + 1) dt



2
= 1 +
0=
2
2

/2

79. Since f (x) is even, f (x) = f (x). Then

a

= ( sin t + t)]0

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx

t = x, dt = dx

Z a
Z 0
Z a
f (t)(dt) +
f (x) dx =
f (t) dt +
f (x) dx
a
0
a
0
Z a
Z a
Z a
=
f (t) dt +
f (x) dx = 2
f (x) dx.

80. (a) Since f is odd and continuous at x = 0, f (0) = 0.

(b)
3

-3

3
-3

(c) F (3) =

(d)

f (t) dt = 0; F (3) =

f (t) dt = 0 since f is odd.

-3

(e) Since F 0 (x) = f (x), critical numbers occur at x = 3, x = 0, and x 3. Solving

F 00 (x) = f 0 (x) = 0 we see that points of inflection occur at x = 2 and x = 2.

81. The reasoning is flawed at the point that sin t is substituted with 1 cos2 t. The use of the
square root loses sin ts sign changes.

328

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

82. (a)

d
x
dx

2x

u = 2x, du = 2 dx
 Z u p


p

d
d
du
d
du
=
x
t3 + 7 dt
=
x
u3 + 7
dx
du
dx
dx
dx
1
i
p
d h p
d
=
x 2 (2x)3 + 7 =
2x 8x3 + 7
dx
dx
p
40x3 + 14
1
= 2x (8x3 + 7)1/2 (24x2 ) + 2 8x3 + 7 =
2
8x3 + 7
Z 4p
Z 4p
Z 4p
d
(b)
x
t3 + 7 dt =
t3 + 7 dt, since
t3 + 7 dt is a constant.
dx
1
1
1
1

t3 + 7 dt

83. (a)

-1

(b)

-1

f (x) = cos3 x
Z 2
2
3
;
cos x dx = 0
sin3 x dx = 0

f (x) = sin3 x

84. As this projects exact results may vary for every run of the exercise, no exact solution is
given. In general, the student should see the empirical probability n/N approach the area of
the region as the number of random points increases.
85. (a) At time n the radius of the circle is r0 + cu and the area is A(u) = (r0 + cu)2 . Then
Z

Z
k(r0 + cu)2
K t
du =
(r0 + cu)2 (c du)
V
cV
0
0
0
0
t


K 1
K
=
(r0 + cu)3 =
(r0 + ct)3 r03
cV0 3
3cV
0
0

RT
=
Pv

3cV0 RT
= (r0 + ct)3 r03
P Kv
3cV0 RT
+ r03
(r0 + ct)3 =
P
Kv
r
3 3cV0 RT
r0 + ct =
+ r03
P Kv
r
1 3 3cV0 RT
r0
t=
+ r03 .
c
P Kv
c

(b) Substituting RT /P v = 1.9 106 , K = 0.01 103 , c = 0.01, r0 = 100, and V0 = 10, 000,
we find t 2, 617, 695 seconds, or t 30 days and 7 hours.

(c) The final area is A(2, 617, 695) = [100+0.01(2, 617, 695)]2 2.169109 m2 = 2169 km2 .

CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW

329

86. Since this exercise involves a research report, no solution is given. The need for the definite
Z 0
integral
sec x dx can be found in the derivation of the projection, whose key properties
0

are that it is conformal (i.e., angle-preserving) and that it represent lines of constant course
as straight segments.

Chapter 5 in Review
A. True/False
1. False. Consider f (x) = x3 + x2 + 1.
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False. Continuity implies integrability, but not necessarily the other way around. Consider
the discontinuous function
(
0, x 6= 1
f (x) =
1, x = 1
which is integrable on [0, 2] by (15) in Section 5.4.
7. True, since no portion of the graph of y = x x3 lies below the x-axis on [0, 1].
8. False. This is only true when no portion of the graph lies below the x-axis.


1
1
1
, . . . , , 1 of {0, 1}.
9. False. Consider the partition 0, ,
n n1
2
10. True
11. True
12. True
13. False.
14. True
15. True
16. True

sin x dx = cos x + C.

330

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. f (x)
2. x2 + C
ln x
x

4. 6

3.

5. f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx
6.
7.

5
1

2ex x e25x2
5
X

k=1

k
2k + 1

8. 3480
Z 17
9.
5

10. 4;

11. 5/2
12. regular
13.

4
16
2 3/2 
x  =
3
3
0

x dx;

14. 4
Z 1 Z
15.
1

16. 4/3


Z
dt dx =

x

et 0

dx =

(ex 1) dx

1
1
= (ex x) 1 = [(e1 1) (e1 + 1)] = e + 2
e
Z x

Z 1

d
1
1
et dt dx =
ex dx = ex 1 = e
dx
e
0
1

C. Exercises
1.

2.

1
(4x3 6x2 + 2x 1) dx = (x4 2x3 + x2 x) 1 = 1 5 = 6
i9
6
dx = 12x1/2 = 36 12 = 24
x
1

331

CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW
3.

4.

5.

(5t + 1)100 dt =
w2

/4

6.

1
(5t + 1)101 + C
505

p
3w3 + 1 dw

u = 3w3 + 1, du = 9w2 dw
Z
Z
1
1
2 3/2
2p
=
u du =
u1/2 du =
(3w3 + 1)3 + C
u +C =
9
9
27
27

(sin 2x 5 cos 4x) dx =

2 /9

sin z
dz
z

u=
=

1
5
cos 2x sin 4x
2
4

7.

1
=0
2

1
z, du = dz
2 z

2 sin u du =

/3

/4

2 cos u]/3

1
= 2 1
2

1
2

=3

(2x2 + x1/2 ) dx = 0

8.

/4

/4

dx +

/4

tan2 x dx =

/4

/4

/4

/4
tan x]/4

9.

cot6 8x csc2 8x dx

10.

1
csc 3x cot 3x dx = csc 3x + C
3

11.

12.

(1 + tan2 x) dx =

/4

sec2 x dx

/4

= 1 (1) = 2

u = cot 8x, du = 8 csc2 x dx

Z
1
1
1
=
u6 du = u7 + C = cot7 8x + C
8
56
56

(4x2 16x + 7)4 (x 2) dx =

(x2 + 2x 10)2/3 (5x + 5) dx =

1
8

(4x2 16x + 7)4 [8(x 2) dx]

5
2

u = 4x2 16x + 7, du = 8(x 2) dx

Z
1
1 5
1
=
u4 du =
u +C =
(4x2 16x + 7)5 + C
8
40
40
(x2 + 2x 10)2/3 [2(x + 1) dx]

u = x2 + 2x 10, du = 2(x + 1) dx
Z
5
3
3
=
u2/3 du = u5/3 + C = (x2 + 2x 10)5/3 + C
2
2
2

332
13.

14.

15.

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z

1
x2 + 1
dx =
3
x + 3x 16
3

1
x2 + 1
dx =
3
3
x + 3x 16

17.

x
dx
16 + x2

u = x2 + 16, du = 2x dx
1
2

16

(tan1 1 tan1 0) =
4
16

u = 16 x2 , du = 2x dx

tan 10x dx =

20.

cot 10x dx =

21.

f (x) dx =

x
dx
16 x2

19.

1
2

12

f (x) dx =

u1/2 du =

16

16
u 12 = 16 12 = 4 2 3

1
ln | cos 10x| + C
10

1
ln | sin 10x| + C
10

f (x) dx +

4

22.

32
1
1
1 32
1
1
du = ln |u|
= (ln 32 ln 16) = ln
= ln 2
u
2
2
2
16
2
16

x i2

1
1
dx = sin1
= sin1 sin1 0 =
4 0
2
6
16 x2

32

1
[3(x2 + 1) dx]
x3 + 3x 16

1
1
x
dx = tan1
16 + x2
4
4

18.

u = x3 + 3x 16, du = 3(x2 + 1) dx
Z
1
1
1
1
=
du = ln |u| + C = ln |x3 + 3x 16| + C
3
u
3
3

16.

(x3 + 3x 16)1/3 [3(x2 + 1) dx]

u = x3 + 3x 16, du = 3(x2 + 1) dx
Z
1
1
1
u1/3 du = u2/3 + C = (x3 + 3x 16)2/3 + C
=
3
2
2

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx;

2 = 3 +

f (x) dx;

f (x) dx = 2 + (8) = 6

f (x) dx = 5

333

CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW
23. Since |x 1| =
Z

x + 1, 0 x < 1
x 1, 1 x 3

(1 + |x 1|) dx =
=

24.

25.

, we have

(1 + |x 1|) dx +
(1 x + 1) dx +

1
2x x2
2

1

1 2
x
2

1
3

(1 + |x 1|) dx

(1 + x 1) dx

3

 

9 1
11
3
0 +

=
.
2
2 2
2


1

d
10t4
10
10t4
dt
=
=
dt (2t3 + 6t + 1)2
(2t3 + 6t + 1)2 0
81

/2

/2

sin10 t
dt = 0
16t7 + 1

26. Since f (t) = t5 sin t2 is an odd function,

t5 sin t2 dt = 0.

Z 1
Z 1
1
1
1
is an even function,
27. Since f (x) =
dx = 2
dx. Therefore
2
2
1 + 3x2
1 1 + 3x
0 1 + 3x
Z 1

1
2
dx
u = 3x, du = 3 dx
2
0 1 + 3x
3
Z 3
1
2
2
1
du = tan u
=
3 0 1 + u2
3
0


2 
2
2
1
1
3 tan 0) =
0 = .
= (tan
3
3 3
3 3
28.

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx +
0

0
1

f (x) dx +

1
+ x2
2
0

2

f (x) dx =

x3 dx +

x2 dx +

x dx

1
1
1
13
(0 16) + (1 0) + (4 1) =
4
3
2
6
1
!


n
X
1 + 2 + 3 + + n
1
n(n + 1) 1
29. lim
=
lim
k

=
lim

n
n
n
n2
n2
2
n2
k=1
 2



n
n
1
1
1
= lim
=
lim
+
=
+
2
2
n 2n
n 2
2n
2n
2
!


n
X
1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2
1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
2
30. lim
= lim
k 3 = lim
3
n
n
n
n3
n
6
n
k=1
 3



2n
3n2
n
1
1
1
1
= lim
+ 3 + 3 = lim
+
+
=
n 6n3
n 3
6n
6n
2n 6n2
3
1
= x4
4

1
+ x3
3
2

334

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
dV
1
1
1
1
1
1
= , V = t + C. When t = 0, V = ft3 and C = . Thus, V (t) = t + and
dt
4
4
2
2
4
2
5
5
V (8) = ft3 . The scale at this time will read (62.4) = 156 lbs. The volume of the bucket is
2 " 
2
#
2
7 3

1
7
1
1
1
2
V = 3
+ (1) + 1 =
ft . Solving
= t + for t, we obtain t 20 min.
3
2
2
4
4
4
2

31. Since

1.5(k + 1)
cm, its inner radius
2
"

2 #
1.5
1.5
is
cm, and its thickness is 1.5 cm. Then its volume is (1.5) rk2
=
2
2
k 2 + 2k
(1.5)3
. Thus, the total volume is
4


n
X

n(n + 1)

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(1.5)3
+2
(k 2 + 2k) = (1.5)3
4
4
6
2
k=1


n(n + 1)(2n + 7)

= (1.5)3
,
4
6

32. (a) The outer radius of the kth disk (from the top) is rk =

and therefore the value of the gold is




3 n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
14 19.3 (1.5)
38n(n + 1)(2n + 7).
4
6
(b) For n = 64, the value of the gold is approximately 38(64)(64 + 1)[2(64) + 7] = 38(64
65 135) = 21, 340, 800 $67, 044, 100.50.
Z f (2)
Z 2
33. From the figure we note that
f 1 (x) dx = 20 2
f (x) dx.
f (1)

Since

10
9

f (2)

f (1)

1 4 1 2
x + x
(x3 + x) dx =
4
2
1
 


1 1
21
16 4
+

+
=
,
=
4
2
4 2
4

f (x) dx =

we have

f 1 (x) dx = 20 2

21
51
=
.
4
4

2
1

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2